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Evidence Supporting the Use of Environmental Remediation to Improve Water Quality in the South Marine Plan Areas

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Evidence Supporting the Use of Environmental Remediation to Improve Water Quality in the South Marine Plan Areas Evidence Supporting the Use of Environmental Remediation to Improve Water Quality in the South Marine Plan Areas MMO Project No: 1105 February 2016 Evidence Supporting the Use of Environmental Remediation to Improve Water Quality in the South Marine Plan Areas MMO Project No: 1105 Project funded by: The Marine Management Organisation Report prepared by: Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), The University of Hull © Marine Management Organisation 2016 This publication (excluding the logos) may be re-used free of charge in any format or medium (under the terms of the Open Government Licence www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/). It may only be re-used accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Marine Management Organisation Copyright and use of it must give the title of the source publication. Where third party Copyright material has been identified, further use of that material requires permission from the Copyright holders concerned. Disclaimer This report contributes to the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) evidence base which is a resource developed through a large range of research activity and methods carried out by both the MMO and external experts. The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the MMO nor are they intended to indicate how the MMO will act on a given set of facts or signify any preference for one research activity or method over another. The MMO is not liable for the accuracy or completeness of the information contained nor is it responsible for any use of the content. This report should be cited as MMO (2016) Evidence Supporting the Use of Environmental Remediation to Improve Water Quality in the south marine plan areas. A report produced for the Marine Management Organisation, pp 158. MMO Project No: 1105. ISBN: 978-1-909452-44- 2. First published February 2016 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Pressures on coastal water quality .................................................................. 4 1.2 Planning to improve water quality .................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 6 2. Water quality in the south marine plan areas .................................................. 8 2.1 Water quality status under national and international legislation ..................... 9 2.1.1 Water Framework Directive ....................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Food hygiene (shellfish) .......................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Bathing waters ......................................................................................... 11 2.1.4 OSPAR eutrophication ............................................................................ 11 2.1.5 Marine Strategy Framework Directive ..................................................... 11 2.2 The South West River Basin Management District ........................................ 12 2.2.1 The Dart Estuary ..................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 The Exe Estuary ...................................................................................... 15 2.2.3 Poole Harbour ......................................................................................... 18 2.3 The South East River Basin Management District ......................................... 20 2.3.1 The Solent and associated water bodies ................................................. 23 2.4 Synthesis of water quality across the south marine plans area ..................... 24 2.5 Existing water quality improvement measures in place ................................. 30 2.6 Confidence summary ..................................................................................... 31 3. Review of environmental remediation options .............................................. 32 3.1 Approaches to bioremediation and ecosystem restoration ............................ 32 3.2 Methods for assessing suitability of bioremediation options .......................... 34 3.2.1 Literature review to select possible bioremediation options and determine attributes 34 3.2.2 Determination of economic, social and environmental sustainability ....... 36 3.2.3 Assessment of wider ecosystem services and benefits ........................... 40 3.3 Bioremediation options to improve water quality............................................ 43 3.3.1 Filter-feeding species .............................................................................. 43 3.3.2 Seaweed ................................................................................................. 69 3.3.3 Seagrasses ............................................................................................. 81 3.3.4 Managed realignment (saltmarsh) and Phragmites reedbeds ................. 87 3.4 Summary of remediation approaches ............................................................ 97 3.4.1 Issues of scale ......................................................................................... 97 3.4.2 Wider benefits through additional ecosystem services ............................ 98 3.4.3 Ecosystem-scale consequences of eco-engineering ............................... 99 3.4.4 Associated costs ................................................................................... 100 3.4.5 Appetite among users for bioremediation .............................................. 102 3.5 Summary of bioremediation options scoring ................................................ 103 3.6 Confidence summary ................................................................................... 107 4. Remediation option feasibility for the south marine plan area .................. 108 4.1 The suitability of water bodies for bioremediation options ........................... 108 4.2 Worked examples ........................................................................................ 112 4.2.1 The Exe Estuary .................................................................................... 112 4.2.2 Poole Harbour ....................................................................................... 113 4.3 Confidence summary ................................................................................... 115 5. Recommendations for environmental remediation in the south marine plan areas ...................................................................................................................... 116 5.1 Use of report outputs to inform draft south marine plans ............................. 116 5.1.1 Draft south marine plans policies: water quality .................................... 117 5.1.2 Draft south marine plan policies: biodiversity ........................................ 120 5.1.3 Draft south marine plans policies: co-existence .................................... 124 5.1.4 Draft south marine plans policies: aquaculture ...................................... 125 5.1.5 Summary ............................................................................................... 127 5.2 Existing water quality monitoring in the south marine plans ........................ 128 6. Summary ........................................................................................................ 130 7. References...................................................................................................... 133 Annex 1: Definitions of coastal and marine intermediate services, final services and goods/benefits ............................................................................... 148 Annex 2: Assessment of potential ecosystem service provision as a result of different bioremediation scenarios. .................................................................... 152 Annex 3: Evaluation of policy options using an ecosystem services approach (Atkins et al., 2011b, adapted from Defra, 2007). ............................................... 156 Annex 4: Consistency of bioremediation with south marine plan policy objectives .............................................................................................................. 157 List of Figures Figure 1: Increase in nitrogen loading to Poole Harbour (Bryan and Kite, 2012). .. 5 Figure 2: Extract from the South Marine Plan Areas Options Report (MMO, 2015a) showing the water quality objective and options for the south marine plan areas. ...................................................................................................... 6 Figure 3: The south marine plan areas showing river basin management districts under WFD. ........................................................................................... 10 Figure 4: Water quality designations and bathing water quality (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive) in the western sector of the south marine plan areas. ............................................................................................ 12 Figure 5: Distribution of the seagrass Zostera sp. within and near to the Exe Estuary. ................................................................................................. 17 Figure 6: Water quality designations and bathing water quality
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