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Barrskogsfj Iillflyet, Xestia Sincera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), Och Det Moderna Storskaliga Skogsbruket

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Barrskogsfj Iillflyet, Xestia Sincera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), Och Det Moderna Storskaliga Skogsbruket Barrskogsfj iillflyet, Xestia sincera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), och det moderna storskaliga skogsbruket NILS HYDEN & PER STOTvIsT Hyd6n, N. & Sjdkvist, P.: Barrskogsfjallflyet, Xestia sincera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), och det moderna storskaliga skogsbruket. fXestia sincera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and the modern large scale forestry.] Ent. Tidskr. l,l4 (l-2):1-11. Uppsala, Sweden 1993. ISSN 0013-886x. - Det storskaliga rationella skogsbruket har radikalt fdriindrat praktiskt taget hela det svenska skogslandskapet. Skogen avverkas ldngt innan de naturliga processerna gett upphov tiU dtid ved samt den luckighet och variation som karaktiiriserar natursko- gen. Inte heller den lavflora som hdr till gammelskogarna hinner utvecklas innan bestfrnden avverkas. Vidare kan den fragmentering av skogslandskapet som upp- kommer genom kalhyggesbruket innebdra betydande svdrigheter fdr vissa arter att sprida sig och diirmed dverleva pd sikt. Barrskogsfjiillflyet (omslaget!) iir en fjiiril som i hdg grad missgynnas av dagens skogsbruksmetoder. Viirldsnaturfonden, WWF, sttider ett forskningsprojekt som undersdker fjiirilens ekologi och hur det moderna skogsbruket pdverkar arten. Fdr- fattarna ger hiir ndgra inblickar i det pdgdende projektet. Nils Hydin, Ilerkulesviigen2T, 5-745 42 Enkdping, Sweden Per Sjdkvist, Gondolgatan9, S-122 51 Enskede, Sweden Inledning Minskningen av arealen gammal skog i Sverige iir tillging pA dod ved (Zackrisson & Osflund 1991, dramatisk. PA statlig mark nedanfcir skogsod- Linder & Ostlund 1992). Skogarna i Gcitaland lingsgriinsen i Norrland inklusive Dalarna utgjor- figor 21."/o av landets stog.areil och har under de ir 1915 andelen utpriiglat overArig skog, dvs perioden 7925-1985 statt for 41Y" av landets skog 2ildre iin 150 Ar, hela 43,5"/" av skogsmarksa- <ikning av virkesfrirrfldet. Det betyder samtidigt realen (Statens offentliga utredningar 1922). att barrskogen i Gcitaland iir som tiitast, mest slu- Andelen skog iildre iin 140 Ar anges idag varaSo/o ten och minst varierad (Laurell 1990). Det iir viil i hela Norrland (Laurell 1990, Anonym 1991, befogat att betrakta omstruktureringen av svensk Anonym 1,992). Bara under 1980-talet har area- barrskog nedanfcir skogsodlingsgrdnsen till len skog iildre iin 140 6r minskat med 20Y" och dagens kultursko.gar som ett byte av skogsekosy- f<ir skog iildre iin 160 ir iir minskningen iinnu stem (Linder & Ostlund 1992). storre (Angelstam et al. 1993). Idag bestAr niistan De gamla barrskogarna rymmer flera speciali- 4lo/o av den svenska produktiva skogsmarken av serade insekter som missgynnas av det moderna bestind som iir 40 ir eller yngre (Anonym 1992). storskaliga skogsbruket. Till denna grupp hrir Linder & Ostlund (1992) konitaterar ati Sverige i barrskogsfjiillfly et, X estia sincera (Herrich-Schiif- historisk tid aldrig har haft sA lite gammal skog, fer 1851) (Fig. 1 och 4), som i Sverige fcirekom- sA lite grova trAd och sa lite ddd ved som nu mer slillsynt i iildre, ofta senvuxen, lavrik gran- under 1900-talet. eller barrblandskog. Artrikedomen i naturskogarna beror bl a pfl deras kontinuitet och varierade utseende. Bruks- Utbredning metoderna har i mycket stor skala fcirAndrat sko- Xestia sincera tillhor undersliiktet Anomogyna gens utseende mot ensartade, likildriga och "stii- med Atta arter i Sverige och nio i Europa (sensu dade" bestAnd utan en varierad struktur och god Fibiger & Hacker 1991). Fjarilen har varit kend i Nils Hydin & Per Sjokvist Ent. Tidskr. 114 (1993) landet i mer iin 110 Ar och iir sdkerligen en gam- Xestia sincera har liinge fcirknippats med mal medlem av den svenska faunan. Den dr note- gamla, mcirka och lavrika gran-eller barrbland- rad fr6n Smiland till Norrbotten. Flertalet fynd skogar (t ex Mikkola & Jalas 1977, Skou 1991). hiirror frin delar av Mellansverige med en kon- Mellaneuropeiska uppgifter anger att den fore- centration till Dalarna (Nordstrrim et al. 1969, kommer i barrurskogar invid myrmark eller i Hyd6n opubl.). I s<idra Sverige har inga fynd gamla barrskogar i bergen (Bergmann 1954, For- gjorts viister om en linje Kinnekulle Almhult. ster & Wohlfahrt 197L, Koch 1972, Spitzet 1977 Det Zir troligt att arten inte fcirekommer- utmed exemplar av barrskogsfjdll' vdstkusten. Soder om en linje Miilaren Karl- Fig. 1. Variation hos svens.ka Xestia sincera. Ovre tvd raderna: hannar; (frdn stad Arjeng iir idag endast en forekomst- kiind flyet, - - viinster till hdger) 1-5, Dalarna, Boda, juni 1989-1990;6, (Sm6land, Skurugata). I Uppland forekommer Viirmland, Stbllet 24.6.1983. Nedersta raden: honor; den pA nAgra fA k2inda platser. Arten iir idag att samtliga Dr, Boda, juni 1990.- Leg. et coll. N. Hyd€n. betrakta som utrotningshotad pA m6nga hAll i Foto: N. Hydbn. landet (Ehnstrom & Wald6n 1986) och har hot- kategoriklassats som "sirbar" (Enstrom et al. Imagines showing the variation in Swedish specimens. (from left to right),2, the 1993). Bland svenska storfjiirilar har den angetts - Two uppermost rows: males; som den art som biist indikerar orord barrskog hitherto only found specimen with somewhat melanistic 4, somewhat abberative specimen. Last (Imby & Palmqvist 1978). tendencies, - Arten har liinge uppfattats som holarktisk, row: females; all Dr, Boda, lune 1990. senast av Skou (1991) och Fibiger (1993). Fergu- Fig.2. Habilat fdr X. sincera Cirka 201-firigt grandomi- (1965) har dock civertygande visat att Xestia son nerat bestrtnd av frisk ristyp (bldbiirstyp), stdllvis luckigt, fabulosa (Ferguson) istiillet upptriider i de nordli- skiktat och ljusoppet med rik fbrekomst av friimst skiigg- ga delarna av nearktis. Enstaka fynd av X. sincera lavar, garnlav, grd tagellav och niiverlav. Dr, Ffigelsid, har gjorts genom Ryssland (t ex Zolotarenko N iiverfrsens domiinres ervat. Xestia sincera fd re kommer 1970) till Primorye-territoriet (Kononenko 1990). ofta dven i torra granskogsbestdnd. I sfrdana bestfind dock inte cister om floden Kolyma i tistligaste saknas ofta fiiltskikt av ris och marken liicks Aver stbrre renlavmatlor. Sibirien (Kononenko et al. 1990). I omrAdet kring eller mindre ytor ov moss-, fdnslerlov- och Foto: N. Hyddn. floden Lena i nordostra Sibirien har pi 1880-talet betrak- patraiffats n6gra fA exemplar som tidigare Habitat for X. sincera at Fdgelsid, province Dalarna' tats som en varietet av X. sincera men som nume- Approximately 200-year old Spruce-dominated stand of ra istiillet anses representera en egen art (Poole Blueberry-type. The stand is stratified and includes some 1989). Den verkliga utbredningen i oster for X. tight gaps. Rich occurrence of pendant lichens such as sincera f6r diirfcir tills vidare betraktas som nAgot (lsnea spp., Alectoria sarmentosa, Bryoria capillaris oklar. En revision av undersldktet Anomogyna and Platismatia glauca Xestia sincera oflen occurs pAgir av J. D. Lafontaine, K. Mikkola och V. S. also in dry stonds dominated by spruce. In such forests myrtilltrs many places is Kononenko. the grot^)th of Vaccinium in replaced by thick coverings of mosses and lichens such Habitatval as Cladina spp. giving the forest a different appearance. Xestia sincera iir till skillnad frAn flera av de ovri- Fig. 3. Rationellt skiitt barrblandskogsbestdnd niira ga Anomogyna-arterta en utpriiglad lAglandsart i Boda i Dalarna. I detta bestfind finns inga fdrutsiittning- Nordeuropa. Endast ett fynd finns frAn de fjiiilne- ar for X. sincera ott fdrekomma. Bestdndet iir genom- ra barrskogarna (alldeles innanfor skogsodlings- gallrat och enskiktat. De levande grenvarven bdriar fdr griinsen vid Viillistefjiillet i J2imtland, utan hoj- hbgt upp och iir fdr lavfattiga. Pd detta sAfi ser huvudde- dangivelse). I ovrigt flnns niirmast skogsodlings- len av rationellt skdtt skog i Sverige ut idag Foto: N. gr6nsen ett fynd 660 m ti h frAn 61 1990 niira Hydin. Transtrand i NV Dalarna. Fjiirilens helt domine- A rationally managed coniferous stand. near Boda in the landet ligger sAledes rande utbredningsomr6de i province Dalarna. Here no possibilities exist for X. sin- nedanfor skogsodlingsgrAnsen i de produktiva cera to reproduce. The stand is thoroughly thinned and skogsomridena. Naturvflrdsproblematiken och completely non-stralified. Practically no undergrowlh hotbilden for X. sincera kvarstAr diirfor praktiskt has been left and the relatively sParse growth of lichens taget helt trots det sedan ett par Ar minskade on the twigs consists nearly completely of Hypogymnia intresset fcir storskaligare skogsbruk i de fjiillniira physodes. Much of the Swedish rationally managed barrskogarna. forest stands nowadays looks like this. 2 Ent. Tidskr. 114 (1993) B a rr s ko gsfj ii llfly e t o ch s ko gsb ruke t Nils Hyd€n & Per Sidkvist Ent. Tidskr. 114 (1993) och skriftl. medd. 1992). Pulliainen & Itamies (oftast i br<isthdjd) i samma raka, relativt ling- (1988) har i en flerirsstudie undersoktbl a Ano' samma flykt som ockst karaktiriserar de andra mogyna-afternas fcirekomst i olika biotoper inom arterna i undersliiktet Anomogyna. Efter par- ett omride i Kuusamo i Finland. Aven denna ningen tycks niiringsintag vara viktigt fcir honor- undersokning indikerar att X. sincera iir knuten na. Vi har vid nigot tillfalle observerat enstaka till granskogsbiotoper iiven om fyndmaterialet av flygande honor som satt sig intill ansamlingar av denna art var mycket litet. Samma bundenhet till barkloss (sannolikt Cinara piceaePanzet 1801, R. granskog har noterats av Mikkola et al. (1991). Danielsson pers. medd. 1.992) tor att suga Ytterst fi fynd har noterats utanfor barrskogsbe- honungsdagg. I Kuusamo har vid ett tillfiille ett stAnd och inga fynd
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