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British Information Services ' '-/, ) C>/ 5 ;,;., u c //I':'/ r; BRITISH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION BRITISH INFORMATION SERVICES Available from the Sales Department; AN AGENCY OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT British Information Services INFORMATION DIVISION l,D 569 Distribution of the Industrial Population (Barlow Report) 1939 ... ... ...... $1.50 Land Utilization in Rural Areas (Scott Report) . ... .. 1942.. ..... ..... 60¢ Compensation and Betterment (Uthwatt Report) Interim ...... ... .. ... .... .... ...... .. ....... 1941 . 10¢ Final .. ., ......................... ..... .. ...... 1942 . 75¢ Control of Land Use .... .. ... .... ................. 1944.. ... .... 10¢ WARTIME PLANNING Training for the Building Industry ............. ... .. .. 1943. 5¢ Cement Production .................. ................ 1941 . .. .... .. · 5¢ The Housing Manual . ... .... ........ .. .... ...... 1944. 60¢ FOR PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION I' " Technical .;\.ppendices . .. ......... 1944. 45¢ MINISTRY OF HEALTH, CENTRAL HOUSING ADVISORY COMMITTEE Rural Housing (Hobhouse Report) ... .. .. ....... .. .. 1943.... ... ... 30¢ IN GREAT BRITAIN Designs of Dwellings (Dudley Report) . .... ... 1944. 30¢ Private Enterprise Housing (Pole Report) . .. ...... 1944. ........ ... 30¢ SCOTTISH HOUSING ADVISORY COMMITTEE Planning our New Homes .... .. ... .... ..... ......... 1943. 90¢ Contents MINISTRY OF WORKS PAGE Methods of Building in the U.S.A .. .. ..... .. .. .... 1944. 10¢ I. INTRODUCTION . 2 Use of Standards in Building . .... .. ............... 1944. 15¢ Brick Industry, Second Report .. ........... ....... .... 1942 . 15¢ The Historical Background-Between the Wars. Brick Industry, Third Report ... ... .. .. ..... ...... .. 1942............ 25¢ Post-War Building Studies*: 1. House Construction ...... ........ .. .. .. .. 1944. 60¢ II. HOUSING POLICY SINCE 1939 . 5 2. Standard Construction fo1· Schools ... ... ....... 1944. 15¢ The Repair of Damaged Houses-Temporary·Housing­ 3. Plastics .. ......... .. ..... .. .... ..... .. 1944 ... •. .... .. , 30¢ 4. Plumbing ...... ... .. .... .... ...... .... .. 1944. 30¢ Permanent Housing-Scottish Housing Plans-Pri­ 5. The Painting of Buildings ....... .... ......... 1944. 30¢ 6. Gas Installations ... ........... ... .. ... .. .. 1944. 15¢ vate Enterprise Housing-Rural Housing-Design 7. Steel Structures . .. ......... .. .. ... ....... 1944. 15¢ 8. Reinforced Concrete Structures ..... ... ... .. : . ... 1944. 15.¢ and Layout-Technical Research and Experiment. 9. Mechanical Installations . ...... ... ... ..... 1944. 60¢ 10. Solid Fuel Installations . .. ................ ... 1944. 25¢ Ill. TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING SINCE 1939 . 11 11. Electrical Installations ... ................. .. 1944. 45¢ 12. The 'Lighting of Buildings . ......... .. .......... 1944 . 75¢ The Central Authority-Town and Country Planning 13. Non-Ferrous Metals . ..... .. ................ .. 1944 . 30¢ 14. Sound Insulation and Acoustics. , ..... ......... 1944. 30¢ Acts, 1943 and 1944-Compensation and Betterment 15. Walls, Floors and Roofs .... .. .............. 1944. 25 ¢ 16. Business Buildings ........ .. .. .... .. .. ... ... 1944. 30¢ -Land Utilization in Rural Areas-Location of In­ 17. Farm Buildings . .. .............. ... .. ........ .... ....... dustry. 18. Architectural Use of Building Materials .. .... .. ...... .... 19. Heating and Ventilation .................... .............. .. 20. Fire Grading of Buildings ...... ... ...................... ., .. IV. PLANNING BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES . 16 21. School Buildings (Scotland) ............... .. .. ... ..... .. .. 22. Farm Buildings (Scotland) . .. .. ... .... ............ ..... .... London : County and City Plans-A Plan for Plymouth 23. Digest of Reports .. .. ... .. .. ..... ...... .. .......... : -The Replanning .of Southampton. DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDU&TRIAL RESEARCH Principles of Modern Building .. Vol. I, Walls, Partitions V. THE SCHOOL BUILDING PROGRAM 24 and Chimneys ................ .. .. .. .... ..... .. 1939 ....... .. ... $2.90 Sound 'J):ansmission in Buildings . .... ............ 1939. 1.2-0 NOVEMBER, 1944 AR DAMAGE COMMissioN w \ Cost of Works (England and Wales) .. .... ....... 1944....... 10¢ NEW YORK 20 . 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA • • • Circle 6-5100 WASHINGTON, D. C. 5 1336 NEW YORK AVENUE, N.W•• Executive 8525 * Only those reports f ol' which prices are given have been r eceived. The others are expected shortJY. CHICAGO I 360 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE. Andover 1733 SAN FRANCISCO 11 260 CALIFORNIA STREET • • • Sutter 6634 life, but not larger; surrounded by a rural belt; the whole of the land being in WARTIME PLANNING FOR public ownership, or held in trust for the community." As a matter of fact, the germ of town planning had of necessity been present PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION IN GREAT BRITAIN in those of the early Housing Acts which had provided for the clearance of. areas as distinct from individual dwellings. The Act of 1875, as already ment10ned, I. INTRODUCTION was the first of these. The Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1890 provided for the clearance of "unhealthy areas," and had defined these as "any houses, courts, The Historical Background or alleys, unfit for human habitation," and any areas where there is "such narrow­ The problem which confronts housing authorities and town-planning experts ness, closeness, or bad arrangement of the streets or houses . or the want of today is one of undoing the work of past ages when orderly control of urban light, air, ventilation, or proper conveniences, as are dangerous or injur!ous to development was no part of public policy. The age of the Industrial Revolution the health of the inhabitants." It was not till 1909, however, that the idea of was particularly responsible for stumbling blocks which have not yet been over­ town planning was officially accepted, in the Housing, Town Planning, etc. Act of come, and the modern industrial slum could never have developed had it not been that year, which enabled local authorities to prepare schemes for the development for nineteenth-century economic theory, according to which the growth of cities, of particular areas and to control that development for the general benefit of the like the accumulation of wealth and the distribution of commodities, was de­ community. termined by laws whose violation could result only in general impoverishment Meanwhile, voluntary effort gave the first practical demonstration of the and increased suffering. And yet this fallacy of laissez faire was exposed before soundness of Ebenezer Howard's ideas: a group of pioneers formed themselves the Industrial Revolution was complete. As early as 1838 Edwin Chadwick into a company for the purpose of founding .a model garden city, and in .1904 pointed out not only that slum conditions bred epidemics from which others than work was started at Letchworth in Hertfordshue. The success of the expenment the poor might die, but also that "in general, all epidemics and all infectious is described by Gilbert McAllister, writing in 1935 :. "Today the area of Le~chworth dis.eases are attended with charges, immediate and ultimate, on the poor-rates," is 4,562 acres, of which 1,528 are devoted to residence, commerce and mdustry. and that the "amount of burdens thus produced is frequently so great as to render I The town has a resident population of 20,000 inhabitants, and its 216 factories it good economy on the part of the administrators of the Poor Laws to incur the . .. give employment to 14,000 workers .... It has 4,959 house~, 192 shops and charges for preventing the evils." six hotels. Some 300 acres are devoted to parks, commons, playing fields, sports Chadwick's appeal was to the pockets of the taxpayers, and it resulted in grounds, etc., and there are 81 sports clubs. It has 41 miles of road, .and along his being authorized to conduct an inqw'ry into conditions in London. His report its streets are planted 7,000 trees. There are 18 churches and three cinemas. It produced one consequence which was to be more important than legislation aimed has 12 elementary and secondary schools. There is a muse~m and a l!bra~y sup­ at ultimate reduction of taxes: it fired the imagination of writers of the time­ ported by the Urban District Council. A modern well-eqmpped hospital is sup­ among them Dickens and Disraeli-who laid the foundations for that slow moral ported by voluntary contributions. The green belt, devoted to agnculture and revolution of the nineteenth century, the refusal to endure the avoidable sufferings recreation, still remains inviolate" (Town and Country Planning). The same of others, which was to find expression in the social reformist legislation of the writer points out that although Letchworth now pays its maximum . permitted twentieth. dividend of 5 per cent, "the time which rr_iust elapse befo. r~ the capital . outlay becomes remunerative tends to put the creat10n of garden ot1es . outside the In Chadwick's day popular interest was still centered on the economic conse­ normal range of private commercial enterprise. The time-lag has other results too. quences of the slums. In 1842, his second report was published, The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain; it covered the whole Any private enterprise attempt to. est~bl~s? a new .town . must pass t?:ough country, and was based on reports from Boards of Guardians throughout England pioneering stages wh.en they>:vn is .pnm1t1ye, dev01d of .most of the. amemtles of life, of proper shopping faoht1es, without cinemas, sometimes
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