INTERNATIONAL NETWORK of GENOCIDE SCHOLARS Genocide: Knowing the Past, Safeguarding the Future
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Darfur Genocide
Darfur genocide Berkeley Model United Nations Welcome Letter Hi everyone! Welcome to the Darfur Historical Crisis committee. My name is Laura Nguyen and I will be your head chair for BMUN 69. This committee will take place from roughly 2006 to 2010. Although we will all be in the same physical chamber, you can imagine that committee is an amalgamation of peace conferences, UN meetings, private Janjaweed or SLM meetings, etc. with the goal of preventing the Darfur Genocide and ending the War in Darfur. To be honest, I was initially wary of choosing the genocide in Darfur as this committee’s topic; people in Darfur. I also understood that in order for this to be educationally stimulating for you all, some characters who committed atrocious war crimes had to be included in debate. That being said, I chose to move on with this topic because I trust you are all responsible and intelligent, and that you will treat Darfur with respect. The War in Darfur and the ensuing genocide are grim reminders of the violence that is easily born from intolerance. Equally regrettable are the in Africa and the Middle East are woefully inadequate for what Darfur truly needs. I hope that understanding those failures and engaging with the ways we could’ve avoided them helps you all grow and become better leaders and thinkers. My best advice for you is to get familiar with the historical processes by which ethnic brave, be creative, and have fun! A little bit about me (she/her) — I’m currently a third-year at Cal majoring in Sociology and minoring in Data Science. -
The Economics of Ethnic Cleansing in Darfur
The Economics of Ethnic Cleansing in Darfur John Prendergast, Omer Ismail, and Akshaya Kumar August 2013 WWW.ENOUGHPROJECT.ORG WWW.SATSENTINEL.ORG The Economics of Ethnic Cleansing in Darfur John Prendergast, Omer Ismail, and Akshaya Kumar August 2013 COVER PHOTO Displaced Beni Hussein cattle shepherds take shelter on the outskirts of El Sereif village, North Darfur. Fighting over gold mines in North Darfur’s Jebel Amer area between the Janjaweed Abbala forces and Beni Hussein tribe started early this January and resulted in mass displacement of thousands. AP PHOTO/UNAMID, ALBERT GONZALEZ FARRAN Overview Darfur is burning again, with devastating results for its people. A kaleidoscope of Janjaweed forces are once again torching villages, terrorizing civilians, and systematically clearing prime land and resource-rich areas of their inhabitants. The latest ethnic-cleans- ing campaign has already displaced more than 300,000 Darfuris this year and forced more than 75,000 to seek refuge in neighboring Chad, the largest population displace- ment in recent years.1 An economic agenda is emerging as a major driver for the escalating violence. At the height of the mass atrocities committed from 2003 to 2005, the Sudanese regime’s strategy appeared to be driven primarily by the counterinsurgency objectives and secondarily by the acquisition of salaries and war booty. Undeniably, even at that time, the government could have only secured the loyalty of its proxy Janjaweed militias by allowing them to keep the fertile lands from which they evicted the original inhabitants. Today’s violence is even more visibly fueled by monetary motivations, which include land grabbing; consolidating control of recently discovered gold mines; manipulating reconciliation conferences for increased “blood money”; expanding protection rackets and smuggling networks; demanding ransoms; undertaking bank robberies; and resum- ing the large-scale looting that marked earlier periods of the conflict. -
An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia (Somaliland)
IUCN Eastern Africa Programme Somali Natural Resources Management Programme An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia (Somaliland) Malte Sommerlatte and Abdi Umar May 2000 IUCN Eastern Africa Programme Somali Natural Resources Management Programme An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia (Somaliland) By: Malte Sommerlatte and Abdi Umar IUCN CONSULTANTS May 2000 Table of Contents SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ iii 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 A REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ...................................................................................... 1 1.3 SOCIAL STRUCTURES OF THE SOMALILAND COASTAL PLAINS PASTORALISTS ............... 3 1.4 LOCAL REGULATIONS CONTROLLING LAND USE AND NATURAL RESOURCES .............. 4 1.5 THE PRESENT POLITICAL SITUATION IN SOMALILAND..................................................... 6 2. SURVEY METHODS.................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. VEGETATION TRANSECTS.................................................................................................. -
CPY Document
REPORT OF THE CHIEF LEGISLATIVE ANALYST DATE: June 13. 2007 TO: Honorable Members Intergovernental Relations Committee FROM: Gerr F. Mille~ Chief Legislative Analyst SUBJECT: Resolution (Parks/HahnGarcetti) concerning support for AB 1089 (Hernandez) to restrict State contracting with companies with ties to the government of Sudan. CLA RECOMMENDATION: That the City Council, with concurrence of the Mayor, adopt the attached resolution to SUPPORT AB 1089 (Hernandez) to restrict State contracting with companies with ties to the government of Sudan. SUMMARY: AB 1089 (Hernandez) would prohibit a State agency from contracting with companies that have ties to the governent of Sudan. The California Department of General Services would be required to prepare a list of scrutinized companies and update that list on a semi-anual basis. State agencies, then, would not be able to contract with any business on that list. In September 2006, the Legislature passed and Governor signed AB 2941 (Koretz) which prohibits the California Public Employees Retirement System and the California State Teacher's Retirement System from investing in companies with business operations in Sudan. These bills seek to address what President Bush and the United States Congress have described as genocide against the people of the Darfur region of Sudan. The State of California in the past has taken similar actions with regard to South Africa. BILL STATUS Introduced Februar 25, 2007 Passed Assembly June 7, 2007 Pending review in Senate , J n Wickham IJt:~ gislative Analyst GFM:JW:jw Attachment: 1. Resolution to Support AB 1089 (Dymally) 2. AB 1089 ( AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY JUNE 1,2007 AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY MAY 8, 2007 AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY APRIL 9, 2007 CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE-2007-o8 REGULAR SESSION ASSEMBLY BILL No. -
Renewed Circassian Mobilization in the North Caucasus 20-Years After the Fall of the Soviet Union
Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 11, No 2, 2012, 103-135 Copyright © ECMI 21 December 2012 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/publications/detail/issue-22012-vol-11-254/ Renewed Circassian Mobilization in the North Caucasus 20-years after the Fall of the Soviet Union Lars Funch Hansen* University of Copenhagen The renewed ethnic mobilization among Circassians in the North Caucasus region in Russia that has unfolded since the latter half of the 2000s is illustrated by the establishment of new civil society organizations and a substantially increased number of internet-based initiatives. All of this reflects a new and increased form of agency and unity among the Circassians in which youth activism has played key role. It also illustrates how Circassian civil society actors and cyber-activists have not only been able to establish a counter-public sphere or develop a new space for action, but also increasingly have been able to move key issues from Circassian spheres into the wider public sphere of mainstream Russian media and politics. The upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, in particular, has functioned as a lever in this process, which has also resulted in increasing support among Circassians for calls for recognition of the nineteenth century forced expulsion of the majority of the Circassians from the Caucasus as an act of genocide. In this manner, a mega-event such as the Sochi Olympics has contributed to generating a more radical or politicized understanding or framing of the Caucasian exodus that, since the fall of the Soviet Union, has generally been known as “our national tragedy”. -
The Gendering and Racialization of Power in Genocide
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2012 Establishing Difference: The Gendering And Racialization Of Power In Genocide Erin E. Welsh University of Central Florida Part of the International Relations Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Welsh, Erin E., "Establishing Difference: The Gendering And Racialization Of Power In Genocide" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2171. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2171 ESTABLISHING DIFFERENCE: THE GENDERING AND RACIALIZATION OF POWER IN GENOCIDE by ERIN E. WELSH B.A. Randolph-Macon College, 1999 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2012 © 2012 Erin E. Welsh ii ABSTRACT This thesis is designed to delve deeper into perceptions of identity, specifically gender and racial identity, the power relationship that emerges as each of these switches is reached in the progression towards genocide, and the effects of these perceptions during and after the genocide takes place. The primary question addressed is whether the power relationship that emerges as a result of these pre-genocidal stages becomes gendered and racialized due to perceptions rooted in a male-dominated hierarchy and a belief in the superiority of one ethnicity over another. -
Evaluating the International Criminal Court: a Comparative Analysis of Darfur, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Mirisa Hasfaria University of Arkansas
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2011 Evaluating the International Criminal Court: A Comparative Analysis of Darfur, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Mirisa Hasfaria University of Arkansas Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Hasfaria, Mirisa, "Evaluating the International Criminal Court: A Comparative Analysis of Darfur, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 234. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/234 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. EVALUATING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DARFUR, SUDAN, AND THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO EVALUATING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DARFUR, SUDAN, AND THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science By Mirisa Hasfaria Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Sarjana Ilmu Politik, 2006 December 2011 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT This thesis examines the effectiveness of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in holding individuals accountable for grave breaches of crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. I argue that if we measure effectiveness in terms of the ability to set agenda and to publicize, the ICC accomplishes much. My thesis to shows that, as a key part of the international agenda on human rights compliance, the ICC derives its effectiveness from the various naming and shaming campaigns by national governments and non-governmental actors (NGOs). -
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FOUNDATION)FOR)ENDANGERED)LANGUAGES) ) ! ! OGMIOS ! ! ! ! ) Some!of!the!priceless!holdings!of!the!archive!recordings!in!the!sound!archive!of!Pushkinskiy! Dom,!St.!Petersburg,!Russia.!More!about!the!television!film!exploring!this!archive!in!this! issue.!!! ! OGMIOS)Newsletter)47:)—)30)April)2012) ISSN)1471L0382))))))Editor:)Christopher)Moseley) ) Published!by:! Foundation)for)Endangered)Languages,) 172)Bailbrook)Lane,)) Bath)BA1)7AA,)England! OGMIOS)Newsletter)47) )30)April)2012! )Contact!the!Editor!at:! Assistant)Editor:) ))))))Adriano)Truscott)) Christopher)Moseley,)<[email protected]>) Contributing)Editors:) Roger)Blench,)Joseph)Blythe),) 9)Westdene)Crescent,)Caversham)Heights,) Serena)D’Agostino,)Christopher)Hadfield,)Francis)M) Hult,)Nicholas)Ostler,)Andrea)Ritter.) Reading)RG4)7HD,)England) ! International3Centre3for3Language3 1.! Editorial ...............................................................3! Revitalisation:3New3York3Symposium ................ 16! 2.! Development3of3the3Foundation..................3! ICLASP:3Extended3deadline..................................... 16! FEL3XVI3Conference:3Language3Endangerment3in3 Lyon3Summer3School:3documentation3and3 the321st3Century:3Globalisation,.3Technology3and3 revitalization ............................................................... 17! New3Media .......................................................................3! FEL3Manifesto..........................................................20! 3.! Endangered3Languages3in3the3News ..........4! 3 Australia:3HighLtech3bid3to3save3ancient3Top3End3 -
The Legality of the UN Humanitarian Intervention Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter: Somalia and Beyond
The Legality of the UN Humanitarian Intervention under Chapter VII of the UN Charter: Somalia and Beyond Abdiwahid Osman Haji Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements t for LL.M. degree in Law inrn ^.tyfO*' University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada December 1997 ©Abdiwahid Osman Haji 1997 UMI Number: EC55716 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform EC55716 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The UN Charter acknowledges the right of the UN Security Council to use force to address threats to international peace and security in case of acts of aggression. The Charter, however, does not expressly recognize the right to use force to protect the people of a State against their own governing authorities even when they face genocide, massive internal and external displacements of population, widespread violence, and mass starvation. In the post-Cold War era, the UN Security Council has authorized humanitarian intervention in Iraq (1991), in Somalia (1992), in the Former Yugoslavia (1992), and in Rwanda (1994). -
The Puntland Experience: a Bottom-Up Approach to Peace and State Building
THE SEARCH FOR PEACE Somali Programme Haani salka ayeey ka unkantaa A milk container is built from the bottom up The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building Peace Initiatives in Puntland 1991—2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Peace Initiatives in Puntland 1991—2007 Researchers: Hassan Adan Mohamed, Amina Abdulkadir M. Nur Photographs: Muctar Mohamed Hersi, Audio Visual Unit Map: Adapted from Mark Bradbury, 2008, James Currey Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace This research study was made possible by the generous contributions of the interviewees, Working Group, peer reviewers, and colleagues at the Puntland Development Research Center, including Abdurahman A. Osman ‘Shuke’ (Director), Ali Farah Ali (Research Coordinator), Mohamed Yassin Essa ‘Ilkoasse’ (Finance Manager), and Muctar Mohamed Hersi (Director Audio-Visual Unit), in sharing their unique experiences as well as historical documentation. The Search for Peace series Research Coordinator: Mark Bradbury, Rift Valley Institute Research Consultants: Professor Ken Menkhaus, Davidson College, USA Dr Justin Willis, the British Institute in Eastern Africa Andy Carl, Conciliation Resources Ulf Terlinden Senior Research Advisor: Abdirahman Osman Raghe, Interpeace Series Coordinator & Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace Series Sub-editor: Janet Oeverland, Interpeace Design and Layout: Cege Mwangi, Arcadia Associates Garowe, Puntland Phone: (+252 5) 84 4480 Thuraya: +88 216 4333 8170 [email protected] www.pdrc.somalia.org This report was produced by Interpeace and the Puntland Development Research Center and represents exclusively their own views. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the contributing donors and should not be relied upon as a statement of the contributing donors or their services. -
Physical and Cultural Genocide of Indigenous Peoples
530 Chapter 13 PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL GENOCIDE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Robert K. Hitchcock Tara M. Twedt Introduction The indigenous peoples in the world today have been described as "victims of progress" (Bodley, 1999) and who as a people have had to face "colonization, genocide, and a constant struggle for cultural and physical survival" (Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, 1987, p. xi). Indigenous peoples are small-scale -- and sometimes large-scale -- societies that frequently have been dealt with harshly by the governments and citizens in the states in which they live. Some see them as being particularly vulnerable to genocidal acts because of their small group sizes, cultural distinctiveness, occupation of remote areas, and relative technological and organizational simplicity (Kuper, 1985, p. 301; Burger, 1987, p. 38; Amnesty International, 1992a, pp. 61-62). Variously referred to as aboriginals, native peoples, tribal peoples, Fourth World peoples, or "first nations," these populations have suffered from vicious mistreatment, discrimination, and lack of equal opportunity in employment for centuries. This was especially true from the time of colonial expansion into Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and the 530 From Century of Genocide, 3rd Edition, © 2009 Taylor and Francis, Inc 531 Americas (International Labour Office, 1953; Wolf, 1982; Wilmer, 1993; Heinz, 1988; Howard, 2003). As Burger (1987) notes, "When the indigenous population did not encounter direct genocide, they faced instead enslavement, forced labor, and menial work" (p. 38). Over the past 500 years, literally millions of indigenous peoples have had to cope with destruction of their life ways and habitats, disease, dispossession, and exploitation (Clay, 1984; Maybury Lewis 1997, 2002; International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 1988; Hitchcock, 1999; Hitchcock and Koperski, 2008). -
Reflections on the Caucasus
REFLECTIONS ON THE CAUCASUS 21 MAY 1864 – 2010 CIRCASSIAN WORLD “I had a dream last night. I can’t tell it to you, because it was in Ubykh,” said the last speaker of the Ubykh language, Tevfik Esenç. When he passed away in 1992, the unique language of the the Ubykh people, the indigenous people of Sochi, where the 2014 Winter Olympic Games will be held, also died. This was one of the consequences of the fall of the Caucasus, which was celebrated by the Russian armies with triumphalism and a procession in the Valley of Kbaada, now called Krasnaya Polyana on May 21, 1864. What the 21st May brings to the mind of the Adyghes (Circassians), the Abkhazians, and the Ubykhs, who have been scattered all over the world and struggling to preserve their cultures and languages today, must be exile and genocide... But what do experts have to say about 21 May, about the Adyghes, Abkhazians and Ubykhs? And what are their thoughts? This project is the outcome of a desire of CircassianWorld.com, which has always tried to publicize academic works from the very day of its inception, to provide a platform for academics, researchers, politicians, journalists, and executives of NGOs from various countries to express their opinions about the 21st May, the North Caucasus, and its peoples. I would like wholeheartedly to thank all of the following people who have contributed to this project proferring their valuable thoughts for inclusion on this site. Metin Sönmez, CircassianWorld.com & AbkhazWorld.com Ed. The authors were given complete freedom regarding the content of their texts whose maximum length was specified as around one page.