Politikwissenschaft Die Entwicklung Der Amerikanischen Außenpolitik

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Politikwissenschaft Die Entwicklung Der Amerikanischen Außenpolitik Politikwissenschaft Die Entwicklung der amerikanischen Außenpolitik nach dem Ende des Ost- West Konfliktes Inaugural- Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms Universität zu Münster vorgelegt von Diraid Ibrahim aus dem Sudan 2007 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 25. Juli 2007 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Wichard Woyke Referent: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Wichard Woyke Korreferent . Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Reinhard Meyers Vorwort Mein Dank richtet sich an Prof. Dr. Dr. Wichard Woyke, der meine Dissertation betreut hat. Für seine Kritik und wertvollen Hinweise bedanke ich mich sehr, denn sie haben viel zum Gelingen dieser Dissertation beigetragen. Des Weiteren möchte ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Dr. Reinhard Meyers bedanken, der mich bei dieser Dissertation mit Vorschlägen und Anregungen unterstützt hat. Diese Arbeit widme ich voll Dankbarkeit meiner Frau und meinen beiden Kindern. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis V Abbildungsverzeichnis und Tabellenverzeichnis IX Einleitung 1 Kapitel I Orientierungsmuster der amerikanischen Außenpolitik 7 1.Zwischen Realpolitik und Idealpolitik 7 2. Der Isolationismus 11 3. Der Internationalismus 13 4. Hegemonialpolitik 13 5. Imperialismuspolitik 15 Kapitel II Die Konzepte der amerikanischen Außenpolitik seit 1945 19 1. Kooperation der Alliierten und ihr Ende (1941-1947) 19 2. Eindämmung und die Entstehung des Kalten Krieges (1948-1962) 20 3. Von der Konfrontation zur Koexistenz (1963-1981) 21 4. Neo-Eindämmungspolitik (1980-1991) 23 Kapitel III Akteure und Entscheidungsprozesse in der amerikanischen 25 Außenpolitik nach dem Ende des Ost- West Konfliktes 1. Die politischen Akteure der amerikanischen Außenpolitik 26 1.1 Chef der Exekutive: der Präsident 26 1.1.1 Das Außenministerium (Departement of State) 30 1.1.2 Das Verteidigungsministerium 33 1.1.3 Der Nationale Sicherheitsrat 40 1.1.4 Die US- Geheimdienste (CIA, DIA, FBI, NSA, INR) 42 1.1.5 National Economic Council (NEC) 45 1.2 Der Kongress 46 2. Die gesellschaftlichen Akteure 50 2.1 Die außenpolitische Elite 50 2.2 Interessengruppen 52 2.2.1 Die ethnischen Interessengruppen 54 2.3 Foreign Lobbying 55 2.4 Think Tanks 55 Kapitel IV Die Außenpolitik von Bush sr. 57 1. Bush sr. – Administration 57 1.1. Zusammensetzung und Arbeitsstil der Regierung Bushs in einer 57 Phase des weltpolitischen Umbruchs 1.2 Kongress und Bushs Politikgestaltung 61 1.3 Die USA auf der Suche nach einer neuen Weltordnung (1989-1991) 64 1.4 Die Bush sr. - Administration und die „neue Weltordnung“ 65 1.5 Die Europa-Politik 69 1.6 Die Sowjetunion-Politik 73 1.7 Die Asien-Politik 77 1.8. Die Nahost-Politik 85 1.9. Die Lateinamerikapolitik 92 1.10 Die Afrika-Politik 95 1.11 Die Außenwirtschaftspolitik 101 1.12 Die UNO-Politik 104 I 1.13 Der neue Imperialismus unter Bush sr. 109 1.13.1 Der klassische Imperialismus der USA von 1818 109 bis zum Ende des Kalten Krieges 1.13.2 Der neue Imperialismus von Bush sr. 111 1.14 Zusammenhang zwischen terroristischen Anschlägen und 121 amerikanischer Außenpolitik für den Betrachtungszeitraum von der Bush sr.- Administration 1.14.1 Die Entwicklung des Terrorismus 123 a. Der Begriff Terrorismus 123 b. Die Merkmale des Terrorismus 1960 - 1980 124 c. Der Terrorismus seit 1980 126 d. Terrorismus und Massenvernichtungswaffen 127 1.14.2 Die Vorherrschaft der USA im Nahen und Mittleren Osten 129 a. Die Konflikte im Nahen und Mittleren Osten 129 b. Die US -israelischen Beziehungen 129 Kapitel V Die Außenpolitik von Bill Clinton 134 1. Die Clinton- Administration 134 1. 1 Zusammensetzung und Arbeitsstil der Clinton- Administration 134 1.2 Die Suche nach einem außenpolitischen Konzept 137 1.3 Die Außenwirtschaftspolitik unter Präsident Clinton 140 1.4 Außenpolitik im Konflikt zwischen Weißem Haus und Kongress 142 1.4.1 Die NATO- Osterweiterung 143 1.4.2 Die Verabschiedung des Helms- Burton Gesetzes 144 1.4.3 Die Gestaltung der Beziehung zu lateinamerikanischen 145 Staaten 1.4.4 Der Widerstand des Kongresses gegenüber 146 außenwirtschaftlichen Initiativen des Präsidenten 1.4.5 Die Frage der Entrichtung des amerikanischen 146 Mitgliedbeitrages an die UNO 1.4.6 Die Konfrontation zwischen UN- Rüstungsinspektoren und 147 dem Irak Beginn 1998 1.4.7 National Missile Defense und Comprehensive 148 Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 1.5 Die Europa - Politik 149 1.6 Die Russland-Politik 155 1.7 Die Nahost- Politik 159 1.8. Die Asien- Politik 164 1.9 Die Lateinamerika- Politik 171 1.10 Die Afrika- Politik 175 1.11 Die UNO- Politik 177 1.12 Der neue Imperialismus unter der Clinton-Administration 182 1.12.1 Clinton instrumentalisierte die internationalen 184 Organisationen (WTO, IWF, Weltbank) 1.12.2 Die Sanktionspolitik der Clinton- Administration 185 1.12.3 Die Rolle der amerikanischen Militärmacht in der 187 Sicht der Clinton- Administration 1.12.4 „Die einzige Weltmacht“ von Zbigniew Brzezinski 193 1.13 Zusammenhang zwischen terroristischen Anschlägen und 196 amerikanischer Außenpolitik für den Betrachtungszeitraum der Clinton- Administration II 1.13.1 Präsident Clinton im Kampf gegen 196 den internationalen Terrorismus- Schurkenstaaten 1.13.2 Al Kaida und de Kriegserklärung von Osama bin Laden 197 gegenüber USA 1.13.3 Die Terroranschläge der Islamisten in der Zeit 199 der Clinton- Administration 1.13.4 “The Clash of Civilization” von Samuel P. Huntington 201 Kapitel VI Die Außenpolitik der Bush jr. -Administration 204 1. Die Bush jr. –Administration 204 1.1 Zusammensetzung und Arbeitsstil der Bush jr. - Administration 204 1.2 Der Einfluss der Neo-Konservativen auf die Außenpolitik 208 der Bush jr.- Administration 1.3 Die Außenpolitik von Bush jr. vor dem 11.September 211 1.4 Der 11. September 2001 214 1.5 Bush jr. und der Kongress 215 1.6 Die Bush- Doktrin: Der weltweite Kampf gegen den Terrorismus 218 1.7 Die National Security Strategy (NSS) vom 17. September 2002 220 1.8 Der Afghanistan- Krieg 221 1.8.1 Der Fall Guantanamo 223 1.8.2 Die aktuelle Lage in Afghanistan 225 1.9 Die Russland- Politik 227 1.10 Die Europa- Politik 230 1.11 Die Asien- Politik 234 1.12 Die Lateinamerika- Politik 239 1.13 Die Afrika- Politik 243 1.14 Die Nahost- Politik 245 1.14.1 Der israelisch- palästinensische Konflikt 245 1.14.2 Der Irak- Krieg 247 1.14.3 Der Irak- Krieg und seine Folgen 252 1.14.4 Die Syrienpolitik 257 1.14.5 Die Iranpolitik 258 1.15 Die UNO- Politik 260 1.15.1 Der Internationale Strafgerichtshof 261 1.15.2 Das Kyoto- Protokoll 263 1.15.3 Die Ablehnung des Comprehensive Nuclear 264 Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 1.15.4 Die UNO und der Irak-Krieg 265 1.15.5 Die Reform des UNO- Sicherheitsrates 266 1.15.6 Die UNO und Guantanamo 267 1.16 Die Außenwirtschaftspolitik der Bush jr.- Administration 268 1.17 Der neue Imperialismus unter der Bush jr.- Administration 270 1.17.1 Die Militarisierung der Außenpolitik 272 der Bush jr.- Administration 1.17.2 Die nukleare Aufrüstung der USA 279 (das Raketenabwehrsystem), die Atomdrohung gegen Schurkenstaaten 1.17.3 Imperialismus oder Unilateralismus? 280 1.18 Der Zusammenhang zwischen terroristischen Anschlägen 284 und amerikanischer Außenpolitik für den Betrachtungszeitraum der Bush jr. - Administration III 1.18.1 Der Anschlag vom 11. September 284 als „politischer Terrorismus“ 1.18.2 Der Kampf gegen den internationalen Terrorismus 286 Fazit 292 Literaturverzeichnis 321 IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis Anzus Australia, New Zealand, United States- Pazifik Pakt ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile ACDA Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ACRI African Crisis Response Initiative AEI American Enterprise Institute AID Agency for International Development ALCA Area de Libre Comercio de las Americas Aids Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIPAC American- Israel Public Affairs Committee APEC Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation ANC African National Congress ASNE American Society of Newspaper Editors AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System bzw. Beziehungsweise BIP Brutoinlandsprodukt CARICOM Carribean Community and Common Market ca. Circa CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Cento Central Treaty Organization CIA Central Intelligence Agency CNN Cable News Network CQW Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report CSP Center for Security Policy d.h. dass heißt DIA Defense Intelligence Agency DOD Department of Defense ECOMOG Economic Community Military Oberserver Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ETA Euskadi 'ta Askatasuna EU Europäische Union FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americans V GUS Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICC International Criminal Court IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IHT International Herald Tribune INEF Institut für Entwicklung und Frieden INF Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces INR Bureau of Intelligence and Research IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IKRK Internationales Kommitee vom Roten Kreuz IRA Irish Republican Army ISAF International Security Assistance Force ISI Information Science Institute IWF Internationaler Währungsfond JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff jr. junior GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gulf Cooperation Council KFOR Kosovo Force KSZE Konferenz über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Osteuropa MEPC Middle East Policy Council NAACP Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGOs Non Governmental Organisations NEC National Economic Council NSA National Security Agency NSC National Security Council NPR Nuclear Posture Review NSS National
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