Japanese Foreign Policy and World Politics

IR 579/PO 552 Japanese Foreign Policy and World Politics

Spring 2017

Professor Thomas U Berger

Class Room: IRB 102 Hours: Tues Thurs 9:30-10:45 Office: 303 156 Bay State Rd. Phone: (617)353-5351 E-Mail: [email protected] Office Hours: Tues/Thurs 11-12, Wednesdays 11-12 And by appointment

This course will explore the development of Japanese foreign policy since World War II and how Japan is seeking to adjust its policies to meet the challenges of the 21rst century. Through the prism of Japanese foreign policy students will develop a better understanding of the dynamics of international relations in East Asia, as well as of U.S. policy towards the region. The central question that will guide our inquiry is what could be termed the enigma of Japanese power. Despite having the world’s third largest economy – and the second largest in Asia – and despite its formidable technological resources and well-armed military, Japan is widely seen as “punching below its weight” in world affairs. At the same time, over the past two decades the structural parameters within which Japan’s post-1945 approach to foreign policy was formed have been altered beyond recognition. Japan today faces a daunting array of challenges, including a serious territorial confrontation with China, South Korea and Russia, continued demands for military burden sharing from the US mixed in with demands for restraint, potential economic instability at home and in the Asia-Pacific region, the acquisition of nuclear weapons by a belligerent and unpredictable North Korea, demands for apologies and compensation for Japanese Imperial atrocities from China and South Korea, continued impetus for regional integration, cross-cutting pressures on regional integration (eg TPP versus AIIB) and above all the specter of a nascent Chinese superpower. Japan has thus plenty of incentives to emerge as a major regional military as well as economic power. Will it do so? Prime Minister Abe Shinzo certainly is trying, but faces significant domestic resistance. How will a more (or less) militarily capable japan fit into a region where interstate relations continue to be characterized by the quest for power? Will Asia – and Japan – be able to transition to a more cooperative, liberal path of relations? What are the consequences of Japanese policy for the US position in Asia? And what are the implications of Japanese action, or inaction, for the prospects for conflict or cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region?

Required Texts:

Kenneth Pyle, Japan Rising (New York: Public Affairs, 2007)

Glenn D. Hook, et.al., Japan’s International Relations (New York and London: Routledge) 3rd edition 2011

Sheila Smith, Intimate Rivals: Japanese Domestic Politics and a Rising China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015) – ordered late

Both required and recommended course texts are available at the book store. All course readings (but not recommended readings) are available in the Reserve Reading Room of Mugar Library.

Requirements

1) For undergraduates - Two short (1.5 hour tests) based on the required readings - 50% identify key terms, 50% short answer. One 12 to 15 page term paper. The term paper is due on the last day of class. Grade is based on:

Midterm Exam 25% Final Exam 25% (date to be arranged by the registrars) Research Paper 50%

2) For graduate students - as undergraduates, except a longer, 15 to 25 page research paper is required.

Students are urged to make an early appointment to discuss term paper topics, no later than the fourth week of the course. A brief written summary of the progress made on the term paper, is to be e-mailed to me by the end of the Seventh week of the semester – March 3. I am willing to look over drafts of the term paper up to one week before they are due and offer general comments.

Students are expected to participate in class discussion. In order to do so effectively, they will need to do the readings in advance of class. Active and informed participation in class discussion will be rewarded with a bonus to the final grade. Unconstructive interventions in class discussion, or other behavior not appropriate to the class room environment, will be penalized.

Students are expected to attend class and attendance will be taken. Students will be allowed up to two unexplained absences. Beyond that, a penalty will be imposed for each additional day missed.

Students are required to adhere to the academic code of conduct. Cheating, plagiarism, handing in the same work to more than one class, destroying or interfering with the work of other students, and so forth will not be tolerated. Please refer to the on-line code for further guidance, available at http://www.bu.edu/academics/policies/academic-conduct-code/. If you have doubts or questions regarding such issues as how to footnote your sources, please consult with me.

I. Course Introduction – January 19

Required:

Hook, Japan’s International Relations, chapter 1 (23 pages) + start readings for next week

II. Empire and Aftermath - January 24 and 26

Required Readings:

Hook, Japan’s International Relations chapter 2 (54 pages)

Pyle, Japan Rising, chapters 1-6 (210 pages)

Recommended:

Michael Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919-1945 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987) Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1945 (Oxford and NewYork: Clarendon Press, 1987) James Crowley. Japan’s Quest for Autonomy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966) John Dower, War without Mercy (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986) Emily Goldman, Sunken Treaties: Naval Arms Control between the Wars (Pensylvania State University Press, 1994) Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982) Akira Iriye, Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War: A Brief History with Documents and Essays (New York: St., Martin’s 1999) Walter LaFeber, Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations throughout History (New York: Norton, 1997) Masao Maruyama, Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics, editor Ivan Morris(London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1963) James Morley, ed., The China Quagmire: Japan’s Expansion on the Asian Continent, 1933-1941 4

Ian Nish, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: The Diplomacy of Two Island Empires, 1894- 1907 (Athlone {Press, 1966) Ian Nish, Alliance in Decline: A Study in Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1980-1923 (London: Athlone Press, 1972) Mark Peattie, Ishiwara Kanji and Japan’s Confrontation with the West (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975)

III. Japan and the Cold War – January 31 and February 2 Readings:

Pyle, Japan Rising chapters 7 -9 (102 pages)

Recommended Readings:

James Auer, The Postwar Rearmament of the Japanese Maritime Forces, 1945-1971 (New York; Praeger, 1973) John Dower, Empire and Aftermath:Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1875- 1954 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1979) John Dower, Embracing Defeat (New York, W.W. Norton, 1999) Thomas Havens, Fire Across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan, 1965-1965 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987) Walter LaFeber, The Clash, especially chapters 8 to 12 George Packard, Protest in Tokyo: The Security Treaty Crisis of 1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966) Robert Scalapino, ed, The Foreign Policy of Japan ,(Berkeley: University Of California Press, 1977) Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (New York: Oxford University press, 1985) Jitsuo Tsuchiyama, “The end of the Alliance? Dilemmas in the U.S.-Japan relationship,” in Peter Gourevitch, et.al., eds, United States- Japan Relations and International Institutions after the Cold War (San Diego: Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, 1995), pp.3-34 Martin Weinstein, Japan’s Postwar Defense Policy, 1945-1968 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) John Welfield, An Empire in Eclipse: Japan in the Postwar American Alliance System (London and Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Athlone Press, 1988)

IV. The History Problem in Japanese Foreign Policy – February 7 and 9

Thomas Berger, War, Guilt and World Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2012) chapters 4 and 5, pp. 123-230 (107)

TBA

Recommended:

Ian Buruma, The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in Germany and Japan (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994) Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanjing: the Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (London and New York: Penguin, 1997) Alexis Dudden, , Troubled Apologies Among Japan, Korea and the United States (New York: Columbia University press, 2008) Johsua Fogel, ed., The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA; University of California Press, 2000) Akiko Hashimoto, The Long Defeat: Cultural Trauma, Memory and Identity in Japan 9New York: Oxford University Press, 2015) Laura Heine and Mark Selden, eds., Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany and the United States (Armonk, NY; M.E. Sharpe, 2000), chapters 1 and 2 Yinan He, The Search for Reconciliation: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations since WW II (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) George Hicks, Japan’s War Memories: Amnesia or Concealment? (Aldershot: Ashgate , 1997) Yoshikuni Igarashi` Bodies of Memory: Narratives of War in Postwar Japanese Culture, 1945-1970 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000) Jennifer Lind, Sorry States (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008) James J. Orr, The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2001) Franziska Seraphim, War Memory and Social Politics (Harvard University Press, 2008) Wakamiya Yoshibumi, The Postwar Conservative View of Asia: How the Political Right has delayed Japan’s Coming to Terms with its History of Aggression in Asia (Tokyo: LTCB International Library Foundation, 1998) updated on the Japanese original 1995

V. The U.S.-Japanese Relationship and the Alliance – February 14 and 16 Readings:

Hook, Japan’s International Relations, chapters 3, 4, 5, 6- 7, 13-17 (130 pages)

Sebastian Maslow, “A Blueprint for a Strong Japan? Abe Shinzo and Japan’s Evolving Security System,” Asian Survey Vol 55, No. 4, July/August 2015, pp. 739-765 (26) Jeffrey Hornung and Michael M. Mochizuki, “Japan: Still and Exception US Ally,” The Washington Quarterly Volume 39, Issue 1, 2016, pp.95-116 (21)

David Santoro and John K. Warden, “Assuring Japan and South Korea in the Second Nuclear Age,” The Washington Quarterly Vol. 38, No.1, 2015, pp. 147-165 (19)

Recommended:

Richard Armitage and Joseph Nye, The US-Japan Alliance CSIS 2012 (Second Armitage-Nye report) available at http://csis.org/files/publication/120810_Armitage_USJapanAlliance_Web.pdf Michael Auslin, “Japan Gets Tough: Abe’s new Realism,” Foreign Affairs Volume 96, Issue 2, March/April 2016, pp. 125-134 (9) Thomas U. Berger, Cultures of Antimilitarism: National Security in Germany and Japan (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) Kent Calder, Pacific Alliance: Reviving US-Japan Relations (Yale University Pr3ww 2010) Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (Owl Books, 2001) Yoichi Funabashi, An Alliance Adrift (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1999) Michael Green and Michael Mochizuki, The U.S.-Japanese Alliance in the 21 Century (New York: Council on Foreign relations, 1999) Michael Green, Japan’s Reluctant Realism (New York: Palgrave, 2003) Christopher Hughes, Japan’s Reemergence as a “Normal” Military Power (London: Routledge, 2013) Christopher Hughes, Japan’s Foreign and Security Policy under the “Abe Doctrine”: New Dynamism or Dead End? (Palgrave 2015) Paul Midford, Rethinking Japanese Public Opinion and Security: From Pacifism to Realism? (Stanford, CA; Stanford University Press, 2011) Christopher W. Hughes, Japan’s Remilitarization (New York; Routledge 2009) Andrew L. Oros, Normalizing Japan: Politics, Identity and the Evolution of Security Practice (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009) Andrew L. Oros, Japan’s Security Renaissance (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017) Gilbert Rozman, Asia’s alliance Triangle: US-Japan-South Korea Relations at Tumultuous Times (New York: Palgrave, 2015) Yoshide Soeya, and David A Welch Japan a a “Normal Country”? A Nation in Search of its Place in the World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013) John Ikenberry, “America in East Asia,” in Pempel,, et.al., Beyond Bilateralism (Stanford, CA; Stanford University Press 2003)

VI. Japan’s Territorial Disputes – February 23, 28 and March 2

Note: No Class on Tuesday February 28 – A “Substitute Monday”

Michael M. McDevitt and Catherine K. Lea, Japan’s Territorial Disputes Center for Naval Analysis, 2013, available at http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/JapansTerritorialDisputes.pdf

Paul O’Shea, “How Economic, Strategic and Domestic Factors shape Patterns of Conflict and Cooperation in the East China Sea Dispute,” Asian Survey Vol. 55, No.3, May/June 2015, pp. 548-571 (23)

Mira Rapp Hooper, “Uncharted Waters: Extended Deterrence and Maritime Disputes,” The Washington Quarterly Vol. 38, No.1, 2015, pp. 127-146 (20)

Recommended:

Kimie Hara, Cold War Frontiers: Divided territory in the San Francisco System (New York and London: Routledge 2012) Robert Haddick, Fire on the Water: China, America and the Future of the Pacific (Rhode Island: Naval Press Institute, 2014) James Holmes and Toshi Yoshihara, Red Star over the Pacific (Rhode Island: Naval Press Institute, 2013) James Manicom, Bridging Troubled Waters: China, Japan and Maritime Order in East Asia (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2014)

March 3 – Memo on Term Paper Due

Spring Break

Midterm – Tuesday March 14

VII - Japan and Europe – March 16

Readings: Hook, Japan’s International Relations Chapters 13-17 (56)

VIII and IX. Japan, China and East Asia - March 21, 23, 28, 30

Readings: Hook, Japan’s International Relations chapters 8-12 (98)

Sheila Smith, Intimate Rivals whole book (appx 260 pages)

Recommended: Richard Bush, The Perils of Proximity: Sino-Japanese Sercurity Relations (2010) Victor Cha, Alignment despite Antagonism: US_Japan_Korea Triad (2000) Brad Glosserman and Scott Snyder, The Japan-South Korea Identity Clash (New York: Columbia University Press 2015) Ming Wan, Sino_Japanese Relations: Interaction, Logic, Transformation (Routledge, 2008)

X.Japan and Global Institutions – April 4 and 6

Readings:

Glenn Hook, et.al, Japan’s International Relations, chapters 18-22 (72)

TBA

XI. Japan and Regional Institution Building – April 11 and 13

Readings:

Yul Sohn, “Japan’s New Regionalism: China, Shocks and Values,” Asian Survey 50:3 (May/Jume 2010), pp. 591-615 (24)

Chien-Peng Chung, “China and Japan in ‘ASEAN +3” Multilateral Arrangements: Raining on the Other Guy’s Parade, “ Asian Survey Vol. 53, No. 5, September/Ocotber 2013, pp. 801-824

John Cioraci, “Chiang Mai Initiative Multilaterzalization,” Asian Survey, Vol. 51, No. 5 (September/October 2011), pp. 926-952

Saori Katada, “At the Crossroads: TPP, AIIB and Japan’s Foreign Economic Strategy” East-West Center Perspective, 2016, (8) available at http://www.eastwestcenter.org/system/tdf/private/api125.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=356 59

Recommended: Kent Calder and Min Ye, The Making of North East Asia (Stanford University Press, 2010) Chien Chung-Peng, “ Japan's Involvement in Asia-Centered Regional Forums in the Context of Relations with China and the United States, Asian Survey, Vol. 51, No. 3 (May/June 2011), pp. 407-428 Michael Green and Bates Gill, eds., Asia’s new Multilateralism, (Columbia University Press, 2009) William W. Grimes, Currency and Contest in East Asia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008) T.J. Pempel, et.al., Beyond Bilateralism chapters 11 and 12 Michael Green and Bates Gill, eds., Asia’s New Multilateralism: Cooperation, Competition and the Search for Community (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009)

XII. The Politics of Trade – March 18 and 20

Robert Rogowsky and Gary Horlick, “TPP and The Political Economy of US-Japan Trade Negotiations,” The Wilson Center 2015 (20 pages) https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/TPP%20and%20the%20Political%20Eco nomy%20of%20US-Japan%20Trade%20Negotiations_1.pdf 9

Ian Ferguson, et.al, “The Transpacific Partnership (TPP) Negotiations and Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, March 2015 available at https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42694.pdf

Shujiro Urata, “Japan’s TradePolicy with Asia,” Public Policy Institute, Ministry of Finance, Japan, Public Policy Review 10:1 (March 2014) available at https://www.mof.go.jp/english/pri/publication/pp_review/ppr024/ppr024a.pdf 31 Pages

TBA

XIII.Comprehensive Security–The Politics of Immigration – March 25 and 27

Readings: TBA

Recommended: Erin Chung, Immigration and Citizenship in Japan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014) Mike Douglas and Glenda Roberts, eds., Japan and Global Migration: Foreign Workers and the Advent of a Multicultural Society (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2003) Deborah Milly, New Policies for New Residents: Immigrants, Advocacy and Governance in Japan and Beyond (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014) Tessa Morris Suzuki, Borderline Japan: Foreigners and Frontier Controls in the Postwar Era (Cambridge University Press, 2012) Micahel O Sharpe, Postcolonial Citizens and ethnic Migration: The Netherlands and japan in the Age of Globalization (New York: Palgrave, 2014) Appichai Shipper, Fighting for Foreigners: Immigration and its Impact on Japanese democracy Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2016) Michael Weiner, Race and Migration in Imperial Japan (Routledge, 1994)

XIII. Course Conclusions – Japan and the World – May 2

Term Papers due last day of Class – May 2 – please send electronically in PDF or word format

Some Journals available in the Library and which you may wish to consult for your papers:

Asian Survey Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars (Now renamed as Critical Asian Studies – left- wing academic take on Asian affairs) 10

Current History (each issue focuses on different regions of the world) Diplomat Foreign Affairs (Flagship of the Council on Foreign Relations and representative of the views of the American Foreign Policy establishment) International Security (Premier journal on International Security, has a lot on Asian Security) Japan Review of International Affairs* Journal of Japanese Studies Journal of North East Asian Affairs* The National Interest (like Foreign Affairs, but with shorter and often livelier articles) Orbis Pacific Affairs Pacific Review* Survival (Journal of the International Institute of Strategic Studies in London, quite good)

* Journal not available at Boston University

For Maritime issues, check out CSIS Asian Maritime Initiative Website as well as a similar site at the Center for New American Security (CNAS)

Also check on Congressional Research Service Briefings on various issues

Internet Resources:

The following are a few basic internet resources that you may find useful in getting your search started:

www.asiaobserver.com – a very useful portal with links to every country in the region http://apjjf.org/ - Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus – an outstanding, if somewhat left leaning http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVL-AsianStudies.html - the very large, academic web site for Asian studies maintained by he Australian National University www.bu.edu/eas - our very own, Boston University site. Especially helpful on local sources, it has a good and easy to use links sectio) http://www.mofa.go.jp – The Japanese ministry of foreign relations website. Includes press bulletins and useful overviews, including copies of the official yearly Japanese Bluebook on diplomacy going back to 1994. See also their U.S. mirror site, http://www.infojapan.org/ www.newsonjapan.com – useful English translations of major articles on Japan appearing in major newspapers. Goes back about a month. Sister site at www.newsonkorea.com.