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The Educational Thought of Nannie Helen Burroughs, 1875-1961 By “To Struggle and Battle and Overcome”: The Educational Thought of Nannie Helen Burroughs, 1875-1961 By Shantina Shannell Jackson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Daniel Perlstein, Chair Professor Nai’lah Nasir Suad Professor Ula Taylor Summer 2015 “To Struggle and Battle and Overcome”: The Educational Thought of Nannie Helen Burroughs, 1875-1961 Copyright 2015 Shantina Shannell Jackson Abstract “To Struggle And Battle And Overcome”: The Educational Thought of Nannie Helen Burroughs, 1875-1961 by Shantina Shannell Jackson Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of California, Berkeley Professor Daniel Perlstein, Chair Few twentieth century African American educators were as influential in their lifetime and as neglected by scholars in our day as Nannie Helen Burroughs. The founder of the National Training School for Women and Girls, she was admired by African American leaders ranging from Mary Church Terrell, Anna Julia Cooper, Carter G. Woodson, Ella Baker and Martin Luther King, Jr. Relying on Burroughs’ papers and other archival sources, this dissertation examines Burroughs’ educational thought and its relationship to her leadership of the Women’s Convention of the National Baptist Church, the International Council of Women of the Darker Races, the National Association of Wage Earners and other Black organizations. This dissertation argues that Burroughs both drew on the main currents of African American thought and developed a unique synthesis of practical education, prophetic Christian Pan Africanism and woman-centered leadership. 1 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my uncle Fred Davis Jackson. I wish you were still here to read this study, but I take comfort in knowing that you are with me in spirit. Your scholarly example will remain with me always. i Table of Contents Chapter 1- Discovering Nannie Helen Burroughs ................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................... 5 Towards a Burroughsian-Based Model of Black Education ............................................................. 11 Principle 1: African American - Centered Education ................................................................... 12 Principle 2: Communal Education .................................................................................................. 12 Principle 3: Broad - Based Education ............................................................................................. 13 Principle 4: Group Leadership Education ...................................................................................... 13 Principle 5: Pan Africanist Education ............................................................................................ 13 Principle 6: Global Education .......................................................................................................... 13 Challenges With This Study ................................................................................................................. 14 Organization of Dissertation ................................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 2 - From the Field to the Lectern: The Early Education of Nannie Helen Burroughs in Washington D.C. ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Nannie Helen Burroughs’ School Years ............................................................................................. 19 A Religious Education at Nineteenth Street Baptist Church ............................................................ 22 Post High School ................................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3 - Going to Prep School: Teaching, Learning and Experimenting in Louisville ................ 29 Black Louisville Opportunities and Obstacles ................................................................................... 30 Louisville’s Most Notable Baptist Citizens ......................................................................................... 31 Garnering Local Acclaim ..................................................................................................................... 33 Rise to National Prominence ................................................................................................................ 35 Student Life at Norton Eckstein Institute ........................................................................................... 37 Speechmaking Across the Nation ........................................................................................................ 39 Chapter 4 - School’s In: The Broad Based Curriculum of the Women’s Convention and the National Training School for Women and Girls .................................................................................... 43 Return to Washington D.C. .................................................................................................................. 44 Teaching at State University ................................................................................................................ 46 Organizing a “School of Methods” at the Women’s Convention Annual Session .......................... 50 National Training School for Women and Girls Opens .................................................................... 52 Chapter 5 - Working Women in Training: Group Leadership Education for the Black Female Masses ........................................................................................................................................................ 56 Training Female Domestic Servants For Race Leadership ............................................................... 56 Black Women’s Suffrage ...................................................................................................................... 59 Black Women and World War I .......................................................................................................... 60 ii The Moens Scandal ................................................................................................................................... 64 The National Association of Wage Earners ........................................................................................ 65 Chapter 6 - Building an International Sisterhood: Pan Africanist and Global Education for the World ......................................................................................................................................................... 67 Womanist Christian Pan Africanism Defined .................................................................................... 67 Nannie Helen Burroughs’ Vision for Womanist Christian Pan Africanism ................................... 68 Foremothers of Womanist Theology ................................................................................................... 69 Womanist Christian Pan Africanism at the National Training School ........................................... 71 The International Council of Women of the Darker Races .............................................................. 72 Nannie Helen Burroughs and Adelaide Caseley Hayford: Two School Founders on a Mission ... 74 The Girls’ Vocational and Industrial School in Sierra Leone ...................................................... 75 Womanist Christian Pan Africanist Consciousness and the Alumnae of the National Training School for Women and Girls ................................................................................................................ 79 Chapter 7 - Saving Up and Calling Out: Communal Education During the Depression Era ........... 82 African Americans During the Great Depression .............................................................................. 82 The President’s Conference on Home Building ................................................................................. 84 Communal Education at the National Training School .................................................................... 85 Federal Response to Black America in the Depression Era .............................................................. 87 Cooperative Industries and Rochdale Cooperation ........................................................................... 87 Nannie Helen Burroughs’ Vision of the Seven Rochdale Cooperative Principles .......................... 89 1) Open and Voluntary Membership .............................................................................................. 90 2) Democratic Control ...................................................................................................................... 91 3) Distribution of the Surplus to the Members in Proportion to Their Transaction .................. 91 4) Limited Interest on Capital .......................................................................................................... 91 5) Political and Religious Neutrality ................................................................................................ 92 6) Cash Trading ................................................................................................................................
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