DOCSLIB.ORG

Bioremediation of Groundwater: an Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bioremediation of Groundwater: an Overview International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 24 (2018) pp. 16825-16832 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Bioremediation of Groundwater: An Overview Shivam Mani Tripathi 1, Shri Ram2 1 ,2 Civil Engineering Department, MMMUT Gorakhpur, India Abstract can be treated on site, thus reducing exposure risks for clean- In past, we have large open area and abundant land resources up personnel, or potentially wider exposure as a result of and groundwater. But after the industrialization the use of transportation accidents. Methodology of this process is not hazardous chemicals increased due to unmanageable technically difficult, considerable experience and knowledge conditions. The chemical disposed on the ground surface & may require implementing this process, by thoroughly many other anthropogenic activities by humans like use of investigating the site and to know required condition to pesticides and oil spillage contaminated the soil and achieve. groundwater. The different type of contaminant by percolation The usual technique of remediation is to plow up through the ground reach to the aquifer and get affected which contaminated soil and take away to the site, or to cover or cap causes serious problem. We spend lot of money and use many the contaminated area. There are some drawbacks. The first technologies to extract and remediate the contamination. In method simply transport the contaminated materials which spite of different methods, bioremediation is a technology create major risks is excavation, handling, and transport of which is cost efficient and effective by using natural microbes hazardous material. It is very difficult to find the new landfill and degrades the contaminants the conditions and different sites for disposal. The cover or cap method is only temporary bioremediation technologies like in-situ, ex-situ, solution whereas contaminants remain on site which requires phytoremediation technology are described. Some monitoring and maintaining the engineered barrier for a long contaminates like LNAPLS, DNAPLS, BTEX, TCE, time which increase the cost and the liabilities. The superior Ammonia etc. also briefly described. The different sources, & and advanced methods than those previous methods which condition & technologies of remediation are also discussed. completely eliminate the pollutants or least transformation to innocuous substances. Some technologies that have been used INTRODUCTION are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (e.g., base-catalyzed de-chlorination, Water beneath the ground which saturates the pores of UV oxidation). They can be very effective at reducing levels subsurface is known as groundwater. Huge populations of of a range of contaminants, but have several drawbacks, world depend upon the groundwater as the source of their principally their technological complexity, the cost for small- livelihood. About 1.69 percent of total water present in ground scale application, and the lack of public acceptance, especially are highly mineralized groundwater they don’t require much for incineration that may increase the exposure to treatment before use. They get filtered and mineralized by contaminants for both the workers at the site and nearby their movement in ground. But after industrialization and residents. increase in anthropogenic activity of human, many industrial effluents percolate the ground and reach to the water table which contaminates the groundwater some chemicals like FACTORS OF BIO-REMEDIATION Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE), Benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers (BTEX),etc. percolates to the Bio-remediation is a complex method to optimize this method groundwater and causes serious problem there are some heavy it requires several factors to work in appropriate manner metals like chromium, environmental factors such as pH, temperature, type of soil, presence of oxygen etc. These conditions required to cadmium, mercury, cobalt, lead, arsenic can cause various biological growth of micro-organism which treat the disease such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurological contamination is control manner. Some of the factors and diseases etc. for extraction or treatment of these contamination acceptable condition on which bioremediation work are world are using different techniques and investing million shown below in Table1: billions of money. Bioremediation is the one of the technique by which we can easily and feasibly extract or treat such type Table 1: Factors of Bioremediation of contamination. It is a process by which organic wastes are biologically degraded under controlled conditions to a mild Factors Required Condition state, or to levels below concentration limits established by Micro-organism Aerobic and Anaerobic regulatory authorities for bioremediation to be effective; Biological Process Catabolism and Anabolism microorganisms must enzymatically attack the pollutants and alter them to harmless products. Bioremediation can be Environmental Temperature, pH, Oxygen content, successful only where environmental conditions allow Factor Electron acceptor or donor microbial growth and activity, its purpose often includes the Nutrient Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen etc changes in environmental parameters to allow microbial Soil Moisture 25-28% of water holding capacity growth and degradation to proceed at a faster rate. Type of Soil Clay and silty soil Bioremediation techniques are typically more economical than other methods such as incineration, and some pollutants 16825 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 24 (2018) pp. 16825-16832 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Micro-organism can be grown in almost in all environmental Low concentration of contaminants can be directly treated by conditions. Microbes will accumulates and grow at sub zero bioremediation. It is time taking process & it takes about 6 temperature as well as at very high temperature or in water month to a 1 year or more to purify soil containing 2 % of medium or in presence or in absence of oxygen it can be oils, but if the concentration is 0.8 or less percentage of heavy grown in presence of any hazardous compound or is waste oil present it purify within 1 to 2 months. These methods help stream. The presence of carbon source as the energy of in recycling and reuse the soil with some efforts it is a enzyme that can be used to remediate or degrade the environmentally friendly process. contaminants are required for microbial growth. We can subdivide these micro-organisms into following groups: Table 2: Environmental Condition Aerobic like Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium. These Environmental Optimum Condition required microbes remediate the hydrocarbon and pesticides, both Factors Concentration for microbial alkanes and compounds. Lots of these bacteria are the main Activity source of energy and carbon it accumulate in presence of Soil Moisture Water holding 25-28% water oxygen. capacity 25-85% holding capacity Anaerobic are not much use as the aerobic bacteria. pH 6.5-8.0 5.5-8.5 It can be used to bio-remediate the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river sediments, dechlorination of the solvent Nutrient C:N:P 120:10:1 N and P for growth Trichloroethylene (TCE), and chromium. It works in the of microbes absence of oxygen. Temperature 20-30°C 15-45°C Ligninolytic fungi they are use to degrade the Oxygen >0.2 mg/l DO, 10% Aerobic, minimum extremely unlike range of importunate or toxic environmental air-filled pore for air-filled pore pollutants. Common substrates used include straw, saw dust, aerobic degradation space of 10% or corn cobs. Example white rot fungus Redox potential Eh > 50 mill volts Methylotrophs bacteria that utilized methane for Heavy metals 700ppm Total content carbon and energy as their growth source it is an aerobic 2000ppm bacteria. The initial enzyme in the pathway for aerobic Contaminants Hydrocarbon 5-10% Not too toxic degradation, methane mono-oxygenase, has a broad substrate of dry weight of soil range and is active against a wide range of compounds, including the chlorinated aliphatics trichloroethylene and 1,2- dichloroethane Groundwater Pollution When the pollutants released on the ground it percolates through different interfaces of ground layer which comes in ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS contact or mixed with the groundwater table. These substance 1. Nutrient: changes their physical and chemical properties like temperature, pH, color, total dissolve solids (TDS), dissolve The most important element which require in large quantity is oxygen (DO) etc. more than the tolerance limits causes due to Carbon that helps in the growth of microbes. Other than this anthropogenic activity of human or due to release of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen and is constituent about 95% chemicals by industries and use different chemicals like of the weight are required. Type of soil and its contamination pesticides in agriculture practice. Water pollution can also helps to decide the type of bioremediation required the occur due to presence of unwanted substance or the impurity concentration of sulfur and phosphorous helps to remediate in the groundwater. the 70% of the contaminants. The nutritional requirement of carbon to nitrogen ratio is 10:1, and carbon to phosphorous is It affects the plume within an aquifer. Dispersion and 30:1 movement of water within the aquifer pollute the large area of the ground.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bioaugmentation: an Emerging Strategy of Industrial Wastewater Treatment for Reuse and Discharge
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Bioaugmentation: An Emerging Strategy of Industrial Wastewater Treatment for Reuse and Discharge Alexis Nzila 1,*, Shaikh Abdur Razzak 2 and Jesse Zhu 3 1 Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), P.O. Box 468, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +966-13-860-7716; Fax: +966-13-860-4277 Academic Editors: Rao Bhamidiammarri and Kiran Tota-Maharaj Received: 12 May 2016; Accepted: 9 July 2016; Published: 25 August 2016 Abstract: A promising long-term and sustainable solution to the growing scarcity of water worldwide is to recycle and reuse wastewater. In wastewater treatment plants, the biodegradation of contaminants or pollutants by harnessing microorganisms present in activated sludge is one of the most important strategies to remove organic contaminants from wastewater. However, this approach has limitations because many pollutants are not efficiently eliminated. To counterbalance the limitations, bioaugmentation has been developed and consists of adding specific and efficient pollutant-biodegrading microorganisms into a microbial community in an effort to enhance the ability of this microbial community to biodegrade contaminants. This approach has been tested for wastewater cleaning with encouraging results, but failure has also been reported, especially during scale-up. In this review, work on the bioaugmentation in the context of removal of important pollutants from industrial wastewater is summarized, with an emphasis on recalcitrant compounds, and strategies that can be used to improve the efficiency of bioaugmentation are also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioaugmentation of Chlorinated Solvents
    BIOAUGMENTATION FOR REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS: TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, STATUS, AND RESEARCH NEEDS October 2005 GeoSyntec Consultants TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................................III ACRONYMNS AND ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................V FOREWORD...................................................................................................................................................VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... IX 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................1 2. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF BIOAUGMENTATION.............................................................................5 3. RECENT PROGRESS IN CHLORINATED SOLVENT BIOREMEDIATION .....................................13 4. DEHALORESPIRATION: THE KEY PROCESS UNDERLYING CURRENT BIOAUGMENTATION PRACTICES..............................................................................................................................................................19 4.1 THE UBIQUITY CONCEPT REVISITED
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Methods
    Biological Methods Jerry Walsh, Jenna Bishop, Quinn Albertson, Shane Galloway, Carlos Rivera, Tom Devenney, Jeff Green Physical Mechanisms In Situ Methods Permeable Reactive Barriers Biostimulation Bioaugmentation Phytoremediation Permeable Reactive Barriers (Biobarriers) • Semi-permeable reactive media in flow path • Chemically or biologically-mediated reactions transform contaminants into non-toxic or immobile products • Hydrocarbons need to be oxidized • Chlorinated solvents and nitrate need to be reduced • Microorganisms help mediate redox reactions to gain energy and materials for synthesis Reactive Media Reactive Medium Removal Mechanism Contaminants Removed Organic Material Microbial sulfate reduction Acid mine drainage and precipitation Organic Material Microbial nitrate reduction Nitrate Oxygen/Nitrate-Releasing Microbial degradation BTEX Compounds Resting-State Microbial cometabolism Chlorinated aliphatics Microorganisms Oxidative Biodegradation • To respire electrons removed from contaminants, need electron acceptors Aerobic: • Aerobic methods Molecular Oxygen Anaerobic: • Anaerobic methods Nutrients (nitrate, sulfates, CO2, ferric iron, metal oxides, etc) • Aerobic methods are generally preferred to provide more energy to the microbes • Biochemical oxygen demands (BOD’s) often exceed available oxygen, so adding oxygen to the system can stimulate oxidative biodegradation Reductive Biodegradation • Electron donors are required, which anaerobic environments more abundantly produce • Organic matter is a well-suited electron donor for this process • This method works well for TCE, hexavalent chromium, sulfate, and nitrate contamination • Heterotrophic denitrification to remove nitrate Biostimulation • Modification of environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation. • Only works if correct bacteria are present. • Often done through use of phosphorous, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen. • Chemicals usually added through injection wells. • EPA approved method. Advantages • Low Costs • Can be tailored to the specific site conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Selecting Bacteria Candidates for the Bioaugmentation of Activated Sludge to Improve the Aerobic Treatment of Landfill Leachate
    water Article Selecting Bacteria Candidates for the Bioaugmentation of Activated Sludge to Improve the Aerobic Treatment of Landfill Leachate Justyna Michalska *, Artur Pi ´nski , Joanna Zur˙ and Agnieszka Mrozik Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Jagiello´nska28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (J.Z.);˙ [email protected] (A.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 November 2019; Accepted: 27 December 2019; Published: 1 January 2020 Abstract: In this study, a multifaceted approach for selecting the suitable candidates for bioaugmentation of activated sludge (AS) that supports leachate treatment was used. To determine the exploitation of 10 bacterial strains isolated from the various matrices for inoculating the AS contaminated with the Kalina pond leachate (KPL), their degradative potential was analyzed along with their aptitude to synthesize compounds improving remediation of pollutants in wastewater and ability to incorporate into the AS flocs. Based on their capability to degrade aromatic compounds (primarily catechol, phenol, and cresols) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and survive in 12.5% of the KPL, Pseudomonas putida OR45a and P. putida KB3 can be considered to be the best candidates for bioaugmentation of the AS among all of the bacteria tested. Genomic analyses of these two strains revealed the presence of the genes encoding enzymes related to the metabolism of aromatic compounds. Additionally, both microorganisms exhibited a high hydrophobic propensity (above 50%) and an ability to produce biosurfactants as well as high resistance to ammonium (above 600 µg/mL) and heavy metals (especially chromium).
    [Show full text]
  • Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Organic Pesticides
    Chapter 12 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Organic Pesticides Jesús Bernardino Velázquez-Fernández, Abril Bernardette Martínez-Rizo, Maricela Ramírez-Sandoval and Delia Domínguez-Ojeda Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46845 1. Introduction Pesticides can be used to control or to manage pest populations at a tolerable level. The suffix “-cide” literally means “kill”, therefore, the term pesticide refers to a chemical substance that kills pests. It is incorrect to assume that the term pesticide refers only to insecticides. Pesticides include many different types of products with different functions or target (Table 1). The pesticide designation is formed by combining the name of the pest (e.g., insect or mite) with the suffix “-cide” (1). Pesticides could be classified according to their toxicity, chemical group, environmental persistence, target organism, or other features. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 persistent organic chemicals are pesticides. Classes of organic pesticides (consisting of organic molecules) include organochlorine, organophosphate, organometallic, pyrethroids, and carbamates among others (2, 3). Most pesticides cause adverse effects when reaching organisms. The intensity of the toxic effect varies with time, dose, organism characteristics, environmental presence or pesticide characteristics. Their presence in environment determines the dose and time at which an organism is exposed and could represent a hazard for worldwide life due to their mobility. Hence, the persistence in the environment leads to a risk for life: the more persistent a pesticide is, the worse its environmental impact. Pesticide persistence in environment is caused by either their physico-chemical properties or the lack of organisms able to degrade them.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of the Age of Particulates on the Bioremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soil
    IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 7, Issue 11 Ver. I. (Nov. 2014), PP 24-33 www.iosrjournals.org Impact of the Age of Particulates on the Bioremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soil 1Onakughotor Ejiro Dennis, 2Aguele Precious Osatohamhen 1Petroleum And Natural Gas Processing Department Petroleum Training Institute Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the age of poultry manure particulate on the bioremediation process of crude oil contaminated soil. pH, Total Hydrocarbon Content(THC) and Total Microbial Count(TMC) were measured to monitor the performance of four soil samples weighing 4kg each. These samples were polluted with 0.2kg of crude oil per kilogram soil; and amended with particulates and fertilizer of 0.2kg and 0.08kg per kilogram soil respectively. The age of particulate used in each sample varied in no particular order from 3days to 126 days. The study lasted 8weeks. Results obtained showed 99.17 %(84.10-0.70mg/kg), 98.07%(82.90-1.60mg/kg), 98.69%(84.10-1.10mg/kg) and 97.72% (83.40-1.90mg/kg) drop in Total Hydrocarbon Content for samples A,B,C and D respectively.THC for all samples fell below the FEPA limit of 10mg/l on closure. Sample A had the highest TMC 3.0x106cfu/g; while D had the least, 2.2x106cfu/g. The pH of all samples at the end of the study (6.5-6.9) fell within the range specified by FEPA (6- 9). The overall data suggested that lower aged poultry manure particulates did best and be employed in the amendment of crude oil polluted soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Anaerobic Benzene Bioremediation: Microbes, Mechanisms, and Biotechnologies
    Advances in Anaerobic Benzene Bioremediation: Microbes, Mechanisms, and Biotechnologies Sandra Dworatzek, Phil Dennis and Jeff Roberts RemTech, Virtual October 15, 2020 Introduction and Acknowledgements • Sandra Dworatzek, Jennifer Webb (SiREM, Guelph, ON) • Elizabeth Edwards, Nancy Bawa, Shen Guo and Courtney Toth (University of Toronto, Toronto, ON) • Kris Bradshaw and Rachel Peters (Federated Co-operatives Ltd., Saskatoon, SK) • Krista Stevenson (Imperial Oil, Sarnia, ON) The Landscape of Hydrocarbon Bioremediation: A Lot Has Changed… Microbial bioremediation is currently the most common technology used to remediate petroleum hydrocarbons Microbial Remediation Phytoremediation Chemical Treatment Contain and Excavate Pump and Treat Other Near Cold Lake, Alberta Adapted from Elekwachi et al., 2014 (J Bioremed Biodeg 5) What Sites are Currently Being Targeted for Hydrocarbon Bioremediation? 4 Shallow Soils and Groundwater 1 2 (aerobic) Offshore Spills Ex situ Bioreactors (mostly aerobic) (mostly aerobic) 3 Tailings Ponds 5 Deeper Groundwater (aerobic and anaerobic) (intrinsically anaerobic) Groundwater Bioremediation Technologies Focusing on Anaerobic Microbial Processes Natural Attenuation Biostimulation Bioaugmentation unsaturated zone aquifer 3- PO4 sugars Plume source - 2- NO3 SO4 VFAs GW flow aquitard Bioaugmentation for anaerobic sites works! Dehalococcoides (Dhc) bioaugmentation is widely accepted to improve reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated ethenes 1 Month Post KB-1® Bioaugmentation Dhc TCE Bioaugmentation for anaerobic
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Community Changes in Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)- Contaminated Soils
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2004 Microbial Community Changes in Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)- Contaminated Soils Bo Yang University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Yang, Bo, "Microbial Community Changes in Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)-Contaminated Soils. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2004. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2223 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Bo Yang entitled "Microbial Community Changes in Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)-Contaminated Soils." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Environmental Engineering. Kung-Hui Chu, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Chris D. Cox, Paul D. Frymier Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Bo Yang entitled “Microbial Community Changes in Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)-Contaminated Soils.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Environmental Engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Nanotechnology for the Bioremediation of Contaminants: a Review
    processes Review Use of Nanotechnology for the Bioremediation of Contaminants: A Review Edgar Vázquez-Núñez 1,* , Carlos Eduardo Molina-Guerrero 1, Julián Mario Peña-Castro 2, Fabián Fernández-Luqueño 3 and Ma. Guadalupe de la Rosa-Álvarez 1 1 Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato C.P. 37150, Mexico; cmolina@fisica.ugto.mx (C.E.M.-G.); [email protected] (M.G.d.l.R.-Á.) 2 Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Tuxtepec, Oaxaca C.P. 68333, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Programas en Sustentabilidad de los Recursos Naturales y Energía, Cinvestav Saltillo Industrial, Parque Industrial, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila C.P. 25900, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: edgarvqznz@fisica.ugto.mx Received: 22 May 2020; Accepted: 8 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: Contaminants, organic or inorganic, represent a threat for the environment and human health and in recent years their presence and persistence has increased rapidly. For this reason, several technologies including bioremediation in combination with nanotechnology have been explored to identify more systemic approaches for their removal from environmental matrices. Understanding the interaction between the contaminant, the microorganism, and the nanomaterials (NMs) is of crucial importance since positive and negative effects may be produced. For example, some nanomaterials are stimulants for microorganisms, while others are toxic. Thus, proper selection is of paramount importance. The main objective of this review was to analyze the principles of bioremediation assisted by nanomaterials, nanoparticles (NPs) included, and their interaction with environmental matrices.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Guide to Non-Combustion Technologies for Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Soil, Second Edition – 2010
    Reference Guide to Non-combustion TechnologiesTechnologies for Remediation of Persistent Organic PollutantsPollutants in Soil, SecondS Edition - 2010 ts B an ii ta oa llu ac ll cc o u P m iic u n lla a t g tii rr o O n O tt g a yc llii n n ll c y attii on n e na orra d tt sso ap a ev ss e d B ii ss nd ee a ss udd nn ii r iitt u tiioo oo r tt siit HighHiHig latitudes e ll a a os m e -- po iidd ep DepositionDDe > evaporation PP e a M dd a ff ff o gg o oo nn t r t ii ss r High mobility oo High mobility ff ii ee pp ss cc cc ee nn aa gg aa rr Relatively high mobility rr Long-range Relatively high mobility n t Long-range n t t t aa uu i r cc i r i oceanic i oceanic o - - o rr o o gg ee transport Low mobility n transport n n n h h S o S o p p L L s s o o m m m m m m m m t t t t t t t t t a a a a a a Low latitudes t t Deposition > evaporation c Deposition > evaporation c ee ff ff ee ”” gg iinn p pp op sh as Grr ll ““G a iic T m h e e h n e C iio rm ll-C tt a a a ll iic ad ys ra h eg P De B iiore ogy med hnoll diiatiion Phytotech RR eemme giieess eddiiaattiioonn TTeecchhnnoolloog Solid Waste EPA 542-R-09-007 and Emergency Response September 2010 (5203P) www.clu-in.org/POPs Reference Guide to Non-combustion Technologies for Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Soil, Second Edition – 2010 Internet Address (URL) http://www.epa.gov Recycled/Recyclable.
    [Show full text]
  • Floating Treatment Wetlands and Plant Bioremediation: Nutrient Treatment in Eutrophic Freshwater Lakes
    Floating Treatment Wetlands and Plant Bioremediation: Nutrient treatment in eutrophic freshwater lakes AN IISD-ELA AND PELICAN LAKE, MANITOBA CASE STUDY Richard Grosshans Kimberly Lewtas Geoffrey Gunn Madeline Stanley © 2019 International Institute for Sustainable Development | IISD.org/ela October 2019 Floating Treatment Wetlands and Plant Bioremediation: Nutrient treatment in eutrophic freshwater lakes © 2019 International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is an Head Office independent think tank championing sustainable solutions to 21st–century 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325 problems. Our mission is to promote human development and environmental Winnipeg, Manitoba sustainability. We do this through research, analysis and knowledge products Canada R3B 0T4 that support sound policy-making. Our big-picture view allows us to address the root causes of some of the greatest challenges facing our planet today: Tel: +1 (204) 958-7700 ecological destruction, social exclusion, unfair laws and economic rules, a Website: www.iisd.org changing climate. IISD’s staff of over 120 people, plus over 50 associates and Twitter: @IISD_news 100 consultants, come from across the globe and from many disciplines. Our work affects lives in nearly 100 countries. Part scientist, part strategist—IISD delivers the knowledge to act. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Province of Manitoba and project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada, United Nations agencies, foundations, the private sector and individuals. About IISD-ELA IISD Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA) is the world’s freshwater IISD-ELA laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil Spills Bioremediation in Marine Environment-Biofilm Characterization Around Oil Droplets
    Oil spills bioremediation in marine environment-biofilm characterization around oil droplets Βιοαποδόμηση πετρελαιοειδών σε θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον - Χαρακτηρισμός σχηματισμού βιοστιβάδας σε σταγονίδια υδρογονανθράκων i ii Examination Committee Nicolas Kalogerakis – Supervisor Professor, Division II: Environmental Process Design and Analysis, School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece Nikos Pasadakis – Advisory Committee Associate Professor School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece Dr. Thomas R. Neu – Advisory Committee Head of Group - Microbiology of Interfaces, Department River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany Evangelos Gidarakos Professor, Division I: Environmental Management School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece Elia Psillakis Associate Professor, Division II: Environmental Process Design and Analysis School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece Danae Venieri Assistant Professor, Division II: Environmental Process Design and Analysis School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece Marina Pantazidou Associate Professor Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece iii iv Acknowledgments This work was funded by FP-7 PROJECT No. 266473 “Unravelling and exploiting Mediterranean Sea microbial diversity and ecology for xenobiotics’ and pollutants’ clean up” – ULIXES and by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: Heracleitus II. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund. First I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor professor N. Kalogerakis for his support, advice and guidance in completing this study.
    [Show full text]