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Coca and Cocaine: Effects on People and Policy in Latin America

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Coca and Cocaine: Effects on People and Policy in Latin America CULTURAL SURVIVAL REPORT 23 COCA AND COCAINE Effects on People and Policy in Latin Atiaerica ':nef'a ',Editors Deborah. Facini and CrtneFqiemont d itFrs Cultural Survival is a non-profit organization founded in 1972. It is con­ cerned with the fate of ethnic minorities and indigenous people throughout the world. Some of these groups face ph',sical extinction, for they are seen as impediments to "development" or "progress". For others the destruction is more subtle. If they are not annihilated or swallowed up by the governing group, they are often decimated by newly introduced diseases and denied their self-determination. They normally ar2 deprived of their lands and their means of livelihood and forced to adapt to a dominant society, whose language they may not speak, without possessing the educational, techni­ cal, or other skills necessary to make such an adaptation. They therefore are likely to experience permanent poverty, political marginality and cultural alienation. Cultural Survival is thus concerned with human rights issues related to economic development. The organization searches for alternative solutions and works to put those solutions into effect. This involves documenting the destructive aspects of certain types of development and describing alterna­ tive, culturally sensitive development projects. Publications, such as Cul­ tural Survival Quarterly, and the Special Reports, as well as this Cultural Survival Report series, formerly known as Occasional Paper series, are de­ signed to satisfy this need. All papers are intended for a general public as well as for specialized readers, in the hope that the reports will provide basic informati, n as well as research documents for professional work. Cultural Survival Quarterly, first published as Cultural Survival News­ letter from 1976 until 1981, documents urgent problems facing ethnic mi­ norities and indigenous peoples throughout the world and publicizes violent infringements of human rights as well as more subtle but equally disruptive processes. Quarterly articles, however, are necessarily brief. From 1979 to 1982, Cultural Survival published Special Reports. These broad reports ranged from studies of the situation of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples in a single area to analyses of general problems facing such groups. The Cultural Survival Report series, first published as the Occasional Pa­ per series from 1980 until 1985, fills the need for specialized rionographs that exceed acceptable length for the Quarterly. Each paper concentrates on an urgent situation precipitated by policies or activities adversely affecting indigenous peoples. Planned to influence policy as well as to inform read­ ers, Cultural Survival Reports accepted for publication are printed immedi­ ately and sold at cost. Cultural Survival also publishes the results of staff research, non-staff in­ vestigations sponsored by Cultural Survival and project evaluations as Cul­ tural Survival Reports. Individuals are invited to submit manuscripts or in­ quiries concerning manuscripts. The latter should include an outline, syn­ opsis or table of contents. Manuscripts or inquiries should be sent to: Jason Clay, Editor, Cultural Survival, Inc., 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, 617-495-2562. COCA AND COCAINE Effects on People and Policy in Latin America Deborah Pacini and Christine Franquemont Editors Proceedings of the Conference The Coca Leaf and Its Derivatives-Biology, Society and Policy Sponsored by the Latin American Studies Program (LASP), Cornell University April 25-26, 1985 Co-published by Cultural Survival, Inc. and LASP CONTENTS Foreword ....................... .. ................... V Introduction ............... ............... ........... 1 Coca Chewing and the Botanical Origins of Coca (Erythroxylum spp.) in South America ........... Timothy Plowman 5 Coca and Cultural Identity in Andean Communities. .Catherine1.Allen 35 Notes on Pre-Columbian Cultivation of Coca Leaf ........ John Murra 49 Coca Production in the Bolivian Yungas in the Colonial and Early National Periods .......................... HerbertS. Klein 53 The International Narcotics Control System: Coca and Cocaine ..... John T. Cusack 65 The Foreign Politics of Cocaine: Comments on a Plan to Eradicate the Coca Leaf in Peru .................. ......... DavidL. Strug 73 The Colombian Connection: The Impact of Drug Traffic on Colombia..................................... Bruce Bagley 89 The Boom Within the Crisis: Some Recent Effects of Foreign Cocaine Markets on Bolivian Rural Society and Economy ..... Kevin Healy 101 From Coca to Cocaine: The Political and Economic Implications for Tribal Amazonian Indians ........... Theodore Macdonald,Jr. 145 G lossary ..................................................... 161 Contributors ................................................. 165 FOREWORD In early 1985 Deborah Pacini and Christine Franquemont, both PhD can­ didates in anthropology at Cornell University, proposed that the Cornell Latin American Studies Program sponsor a conference on coca. Their idea was to move beyond the geographical and cultural borders of the United States, and to bring together a range of specialists in a variety of disciplines to address issues seldom treated in the popular wedia but which are essen­ tial to an understanding of the coca plant, its uses and the policies surround­ ing its production and marketing. Over the next few months Pacini and Franquemont, joined by others at times, worked intensely to organize such a conference. On April 25 and 26, 1985, the conference took place at "ornell. The essays in this volume were collected from the meeting, and appropriately edited by Pacini and Fran­ quemont, without whose efforts neither conference nor book would have come to fruition. I take this opportunity to thank several people and institutions for their help at various stages of the conference. These include Mary Jo Dudley, Coordinator of the Committee on US-Latin American Relations; Lourdes Brache, Administrative Aide in the Latin American Studies Program; David Block, Latin American Librarian; and Geoffrey Spurling. Cornell professors who assisted include Billie Jean Isbell, Milton Barnett and David Thurston. Cornell entities who co-sponsored the conference, providing funds and Facilities, include the Rural Development Committee, Bailey Hortorium, In­ ternational Agriculture Program, Committee on US-Latin American Rela­ :ions, Program on Science, Technology and Society; American Indian Pro­ :ram; Anthropology Graduate Students Association; International Studies n Planning; Division o.' Nutritional Sciences; Office of Campus Affairs; ind the Departments oi Rural Sociology, Anthropology and History. I also thank Cultural Survival, Inc., particularly Jason Clay, director of •esearch, and Ruth Taswell, associate editor, for their help and collabora­ ion in the publication of this volume. Thomas H. Holloway, Director Latin American Studies Program Cornell University INTRODUCTION Deborah Pacini and Christine Franquemont Cocaine has become the illegal drug of preference in the United States in the 1980s. The "cocaine problem" has recently attracted considerable media attention and has now become part of our national consciousness. Although stories such as those in Time magazine's "Cocaine Wars" issue note that cocaine is manufactured from the coca plant, which is cultivated throughout Latin America, the focus of media coverage has been on the im­ pact of coca's principal chemical derivative, cocaine, on the United States. The high stakes, high risk "game" of the cocaine trade provides material for popular television police shows, evoking images of cunning and ruthless Latin drug dealers but seldom hinting at the points of origin - historical, geographical and cultural - for this headline phemonemon. Largely ig­ nored is that the recent intensification of demand and production of coca and cocaine - and the US government's drug control policies - causes far­ reaching changes in the social, politiczl and economic structures of much of Latin America. From its orig;n in lowland South America cocales (coca fields) to its final destination, primarily North American and European urban centers, the coca and cocaine enterprise forms a long chain involving a wide diversity of links: persons, occupations, equipment, transactions, resources - and con­ sequences. In an effort to examine and understand the problems and issues the Latin American supply side of the chain experiences, a conference was held at Cornell University April 25-26, 1985, entitled "The Coca Leaf and Its Derivatives: Biology, Society and Policy." These proceedings represent a joint effort by the Cornell Latin American Studies Program, principal spon­ sor of the conference, and Cultural Survival, whose similar interests and concerns led it to collaborate on the publication of these proceedings, to make the information presented at the conference available to a wider au­ dience. Cornell University has a long tradition of Andean studies. The idea behind the conference was to'build upon that tradition and provide a careful analysis of the coca and cocaine issues from an Andean viewpoint, broadly defined to include Colombia and the lowlands adjacent to the Andes, as well as the Andean region proper. It was the intent of the con­ ference, as it is for these proceedings, to look behind the headlines on coca and cocaine, present the current state of knowledge about the coca leaf end its chemical derivatives, and examine what is going or.
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