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Invertebrates Pennsylvania’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Invertebrates Version 1.1 Prepared by John E. Rawlins Carnegie Museum of Natural History Section of Invertebrate Zoology January 12, 2007 Cover photographs (top to bottom): Speyeria cybele, great spangled fritillary (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (Rank: S5G5) Alaus oculatus., eyed elater (Coleoptera: Elateridae)(Rank: S5G5) Calosoma scrutator, fiery caterpillar hunter (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (Rank: S5G5) Brachionycha borealis, boreal sprawler moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), last instar larva (Rank: SHG4) Metarranthis sp. near duaria, early metarranthis moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (Rank: S3G4) Psaphida thaxteriana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Rank: S4G4) Pennsylvania’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Invertebrates Version 1.1 Prepared by John E. Rawlins Carnegie Museum of Natural History Section of Invertebrate Zoology January 12, 2007 This report was filed with the Pennsylvania Game Commission on October 31, 2006 as a product of a State Wildlife Grant (SWG) entitled: Rawlins, J.E. 2004-2006. Pennsylvania Invertebrates of Special Concern: Viability, Status, and Recommendations for a Statewide Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Plan in Pennsylvania. In collaboration with the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (C.W. Bier) and The Nature Conservancy (A. Davis). A Proposal to the State Wildlife Grants Program, Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Text portions of this report are an adaptation of an appendix to a statewide conservation strategy prepared as part of federal requirements for the Pennsylvania State Wildlife Grants Program, specifically: Rawlins, J.E. 2005. Pennsylvania Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS)-Priority Invertebrates. Appendix 5 (iii + 227 pp) in Williams, L., et al. (eds.). Pennsylvania Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Pennsylvania Game Commission and Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Version 1.0 (October 1, 2005). 772 pp + appendices. This report (without data appendices) may be cited as follows: Rawlins, J.E. 2007. Pennsylvania Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Invertebrates. Version 1.1. A report submitted to the Pennsylvania Game Commission and Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (January 12, 2007). ii + 227 pp. Contributing primary investigators: John E. Rawlins, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Charles W. Bier, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy Betsy Ray Leppo, Pennsylvania Science Office, The Nature Conservancy Pennsylvania’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Version 1.1 Table of Contents About this Document 1 1 Background 2 2 Threats Impacting Invertebrates In Pennsylvania 3 2.1 Challenges To Invertebrate Conservation In Pennsylvania 4 2.2 Levels Of Knowledge About Invertebrates 7 3 Recognizing Pennsylvania Invertebrates In Need Of Conservation Action 10 3.1 Sources Of Information 11 3.2 Species Rankings 13 3.3 CWCS Tiering Of Invertebrate Species In Pennsylvania 16 4 CWCS - Priority Species - Invertebrates 21 4.1 Invertebrates Thought To Be Extirpated In Pennsylvania 22 4.2 Pennsylvania Invertebrates Of Immediate Concern 26 4.3 Pennsylvania Invertebrates Of High Level Concern 34 4.4 Pennsylvania Vulnerable Invertebrates 41 5 Invertebrate Species Of Greatest Conservation Need In Pennsylvania 52 (Responsibility + Rarity) 6 Management Issues For CWCS-Priority Invertebrates In Pennsylvania 55 7 Targeting Habitat Management Responses For Pennsylvania Invertebrates 56 7.1 Invertebrate Species-Habitat Associations 57 Predominantly Forest Species 58 Predominantly Wetland Species 65 Predominantly Stream And River Species 70 Predominantly Rocky Habitat Species 76 Predominantly Sandy Beach Species 76 Predominantly Grassland Or Open Habitat Species 77 Predominantly Thickets And Barrens Species 79 8 Ensuring Adequate State-Level Protection For Species Exposed To Special Threats 81 i Pennsylvania’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Version 1.1 9 Statewide Priority Research Needs - Invertebrate Conservation In Pennsylvania 84 9.1 Presence/Absence Studies, Especially Species Of Immediate Concern (Tier I) 85 9.2 Research On Conservation Status, Especially Species Of Immediate And High 86 Concern (Tier 1 And Tier 2) 9.3 Conservation Genetics: Issues Of Species Status And Pennsylvania Distinctiveness 87 9.4 The Need For Invertebrate Biotic Inventory 94 9.4.1 Comprehensive Inventory Of A Major Aquatic Lineage 96 (Diptera: Tipulidae) 9.4.2 Collection-Based Inventory Of A Major Terrestrial Indicator Lineage 106 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) 9.4.3 Rapid Conservation Assessment Of Species Presence For A Major 124 Lineage Of Invertebrates. (Diptera Or True Flies) 10 Pennsylvania Invertebrates Of Uncertain Need For Conservation 156 11 Pennsylvania Species Not Currently Considered To Be Of Special Concern 160 12 Species Unconfirmed In Pennsylvania But Included On Conservation Lists In 190 Neighboring States 12.1 Extinct or Extirpated In A Neighboring State To Pennsylvania 191 12.2 Species Of Immediate Conservation Concern In A Neighboring State To 192 Pennsylvania 12.3 Species Of High Conservation Concern In A Neighboring State To Pennsylvania 196 12.4 Species Ranked As Vulnerable In A Neighboring State To Pennsylvania 198 12.5 Species Not Of Conservation Concern Or Of Uncertain Conservation Status In A 202 Neighboring State To Pennsylvania 12.6 Pennsylvania Invasive Species 224 13 Relevant Literature 225 ii Pennsylvania’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Version 1.1 About this Document The following text, species lists, and data compilations for Pennsylvania invertebrate species of special concern for conservation is an adaptation of Appendix 5 of a statewide strategy for wildlife conservation submitted by Pennsylvania wildlife agencies in October 2005. This Pennsylvania Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS) was for partial completion of requirements for continued funding of the State Wildlife Grants Program in Pennsylvania. The CWCS (Williams, L., et al. (eds.). Pennsylvania Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Pennsylvania Game Commission and Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Version 1.0 (October 1, 2005). 772 pp + appendices.) provided a solid and detailed basis for wildlife conservation by both commissions. The following materials does not include data appendices in original report that included findings from extensive fieldwork conducted in 2004-2005 with funding from a State Wildlife Grant entitled “Pennsylvania Invertebrates of Special Concern: Viability, Status, and Recommendations for a Statewide Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Plan in Pennsylvania.” That project was collaborative between staff in the Section of Invertebrate Zoology at Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and personnel from the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy under the supervision of Charles. W. Bier, and staff of the Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy under the supervision of Anthony Davis (later Greg Czarnecki). The primary difference between this document and the original Appendix 5 submitted in 2005 is the inclusion of findings from fieldwork, especially inclusion of additional species in various conservation categories. Acknowledgments Special appreciation is extended to collaborators and administrators who made this project possible, including Charles W. Bier and Ryan E. Miller (Western PA Conservancy), and Nancy Clupper, Anthony Davis, Greg Czarnecki, and Betsy J. Ray (The Nature Conservancy). For tolerance, guidance, and abundant patience I thank Patricia Barber and Lisa Williams (PA Game Commission). Designer Rita M. Lee provided tremendous help with designing and formatting this report. The Carnegie Museum staff in the Section of Invertebrate Zoology undertook sorting, preparation and authoritative identification, led by coordinator David P. Koenig, and involving amazing input from Robert A. Androw, Robert L. Davidson, Deborah Denovich, Hillary Fetzner, Dr. James W. Fetzner, Jr., Jane C. Hyland, Timothy J. Tomon, Vanessa Verdecia, Dr. Chen W. Young, and Walter A. Zanol. Field work oversight at The Nature Conservancy was provided by Betsy J. Ray (Leppo), and by Ryan E. Miller and Tam Smith for the Western PA Conservancy. Data on special concern listings was supplemented by Kierstin Carlson of the Western PA Conservancy. The project benefited enormously from the field collecting efforts of many persons, including most of the above mentioned persons and Trudy Beal, Daniel Bogar, Donna E. Bowers, M. Bradburn, Jenni Case, John Deeds, Ryan Evans, William Gleason, George Gress, James Hart, Z. Horn, Jim Hoyson, Susan Klugman, P. Kukulski, Edward C. Masteller, Pat McElhenny, Andrew S. Mehring, T. Morris, Sally Ray, Larry Rosche, Ashley E. Shultz, C. Stumpf, and Kyle Vanderhoof. 1 Pennsylvania’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Version 1.1 Background 1 The primary goal of a comprehensive strategy for invertebrate conservation in Pennsylvania is to conserve Pennsylvania species, their ecological and evolutionary integrity, and their societal utility within Pennsylvania habitats in a scientifically rigorous, economically efficient, and environmentally sustainable manner. In practice, this means stabilizing or improving the conservation status of individual species, keeping the status of most native species from worsening, and, in a few cases, preventing the extirpation of endangered species from Pennsylvania habitats. The practical outcome of an effective conservation strategy will be to prevent additional species from
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