DOCSLIB.ORG

In the Midst of the Mournful Discourse Concerning the Steady

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In the Midst of the Mournful Discourse Concerning the Steady REMEMBERING FREEDOM’S JOURNAL: CHERISHING AND CHALLENGING THE BLACK PRESS Los Angeles Sentinel, 03­26­09, p. A7 DR. MAULANA KARENGA In the midst of the mournful discourse act for the well­being of the people and concerning the steady disintegration of big­ humankind. city and regional dailies and the continuing On March 16, 1827, when Samuel collapse of journalism as a professional, Cornish and John Russwurm established the principled and promising practice, we are first African American paper in the U.S., compelled to ask ourselves what this means, these views and values were the motivating not only for society, but also for our force for their actions. In their inaugural community. This is clearly a concern for editorial written in the midst of the those who rightfully hold that a free and Holocaust of enslavement, they laid out the functioning press is central to democracy, to reasons for their establishing the paper the quality of civic life, to independent which was instructively called Freedom’s investigations of things and to holding Journal. These same principles and practices officials accountable. But for us, especially inform the best of our media efforts today, with regard to the Black press, it is also a and offer guidelines for good and useful voice for the vulnerable and an advocate for print and electronic media from newspapers a just and good society and for the struggle and radio to TV and internet. These that seeks to bring it into being. And it is principles have also been reflected in clearly key to the ability of people to get various ways by a long list of major information needed and necessary to make newspapers in our history: the Chicago informed choices. As Ida B. Wells, one of Defender, Baltimore Afro­American, New our most distinguished activist­journalists York Amsterdam News, Pittsburg Courier, stated, “the people must know before they Atlanta Daily World, Los Angeles Sentinel, can act, and there is no educator to compare California Eagle, Norfolk Journal and with the press”. Guide, Philadelphia Tribune, Cleveland The history of providing the people Call and Post and Muhammad Speaks. with accurate and useful knowledge is tied The first principle that Cornish and to the process of education and is linked Russwurm put forth is the principle of self­ with two major ethical principles: truth and determination. They state at the outset in the justice, which in practice obligates and urges first edition of Freedom’s Journal: “We us to seek and speak truth, and to do and wish to plead our own cause. Too long have demand justice. Indeed, in ancient Egypt, others spoken for us. Too long has the truth and justice are linked conceptually and publick been deceived by misrepresentations linguistically. For the ancient Egyptian word in things which concern us dearly . .” Maat, means both truth and justice, as well Thus, they affirmed the right and as rightness in its many forms. Our ancestors responsibility of a people to speak for itself, knew that without truth, justice is denied and to make its own case and define and without justice truth is deformed. In a word, advocate its own cause. In a word, they without both, each suffers and is suppressed. asserted the right and responsibility of self­ Thus, the ancestors taught in the sacred determination as essential to any people or Husia: Speak truth, do justice, and always to any paper or other medium, if it claims to 2 REMEMBERING FREEDOM’S JOURNAL: CHERISHING AND CHALLENGING THE BLACK PRESS Los Angeles Sentinel, 03­26­09, p. A7 DR. MAULANA KARENGA be free, worthy of respect and in the interest also emphasize the importance of Africans of its people. exercising the right to vote and practicing an Secondly, the publishers and editors independent politics. They argue “the also spoke of the need to provide “useful expediency of (Blacks’) using their elective knowledge to the people”. This is what can franchise; and of making an independent use be also called real and relevant knowledge, of the same”. For they say, “We wish them knowledge that enhances a person’s and a not to become the tools of party”. people’s ability to think critically, to make Fourthly, the publishers and editors of informed decisions and to act in their own Freedom’s Journal stress the need for what interest and in the larger interest of they call “useful knowledge” with regard to humankind. They assert that they will speak Africa. They say: “Useful knowledge of to Black youth urging them to “enlarge their every kind, and every thing that relates to stock of useful knowledge”, and also Africa, shall find a ready admission into our “stimulate them to higher attainments in columns; . .” This is clearly as urgent now science”, as well as knowledge of the world as then and serves as a measure of both the as a whole. Here Cornish and Russwurm quality and commitment of the Black press. stress the importance of academic education But it is also important to note that and the need for conscious and committed Freedom’s Journal was also concerned media to emphasize its indispensable role especially with Haiti also and with African given that “Education (is) an object of the communities in Canada and elsewhere and highest importance to the welfare of wrote on them extensively. society”. But they go on to suggest the paper Finally, Freedom’s Journal urged itself and thus all media are forums and African Americans to support it and by forms of education and must maintain the extension independent Black papers and highest standards in their education of the media in the vital work they are doing, by people and country. “communications and . by their The third principle and practice of real subscriptions, as our labour is one of and relevant journalism which Cornish and common cause, and worthy of their Russwurm advanced is social advocacy, consideration and support”. Thus, they speaking on behalf of Black people, asked for support thru subscriptions and defending their rights, especially to be free, submissions of articles and opinions that equal and enjoy justice. They say: “The civil would build a mutually beneficial and rights of a people being of the greatest necessary relationship between the paper value; it shall ever be our duty to vindicate and the people. For they realized then, as we our brethren when oppressed and to lay the do now, that the call of a people for a free case before the publick . .” It is advocacy and relevant press carries with it a call for not only for the right to freedom of the the people to make the commitment and enslaved Africans, but also the civil rights of create the conditions to support and sustain the free Africans. Cornish and Russwurm that press. Dr. Maulana Karenga, Professor of Africana Studies, California State University­Long Beach, Chair of The Organization Us, Creator of Kwanzaa, and author of Kawaida and Questions of Life and Struggle: African American, Pan­African and Global Issues, [www.MaulanaKarenga.org; www.Us­Organization.org and www.OfficialKwanzaaWebsite.org]..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Negroes Are Different in Dixie: the Press, Perception, and Negro League Baseball in the Jim Crow South, 1932 by Thomas Aiello Research Essay ______
    NEGROES ARE DIFFERENT IN DIXIE: THE PRESS, PERCEPTION, AND NEGRO LEAGUE BASEBALL IN THE JIM CROW SOUTH, 1932 BY THOMAS AIELLO RESEARCH ESSAY ______________________________________________ “Only in a Negro newspaper can a complete coverage of ALL news effecting or involving Negroes be found,” argued a Southern Newspaper Syndicate advertisement. “The good that Negroes do is published in addition to the bad, for only by printing everything fit to read can a correct impression of the Negroes in any community be found.”1 Another argued that, “When it comes to Negro newspapers you can’t measure Birmingham or Atlanta or Memphis Negroes by a New York or Chicago Negro yardstick.” In a brief section titled “Negroes Are Different in Dixie,” the Syndicate’s evaluation of the Southern and Northern black newspaper readers was telling: Northern Negroes may ordain it indecent to read a Negro newspaper more than once a week—but the Southern Negro is more consolidated. Necessity has occasioned this condition. Most Southern white newspapers exclude Negro items except where they are infamous or of a marked ridiculous trend… While his northern brother is busily engaged in ‘getting white’ and ruining racial consciousness, the Southerner has become more closely knit.2 The advertisement was designed to announce and justify the Atlanta World’s reformulation as the Atlanta Daily World, making it the first African-American daily. This fact alone probably explains the advertisement’s “indecent” comment, but its “necessity” argument seems far more legitimate.3 For example, the 1932 Monroe Morning World, a white daily from Monroe, Louisiana, provided coverage of the black community related almost entirely to crime and church meetings.
    [Show full text]
  • ABOR and the ~EW Peal: the CASE - - of the ~OS ~NGELES J~~~Y
    ~ABOR AND THE ~EW pEAL: THE CASE - - OF THE ~OS ~NGELES J~~~y By ISAIAS JAMES MCCAFFERY '\ Bachelor of Arts Missouri Southern State College Joplin, Missouri 1987 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of Oklahoma Siate University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS December, 1989 { Oklahoma ~tate univ •.1...u..1u.Lu..1.; LABOR AND THE NEW DEAL: THE CASE OF THE LOS ANGELES ILGWC Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College 1.i PREFACE This project examines the experience of a single labor union, the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), in Los Angeles during the New Deal era. Comparisons are drawn between local and national developments within the ILGWU and the American labor movement in general. Surprisingly little effort has been made to test prevailing historical interpretations within specific cities-- especially those lying outside of the industrial northeast. Until more localized research is undertaken, the unique organizational struggles of thousands of working men and women will remain ill-understood. Differences in regional politics, economics, ethnicity, and leadership defy the application of broad-based generalizations. The Los Angeles ILGWU offers an excellent example of a group that did not conform to national trends. While the labor movement experienced remarkable success throughout much of the United States, the Los Angeles garment locals failed to achieve their basic goals. Although eastern clothing workers won every important dispute with owners and bargained from a position of strength, their disunited southern Californian counterparts languished under the counterattacks of business interests. No significant gains in ILGWU membership occurred in Los Angeles after 1933, and the open shop survived well iii into the following decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Issues—United States. Updated July 2014. MLA 6Th Edition
    Social Issues—United States. Updated July 2014. MLA 6th edition. Paul Revere Williams Project. Art Museum of the University of Memphis. "200 Negro Workers Walk Off Jobs at BMI Plant Today." Las Vegas Evening Review-Journal Wednesday, October 20 1943, sec. A1:. "2004 Eleven most endangered (La Concha." Preserve Nevada. 2008. 5/6/2008 <http://preservenevada.unlv.edu>. Abrams, Charles. "The Housing Problem and the Negro." Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 95.1 (1966): 64-76. "Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society of Architectural Historians (Dozier, Richard K. "Black Craftsmen and Architects in History")." Journal of Architectural Historians 33.3 (1974): 225-243. "Ad for Castaic Country Club." California Eagle May 16 1924: 12. "Ad for Insurance Company." Ebony 15.1 (1959): 137. Adams, Michael. "The Incomparable Success of Paul R. Williams." African American Architects in Current Practice. Ed. Jack Travis. 1st ed. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1991. 20-21. "African Church to Build $1 Million Edifice here: 500 Will use $100 Shovels to Break Ground for Center at Ceremony Sunday (AME Church)." Los Angeles Times August 3 1963, sec. 15:. "America's 100 Richest Negroes: Many Solid Gold Millionaires are among Top Moneymakers in Business." Ebony 17.7 (1962): 130-135. Anderson, Susan. "A City Called Heaven: Black Enchantment and Despair in Los Angeles." The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century. Ed. Allen J. Scott and Edward W. Soja. 1st paperback ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996, 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • Negro Who's Who in California" Publishing Co
    mm MAIN LIBRARY '^va SA\' FRANCISCO HISTORY ROOM 1 92O0O79 M312 713054 NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THE LIBRARY SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1223 90038 3804 DEC 6 1955 ^ oo Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from San Francisco Public Library http://www.archive.org/details/negrowhoswhoincaOOIosa NEGRO WHO'S WHO IN CALIFORNIA 1948 Edition imUTYPE BY flEIVE \. HEWLETT MAX J. WILLIAMS LITHOGRAPHED BY WM.WESTERFIELH N6\^ - RSFERENCe Copyright applied for by 'Negro Who's Who in California" Publishing Co. FOREWORD ORE and more various editions of biog;rai)hical histories published as Who's Who in the particular field covered are being accepted as accurate and com- I prehensive sources of inforniatiorr on the civic and s<)cial contributions, achieve- ments, successes, and i)opular recognition of outstanding men and women. Thinkiiig jjeople everywhere are alive to the iniportance of biography in i)Iot- ting and inlerjjreting growth and progress; not only the biographies of the re- nown, "but of all those who achieve success and recognition in law or medicine, in press or i)uii)it, in art or in music, in business or industry, in social or civic endeav- or, or in any legitimate activity of life. N'or need the attainment of the individual be nation-wide in its acclaim. It is important so long as in its material affect and interest it commands the resi)ect and admiration of his fellow citizens. Throughout the country a search of juiblic, school, and university libraries, of ,s(«ial and research agencies, and of private collections indicate in many States, a definite need for a Who's Who designed to record and present the Negro in the light of his achievements and recognition in those fields of activity which are measures of his advancement and his contributions to the growth and progress of the community and State in which he lives.
    [Show full text]
  • African American History of Los Angeles
    LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: African American History of Los Angeles Prepared for: City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning Office of Historic Resources NOVEMBER 2017 SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Context: African American History of Los Angeles Certified Local Government Grant Disclaimers The activity that is the subJect of this historic context statement has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Park Service, Department of Interior, through the California Office of Historic Preservation. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior or the California Office of Historic Preservation, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior or the California Office of Historic Preservation. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 as amended, the Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination based on race, color, national origin, disability, or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity National Park Service 1849 C Street, N.W. Washington
    [Show full text]
  • California Eagle Photograph Collection, Late 1800S-Late 1950S
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6199n818 No online items Register of the California Eagle Photograph Collection, Late 1800s-Late 1950s Processed by Mary Tyler; machine-readable finding aid created by Xiuzhi Zhou Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research 6120 S. Vermont Avenue Los Angeles, California 90044 Phone: (323) 759-6063 Fax: (323) 759-2252 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.socallib.org © 1999 Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research. All rights reserved. Register of the California Eagle PH 001 1 Photograph Collection, Late 1800s-Late 1950s Register of the California Eagle Photograph Collection, Late 1800s-Late 1950s Collection number: PH 001 Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research Los Angeles, California Contact Information: Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research 6120 S. Vermont Avenue Los Angeles, California 90044 Phone: (323) 759-6063 Fax: (323) 759-2252 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.socallib.org Processed by: Mary Tyler Date Completed: October 1996 Encoded by: Xiuzhi Zhou © 1999 Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: California Eagle Photograph Collection, Date (inclusive): Late 1800s-Late 1950s Collection number: PH 001 Creator: California eagle (Los Angeles, Calif.) Extent: 1 cubic foot Repository: Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research. Los Angeles, California Language: English. Access The collection is available for research only at the Library's facility in Los Angeles. The Library is open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday. Researchers are encouraged to call or email the Library indicating the nature of their research query prior to making a visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction and Reclamation: the Erased African American Experience in Santa Monica’S History | Alison Rose Jefferson | Page 2 of 155
    Reconstruction and Reclamation The Erased African American Experience in Santa Monica’s History ALISON ROSE JEFFERSON M.H.C. | PH.D. 1 Cover: (Top row, left to right) The Rev. James A. Stout and family, 1919, Cristyne Lawson Collection; Verna and Arthur Lewis at the Santa Monica Beach, 1924, Shades of L.A. Photo Collection/Los Angeles Public Library; South Santa Monica Beaches, 1939, UCLA Department of Geography, Thomas Air Photo Archives, Spence Air Photo Collection; Protest at Sears Department Store, Santa Monica, ca. 1947–48, Santa Monica History Museum, Bill Beebe Collection, 3.2.8069; Burning a shotgun home in the Belmar area, 1953, Courtesy of Santa Monica Public Library Image Archives, donated to the Library from City Collections. (Bottom row, left to right) Phillips Chapel Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Ocean Park, 1908, Santa Monica History Museum, Virginia Tegner Spurgin Collection, 36.2.5866; Cristyne Lawson at the Bay Street Beach, 1953, Cristyne Lawson Collection; Vernon Brunson and friend in the neighborhood north of Santa Monica High School, ca. 1930, Santa Monica History Museum Collection, 36.2.2294. ________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2020 Alison Rose Jefferson Portions of this essay were first published by Dr. Jefferson in her book Living the California Dream: African American Leisure Sites during the Jim Crow Era (University of Nebraska Press, 2020). Use of quotes in excess of fair use (2,500 words) only by permission of the author. www.alisonrosejefferson.com ________________________________________________________________ This essay was developed for the Belmar History + Art project, supported by the City of Santa Monica, to inform the project’s history and sculptural artwork exhibition, educational program, and website.
    [Show full text]
  • Stormy Weather: Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge and the Cultural Politics of Stardom
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1999 Stormy Weather: Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge and the Cultural Politics of Stardom Amy L. Howard College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, American Studies Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, History Commons, Music Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Howard, Amy L., "Stormy Weather: Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge and the Cultural Politics of Stardom" (1999). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626198. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-04ve-6q26 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STORMY WEATHER: LENA HORNE, DOROTHY DANDRIDGE AND THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF STARDOM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master o f Arts by Amanda L. Howard 1999 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Amanda L. Howard Approved, April 1999 History ----- Kimberly L. Phillips History TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ILLUSTRATIONS 45 WORKS CONSULTED 49 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Professor Arthur Knight for his guidance, patience, and careful criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Surveillance of Afro-Americans (1917-1925)
    Revised and Updated FEDERAL SURVEILLANCE OF AFRO-AMERICANS (1917-1925): The First World War, the Red Scare, and the Garvey Movement UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES: Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections August Meier and Elliott Rudwick General Editors FEDERAL SURVEILLANCE OF AFRO-AMERICANS (1917-1925): The First World War, the Red Scare, and the Garvey Movement FEDERAL SURVEILLANCE OF AFRO-AMERICANS (1917-1925): The First World War, the Red Scare, and the Garvey Movement Edited by Theodore Kornweibel, Jr. Associate Editors Randolph Boehm and R. Dale Grinder Guide Compiled by Martin Schipper A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA, INC. 44 North Market Street • Frederick, MD 21701 NOTE ON SOURCES Materials reproduced in this microfilm publication derive from the National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Washington Federal Records Center, Suitland, Maryland; Federal Records Centers in Ft. Worth, Texas and Bayonne, New Jersey; and from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Freedom of Information Act Office. Materials from the National Archives include selections from: Record Group 28, U.S. Postal Service Record Group 32, U.S. Shipping Board Record Group 38, Office of Naval Intelligence Record Group 59, U.S. Department of State Record Group 60, U.S. Department of Justice Record Group 65, Federal Bureau of Investigation Record Group 165, War Department: General and Special Staffs- Military Intelligence Division Materials from the Washington Federal Records Center, Suitland, Maryland include selections from: Record Group 165, War Department: General and Special Staffs- Military Intelligence Division Record Group 185, U.S. Panama Canal Commission Materials from the Federal Records Centers in Ft.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Collection of Materials on the National Association of Negro Musicians (NANM)
    Columbia College Chicago Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago CBMR Collection Guides / Finding Aids Center for Black Music Research 2020 Guide to the Collection of Materials on the National Association of Negro Musicians (NANM) Columbia College Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/cmbr_guides Part of the History Commons, and the Music Commons Columbia COLLEGE CHICAGO CENTER FOR BLACK MUSIC RESEARCH COLLECTION Collection of Materials on the National Association of Negro Musicians (NANM), 1919-2004 EXTENT 9 boxes, 5.7 linear feet COLLECTION SUMMARY The collection contains materials about the National Association of Negro Musicians and its history and activities, particularly the primary documents included in A Documentary History of the National Association of Negro Musicians, edited by Doris Evans McGinty (Chicago: Center for Black Music Research, 2004) plus correspondence concerning the compilation of the book, other NANM administrative correspondence and records, meeting programs, concert programs, photographs, and other materials. HISTORICAL NOTE The National Association of Negro Musicians (NANM) was founded in Chicago in 1919 by a group of African-American professional musicians and composers to advance the education and careers of African-American musicians. Among the founders of the organization were Nora Douglas Holt, Henry Lee Grant, Gregoria Fraser Goins, R. Nathaniel Dett, Clarence Cameron White, Carl Diton, and Kemper Harreld, among others. During its history, the NANM has sponsored a scholarship contest for performers since 1919 and administered the Wanamaker Prize for composition (offered between 1927 and 1932). There are local branches of NANM in many large cities, as well as student chapters and regional organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Passioned, Radical Leader Who Incorporating Their Own
    Vol. 59 No. 11 March 13 - 19, 2019 CELEBRATING MARCH 14, 2018 25 Portland and Seattle Volume XL No. 24 CENTS BLACK MEN ARRESTED AT STARBUCKS WANT CHANGE IN U.S. RACIAL ATTITUDES - PG. 2 News ..............................3,8-10 A & E .....................................6-7 Opinion ...................................2 NRA Gives to Schools ......8 NATIONAL NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION CHALLENGING PEOPLE TO SHAPE A BETTER FUTURE NOW Calendars ...........................4-5 Bids/Classifieds ....................11 THE SKANNER NEWS READERS POLL Should Portland Public Schools change the name of Jefferson High School? (451 responses) YES THE NATION’S ONLY BLACK DAILY 129 (29%) NO Reporting and Recording Black History 322 (71%) STUDENTS WALK OUT 75 Cents VOL. 47 NO. 28 FRIDAY, APRIL 20, 2018 Final Seventy-one percent of respondents to a The Skanner News poll favored keeping the name of Thomas Jefferson High School intact. CENTER192 FOCUSES ON YOUTH POLL RESULTS: YEARS OF THE 71 Percent of TO HELP SAVE THE PLANET The Skanner’s Readers Oppose BLACK PRESS Jefferson Name Change Alumni association circulating a petition OF AMERICA opposed to name change PHOTO BY SUSAN FRIED SUSAN BY PHOTO By Christen McCurdy Hundreds of students from Washington Middle School and Garfield High School joined students across the country in a walkout and 17 minutes of silence Of The Skanner News to show support for the lives lost at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Florida Feb. 14 and to let elected officials know that they want stricter gun control laws. he results of a poll by The Skanner News, which opened Feb. 22 and closed Tuesday, favor keeping the Oregon Introduces ‘Gun Violence Restraining Orders’ Tname of North Portland’s Thomas Jefferson High School.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Rights in Los Angeles Historic Context Statement
    LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Women’s Rights in Los Angeles Prepared for: City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning Office of Historic Resource October 2018 Certified Local Government Grant Disclaimers The activity that is the subject of this historic context statement has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 as amended, the Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination based on race, color, national origin, disability, or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Equal Opportunity Program Office National Park Service 1201 I St. NW, 5th Floor, ORG Code 2652 Washington D.C. 20005 SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Women’s Rights in Los Angeles, 1850-1980 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 1 CONTRIBUTORS 1 INTRODUCTION 3 HISTORIC CONTEXT 6 Early History: Scarcity, Submission and Suppression,
    [Show full text]