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Always Faithful? Confessional Situation in Sixteenth-Seventeenth-Century University of Cracow

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Always Faithful? Confessional Situation in Sixteenth-Seventeenth-Century University of Cracow ODRODZENIE I REFORMACJA W POLSCE ■ SI 2016 ■ PL ISSN 0029-8514 Dawid Machaj Institute of History University of Warsaw Always Faithful? Confessional Situation in Sixteenth-Seventeenth-Century University of Cracow Th e article aims at showing in a new light the confessional situation of the University of Cracow in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, using sour- ces omitted in previous research into the topic and thanks to a more detailed analysis of the sources used by other scholars (e.g., Acta rectoralia, university conclusions, rectors’ and professors’ diaries). Th e Academy of Cracow (as it was called then) was a Catholic institution, thus portraying the attitude of the university’s authorities to non-Catholics in a period of confessional strug- gle in Cracow and in the Commonwealth seemed promising. Another point was to analyse the possibilities for non-Catholics to function within the walls of the University in diff erent periods of time, as well as to describe the most important events and regulations, which infl uenced the University’s policy. Th e author also tried to bring to light the subsequent stages of administra- tive exclusion (on various levels) of non-Catholic students. However, the contacts of the Academy with religious minorities in Cracow is a matter so complex, that it remained beyond the scope of the article. Keywords: confessional relations, Cracow Academy, Protestant Reforma- tion, Counter-Reformation, Protestantism, Calvinism Th e Polish version of the text was written as part of the project: “Tumulty wyznaniowe w dwóch stolicach Rzeczypospolitej: w Krakowie i Wilnie, od XVI do XVIII w. – geneza, mechanizmy, uczestnicy”, realised in 2013–2017 and fi nanced by the programme “Diamentowy Grant” of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/OiRwP.2016.SI.04 http://rcin.org.pl 108 DAWID MACHAJ Th e aim of this paper is to present the confessional situation in the Cracow University in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is not a new issue (neither are the contacts of the University with the Catho- lic Church), as Henryk Barycz,1 Wacław Urban2 and Janusz Sondel,3 among others, have already written about this subject. Th e fundamen- tal novum, in comparison with the earlier research, (and maybe the most important part of the article) is an attempt to present the atti- tude of the University’s authorities to the non-Catholics and to ana- lyse the possibility of their functioning within the University. How- ever, the only and sometimes diffi cult University’s interaction with the Cracow religious minorities (mainly the Protestants and Jews) deserves a separate text and remains beyond the scope of this essay. I do not aspire to explore in this paper the religiousness of the indi- vidual members of the Cracow University, because there is no evi- dence of it whatever in the researched sources. I try to show the outer manifestations of devotion inside the University, its existing stand- ards of religiousness and examples of their violation. It seems worth exploring what was gained by the both sides of “the cooperation agreement”, i.e. the Catholic Church and University. Th e activity of the Cracow Academy has also been presented from the Counter-Reformation perspective, meant not for the internal reform of the Catholicism, but for fi ghting the Reformation using adminis- trative methods. Th is brings us closer to answering the question, why the fi nal victory of the Reformation at the University was unlikely (despite a short-term success). I was also trying to revise a too uni- form and, in my opinion, distorted picture of the University as for- ever faithful to the Catholic Church, which was refl ected in the title referring to J. Sondel’s work. Founded in 1364 and re-established in 1400, the studium generale in Cracow was in many respects a conservative institution. Its religious profi le and the attitude towards the non-Catholics must be regarded 1 Cf. H. Barycz, Historia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w epoce humanizmu (Kraków, 1935), esp. Book I, Chapt. V: “W obliczu ruchu reformacyjnego”, Chapt. IX: “Duchowieństwo i dynastja wobec uniwersytetu”; Book II, Chapt. III: “Ostatnie ślady ‘nowinek’ religijnych i pierwsze objawy nietolerancji”. 2 Cf. W. Urban, “Akademia Krakowska w dobie reformacji i wczesnej kontrrefor- macji (1549–1632),” in: Dzieje Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach 1364–1764, vol. 1, ed. K. Lepszy (Kraków, 1964), pp. 253–307. 3 Cf. J. Sondel, Zawsze wierny. Uniwersytet Jagielloński a Kościół rzymskokatolicki (Kraków, 2006). http://rcin.org.pl CONFESSIONAL SITUATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CRACOW 109 as one of these respects. No one, surely, could be surprised by the fact that the mediaeval universities were treated as institutions of canon law. A papal approval was required to establish them, which was also crucial to gain the university status for the Christian world and the possibility to grant a “licence to teach everywhere” (licentia ubique docendi).4 Th e Cracow University was established in the country, where the Catholicism was the dominant religion. One of the reasons for its restoration was the Christianisation of the Grand Duchy of Lithua- nia and consequential need to educate priests who were to play role of missionaries. No wonder that in the sixteenth century the Cracow Academy (as the University of Cracow was called then) was consid- ered a stronghold of the Roman orthodoxy, hostile towards any sign of diff erence. In the second half of the century, this opinion was sig- nifi cantly strengthened after the tumults against the Protestants as the „voice of the street” attributed the participation and even the instigation of the attacks to the students and professors of the Cra- cow University.5 In correspondence with Rome, the University’s authorities often emphasised their religious orthodoxy,6 which refl ected reality in so far as the university, as an institution, basically from the beginning remained hostile to the Reformation. It was noticed and appreciated by the subsequent Popes, among others, Pius V, who in 1566 “on the occasion of complying with a University’s request, promises in the future the munifi cent graces and encourages its further intense action against the heresy”.7 While his successor in a breve issued on 7 April 1578, addressed Dilectis fi liis rectori et profesoribus Universitatis Craco- viensis Gregorius papa XIII, 8 after giving the Apostolic Blessing, stated 4 Cf. ibidem, p. 35. 5 Cf.: “przedsię jednak są autorowie i pryncypałowie tumultu tego nie żadni insi, tylko kolegiaci z ich alumny i studenci w bursach, szkołach i gdzie indziej miesz- kający, una cum complicibus suis, oni dobrze wiedzą, z któremi,” “List ewange- lickiej szlachty małopolskiej skierowany do wszystkich sejmików z prośbą o radę, pomoc i wspólne działanie w ukaraniu winnych zajść i zapobieżeniu ich pona- wiania się w przyszłości,” in: Materiały do dziejów reformacji w Krakowie. Zabu- rzenia wyznaniowe w latach 1551–1598, ed. R. Żelewski (Wrocław, 1962), p. 35, no. 45. 6 Cf. Barycz, Historia, p. 300. 7 Ibidem, p. 307. 8 Conclusiones Universitatis Cracoviensis: ab anno 1441 ad annum 1589, ed. H. Barycz (Kraków, 1933), p. 377, no. 420. http://rcin.org.pl 110 DAWID MACHAJ that he was overjoyed by the fame the University was gaining, while guarding Catholic Faith, fi ghting off attempts by heretics and pro- tecting the authority of the Holy See. Th e Pope’s words read aloud at the University’s convocation were received cum animi gratitudine.9 Th e position of Catholicism at the University was also strength- ened by the fact that each time it was the Bishop of Cracow who was appointed its chancellor10 and that church prebends were the main form of the professors’ salaries.11 Furthermore, even younger lecturers and students were fi nding additional fi nancial resources at Church service.12 Th e majority of the professors were clergymen and a signifi cant part of the teaching staff at the Faculty of Liberal Arts was simultaneously pursuing studies at one of the higher faculties in order to move to better paid chairs and improve fi nancial situation. Th e lecturers’ income varied considerably – the highest was received by professors of theology, then of law and medicine (the bulk of phy- sicians’ income was made up of private practice), and the lowest by young lecturers of liberal arts.13 At the time of the Cracow Univer- sity refoundation in 1400, the Faculties of Th eology and Law were given three chairs each, the Faculty of Medicine – one. Initially, the Faculty of artium was composed of the biggest number of chairs, but by the mid-fi fteenth century it lost 12 out of the initial 34 chairs. Th e proportions changed, mostly to the benefi t of the theological fac- ulty, because 11 theological and 8 canonical chairs were added during that period.14 Th e Faculty of Th eology, the largest among the higher 9 Ibidem, pp. 377–378. 10 Since the restoration of the University by Władysław Jagiełło, the chancellor of the Kingdom had been appointed the chancellor of the University. During the Great Schism, it had a tacit approval of the Popes, as they tried to keep the neo- phyte King in their obedience. Th e situation changed when, in 1412, Wojciech Jastrzębiec, the Kingdom’s chancellor, ascended the bishop’s throne in Cracow. At the time, it became established practice that the most important offi ce of the University was held by the Bishop of Cracow and not, as the king originally wished, by the Kingdom’s chancellor. Cf. Z. Pietrzyk, Poczet rektorów Uniwer- sytetu Jagiellońskiego 1400–2000 (Kraków, 2000), p. 11. 11 Cf. Sondel, Zawsze wierny, p. 31. 12 Cf.
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