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War Work of the Bureau of Standards DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF STANDARDS ' S. W. STRATTON, Dirictor WAR WORK OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS APRIL 1, 1921 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS No. 46 PRICE, 70 CENTS Sold only by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICB DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF STANDARDS S. W. STRATTON, Dirzctor WAR WORK OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS APRIL 1, 1921 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS No. 46 PRICE, 70 CENTS Sold only by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 WAR WORK OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS CONTENTS Page Introduction 10 Aeronautic instruments n Information n Testing and investigation 13 Development 14 Instrument collection 16 Magnetic compasses 16 Aeronautic power plants 16 Description of altitude laboratory 16 Operating conditions studied in the laboratory . 19 Carbureter performance as affected by altitude 20 Aircraft cooling radiators 21 Airplane-engine fuels 23 Ignition systems 24 Lubrication of aircraft engines 30 Miscellaneous investigations 31 Aircraft construction 32 Metal construction for airplanes 32 Design of variable-camber airplane wing 34 Laminated wooden members for airplane construction 35 Various wood species as spruce substitutes 36 Artificial drying processes for wood 36 Wood protective coatings 37 Aircraft materials 37 Airplane dopes 37 Paper as a substitute for linen in airplane construction 37 Development of satisfactory cotton fabric for airplane wings 37 Balloon fabrics 38 Investigation of the thermal expansion of materials used in the aircraft- engine construction 38 Aircraft (miscellaneous) 38 Instruments for measuring tautness of airplane wires and cables 38 Synchronizing devices for airplane guns 40 Recovery of helium from natural gas 47 Airplane dopes 48 Introduction 48 Function and history of dopes 50 Composition of dopes 51 Cellulose nitrate dopes 52 Cellulose acetate dopes ' 52 Dope covers 54 Application of dopes 55 Fireproofed dopes . 56 Relation of dopes to fabrics 57 Balloon gases 57 Compilation of information 57 Laboratory and field work upon the generation of hydrogen 58 3 4 WAR WORK OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS Balloon gases—Continued. page Tests of hydrogen plant at Langley Field 58 Inflammability of mixtures of hydrogen and helium and the ignition of balloons by incendiary bullets 59 Gas-leak detectors 59 Means for determining the specific gravity of balloon gas 59 Calibration of testing machines 59 Comparison bars for calibration 60 Preferable calibration methods 60 Hardness machines and extensometers 61 Chemical investigations (miscellaneous) 61 Ferrous materials 61 Nonferrous materials 62 Platinum metals and platinum substitutes 64 Prevention of corrosion 66 Removing metal fouling from rifle barrels 68 Soap ... .......... .'. 69 Carbon tetrachloride fire-extinguishing liquid 69 Antifreezing solutions for automobile radiators 69 Prevention of foul-gas formation in ammonia-absorption refrigerating ma- ." chines. ; 70 Development of automatic analytical apparatus for use in nitrate plants . 70 Hydrogen detectors for use in submarines 71 Determination of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air of a submarine 71 Tests of gas masks and oxygen-supply apparatus 71 Miscellaneous 72 Chromatic camouflage and chromatically concealed insignia 72 Coke-oven investigations 73 Preliminary work of the Bureau 73 Fuel situation in early part of 1918 74 Attention focused on Roberts oven 74 Test conducted by the Bureau 75 Results of test at Dover 76 Conference at Pittsburgh -. 77 Further work by the Bureau 77 Interest in the use of midcontinent coals increased 78 Test of Koppers plant at St. Paul 78 Results of test at St. Paul 79 Further work at Dover 79 Blast-furnace test on St. Paul coke 80 Additional work carried on by the Bureau 81 Conclusions 81 Concrete and cement 82 Concrete ships 82 Load tests of concrete floors of Arlington building 82 Laboratory work on cement and concrete 84 Concrete ships 86 The development of a light, strong concrete 86 Corrosion tests of reinforcing steel 87 Bond tests •'•'Hj 88 Repeated reversal of load on reinforced-concrete beams 88 Impact tests on concrete slabs and built-up steel plates 88 Leakage of water through cracks in reinforced-concrete shell 89 Shear and compression in reinforced-concrete beams 89 CONTENTS 5 Concrete ships—Continued Page I Reinforcement of concrete slabs 91 Length of lap required for reinforcing bars 92 Value of brackets and haunches in flanges 92 Shrinkage of concrete in setting as related to ship construction 92 Electric batteries 93 Development of chemical work on batteries 93 Standardization and preparation of specifications for batteries 97 Reports on special subjects 100 Military tests of batteries 101 Electric blasting apparatus 107 Electric generators 108 Primers no Electric tractors and trucks 112 .*. Object of tests. 112 Method of testing 112 Results of tests 113 Limitations shown by tests 113 Electrical inductance method for location of metal bodies 114 Gages, precision 116 Testing of munitions gages 116 Manufacture of precision-gage blocks 116 Salvage of obsolete gages 117 School of instruction in gage work 117 Publications on gage work 117 Illuminating engineering 117 Acetylene generators for field service 117 Incandescent electric lamps 120 Protective fence lighting 121 Rockets and illuminating shells 124 Signaling lamps for daylight transmission of messages 126 Inks and ink powders 128 Liquid inks and ink powders 128 Indelible inks 129 Invisible signaling 130 Ultra-violet position marks and ultra-violet signaling 130 Signaling by invisible radiations 133 Thermal-radiophonic devices for secret signaling 135 Invisible writing, means for the detection of 139 Leather 141 Investigation of sole leathers 141 Composition soles 143 Investigation of strap and harness leathers 144 Chrome retan and bark-tanned upper leathers 144 Transmission belting 145 Leather packing for recoil cylinders 145 Waterproofing materials for use on Army shoes 146 Shoe cements 146 Shoe laces 146 Rubber heels 147 Specifications and routine tests 147 Magnetic investigations 148 Magnetic compasses 148 Magnetic analysis of rifle-barrel steel 149 6 WAR WORK OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS Page Manila rope 151 Medical supplies 153 Dental amalgams 153 Druggists ' rubber supplies 154 Dilution pipettes 154 Metallurgical investigations 154 Aluminum 154 Research in connection with the welding of steel 158 Copper crusher gages 1 58 Machine-gun erosion 159 Identification tags for the Navy and Army 159 Tests of new alloys 159 Gold-palladium alloys as substitutes for platinum 159 Nickel spark-plug electrodes * 160 Cements for spark-plug electrodes 160 Conservation of manganese 160 Oil proofing concrete liners 161 Tin conservation 161 Cadmium solders 161 Bearing metals 162 Metals for aeronautical instruments 162 Test-bar fractures 163 Hardness of brass cartridge cases 163 Centrifugal-steel castings 164 Magnesium-aluminum alloys for mirrors 164 Steel helmets for the United States Army 165 Effect of prolonged annealing high-silicon cast iron 165 Horseshoe nails 165 Deterioration of nichrome castings upon heating 166 Light armor plate 166 ' ' ' " The relative cutting properties of 'cooperite ' and 'stellite 166 Miscellaneous investigations of iron and steel 167 Preparation of specifications 169 Foundry research and production of castings 169 Work for the Ordnance Department of the Army 170 Miscellaneous metallurgical investigations for the military departments. ... 170 Military inventions 172 Information furnished by correspondence 172 Membership in war boards and military committees. 172 Physical tests of metals and metal structures - 173 Load tests of 150-ton floating crane for the Navy 173 Strength and efficiency of electric welding 174 Investigation of strength of chains 177 Wheels, investigation of, artillery, truck, and airplane 178 Metal construction for airplanes 178 Natural -gas investigations 179 Beginning of natural-gas work 179 General natural-gas investigation 179 Relation to the United States Fuel Administration 180 Technical results 181 Investigation of town-border, natural-gas meters 1S2 Recovery of helium from natural gas 182 CONTENTS 7 Page Optical glass and optical instruments 183 The production and testing of optical glass 183 Testing and design of military optical instruments 185 Binocular testing 189 Mil scales 192 Ordnance 193 Hardness of brass cartridge cases 193 Machine-gun erosion 193 Copper crusher gages 193 Defects of shrapnel steel 194 Light armor plate , 194 Synchronizing devices for airplane guns 194 Removing metal fouling from rifle barrels 194 Munitions gages 194 Airplane-gun mount 194 Powder-shipping containers 194 Semisteel shells 195 Copper rotating bands for shells 195 Gun barrel with gored rifling 195 French and American trench mortars 196 Railway mount recoil piston rods 196 Wheels, investigation of artillery, truck, and airplane 196 Magnetic analysis of rifle-barrel steel 196 Paper 196 Wall and plaster board 196 Paper as a substitute for linen in airplane construction 1 98 Paper filters for gas masks 199 Paper containers for axle grease and saddle soap 200 Photography 302 General photography 202 Photography as applied to spectroscopy 203 Photographic spectroscopy at the Bureau of Standards 203 Military problems in photography '. 204 Photographic method for detecting camouflage 207 Protection of motion-picture film from heat of lamp 207 Metallic mirrors
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