Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej
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Wojciech Roszkowski Post-Communist Lustration in Poland: a Political and Moral Dilemma Congress of the Societas Ethica, Warsaw 22 August 2009 Draft Not to Be Quoted
Wojciech Roszkowski Post-Communist Lustration in Poland: a Political and Moral Dilemma Congress of the Societas Ethica, Warsaw 22 August 2009 Draft not to be quoted 1. Introduction Quite recently a well-known Polish writer stated that the major dividing line in the Polish society runs across the attitude towards lustration. Some Poles, he said, have been secret security agents or collaborators or, for some reasons, defend this cooperation, others have not and want to make things clear1. Even if this statement is a bit exaggerated, it shows how heated the debates on lustration in Poland are. Secret services in democratic countries are a different story than security services in totalitarian states. Timothy Garton Ash even calls this comparison “absurd”2. A democratic state is, by definition, a common good of its citizens. Some of them are professionals dealing with the protection of state in police, armed forces and special services, all of them being subordinated to civilian, constitutional organs of the state. Other citizens are recruited by these services extremely rarely and not without their consent. In totalitarian states secret services are the backbone of despotic power of the ruling party and serve not the security of a country but the security of the ruling elites. Therefore they should rather be given the name of security services. They tend to bring under their control all aspects of political, social, economic, and cultural life of the subjects of the totalitarian state, becoming, along with uniformed police and armed forces, a pillar of state coercion. Apart from propaganda, which is to make people believe in the ideological goals of the totalitarian state, terror is the main vehicle of power, aiming at discouraging people from any thoughts and deeds contrary to the said goals and even from any activity independent of the party-state. -
Wydawnictwa Drugiego Obiegu W Zbiorach Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej W Toruniu
Wydawnictwa drugiego obiegu w zbiorach Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Toruniu Lista druków zwartych, wydanych w latach 1976-1990 poza kontrolą władz cenzorskich PRL dostępnych w Bibliotece Uniwersyteckiej w Toruniu. Podstawę księgozbioru stanowiły trzy biblioteki niezależnych instytucji: Toruńskiej Oficyny, Toruńskiego Klubu Książki Nieocenzurowanej oraz Niezależnej Biblioteki i Archiwum w Toruniu. Zostały one uzupełnione o liczne dary krajowych instytucji naukowych, a przede wszystkim książki od osób prywatnych, często związanych z działalnością opozycyjną lat 1981-1989. Kolekcja obejmuje całokształt polskiej niezależnej produkcji wydawniczej poza kontrolą władz PRL. Dokumentuje zarówno dzieje podziemnego ruchu wydawniczego po 1976 roku, jak również reprezentuje całą gamę tematyczną ówczesnego niezależnego życia intelektualnego kraju. Wydawnictwa drugiego obiegu wydawniczego udostępniane są na miejscu w Czytelni Głównej. Stan na 21.11.2018 roku. 11 listopada 1918-1988. [Wrocław] : Wolni i Solidarni : Solidarność Walcząca, [1988]. (Wrocław 1. : druk: Agencja Informacyjna Solidarności Walczącej). 11 Listopada 1918. Wkład Chełmszczyzny w dzieło Niepodległości. Śpiewnik pieśni patriotycznej i legionowej / Komisja Zakładowa Pracowników Oświaty i Wychowania NSZZ 2. "Solidarność" Regionu Chełmskiego. Chełm : Komitet Organizacyjny Obchodów Święta Niepodległości, 1981. 11 listopada : śpiewniczek pieśni patriotycznej. [Warszawa : Biblioteka Historyczna i 3. Literacka], 1979. 11 listopada : śpiewniczek pieśni patriotycznych. Warszawa ; Gdańsk : Biblioteka Historyczno- 4. Literacka, 1981. 11 listopada : śpiewniczek pieśni patriotycznych. Warszawa ; Gdańsk : Biblioteka Historyczno- 5. Literacka, 1981. 6. 12 lat katorgi / Adolf Popławski. [Toruń] : Kwadrat, 1988. 13. Brygada Armii Krajowej Okręgu Wileńskiego / Adam Walczak ps. "Nietoperz". [S.l. : 7. s.l., ca 1985]. 8. 13 dni nadziei / Sandor Kopacsi. [S.l. : s. n., 1981]. 13 dni nadziei : Węgry 1956 / Sandor Kopăcsi. [Warszawa] : Oficyna Wydawnicza Post 9. Scriptum, [1983]. 13 dni nadziei : Węgry 1956 / Sandor Kopăcsi. -
ARTYKUŁ a Ground-Breaking Visit, Or a Visit of Ground- Breaking Times? Author: RADOSŁAW MORAWSKI 09.07.2020
ARTYKUŁ A ground-breaking visit, or a visit of ground- breaking times? Author: RADOSŁAW MORAWSKI 09.07.2020 On the late evening of July 9th 1989, Air Force One with president George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara on board landed at the Okęcie airport in Warsaw. An official visit of the fourth American president on Polish lands began, lasting two days. Previously, Poland was visited by Richard Nixon (in 1972), Gerald Ford (in 1975) and Jimmy Carter (in 1977). Each of these visits gathered a lot of attention in the country over the Vistula river. Here were the leaders of one of the most powerful countries in the world, an oasis of freedom, for many years portrayed by the communist propaganda as the “rotten west”, visiting from behind the iron curtain. As Reagan’s vice president… Although George Bush visited Poland as the president of the USA, it was not his first visit in the country. Two years prior, in September 1987, he made a four-day trip to Poland as the deputy of Ronald Reagan. The visit in 1987 was quite peculiar for those times, since, apart from the scheduled, official meetings with the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic, Bush had a lot of private meetings with opposition activists. The visit in 1987 was quite peculiar for those times, since, apart from the scheduled, official meetings with the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic, Bush had a lot of private meetings with opposition activists (Lech Wałęsa, Bronisław Geremek, Zbigniew Bujak, Leszek Moczulski). Vice president Bush laid wreaths at the grave of priest Jerzy Popiełuszko and made a speech in the Polish television, where he mentioned his meeting with Wałęsa. -
Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej
CBOS CENTRUM BADANIA OPINII SPOŁECZNEJ SEKRETARIAT 629 - 35 - 69, 628 - 37 - 04 UL. ŻURAWIA 4A, SKR. PT.24 ZESPÓŁ REALIZACJI 00 - 503 W A R S Z A W A BADAŃ 621 - 07 - 57, 628 - 90 - 17 TELEFAX 629 - 40 - 89 INTERNET: http://www.cbos.pl E-mail: [email protected] BS/67/57/95 RANKING POLITYKÓW KOMUNIKAT Z BADAŃ WARSZAWA, MARZEC ’95 PRZEDRUK MATERIAŁÓW CBOS W CAŁOŚCI LUB W CZĘŚCI ORAZ WYKORZYSTANIE DANYCH EMPIRYCZNYCH JEST DOZWOLONE WYŁĄCZNIE Z PODANIEM ŹRÓDŁA W pierwszych miesiącach 1995 roku wydarzenia polityczne znalazły się w centrum społecznego zainteresowania, z pewnością dość często też były przedmiotem naszej refleksji i rozmów. Większą niż zwykle uwagę zwracaliśmy na działania i słowa osób aktywnych na scenie politycznej. Stąd zapewne wynika fakt, iż w naszym marcowym rankingu1 większość osobistości - niezależnie od orientacji politycznej i stanowiska, prezentowanego w ostatnich sporach i konfliktach - uzyskała lepsze notowania niż w lutym. Można więc powiedzieć, że w rezultacie wzrostu zainteresowania wydarzeniami publicznymi i osobami aktywnymi politycznie poprawiły się społeczne notowania klasy politycznej en bloc. Globalny wzrost zaufania do osób z pierwszych stron gazet nie oznacza jednak, że wizerunek poszczególnych polityków poprawił się w jednakowym stopniu. Po przeanalizowaniu wszystkich elementów stosowanego przez nas wskaźnika okaże się, że pozycja niektórych polityków pozostała nie zmieniona, a innych - uległa pogorszeniu. Zaufanie do polityków Pod względem poziomu zaufania skład czołówki rankingu nie zmienił się w ciągu ostatniego miesiąca. Tworzą ją: Jacek Kuroń, Józef Oleksy, Aleksander Kwaśniewski i Tadeusz Zieliński. Najwięcej nieufności wzbudzają w społeczeństwie: Mieczysław Wachowski, Lech Wałęsa i Leszek Moczulski. 1 Badanie „Aktualne problemy i wydarzenia” (58) przeprowadzono w dniach 4-6 marca ‘95 na 1208-osobowej reprezentatywnej próbie losowej dorosłych mieszkańców kraju. -
POLAND October 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit I
POLAND October 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III HISTORY IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE V HUMAN RIGHTS VI HUMAN RIGHTS: SPECIFIC GROUPS ANNEX A: POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ANNEX B: CHRONOLOGY OF KEY EVENTS ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX D: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6 monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. 1.5 An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations: Amnesty International UK Immigration Advisory Service Immigration Appellate Authority Immigration Law Practitioners' Association Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants JUSTICE Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture Refugee Council Refugee Legal Centre UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 The Republic of Poland is situated in central Europe. -
Poland's Ex--Communists: from Pariahs to Establishment Players Jane Leftwich Curry Santa Clara University, [email protected]
Santa Clara University Scholar Commons Political Science College of Arts & Sciences 6-5-2003 Poland's Ex--Communists: From Pariahs to Establishment Players Jane Leftwich Curry Santa Clara University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/poli_sci Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Curry, J. L. (2003). Poland’s Ex--Communists: From Pariahs to Establishment Players. In The Left rT ansformed in Post-Communist Societies: The asC es of East-Central Europe, Russia, and Ukraine (pp. 19–60). Rowman & Littlefield. Copyright © 2003. Reproduced by permission of Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Please contact the publisher for permission to copy, distribute or reprint. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHAPTER ONE Poland's Ex--Communists: From Pariahs to Establishment Players Jane Leftwich Curry The Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza [PZPR]) suffered what seemed to be a terminal blow in 1989. In elections rigged so that the communists and their old allies were guaranteed 65 percent of the seats in the main house of parliament, the communists did so badly that their old allies deserted them. After what appeared to be a total defeat, all the communist reformers could do was turn the government over to the men and women of Solidarity they had interned and harassed for more than a decade. -
Mieczyså‡Aw F. Rakowski Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c89024cn No online items Register of the Mieczysław F. Rakowski papers Finding aid prepared by Malgosia Szudelski and Hoover Institution Library and Archives Staff Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2015, 2021 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Mieczysław F. 90111 1 Rakowski papers Title: Mieczysław F. Rakowski papers Date (inclusive): 1958-1996 Collection Number: 90111 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: Polish Physical Description: 95 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize box(39.1 Linear Feet) Abstract: Diaries, writings, correspondence, printed matter, photographs, and video tapes relating to political conditions in Poland during the 1980s, and to the Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza. Creator: Rakowski, Mieczysław F. Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access Box 96 closed. The remainder of the collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 1990. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Mieczysław F. Rakowski papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Biographical Note Mieczysław Rakowski (1926-2008), a journalist and politician, was Poland's top communist intellectual. From 1958 to 1982, he was the editor-in-chief of the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) organ Polityka, perhaps the most open and sophisticated weekly in all the Soviet Bloc. He was deputy prime minister from 1981 to 1985, and the vice-marshal of Sejm, from 1985 to 1988. -
From Protest to Party the Transformation of Anti-Communist Opposition Movements in East-Central Europe
From Protest to Party The Transformation of Anti-Communist Opposition Movements in East-Central Europe by Victor Gomez A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Victor Gomez 2014 ii From Protest to Party: The Transformation of Anti- Communist Opposition Movements in East-Central Europe Victor Gomez Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto 2014 Abstract Viable and stable political parties are a key element for the establishment of healthy democracies in post-authoritarian countries. In that sense, the study of why some countries have greater difficulties than others in this regard is an important gauge of the quality of democracy in various polities. My paper is based on a comparison of these issues in Poland and Hungary. Why did some of the anti-communist opposition movements spend years going through repeated rounds of fragmentation producing weak parties, while others were able to produce relatively stable parties early on in the transition to party-based competition? While the literature tends to attribute such differences to electoral systems or social cleavages, this paper argues that the historical regime divide between the former communist party and the former anti-communist opposition as well as the extent to which the ex-communist party was able to compete in the new system had a crucial impact on this question. The deeper the regime divide, the more difficult it proved for the anti-communist opposition movements to produce stable parties if the communist party was able to become an effective player in the new democratic system. -
Poland After the Round Table
Author: Dominik Gajda Introduction: In 1945, when the Red Army - theoretically œ helped Poles to expel Germans from our country, Russians wanted to take Poland to the group of countries where communism was a regime system. In fact, they won with us in this game. The first uprising against communist authority has been in Pozna', on 28 th June 1956. The next in different parts of the People‘s Republic of Poland in 1968, 1970, 1980 (when the —Solidarity“ came into existance) and, in the end, in 1989. This year was crucial for the Polish history. The Round Table Agreement has started. It was an uncommon event because Poland was the first communist country where negotiations between communist authority and democratic opposition have begun. It was incredible! Poland was the country to negotiate without civil war! We should be proud of this event, of those times and those people, for example Mr President Lech Waˇ:sa, professor Bronisˇaw Geremek, Jacek Kuro', Adam Michnik, Tadeusz Mazowiecki (later œ 1 st prime minister in the independent Poland) and more and more people who were in the democratic opposition. In this paper, I am going to write about the events after the Round Table Agreement in the Third Republic of Poland. I would like to describe only the most important events… 2 Table of contents: I. Presidential Elections in 1990 II. First free parliamentary elections (1991) and events to 1997 III. The Constitution (1997) IV. Poland joins the NATO (1999) V. Poland joins the European Union (2004) VI. The end. Looking in the future… 3 “Presidential Elections in 1990” After general Wojciech Jaruzelski‘s dismissal, in Poland first after the Second World War democratic elections for a president have been. -
Negotiating Revolution in Poland : Conversion and Opportunity in 1989
NEGOTIATING REVOLUTION IN POLAND : CONVERSION AND OPPORTUNITY IN 1989 Michael D . Kennedy University of Michiga n The National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h 910 17th Street, N .W . Suite 300 Washington, D .C. 20006 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Sponsoring Institution : University of Michigan Principal Investigator : Michael D. Kennedy Council Contract Number : 815-10g Date : July 1, 2002 Copyright Informatio n Scholars retain the copyright on works they submit to NCEEER . However, NCEEER possesse s the right to duplicate and disseminate such products, in written and electronic form, as follows : (a) for its internal use; (b) to the U .S. Government for its internal use or for dissemination to officials o f foreign governments ; and (c) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the U.S. government that grants the public access to documents held by th e U.S. government. Additionally, NCEEER has a ro y alty-free license to distribute and disseminate papers submitte d under the terms of its agreements to the general public, in furtherance of academic research , scholarship, and the advancement of general knowledge, on a non-profit basis . All papers distributed or disseminated shall bear notice of copyright. Neither NCEEER, nor the U .S . Government, nor any recipient of a Contract product may use it for commercial sale . The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council fo r Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available by the U .S . -
Soviet Deliberations During the Polish Crisis, 1980-1981
SOVIET DELIBERATIONS DURING THE POLISH CRISIS, 1980-1981 Edited, Translated, Annotated, and Introduced by Mark Kramer Special Working Paper No. 1 Cold War International History Project Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington, D.C April 1999 THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES CHRISTIAN F. OSTERMANN, Series Editor This paper is the first of a special series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side” of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. The project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to accelerate the process of integrating new sources, materials and perspectives from the former “Communist bloc” with the historiography of the Cold War which has been written over the past few decades largely by Western scholars reliant on Western archival sources. It also seeks to transcend barriers of language, geography, and regional specialization to create new links among scholars interested in Cold War history. Among the activities undertaken by the project to promote this aim are a periodic BULLETIN to disseminate new findings, views, and activities pertaining to Cold War history; a fellowship program for young historians from the former Communist bloc to conduct archival research and study Cold War history in the United States; international scholarly meetings, conferences, and seminars; and publications. -
Imagined Geographies of Central and Eastern Europe: the Concept of Intermarium
Imagined Geographies of Central and Eastern Europe: The Concept of Intermarium Marlene Laruelle and Ellen Rivera Marlene Laruelle and Ellen Rivera IERES Occasional Papers, March 2019 @ 2019 Laruelle and Rivera Imagined Geographies of Central and Eastern Europe: The Concept of Intermarium Marlene Laruelle and Ellen Rivera IERES Occasional Papers, March 2019 Like the proverbial cat, some concepts have several lives. Or, like the mythological phoenix, they can be reborn from the ashes. This is certainly the case of the Intermarium, a geopolitical concept that envisaged an alliance of countries reaching from the Baltic Sea over the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea that would serve as a third power bloc between Germany and Russia. The Intermarium belongs to the long genealogy of geopolitical concepts looking for and promoting a Central and Eastern European unity: sandwiched between a Mitteleuropa under German leadership in the nineteenth century and a Near Abroad under Moscow’s supervision after 1991, the “middle of Europe” or the “land between the seas” has been searching for historical models in everything from the Jagellonian dynasty and the Polish-Lithuanian Rzeczpospolita to the Austro-Hungarian empire. Launched by Polish state leader Józef in the 1920s, the idea of a Międzymorze (the Land between the Seas, latinized as Intermarium) has since been regularly revived in evolving contexts and finds itselfPiłsudski reactivated today. In its current form, it refers to the Central and Eastern “new Europe” dear to George Bush, Donald Rumsfeld and now Donald Trump, celebrated for being more pro-Atlanticist than the Western “old Europe,” which is seen as being too conciliatory with Russia.