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Wsô2pi I .D Ehe E •>&p r. v / WSÔ2PI I .D EHE E MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTATIONS N08201,760 ON THE BEHAVIOUR >F THE INSECTICIDES INPHOS-METHYL AND DIMETHOATE ; - IN DITCHES H. de Heer Measurements and computations on the behaviour of the insecticides azinphos-methyl and dimethoate in ditches Proefschrift terverkrijgin gvan d egraa dvan doctori nd elandbouwwetenschappen , op gezagvan d erecto rmagnificus , dr.H.C .va nde rPlas , hoogleraari nd eorganisch e scheikunde, inhe topenbaa rt everdedige n opwoensda g3 0me i 1979 desnamiddag st evie ruu ri nd eaul a vand eLandbouwhogeschoo l teWageninge n Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen - 1979 Abstract Heer H.d e (1979).Measurement san dcomputation so nth ebehaviou ro fth einsecticide s azinphos-methylan ddimethoat ei nditches .Agric .Res .Rep .(Versl .landbouwk .Onder«. ; 884.Pudo cWageningen . -„varies ISBN9 022 0069 56 .(xiv )+ 17 6p. ,5 5figs ,5 5tables ,l « refs,Eng .an dDutc hsummaries . Also:Doctora lthesi sWageningen . Theunintentiona lpollutio no fsurfac ewate rwa sstudie ddurin gsprayin g of theinsec ­ ticidesazinphos-methy lan ddimethoat eo ntw ofrui tfarms .Spra ydrif tdepende d closelyo n theloca lsituation sa tth efrui tfarm s (windbreaks,distanc efro m trees toditches ,patns ; ando nwa yo fapplication . , Duringapplication ,th econcentration so fbot hinsecticide s inwate r and inditct i bottomswer emeasured .Method swer eadapte do rdevelope d forsampling ,extraction ,^ lean_ -upan deas-chromatography .Shortl yafte rspraying ,concentration swer e severalhundred s ofm gm~3 .Th ehalf-live so fazinphos-methy lrange dfro m3 t o4 d ; thosefo rdimethoat e rangedfro m4 t o1 3d . ._ Water flowfro man d toditc hsection swa sestimate d onbot h fruitfarm sdurin gappli ­ cation.Flo wthroug hth editc hbotto mwa sestimate d asa closin g itemi na balanc eequa ­ tion.Al litem so fwate rbalanc ewer eintroduce d intocomputatio nmodel so f thebehaviou r ofpesticide si nsurfac ewate ran dbotto mmaterial .Th ese to fdifferentia l equationswa s solvednumericall yafte rprogrammin gi nth ecompute r languageCSH PIII .Simulatio no fa trialwit hlo wdischarg efro ma siphon-linke dditc hindicate d thatconversio no fbot hcom ­ poundsi nwate rwa s70-90 %o fth emateria lbalances .Penetratio nint o theditc hbotto mwa s slow.Durin gwate rflo wthroug hth editches ,convectiv etranspor tan ddispersio nwer epr e dominant. Declineo fazinphos-methy lan ddimethoat ewa sals omeasure d inoutdoo r tanksystem s witha botto mlayer .Fluctuation si np Han dvariation si nligh tpenetratio n influencedd e clinerates .Computation sfo rth etan ksyste mindicate d thatconversio ni nth ewate rcom ­ partmentwa sth emajo rite mi nmateria lbalance .Th ecompute d andmeasure dmasse so fth e insecticidesi nth ebotto mlaye rwer eles stha n 10%o fth eamoun tadded . Conversionrate si nsurfac ewate ran d insystem swit hanaerobi cbotto mmateria l we*e measured inth elaborator ya t1 0an d2 0°C .Conversio ni nwate r inth edar kwa s slow,wit h half-liveso fbot hcompound sa tabou t 100d a t2 0°C .Th econversio nrate so fazinphos - -methyli nanaerobi cbotto mmateria la t2 0° Cwa sabou tte ntime s thosei nsurfac ewater . Copper ionswer ecatalyti ci nth econversio no fbot hinsecticide s inwater . Freedescriptors :adsorptio ncoefficient ,clean-up ,gas—liqui d chromatography,botto m material,conversion ,insecticides ,azinphos-methyl ,dimethoate ,watercourse ,ditch ,sam ­ pling,spra ydrift ,diffusion ,dispersion ,computations ,half-life ,rate-constant . Thisthesi swil lals ob epublishe da sAgricultura lResearc hReport s884 . © Centrefo rAgricultura lPublishin gan dDocumentation ,Wageningen ,1979 . Nopar to fthi sboo kma yb ereproduce do rpublishe d inan yform ,b yprint ,photopri n, microfilmo ran yothe rmean swithou twritte npermissio nfro mth epublishers . Stellingen 1. De toetsingva ne nd evoorlichtin g overd emogelijk e gevolgenva nhe tgebrui k vanbe ­ strijdingsmiddelen voorhe tmilie udiene nster k teworde n geïntensiveerd. 2. Demat eva nverontreinigin g vanoppervlaktewate r metbestrijdingsmiddele n isster kaf ­ hankelijk vand e lokale situatie end ewerkwijz e vand e gebruiker. 3. Infruitteeltgebiede nme tvee lslote nka nd everontreinigin g vanoppervlaktewate r met bestrijdingsmiddelen verminderdworde n door sloten tevervange n door een drainagesysteem, doorhe tplaatse nva nwindsingel s rondom fruitteeltpercelen of doorhe taanlegge n vanpa ­ den tussend eboomgaar d enhe t oppervlaktewater. 4. Bijonderbemalin gva nslote nverdien the t aanbevelingee nlag ewaterstan d aant ebrenge n vóór debespuitin g metbestrijdingsmiddele n enn a debespuitin g zolangmogelij k tewachte n metbemalen . 5. Gezienhe t grote aantal chemische verbindingen end euiteenlopend e veldsituaties is het gebruik vanrekenmodelle n als denkraam inmilieustudie s onontbeerlijk. 6. Onzekerheden inaanname se nbasisgegeven sbeperke n totn u toed evoorspellend e waarde vanrekenmodellen .Aa nhe t ontwikkelenva nrepresentatiev e laboratoriumexperimenten terbe ­ paling vanafbraaksnelhede n inoppervlaktewate r zalmee r aandachtmoete nworde nbesteed . 7. Het inzicht ind e relatie tussenmilieu-toxicologisch e gegevensva n bestrijdingsmiddelen enecologisch e effecten inhe tmilie udien t sterkverdiep t teworden ,opda tee n zinvolle beoordeling kanplaatsvinde nva nd ekan s oponaanvaardbar e schadelijke nevenwerkingen van bestrijdingsmiddelen voorhe tmilieu . 8. Nietallee nchemische ,maa roo kbiologisch e enmechanisch ebestrijdingsmethode ndiene n involdoend emat e teworde n getoetst ophu naanvaardbaarhei d voorhe tmilieu . 9. Beschaduwingva nwaterlope nka nongunsti gwerke no p deomzettingssnelhei d vaninsekti - ciden inoppervlaktewater . 10. Het sterk terugdringenva nd eeutrofiërin g vanoppervlaktewate r kan de afbraak van toxische stoffen inoppervlaktewate r vertragen. 11. Belangrijkeverschille ni nhe ttoelatingsbelei d ind everschillend eEuropes elande n werkthe tgebrui kva nniet-toegelate nbestrijdingsmiddele n ind ehand . 12. Debepalin gi nd eschouwplich tva nsommig ewaterschappe nove rhe tverwijdere nva n fluitekruidui twegberme ndien tgeschrap tt eworden . 13. Doord enadru kdi edoo rpubliciteitsmedi ao pd erelationel ee nsocial eoorzake nva n kwalenword tgelegd ,dreige nd ezuive rmedisc hlichamelijk e aspectenal sonbelangrij kter ­ zijdet eworde ngeschoven . Proefschriftva nH .d eHee r Measurements andcomputation s onth ebehaviou ro fth einsecticide s azinphos-methylan d dimethoate inditche s Curriculum vitae Deauteu rwer d geboreno p8 jun i 1946t ePurme r (Gem. Edam).N ahe tbehale nva nhe t einddiplomaHBS- Baa nd eRHB St ePurmeren dwer dd emilitair e dienstplicht vervuld.I n 1968bego nhi j zijnstudi eaa nd eLandbouwhogeschoo l teWageningen .Va nfebruar i 1972to t juni 1972brach thi j zijnpraktijktij d dooro pd eafdelin g Gronde nWate rva nhe tAdvies ­ bureauArnhem .I nseptembe r 1974studeerd ehi j (metlof )a fi nd erichtin g cultuurtech­ niekme tal shoofdvakke n cultuurtechniek,bodemscheikund ee nbodemnatuurkund ee nal s bij­ vakwiskunde .Vana fseptembe r 1974i shi jwerkzaa mbi jhe tLaboratoriu m voor Insekticiden Onderzoeki nWageninge naa nonderzoeksprojecte n betreffendehe tgedra gva nbestrijdings ­ middeleni noppervlaktewater . Woord vooraf Bijhe tgereedkome nva ndi tproefschrif twi li kgraa giederee nbedanke ndi eaa nd e totstandkoming ervanheef tbijgedragen . Allereerstwi li kU ,prof.dr.ir .W.H .va nde rMole nbedanke nvoo rd eagrohydrologisch e opleidingdi ei kva nU ontving.Aa nU wcollege she bi kmij ninteress ei nd ewaterkwaliteits - enwaterkwantiteitsmodelle nvoo ree nbelangrij kdee lt edanken .Voo rU wwaardevoll eadvie ­ zenal spromoto rtijden she twerke naa ndi tproefschrif tbe ni kU zeererkentelijk . Dr.A.F.H .Besemer ,U wbijzonder egrot ekenni so phe tgebie dva nd ebestrijdingsmiddel ­ eni sva ngrot ewaard e geweestvoo rd esamenstellin gva ndi tproefschrift .I kbe nU al s promotor zeerdankbaa rvoo rd eopbouwend ekritie ke nd estimulerend ediscussie s tijdenshe t doorwerkenva nhe tmanuscript . Mijnbijzonder ewaarderin ggaa tui tnaa rmij ncollega ,dr.ir .M .Leistra .Minze ,d e energiekee nenthousiast ewijz ewaaro pj emi ji nvel efase nva nhe tonderzoe kheb tgehol ­ pen,doo rt eadvisere nbi jd eopze tva nd erekenmodelle ne ni nhe tbijzonde rdoo rhe tkri ­ tischbestudere ne ncorrigere nva nmij nconcepten ,i sva ngrot ebetekeni sgewees tvoo rd e totstandkomingva ndi tproefschrift . Dedirekteu rva nhe tLaboratoriu mvoo r InsekticidenOnderzoek ,dr.ir .A.M .va nDoorn , beni kzee rerkentelij kda thi jmi ji nd egelegenhei dheef tgestel ddi tproefschrif tsame n testellen .Graa gbetui ki kU mij nhartelijk edan kvoo rd eadvieze ntijden she tonderzoek . Eengroo tgedeelt eva nhe twer kwer dmogelij kgemaak tdoo r financiëlebijdrage nva n deCentral eOrganisati eTN Oi nhe tkade rva nd eactiviteite nva nd eContactgroe pWate rva n de Commissievoo rOnderzoe k inzakeNevenwerkinge nva nBestrijdingsmiddele ne nAanverwant e Verbindingen.I kbe nhiervoo r zeererkentelijk . CockJ .Schut ,voo rd eprettig ee nnauwkeurig ewijz ewaaro pj ed evel eanalyse si nhe t laboratoriumheb tuitgevoer dhe bi kvee lwaardering . JohanH . Smeltdan ki kvoo r zijnmedewerkin gbi jdivers eexperimenten .Drs .N.W.H . Houxbe ni kzee rerkentelij kvoo rd ewaardevoll e adviezenbi jd eanalyses . Mijnerkentelijkhei d gaatui tnaa rd ehee rM .d eWitt evoo r zijnbijdrag ebi jd ekeuz e vangeschikt ebemonsteringspunte ni nd eProvinci eUtrecht .Verde rdan ki kd ehere nE.A.J . Zwanenburge nA . Stigtervoo rhe twelwillen d toestaanva nvel eexperimente no phu nbedrijven . Iemedewerker sva nhe tRekencentru mva nd eLandbouwhogeschoo
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