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Sainmatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Volume 17 No. 2, Desember 2020 DOI 10.31851/sainmatika.v17i2.5085 https://jurnal.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/index.php/sainmatika Bioremediations Technologies on Wastewater Treatment: Opportunities, Challenges and Economic Perspective

Dewi Rosanti1, Yudha Gusti Wibowo2*, Muhammad Safri3, Anis Tatik Maryani4, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan5 *email: [email protected]

1Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas PGRI Palembang, Indonesia 2,3,4Postgraduate program of Environmental Science, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia 5Environmental Engineering Department, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Bioremediation is one of high value and low-cost technologies to solve environmental degradation. In this paper, we made a systematic review of bioremediation utilization for wastewater treatment. This paper aims to describe the current bioremediation technologies, potential involved, recent bioremediation treatment research to solve environmental damage and economic comparation of bioremediations processes. The regulatory of limitation in drinking water is also reported in this paper. Thus, this paper described comprehensive information on bioremediation in the world and this future research direction.

Keywords: bioremediation, wastewater treatment, biological treatment.

INTRODUCTION

Industrial activities have been limitations, such as need high technology impacting the environment, such as air to produce high sorption of sorbent and (Yang et al., 2019), complicated sorption models, high contaminated (Peruchi et al., 2015), technology to the analysis process. and wastewater (Naswir et al., 2019). Although the sorption These impacts will have some negative technologies were developed, this model implications for human health, plant, does not fit to apply in rural areas. As we animal, and environmental degradation. know, most of the industrial activity has Wastewater impact indicated by low pH been operating in rural areas in Indonesia. and high heavy metals content. Some This condition pushes the researcher to industries were generated wastewater, develop the new treatment that useful in a such as coal and small-scale gold , rural area. Kalimantan is one of the palm oil mill effluent. These industrial sample about the centralization coal wastes need to be treated. mining industry in this place. Coal A recent study informs several mining has been producing from 1740 M methods to solve wastewater treatment, Sumatera also has a mining industry, such as physical, chemical, and biological especially in Jambi. In this location, the treatment. Most wastewater treatments mining industry has centralized on Tebo, were developed, such as the sorption Mandiangin, Sarolangun, and Bungo. process, including adsorption, absorption, They are the rural area. Environmental ion-exchange, and hydrogen bonding. pollution caused by industrial activities However, these processes have some recently attracted public attention

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because of its high heavy metal a systematic and comprehensive review concentration. In Batang Asai Jambi, of bioremediation using biologically- Hg's concentration is high, driven by derived and living organisms. This illegal and affected by the review focus on various dimensions of environmental sector. This illegal activity heavy metals bioremediation trials. We was impacted sound and dust pollution, a described summarizing current decrease in and quantity on knowledge of massive metals source, the Batang Asai river, diminishing the environmental quality, toxicological and forest conservation. The Batang Asai human impact, and analytic methods. We River was silting and widening, also discuss the potential of decreasing of Semah Fish (Tor sp.), the bioremediation. Finally, we consider a occurrence of the hole due to illegal gold new research direction and prospects in mining activities, an abrasion on the bioremediation on wastewater treatments. outskirts of the Batang Asai River, and Bioremediation the land around the hole due to illicit gold Bioremediation is the biological process mining activities (Susanti et al., 2018). of decontamination of in the Compared with chemical and environment (Goltapeh et al., 2013). The physical remediation, bioremediation has setting may be either aqueous, terrestrial, one of potential remediation for or both of them. Bioremediation also wastewater treatment. Bioremediation means cleaning up the contaminants in has the advantages of no or minimum the environment by exploiting nuisance, no secondary pollution, low- microorganisms' diverse metabolic cost treatment, simple preparation, and abilities to reduce the pollutants in-situ remediation (Xia et al., 2019). (Megharaj et al., 2011). Bioremediation Bioremediation methods are the most has been classified into in-situ reliable wastewater treatment and having bioremediation and ex-situ high environmental, economic, bioremediation (Hatzinger et al., 2002). ecological, and social benefits (Rayu et In-situ bioremediation is applied to al., 2012). Bioremediation is remediation pollutants removal from the environment based on biologically-derived materials ( and groundwater) (Menendez-Vega such as raw materials from organic waste et al., 2007). This method is promoted (i.e., waste), forestry, biochar, due to the low-cost way, saves and living organisms such as plants, transportation costs, and uses harmless , fungi, and , respectively. microorganisms to reduce the chemical Biosorption involves the sorption and contaminants (Science & Sharma, 2012). enrichment of wastewater parameters by In-situ bioremediation also classified into biologically-derived living organisms and two types: Intrinsic bioremediation: This raw materials to reduce the waste in-situ bioremediation is carried out parameters (heavy metals) on wastewater without direct microbial amendment and (Bwapwa et al., 2017; Oya et al., 2017; using metabolic and naturally micro- Verma & Kuila, 2019). These two fauna by improving ventilation and approaches could reduce the heavy nutrition condition, and the second in-situ metals (i.e., Cr, Pb, Fe, Mn) to migrate bioremediation is engineered in-situ and its bioavailability. bioremediation, this in-situ In recent decades, much of the reviews bioremediation performed trough use the have thus far been published to explain particular to a and describe the use of biologically- environment (soil or derived materials and living organisms water), in this method nitrogen and for wastewater remediation. We provided phosphorous used to grow up the

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development of microorganisms piles, aerated piles, or a continuously fed (Hunkeler et al., 2002). The second of reactor. Composting is a technique that bioremediation is ex-situ bioremediation. involves combining the contaminated soil This bioremediation process takes place with non-hazardous organic amendments somewhere out from contaminated soil or (organic waste or manure). This water and needs to treatment typically ranges of temperature contaminated materials using pumping around 55-65 0C. Landfarming can be (water) and other transportation for soil. applied in ex-situ and in-situ Ex-situ bioremediation could be bioremediation. This method is promoted classified into two phases: solid-phase for spilled oil and wood-preserving. Bio- system and slurry phases system. The poling is the bioremediation of solid phase system is used to produce contaminated sites using bio-pilers. This organic waste and domestic problems treatment can be used to hydrocarbon bioremediation. This bioremediation is contaminated soil (Adams et al., 2015; also used for , Jones & Wilson, 1993; Karigar & Rao, sludge, and municipal concrete waste 2011). removal (Loehr et al., 2001). Three processes of this ex-situ bioremediation Heavy Metals in the Environment are soil bio-pilling, land-farming, and Heavy metals are toxic composting. The second of ex-situ contaminants in the environment, bioremediation is slurry phase systems; including soil and water (Wibowo et al., this system promotes solid-liquid 2019; Wibowo & Naswir, 2019). Heavy suspensions in bioreactors. This method metals were contaminated soil and water, is a relatively rapid process than other heavy metals contaminated in the water treatment processes (Venkata Mohan et at area is called acid mine al., 2009). drainage. Several places were defiled of Bioremediation techniques are heavy metals in Indonesia, such as , biofilters, bioreactors, Grasberg Mine in Papua, Bukit Asam bio-stimulation, bio-venting, composting, coal mining company, this condition not landfarming or land treatment, or happened only in Indonesia. prepared bed bioreactors, bio-piling. Bio- Unfortunately, heavy metal contaminated stimulation can be applied for in-situ and on the water does not occur in Indonesia, ex-situ bioremediation using indigenous Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania, USA. microbial in soil and groundwater. Rodalquilar, Spain reported their Bioventing is the process of drawing environment was contaminated with through the contaminated heavy metals in stream sediments. Mount environment to stimulate activity and Morgan in Queensland, Australia, also growth of microbial. This treatment is spoiled groundwater resources. Yuxi using indigenous bacteria supplied by air Basin, Hunan, China is also contaminated and nutrients from contaminated soil. on heavy metals with a high This treatment works for hydrocarbons concentration in surface water, river contaminated and can be used if the sediments, groundwater, , and deep under the surface. from waste rock and tailings (Werner et This treatment will be decisive when the al., 2019). Heavy metals are also found in depth of contamination around 30-60 cm. the house environment (i.e., from Composting is an aerobic and paint) (Wilson, 2006). Heavy metals are thermophilic process and mixes of also found in various anthropogenic contaminated soil with a bulking agent. activities, including smelting, mining, This treatment may be applied with status fertilizer, and application in

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2- - agricultural activity, electroplating, Cr(OH)3, Cr(OH)5 and Cr(OH)4 electronic manufacturing. All of these (Mendoza et al., 2007) and Cr(IV) exist 2- 2- - activities have impacted heavy metals in mainly in CrO4 , Cr2O7 and HCrO4 . the aquatic environment (Chen et al., Cr(IV) is more toxic than Cr(III). These 2017). elements have a high solubility in the A recent study reported that heavy environment, and these compounds more metals contaminated in the world's easily migrate in pore water (Mendoza et southernmost mussel farm, Beagle al., 2007). Heavy metals in the Channel, Argentina. They are reported environment are also produced from that five heavy metals in sediment and sulfide oxidation. This process generated gill and digestive gland of mussels were wastewater called acid mine drainage. examined to consider the potential risk to Acid mine drainage has high heavy human health in Argentina. In their metals contamination such as Fe, Mn, paper, the authors informed that this area Mg, Al, Ag, etc. (Wibowo & Naswir, has high metal bioaccumulation such as 2019; Wibowo & Syarifuddin, 2018). Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, and Pb. In this study, the Heavy metals on acid mine drainage are authors collected sediment samples and also produced by the biological sulfur measured in the laboratory. The heavy cycle (Fig. 1). The reaction in Fig. 1, metals were measured by a Perkin Elmer including the dissimilatory reduction of AA-2380 atomic absorption . The sulfate reduction is coupled spectrophotometer using air– acetylene with energy conservation and growth, flame and deuterium background dissimilatory reduction, and assimilatory correction (D2BGC). Metals reduction. The reduced amount of sulfide bioaccumulation also found in mussel is assimilated in proteins, amino-acids tissues from Argentina and reported that biomass, and cofactors by metals range between 91% and 103% and microorganisms, plants, and fungi. has low metals contaminated such as Cu, Mineralization of organic compounds Zn, Fe, and Pb (Channel et al., 2010) with the release of hydrogen sulfide. - 3+ One of the metals with high Oxidation of sulfide by NO3 , Fe , O2, toxicology is Chromium (Cr); this metal and Mn4+ as electron acceptors by ion has valence states ranging between 0 phototropic and lithotropic bacteria, to IV. The high valence states are more producing sulfate and sulfur stable species in the environment (e.g., subsequently, and the last is coupled Cr(III) and Cr(IV)). In the soil oxidation and sulfur reduction including environment, Cr(III) and Cr(IV) have thiosulfate, sulfite, and sulfur to sulfate entirely different properties. Cr(III) exists and sulfide (Villegas-plazas et al., 2019). 3+ + 2+ mainly in Cr , Cr(OH)2 , Cr(OH) ,

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Figure 1. Transformation of biological sulfur

Heavy metals are also found in dust road µg.L-1 for Pb, 50 µg.L-1 for Cd, 2080 in Beijing, China. Chong Men reported µg.L-1 for Cr and 780 µg.L-1 for Ni. that spatial variation and identification of Heavy metals are also founded in the heavy metals source in dust road in environment, such as contaminated soil Beijing. They used the Nemerow caused by , oil, and gas activity Integrated Risk Index (NIRI) to identify (Zhang et al., 2019). and analyze the risk index. In this paper, the authors informed that heavy metals Heavy Metals Impact (i.e., Cd, As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Pb) Heavy metals in the environment have a strong tendency to accumulate and will give some negatives impact. A recent easy to transferred through the food study informed that heavy metals from chain. Dust road was collected at 115.70- mining activity impacted mining tailing 117.40 E, 39.40-41.60 N, located in the on soil quality. This paper China Plain's northwest area. Based on reported the effect of heavy metals from this research, 22% is an extreme risk mining activity in batch and column during spring; fuel combustion is the leaching test, the result of this study largest contributor to heavy metals showed that Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, As, Cd and (34.21%) (Men et al., 2019). Pb impacted soil quality. These metals A recent study reported that 168 have high ecological risks. This study rivers and 71 lakes polluted from 1972 also informed that contaminated heavy until 2017. In this study, researchers metals from mining activity would have analyzed 12 heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, implications for surface water and soil, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni, Al, Fe, Mn, As, and Co) irrigated by local surface water (Wang et in the bodies of rivers and lakes. From al., 2019). Heavy metals are well 1972 until 2017, heavy metal changed recognized for their negative impacts from single metal pollution into mixed caused by their toxicity and human health metal pollution. Over time, the sources of risk, even at low levels. A recent study heavy metals in water bodies in the world reported groundwater quality in Punjab, are from mining and manufacturing India. Its 18 sites were analyzed for industries (Zhou et al., 2020); during physicochemical characteristics, water 2004, the concentration of heavy metals quality, heavy metals content (Cd, Co, in Nigeria river water amounted to 30 Cr, Pb, Zn), and impacts on adults and

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children during the winter and summer vomiting, decreased white and red blood seasons. They collected 18 samples, 9 cell production, ingestion of high and 7 samples in summer and 18, and 8 contaminated can result in death, long- samples in winter. The mean of non- term low-level exposure can cause a cancer risk quotients for cobalt is 5.09- darkening of small corns' appearance 7.63 or >1. Cumulative risks posed by all warts palms, torso, and soles, and skin. heavy metals are 6.00-10.11, also >1. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) These results indicated a higher risk of has reported regulatory limits of non-cancerous health problems for Ropar in drinking water (0.01 ppm –parts per Wetland, Punjab, India. Based on this million-), OSHA (Occupational Safety research, groundwater in Punjab, India, and Health Administration) also said 10 has a high contaminant of heavy metals. micrograms per cubic meter of workplace This condition may pose a severe health air in 10 µ.m-3 for eight-hour shifts and risk to human health via drinking water forty-hour work per weeks (Adriano, ad irrigation of agricultural fields due to 2001) heavy metals from bioconcentration in One of the very abundant metal is food crops cultivated in those areas barium. This metal is naturally occurring (Sharma et al., 2019). and used for industrial purposes. One Heavy metals pollution is related to barium compound is barium-nickel human health risks including in soils alloys, barium-nickel alloys used in around an electronics manufacturing spark-plug electrodes, and vacuum tubes facility. This study reported from as a drying and oxygen-removing agent. Xiangyang city, Hubei Province, Central The health effects on barium are cancer. China, this total area is 19.774 km2 and Short-term barium exposure is vomiting, population size of more than 5.5 million diarrhea, abdominal cramps, breathing people. This condition to a high difficulties, decreased blood pressure, concentration of heavy metals such as Cr, numbness around the face, and muscle Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Ni. These heavy weakness. Large amounts of barium metals are contributed to carcinogenic contaminated can cause high blood and non-carcinogenic effects. The non- pressure, change in heart rhythm, carcinogenic impact is higher for children paralysis until death possibility. (more than 86%) and 50% for adults (D. International organizations that regulate Sun et al., 2018). Generally, heavy metals the limits of barium are EPA and OSHA. can impact human health caused by The EPA has limited barium ingestion (eating and drinking) and contaminants, is 2.0 ppm in drinking inhalation (breathing). The metal ions water, and 0.5 milligrams of soluble high risks contaminants are arsenic, barium compounds per cubic meter of the barium, lead, , chromium, workplace for eight hours of work in a , silver, and selenium. day and a 40-hour workweek. A recent Arsenic is one of the metal ions. study informs that barium is public Arsenic can be released in larger awareness. Contamination of barium in a quantities due to volcanic activity, rocks human occurs via inhalation, and erosion, forest fire, and human activity. ingestion a compound has barium content In the USA, arsenic is found in paints, (BaCl2). This compound has been metals, dyes, drugs, semi-conductor, and recognized as a human toxin since 1940, soaps. Arsenic harms human health. This causes diarrhea, vomiting, cardiac, metal can generate cancer of the skin, arrhythmia, kidney failure and liver, bladder, liver, and lungs. The lower level tremors (disorders of the nervous of exposure can cause nausea and

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system), brain swelling, and paralysis informs that aquaculture sludge treatment (Kravchenko et al., 2014). using bioremediation. Contaminated One of very toxic metal is parameters of sludge in aquaculture are cadmium, cadmium, and cadmium nitrogenous compound, phosphorous, and compounds are known as human hydrogen sulfide. Thus, these parameters . The high contaminated need to remove from aquaculture. Some cadmium is a smoker. Cadmium can find species of microorganisms used to in several products such as batteries, remediate wastewater in aquaculture, pigments, , and metal coatings. such as Marichromatium gracile YL28, Diarrhea, vomiting and irritates the this microorganism can reduce 99.96% in stomach are ingesting a very high level. aquaculture pond in seven days. Bacillus Fragile bones, lung damage, are a disease pumilus and Lactobacillus delbruecki can caused by cadmium in lower long-term reduce the total nitrogen ammonia after exposure levels. Regulatory limits of two months in the cap culture system. cadmium in drinking water also reported Nitrobacter, , and Bacillus subtilis by EPA, Food and Drug Administration can remove 99.74% of total nitrogen and (FDA), and OSHA: 5 parts per billion 62.78% phosphorous in brackish (ppb) or 0.005 ppm in drinking water for aquaculture waste (Jasmin et al., 2020). EPA and FDA and 5 micrograms per Sun et al. (2019) reported that cubic meter of workplace air for eight- bioremediation also utilizes polycyclic hour workday or 40-hour works week. aromatic hydrocarbon using Chromium (Cr) is one of the metal aeruginosa S5 was toxicology. This metal is found in rocks, successfully prepared with isolated from soil, plants and can be in a liquid, solid, cooking wastewater. This study reported or gas phase. Breathing levels can irritate seven strains capable of biosurfactant the lining of the nose ulcers, nose, runny producing, this material produced from nose, and breathing problems. Contact of wastewater isolated (S. Sun et al., 2019). Cr and skin can cause skin ulcers. Other research informs the Allergic and long-term exposure can bioremediation of emerging contaminants cause damage to the liver, as well as skin using microalga bioremediation. irritation. EPA, FDA, and OSHA also have been used to reported that the limit of Cr in drinking bioremediate nutrients such as water is 0.1 ppm, 1 milligram per liter, phosphorous, nitrogen, and carbon from and average between 0.0005 and 1.0 various wastewater. Microalgae milligram per cubic meter in the bioremediation is a low-cost treatment for workplace eight-hour workday, or 40- wastewater remediation. Another hour work in a week. Lead, Mercury, advantage of bioremediation-based- Selenium, and silver also affected some microalgae utilization is the ability to negative impacts on human health recover resources. This material also can (Martin & Griswold, 2009). re-use through biorefinery and the Bioremediation for Wastewater bacterial or microalgae. Bioadsorption by treatment microalgae occurs when compounds Bioremediation has been utilizing either adsorbed to components of the cell in several industries. One of the sectors or extracellular polysaccharides. Several that used bioremediation is aquaculture. emerging contaminant was reported This method has been operating in could reduce with microalgal species, the aquaculture sludge. This material can emerging contaminants such as 17 α- harm the environment. Thus, aquaculture Boldenone, 17 β-Boldenone, 17 α– sludge needs to be treated. A recent paper Estradiol, 17 β-Estadiol, these emerging

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contaminant can reduce by microalgal 2018). A recent study informs that species such as mixed consortia, bioremediation for wastewater treatment scenedesmus dimorphus, using enzymes. This method can solve Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Desmodesmus subspicatus, Nannochloris Pharmaceutical is one of the organic sp., Selenastrum Bioadsorption, bio- chemical contamination in waste. This uptake and capricornutum (Sutherland & waste material can solve using biological Ralph, 2019) advanced treatment methods such as Bioremediation is one of the low- membrane bioreactor (MBR), bio cost and straightforward remediation for infiltration, managed aquifer recharge petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. systems, and enzymatic processes. These This contaminant is some of the most processes typically low to moderate, extensively used chemicals in industrial moderate, and to be determined for activity and fuel. A recent study informs enzymatic functions. The enzymatic about 1.7 until 8.8 million metric tons of processes are no biomass generation and oil discharges to the global water have high selectivity; technical feasibility resources each year. This condition made not proven, and longevity (Drewes et al., wastewater on a global scale, 2018) bioremediation including natural A review and meta-analysis bioremediation and enhanced reported by Sebastian in 2019 about the bioremediation involve decomposing application of bioturbators for marine contaminant to non-toxic products using bioremediation: in this review, authors microbial processes. This treatment has informed about methodology, meta- been used since the 1940s, including in- analysis, bioremediation for nutrient situ and ex-situ process. These processes release and oxygen uptake, can be applied to bioremediation. Several bioremediation for metal remediation, factors affected the bioremediation using bioturbation for sediments, factors of microbial such as microbial population, modulating effect of bioturbators, and oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, future research directions. Human and pH. Bioremediation has some limited activities impacted significant such as sites are generally contaminated for aquatic systems and with a mixture of contaminants, but the gave some negatives effects on microorganism can degrade them all, biodiversity and ecosystems. Bioturbators high concentration of pollutants may be is one of technology that can combine inhibitory to microorganism, limited of with bioremediation. This treatment, also electron acceptors and nutrient (Saini et called bioturbation-bioremediation, the al., 2019) synthesis of the current study on Bioremediation also may be to bioturbation, highlights the possibility of combine with electrochemistry (He et al., this approach for contaminant 2020). This treatment is also called remediation, especially wastewater. microbial electrochemistry. Microbial Based on this article, the author reported electrochemistry non-spontaneous system the significant impact of the is a technology for wastewater treatment contaminant's bioturbation method, using microbial electrochemistry, and accumulating decreasing bioavailability another one is spontaneous microbial for the tropic level. A combination of electrochemistry. Both of them are one of bioturbators in bioremediation also noted the combinations of remediation using that this technology could reduce metal in living organisms (bioremediation) with sediments (Vadillo et al., 2019). Still, in electrochemical remediation (Ram et al., this article, the authors do not give

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information about the value of the metal ferrooxidans and Schizosaccharomyces decrease in sediments. pombe for Cu and Ni could reduce using One important in bioremediation Pseudomonas spp., and Candida spp utilization is to solve the in the (Banik et al., 2014), and much of the sea. It is caused by bioremediation is one microbial has not been developed as a of high efficiency than another remediation agent for wastewater. treatment—bacteria used in hydrocarbon- The opportunities for this method degrading in the marine environment. are exceptionally potential than other Researchers' current opinion is research processes. One of the low-cost and must be directed to establishing in—situ straightforward ways to solve heavy condition for the growth of the oil- metals contaminated is adsorption. Much decreasing bacteria. These bacteria need of the papers were published about this to develop near the toxic aromatic method to solve heavy metals hydrocarbons (Ron & Rosenberg, 2014). contamination. Still, when the adsorbent Besides, this treatment needs to grow on will adsorb the metals, at the same time, an industrial scale. Recent papers adsorbent changed into published were limited to the laboratory (due to metals contamination). This scale. However, the industrial-scale has phenomenon needs to be treated by to focus on environmental indicators such another technology. Thus, we need to pay as ocean currents, wind direction, wind more to reduce the metals contaminated speed, number of bacteria needed, and from the adsorbent. However, this other factors not to disturb the marine method too different. Microbial will be ecosystem. dead when the metals cannot find. The Opportunities and Challenges of metals are food for the microbial Bioremediation consortia—however, the bioremediation Heavy metals removal using treatment using microbial needs much microbial treatment is an advantage, cost to produce than the adsorption including adaptability: Self- method. reproductivity, recycling of bioproducts, For contaminant degradation eco-friendliness. In Indonesia, several biologically to work well, the pollutants regulations were created to support must be in a bioavailable condition. The environmental remediation using efficiency of contact between bioremediation. An international microorganisms and contaminants must company in oil and gas has been be maximized. Physically, developing bioremediation since 1994. microorganisms assimilate contaminants Firstly, the remediation using microbial in the liquid phase. It is difficult to set in lab-scale and has been applicable degrade contaminants from a phase till now. Nine bioremediation facilities categorized as denser and hydrophobic create 42,000 m3 of waste capacity. This (NAPLs) to be absorbed to diffuse out of technology was used in full scale in 2002. the nanopores. In such cases, the rate of This condition indicated that can be controlled by the bioremediation is not only applicable to degree of diffusion, desorption, or the lab scale. Numbers of microbial were solubility. More water-soluble (polar) reported could reduce pollutants from contaminants are available. It is also wastewater such as Bacillus strain H9, necessary to increase the contact between Aspergillusterreus for Cd, Pseudomonas microorganisms-contaminants, especially aeruginosa, and Aspergillusniger for Cr, in hydrophobic pollutants, namely the PU21 (Rip64), addition of surface-active agents and Aspergillusnige for Pb. Thiobacillus (surfactants). Bioavailability includes the

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influence of all physical and chemical in this area is still growing, especially to parameters that ultimately determine the find a suitable coupling technology that potential utilization of microbes in could significantly reduce pollutants and utilizing these contaminant compounds. low operational and investment costs. Co-remediation technology such as permeable reactive barrier, Economic Analysis electrokinetic system, microbial Bioremediation techniques were electrochemical technology, and others used in Indonesia. Several may enhance heavy metals' bioremediations techniques such as land bioremediation process. Many coupling vesting, bio-cell, composite, bioventing, technologies show great potential to bio-slurry and can be reduce heavy metals and other pollutants seen in table below. that contain in the wastewater. Research Table 1. Cost of Bioremediations Type of Cost USD/m3 Benefits bioremediation Min Max TPH% Time (weeks) Land-Venting 30 70 91.15 4 Bio-cell 45.2 53.4 57.14 12 Composite 62 250 53 3 Bioventing 109 928 82.21 5 Bio-slurry 130 210 34 3 Phytoremediation 21.53 75.35 36 1.5 *TPH : Total petroleum hydrocarbons Source: (Sasongko et al., 2017)

Conclusion and Future Research background are described well and Direction systematic, including regulating their The review highlights the limitation (i.e., EPA, FDA, and OHSA). essential information for the utilization of The impact of heavy metals in the bioremediation for environmental environment for human health and the remediation. Bioremediation was environment were described. These classified into in-situ and ex-situ materials will give some adverse effects bioremediation. In-situ bioremediation such as cancer, skin disease, poisoning, techniques can be classified into intrinsic etc. The development of wastewater bioremediation and engineered in-situ treatment using bioremediation also bioremediation, and ex-situ explains the current issue in the world. bioremediation can be classified into Bioremediation is used to solve the solid-phase system and slurry phase contaminated soil, wastewater treatment system. Bioremediation techniques are from several industrial activities, and oil also organized to bioaugmentation, spill in the marine environment. This biofilters, bioreactors, bio-stimulation, method is a potential method with high bio-venting, composting, landfarming, or value and low-cost to solve land treatment or prepared bed environmental problems. Thus, we bioreactors, bio-piling. Heavy metals are promote that future research direction toxic material in the environment. These should develop to find the new bacteria materials also dangerous and have some that have a higher impact on heavy negative impacts on the environmental metals and removal. However, and human health. Heavy metals in the all of these research needs to develop into

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nZVI activated persulfate. Chemical Engineering Journal, 709, 123055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.12 3055 Zhou, Q., Yang, N., Li, Y., Ren, B., Ding, X., Bian, H., & Yao, X. (2020). Total concentrations and sources of heavy metal pollution in global river and lake water bodies from 1972 to 2017. Global Ecology and Conservation, e00925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020. e00925

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