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Somali Refugee Women's Perception of Access to Services in the UK

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Somali Refugee Women's Perception of Access to Services in the UK Somali Refugee Women’s Perception of Access to Services in the UK Beatrice Akua Sakyiwah PhD University of York Centre for Women’s Studies December 2012 1 Abstract My research explores Somali refugee women’s reported experiences of access to public services in the UK. Since the majority of women in the Somali community are illiterate, I conducted qualitative research involving 50 interviews, (some repeat), between May and July 2010, with 26 Somali refugee women who came to Britain between 1990 and 2009. In this thesis, my analysis roughly follows the chronology of refugee women’s entry into the UK. Therefore I start with access to immigration services. My key finding here is that people who have little experience of the public sphere due to their gender, find themselves in difficult situations when dealing with officials when they arrive in their new environment. The women‘s access to services was strongly impaired, partly due to discrepancies between regulations around immigration and the lived experiences the women had. This was also evident in the context of education services, the topic of my second chapter. Here two key issues emerged. One was the importance of language skills. The other was the contradictory demand of learning about the culture into which the women had moved and being required to hunt for jobs at the same time. Ultimately, only very few women participated in education and employment. However, these are resources that facilitate effective integration, and lacking them had a detrimental effect on my participants. My analysis of the women’s access to housing, the third area I researched, revealed that their preferred social model of congregation had consequences for their settlement. They defied government policies on housing and abandoned their given accommodation to move near relatives and community members. As a result they lost access to services such as education and support towards employment. My discussion of the women’s access to health services demonstrated that cross-cultural issues impacted on that access. Not having previously engaged with first-world style infrastructures, the women had difficulty understanding the UK’s public service system and how it operates. This was complicated by the policy demand of eligibility, which can create confusion and this affected their ability to take advantage of services. Throughout their years in the UK most of the women struggled in their use of services and in their everyday routines and relied heavily on mediation. Such dependency continued to subjugate them and situated them as vulnerable to subordination. In this thesis I argue that lack of education and communication skills create a situation of unequal access to public service utilisation, and this functions to exclude certain minority women in our society. 2 Table of Content Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Content ................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ 6 Author’s Declaration ........................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9 Undertaking the Research ........................................................................................................ 11 Mapping Experiences ............................................................................................................... 13 The Experiences of Women in Patriarchal Somali Society and in Western Europe ................. 18 The Structure of the Thesis ...................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2: The Context of Somali Women’s Migration to the UK and their Access to Services in the UK ............................................................................................. 24 Colonial and Post-colonial Regimes in Somalia ...................................................................... 24 Clan Variation, Educational Dynamics and Women’s Exclusion in Somali Society ................ 27 Gender Roles under Islam and Islamic Extremism .................................................................. 33 Somali Women’s Agency In Pre-war, War and in Post-War Somalia ...................................... 35 Somali Women’s Access to Services in Somalia: A Preparatory Process ................................ 38 Literature Review: Somalis in the UK ..................................................................................... 41 The Educational Needs of Somali Refugee Women, Children and Older Refugees in the UK...................................................................................................................................... 42 Somali Women’s Engagement with Employment in the UK ................................................... 46 Somali Refugee Women and their Health Needs ..................................................................... 48 Housing Needs Among Somalis and the Effect of Dispersal Policies ...................................... 52 Managing Family Life and Using Public Services in the UK ................................................... 55 Chapter 3: Methodological Issues..................................................................................... 58 My Research Perspective and Position as a Feminist Researcher ............................................ 58 Methods, Sampling Choice and Composition .......................................................................... 60 Developing Questions, Dealing with Ethical Issues, Recruiting and Interviewing the Participants .............................................................................................................................. 65 Using a Reflexive Approach .................................................................................................... 81 Understanding Insider and Outsider Dynamics and their Impact on the Interviews ................. 83 Locating Themes within the Research, Recording and Transcribing the Data ......................... 91 How did Conducting the Research Affect Me? ........................................................................ 94 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 96 Chapter 4: Immigration Rules and their Impact on Somali Women’s Experiences on Arrival in the UK..................................................................................... 97 3 Travelling to the UK .............................................................................................................. 103 Agent-arranged Journeys ....................................................................................................... 108 Documentation, Dealing with Officials and the Situation of Family Reunion ....................... 110 Applying for Initial Accommodation ..................................................................................... 116 EU Secondary Migration ....................................................................................................... 120 Language and Translation ...................................................................................................... 123 Processing their Immigration: The 1990 Arriving Women .................................................... 127 Processing their Immigration Status: 2000 Arrivals ............................................................... 131 Immigration Status for the Recent Arrivals ............................................................................ 133 Perceptions of the UK’s Immigration Services Processing Asylum as an Accompanying Child and the Women’s................................................................................. 135 Mediated Entry ...................................................................................................................... 140 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 147 Chapter 5: Somali Refugee Women’s Experiences of Education and Employment in the UK .................................................................................................... 150 Demographic Information: Education and Employment Experiences Prior to and after Arrival .................................................................................................................................... 150 Resettlement Issues and Education for the Refugee Women ................................................. 155 Constraints on the Women’s Access to Education in the UK ................................................. 163 The Women’s Post-Migration Experiences in the UK ........................................................... 172 Coping with Life in the UK ................................................................................................... 174 Pursuing Career Paths in the UK: The Educated Women ...................................................... 177 Supporting their Children’s Education and the Women’s Perception of Education for their Children in the UK........................................................................................................
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