Notes

CHAPTER I

I. See Barry McLaughlin (ed.), Studies in Social Movements (New York: The Free Press, 1969) and J. A. Banks, The Sociology of Social Movements (London: Macmillan Press, 1972). 2. Charles TiJly, From Mobilization to Revolution (London: Addison­ Wesley, 1978). 3. Check the glossary for Hebrew and other foreign terms as weil as the names of groups, organisations and political parties. 4. S.N. Eisenstadt, The Transformation of Israeli Society: An Essay in Interpretation (London: Weiden feld and Nicolson, 1985) p. 45. 5. Reported in an interview with Adam Keller of the Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace, Tel Aviv, 1985. 6. R. J. Isaac, Israel Divided: Ideologieal Polities in the Jewish State (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1976) p. 5. 7. Gwyn Rowley, 'The Land of Israel: A Reconstructionist Approach', in David Newman (ed.), The Impact of Gush Emunim: Polities and Settlement in the (London: Croom Helm, 1985) p. 125. 8. Ibid., p. 127. 9. Isaac, op. eil., p. 61. 10. Ibid., p. 54. 11. Ibid. 12. Lilly Weissbrod, 'Gush Emunim Ideology - From Religious Doctrine to Political Action', Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 18, no. 3, July 1982. 13. Ibid. 14. Euhud Sprinzak, 'The Iceberg ofPolitical Extremism', in Newman (ed.), op. eil., p. 33. 15. TheJerusalem Post, 12 February, 1985. 16. Kurt Kanowitz, 'The Role ofthe Army in Israeli Politics', New Outlook, August-September 1984, p. 11. 17. Ofira Seliktar, New Zionism and the Foreign Poliey System of Israel (London: Croom Helm, 1986) p. 206. 18. TheJerusalem Post, 11 July, 1985. 19. Sprinzak, op. eil., p. 36. 20. For an in-depth study of this process see: Lilly Weissbrod, 'Delegitim­ ation and Legitimation as a Continuous Process: A Case Study of Israel', Middle East Journal, vol. 35, no. 4, 1981, pp. 527~3.

199 200 The Peace Movement in Israel, 1967-87

21. The tenn Mizraehim is used in its untranslated fonn to avoid the eonnotations inherent in the English translation 'Orientals'. It refers to Jews who are not Ashkenazim; namely those from Afro-Asian (Muslim) count ries who may or may not be descendents of the Sephardie Jews of Spain and Portugal. 22. Eisenstadt (1985), op. eil., p. 152. 23. S. Aronson and N. Yanai, 'Critieal Aspeets of the Eleetions and their Implications', in D. Caspi et al. (eds), The Roots 0/ Begin's Success (London: Croom Helm, 1984) p. 28. 24. Weissbrod, op. eil., p. 529. 25. , In the Land 0/ Israel (London: The Hogarth Press, 1983) p. 133. 26. Ibid., p. 134. 27. David Schnall, 'Gush Emunim: An Impact Assessment', in Newman (ed.), op. eit., p. 22. 28. This disquiet was expressed by many peaee aetivists I interviewed between 1985 and 1987. It was a eonstant theme expressed at meetings and made explieit in movement pamphlets. It was also stressed by aeademies and journalists who identify with the peaee movement even though they may not partieipate aetive1y. 29. TheJerusalem Post, 26 July, 1985. 30. The Post, 21 August, 1985. 31. The Times, 19 July, 1984. 32. The Jerusalem Post, 30 August, 1985. 33. Ora Namir interviewed by Mark Segal, The Jerusalem Post, 23 September, 1985. 34. Eti Ronel, 'The Battle Over Temple Mount', New Outlook, vol. 27, no. 2, February 1984, pp. 11~14. 35. W. Laqueur, A History 0/ Zionism (London: Weidenfeld and Nieolson, 1972) p. 303. 36. On the growth of Revisionism see L. Brenner, The Iron Wall: Zionist Revisionism/rom Jabotinsky to Shamir (London: Zed Books, 1984). 37. M. J. Aronoff, 'Politieal Polarization: Contradictory Interpretations of Israeli Reality', in S. Heydemann (ed.), The Begin Era: Issues in Contemporary Israel (London: Westview Press, 1984) p. 54. 38. Ibid., p. 55. 39. Quoted in Brenner, op. eil., p. 147. 40. Aronoff, op. eil., p. 57. 41. Brenner, op. eil., p. 147. 42. On the role of Dash in ending Labour's rule see H. R. Penniman (ed.)., Israel at the Polis: The Elections 0/1977 (Washington: AEIPRP, 1979).

CHAPTER2

I. For more on social movement theory see MaeLaughlin, op. eil., Banks, op. eil. and Tilly, op. eil. Notes 201

2. Laqueur, op. eit., p. 414. 3. Yitzhak Epstein, 'A Hidden Question' (Address to the Seventh Zionist Congress), New Outlook, vo1.28, no.12, 1984, p. 27. 4. Ibid. 5. I. F. Stone, 'The Other Zionism: Aeeomodating Jew and Arab in Palestine', Harper's, September 1978, p. 65. 6. A. Goren (ed.), Dissenter in Zion: From the Writings 01 Judah L. Magnes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982) passim. 7. Aharon Cohen, 'In Memory ofa Pathfinder', New Outlook, vol.lO, no.3, 1967, p. 48. 8. Details of the bi-national proposals are eontained in: Judah Magnes and Martin Buber, Arab-Jewish Unity: Testimony beJore the Anglo-American Inquiry Commission Jor the Ihud (Union) Association (London: Vietor Gollanez, 1947). 9. Ibid., p. 47. 10. Laqueur, op. eit., p. 253. 11. Ibid. 12. Stone, op. eit., p. 70. 13. M. Ghilan, How Israel Lost its Soul (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974) p. 81. 14. Isaae, op. eit., p. 97. 15. Ibid., p. 78. 16. Ibid., p. 88. 17. Eisenstadt (1985), op. eit., p. 387. 18. Ibid., p. 389. 19. Yosef Goell, 'The Case of the Demoeratie Movement for Change: Interview with Dr Israel Katz', The Jerusalem Post, 30 June, 1987. 20. Arnold Lewis, 'The Peace Ritual and Israeli Images of Social Order', JournaloJConflict Resolution, vo1.23, no.4, Deeember 1979, p. 688. 21. Ibid. 22. Peter Heller, ''s Visit to Jerusalem: Its Signifieanee for the Peace Proeess', Journal oJ South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, vo1.VII, no. 4, Summer 1984, pp. 12-18. 23. Lewis, op.eit.,p.693. 24. Ibid., p. 696. 25. Ibid. 26. Quoted in Phillip Gallon, 'Anatomy of a Movement', The Jerusalem Post, 14 April, 1978. 27. This partieular translation of the now famous letter is by Lewis, op. eit., p.698.

CHAPTER3

I. This deseription of the founding of Peaee Now was given by a founding member, Yuli Tamir, at the Jewish Colloquium, Oxford, 10 February, 1986. 202 The Peace Movement in Israel, 1967-87

2. Interview with Jay Hurwitz (Peaee Now), July 1985. 3. The Jerusalem Post, 23 August, 1978. 4. Ibid., 17 April, 1978. 5. Ibid., 27 July, 1979. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid., 14June, 1979. 8. Ibid., 11 June, 1979. 9. Ibid., 6 January, 1980. 10. Seliktar, op. eit., p. 236. 11. Peaee Now Pamphlet (English), 1985. 12. The Jerusalem Post, 15 April, 1986.

CHAPTER4

I. Interview with Reuven AmieI, Committee for Upper and Lower Nazareth Co-operation, 1985. 2. Reuven Hammer, 'Pandora's Box', The Jerusalem Post, 8 August, 1984. 3. The following aeeount of anti-raeist protest and legislation is eompiled from interviews with aetivists from Citizens Against Raeism (notably Mike Levine) and from newspaper reports. 4. The Jerusalem Post, 7 August, 1986. 5. Ibid. 6. Interview with Haim Baram,journalist, 1987. 7. lsrael-Palestine, no.53-54, Deeember 1976. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 10. For Avnery's own account see Uri Avnery, My Friend, the Enemy (London: Zed Books, 1986). 11. Ibid., p. 120. 12. Ibid., p. 72. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid., pp. 3-14. 15. News from Within, vol. 11, no. 36,6 October, 1986. 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid.

CHAPTER 5

I. Daniel Gavron, 'Smashing the Stereotype', The Jerusalem Post Maga­ zine, 8 July, 1983. 2. Interview with Shlomo Elbaz, East for Peaee, July 1985. 3. Chaim Raphael, The Road to Babyion: The Story of the Sephardi and Oriental Jews (London: Weiden feld and Nicolson, 1985) p. 250. 4. Major differences between Ashkenazi and Mizrachi immigrants are NOles 203

noted by A. Shama and M. Iris, Immigration Without Integration (Cambridge (Mass.): Schenkman, 1911). 5. A. N. Chouraqui, Between East and West: A History o/the Jews 0/ North A/rica (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publieation Society of Ameriea, 1968) p.290. 6. Shama and Iris, op. eit., p. 82. 1. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Rivkah Bar Josef, 'The Moroeeans: Background to the Problem', in S.N. Eisenstadt, et al. (eds), Integration and Development in Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1910) p. 424. 10. Bat Ye'Or, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam (Toronto and London: Assoeiated University Press, 1985) passim. 11. H. J. Cohen, The Jews 0/ the Middle East, 1860-1972 (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1913) p. 4. 12. Doris Bensimon-Donath, Evolution du Judai'sme Marocain sous le Protectorat Fran~ais 1912-1956 (Paris: Mouton & Co., 1968). 13. H. J. Cohen, op. eit., p. 16. 14. Bat Ye'Or, op. eit., p. 80. 15. Cohen, op. eit., p. 10. 16. Ibid., p. 4. 11. For a full aeeount of this see Raphael, op. eit. 18. Chouraqui, op. eit., p. 156. 19. Marion Woolfson, Prophets in Babyion: Jews in the Arab World (London: Faber and Faber, 1980) p. 80. 20. Martin Gilbert, The Aralr-Israeli Conjiict: Its History in Maps (London: Weiden feld and Nieolson, 1919) p. 50. 21. S. N. Eisenstadt, 'The Proeess of Absorption of New Immigrants in Israel', in Eisenstadt et al., op. eit., pp. 354-8. 22. Chouraqui, op. eit., pp. 304-5. 23. L. J. Davis and M. Deeter, Myths and Facts 1982: A Concise Record 0/ the Aralr-Israeli Conjiict (Washington: Near East Report, 1982) p. 122. 24. H.J. Cohen, op. eil., p. 16. 25. Roumani, op. eil., p. 25. 26. Bensimon-Donath, op. eil., p. 112. 21. Ibid., p. 182. 28. Ibid. 29. See in partieular D. Caspi, et al., op. eil.; D. Peretz and S. Smooha, 'Israel's Tenth Knesset Eleetions - Ethnie Upsurgenee and Decline in Ideology', Middle East International, vol.35, no.4, 1981; and Yael Yishai, 'Israel's Right-Wing Jewish Proletariat', The Jewish Journal 0/ Sociology vol. XXIV, no. 2,1982. 30. Israel Shahak, 'The Oriental Jews in Israeli Polities', Middle East International, 15 J une, 1984, p. 15. 31. Peres and Shemer, op. eil., p. \05. 32. Ibid., p. 94. 204 The Peace Movement in Israel, 1967-87

33. Quoted in News/rom Within, 22 July, 1986. 34. P.S. Cohen, 'Ethnicity, Class and Political Alignment in Israel', The Jewish Journal 0/ Sociology, vo1.25, no. 2, 1983, p. 120. 35. Statistical Abstract Israel, quoted in Yishai, op. cit., p. 20. 36. Amos Oz, In the Land 0/ Israel, p. 36. 37. AGonen, 'A Geographical Analysis of the Elections in Jewish Urban Communities', in Caspi et al., op. cit., p. 81. 38. P. S. Cohen, op. eit., p. 129. 39. Ibid., p. 127. 40. Erik Cohen, 'Ethnicity and Legitimation in Contemporary Israel', The Jerusalem Quarterly, no. 28, 1983, p. 113. 41. Ibid., p. 116. 42. Ibid. 43. The Jerusalem Post, 10 March, 1972. 44. For a full account see Mony Elkaim, Pantheres Noires d'lsrael (Paris: Fran~ois Maspero, 1972). 45. The Jerusalem Post, 16 June, 1972. 46. Ibid., 25 September, 1975. 47. Ibid., 2 March, 1977. 48. Ibid., 15 August, 1979. 49. Ibid., 9 June, 1980. 50. In Jerusalem, 13 September, 1985. 51. Interview with Sa'adia Marciano, ex-Black Panthers, July 1985. 52. Interview with Jacques Pinto, East for Peace, August 1985. 53. Elbaz, op. cit. 54. Ibid. 55. Quoted in Amnon Rubinstein, The Zionist Dream Revisited (New York: Schocken Books, 1984) p. 51. 56. Ibid., p.52. 57. Ibid., p. 56. 58. Michael Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978) p. 77. 59. Isaac, op. cit., p. 52. 60. Ghilan, op. cit., p. 102. 61. Ibid., p. 113.

CHAPTER6

I. News/rom Within, 22 July, 1986. 2. AI Fajr, 25 July, 1986. 3. AI Awdah English Weekly, 24 August, 1986. 4. Interview with Adam Keller, PLP, 1987. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. Notes 205

7. The Times, 8 November, 1986. 8. On the life of Eliachar see Phillip Gillon, Israelis and Palestinians, Co-Existence Or . .. : The Credo 0/ Elie Eliachar (London: Rex Collings, 1978) and Elie Eliachar, Living with Jews (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983). 9. Nissim Rejiwan, The Orientalization of Israel: An Expose of a Myth', Ne\\' Outlook, JanuaryjFebruary, 1987.

CHAPTER 7

I. The aeeount of Neve Shalom is based on interviews with founder, Bruno Hussar, and with other members of the eommunity, notably Anne Le Meignen and Wellesley Aron. Written sources incIuded the Neve Sha/om Newsletter and its Freneh equivalent Lettre de la Co/line. 2. Joel Greenberg, 'Government Ministries back new institute for Jewish­ Arab Co-Existence', Press Bulletin, State of Israel Government Press Office, 19 April, 1983. 3. I am grateful to Jan Demarest and Samir Abu-Shakrah for insights into the different approaehes of MOs and the radi ca I protest MOs' eritique of IPJACs. (Interview September 1985) For a eritique of one particular IPJAC (from a radieal perspeetive), see J. Demarest and S. Abu­ Shakrah, 'Response to "Buberian Learning Groups: Existentialist Philosophy as an Ariane Thread for Edueation for Peace"', Teachers' College Record, Winter, 1983-4. 4. Rahel Rosenweig, 'Partnership', New Out/ook, JunejJuly, 1977, pp. 31-4. 5. Rahel Rosenweig, 'Turning Enemies and Adversaries into Partners', unpublished mimeograph distributed by Shutafut. 6. Tsiyona Peled and David Bar-Gal, Intervention Activities in Arab-Jewish Relations: Conceptualization, Classification and Evaluation (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute of Applied Soeial Research, 1983) p. 80. 7. Demarest and Abu-Shakrah, op. eit., p. 8. 8. S. Smooha, 'Issues in Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel' in A. Hareven (ed.), Every Sixth Israeli: Relations Between the Jewish Majority and Arab Minority in Israel (Jerusalem: The Van Leer Jerusalem Founda­ tion, 1983) p. 108. 9. Eli Rekhess, 'The Politieization of Israel's Arabs', in Hareven, op. eit., p.138. 10. Rafi Israeli, 'Arabs in Israel: The Surge of a New Identity', in Hareven, op. eit., p. 175. 11. Demarest and Abu-Shakrah, op. eit., p. 9. 12. Ibid. 13. Peled and Bar-Gal, op. eit., p. 80. 14. The Jerusalem Post, 8 August, 1985. 15. Peled and Bar-Gal, op. eit., p. 83. 206 The Peace Movemenl in Israel. 1967-87

16. The Jerusalem Post, 20 September, 1985. 17. Eytan Gilboa, 'Educating Israeli Officers in the Process of Peace Making in the Middle East Conftict', Journal 0/ Peace Research, voI.XVI, no. 2, 1979, pp. 155-62. 18. Interview with David Shaham, Executive Director ICPME, September 1985. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. 'The Comprehensive Education Project on Relations Between Arabs and Jews and Between Israel and Her Neighbours: A Project Directed by the VUF for the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture' (Jerusalem: VUF, July 1984) p. I. 22. Mina Tzemach and Ruth Tzin, 'Attitudes of Adolescents with Regard to Democratic Values' (Jerusalem: VUF, 1984) p. 4.

CHAPTER8

I. TheJerusalem Post, 21 April, 1978. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 25 July, 1979. 4. Ibid., 25 May, 1978. 5. Ibid., 12 May, 1978. 6. Interview with Jay Hurwitz, , 1985. 7. The Jerusalem Post, 12 May, 1978. 8. Ibid., 25 March, 1981. 9. Ibid. 10. Interview with Yehezkel Landau, Oz ve Shalom, 1985. 11. Oz ve Shalom, English Bulletin, no. I, p. 2. 12. Oz ve Shalom Publications, Religious Zionism: Challenges and Choices, Jerusalem, (no date), p. 2. 13. Ibid. 14. English Bulletin, op eil. 15. Ibid. 16. Uriel Simon, 'Religion, Morality and Politics', in Religious Zionism, op. eil., p. 2. 17. Ibid. 18. Uriel Tal, 'Historical and Metahistorical Self-Views' in Religious Zion- ism, ibid., p. 10. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Shimon Glick, 'A Dangerous Idolatry', in Oz ve Shalom, English Bulletin, no. 6,1985, p. 19. 22. Larry Cohler, 'Israeli Religious Peace Group: Sanctity of Life More Important than Territories', Long IslandJewish World,8 February, 1985. 23. The Jerusalem Post, 7 December, 1985. Noles 207

24. Janet Aviad, 'Religious Zionism Today', in Religious Zionism, op. eit., p.28. 25. Ibid., pp. 29-30. 26. Landau, Interview, op. eit. 27. Aviad, op. eit., p. 31. 28. Lawrenee Kaplan, 'Education and Ideology in Religious Zionism Today', in Religious Zionism, op. cit., p. 37. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid., p. 34. 31. David J. Schnall, Radieal Dissent in Contemporary Israeli Polities: Cracks in the Wall (New York: Praeger Speeial Studies, 1979) p. 6. 32. The Other Israel, no. 10, August, 1984, p. 9. 33. Interview with Reuven Lasman, ex-Matzpen, 1985. 34. Ibid. 35. Ghilan, op. eit., p. 9. 36. Dunia Habib Nahas, The Israeli Communist Party (London: Croom Helm, 1976) p. 64. 37. For a detailed account see Alain Greilsammer, Les Communistes Israeliens (Paris: Presse de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1978). 38. PLP Manifesto, printed in The Other Israel, no. 9., June-July 1984, p. 2. 39. Ibid. 40. Interview with Gideon Spiro, BSC, 1987. 41. Interview with Naomi Ben-Tzur, PAS, 1985. 42. International Herald Tribune, 22 February, 1984. 43. See for example The Other Israel, no. 14, April, 1985. 44. Quoted in Bar-Zohar, op. eit., p. 166. 45. Cheryl Rubenberg, 'The Israeli Invasion of Lebanon: Objectives and Consequences', Journal oJ South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, vol. VIII, no. 2, 1984, p. 5. 46. Ibid. 47. The Jerusalem Post, 13 September, 1985. 48. Ben-Tzur, interview, op. cit. 49. Ibid. 50. Demerath and Marwell, op. eit., p. 244. 51. On this see Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: AReport on the BanalityofEvil(London: Faberand Faber,1963). 52. The Jerusalem Post, 26 June, 1982. For a detailed account of Geva's case, see J. Timmerman, The Long War: Israel in Lebanon (New York: Vintage Books, 1982) pp. 138-44. 53. The Jerusalem Post, 12 April, 1983. 54. Ibid., 13 April, 1983. 55. Interview with Thoma Schick, War Resisters International, 1985. 56. The Jerusalem Post, 5 October, 1982. 57. Ha'aretz, 6 June, 1986. Reprinted (in English) in The Other Israel, no. 22, May-June 1986, p. 5. 208 The Peace Movement in Israel, 1967-87

58. AI Fa}r, 25 October, 1987. 59. Quoted by Michael Lowry in AI Fa}r, 14 January, 1986. 60. Haim Baram, Ha'aretz, 7 February, 1986, quoted in ibid. 61. Ibid. 62. Quoted in Davis et al., op. cit., p. 112. 63. Interview with Giora Neuman, Matzpen, PLP, August 1985. 64. Thoma Schick, 'The Price of Conscience in Israel', AI Fa}r (weekly), April 9-15, 1982, p. 12.

CHAPTER9

David Richardson, 'Confrontation Quest', The Jerusalem Post, 25 November, 1983. 2. PCSN Newsletter, vol. I, no. 2, 1986. 3. AI Fa}r, 31 January, 1986. 4. Interview with Yvette Nahal, IFOR, 1987. 5. PCSN Newsletter, op. cit. 6. Ibid. 7. 'Courage Along the Divide', produced and directed by Victor Schonfeld, SPI, CTV Co-production, broadcast on ITV (UK), 9 September, 1986. 8. AI Fa}r, 29 November, 1987. 9. Ibid., 22 November, 1987. 10. See News From Within, 24 February, 1987. 11. AI Fa}r, 6 December, 1987. 12. The Guardian, 10 November, 1987. 13. TheJerusalem Post, 20 February, 1987. 14. News From Within, 23 November, 1987. 15. The Guardian, 10 November, 1987. 16. AI Fa}r, 6 December, 1987. 17. Spiro, interview, op. cit. 18. Letters furnished by Spiro to the author. 19. Press release of A. Feldman, February 1987. Bibliography

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Weingrod, A., Group Relations in a New Society (London: Institute of Race Relations, 1965). Weissbrod, L., 'Oelegitimation and Legitimation as a Continuous Process: A Case Study ofIsrael', The Middle East Journal, vol. 35 (August 1981) no. 3. --, 'Gush Emunim Ideology: From Religious Ooctrine to Political Action', Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 18 (July 1982) no. 3. Wolfsfeld, G., 'Collective Political Action and Media Strategy: The Case of Yamit', Journal 0/ Conflict Resolution, vol. 28 (September 1984) no. 3. Woolfson, M., Prophets in Babyion: Jews in the Arab World (London: Faber and Faber, 1980). Ye'Or, 8., Oriental Jewry and the Dhimmi Image in Contemporary Arab Nationalism (Geneva: Editions de I'Avenir, 1979). --, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam (Toronto and London: Associated University Press, 1985). Yermiya, 0., My War Diary: Israel in Lebanon (London: Pluto Press, 1983). Yishai, Y., 'Israel's Right-Wing Jewish Proletariat', The Jewish Journal 0/ Sociology, vol. 24 (1982) no. 2. --, 'Oissent in Israel: Opinions on the Lebanon War', Middle East Review, Winter 1983/4. Interviews

The following interviews were conducted in Israel between June 1985 and February 1987. An open-ended format was used to allow for flexibility and the in-depth exploration of issues that were of particular interest to the interviewee. In most cases, the interview was recorded on tape. When this was not possible, notes were taken during or immediately after the interview. In so me cases, repeated interviews were carried out over aperiod of weeks with key informants who were generous with their time and patient with my ignorance and persistent questioning. Their excep­ tional contributions to my understanding, not only of the Israeli peace movement but also of broader issues arising from the Arab-Israeli conflict, are acknowledged below with an asterisk (*). Note: The pI ace-name following the name of the MO is where the interview was conducted.

Abu-Shakrah, Jan and Samir. (Educators) Ex-Education for Peace Project, Jerusalem. Agawi, Khalil. (Co-founder), Re'ut, Tel Aviv. Aharoni, Ada (Dr). (Co-founder) Gesher, Haifa. AmieI, Reuven. (Founder) Committee for Nazareth-Upper Nazareth Co- operation, Upper Nazareth. Aron, Wellesley. (Veteran Member) Neve Shalom, Neve Shalom. Balzam, Shlomo. (Activist) Netivot le Shalom, Jerusalem. Banvelgi, Robert. (Activist) Yesh GvuljRakah, Jerusalem. Ben-Dov, Zvi. (Activist) Citizens Against Racism, Haifa. Ben-Tzur, Naomi. (Activist) Parents Against Silence, Jerusalem. (*) Ber, Shmuel. (Treasurer) Shutafut, Haifa. Bergen, Kathy. (Projects Manager) Mennonite Central Committee, . (*) Chertok, Chaim. (Founder) Mashmia Shalom, Yerucham. Interviews 215

Danino, Etty. (Activist) East for Peace, Tel Aviv. Eady, Elias. (Secretary and Educator) Neve Shalom, Neve Shalom. Elbaz, Shlomo (Professor). (Co-founder) East for Peace, Jerusalem. Emmanuel, Hadara and Joseph. Israeli Interfaith Association, Jerusalem. Golan, Debbie. (Activist) Oz ve Shalom, Jerusalem. Gvirtz, Amos. (Co-founder) Jewish-Arab Action Committee for Jaffa Arabs and Israeli section of International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR), Jaffa. (*) Hanna, Chanaka. (Activist) Parents Against Silence, Jerusalem. Hurvitz, Jay. (Activist) Peace Now, Galon. Hussar, Bruno (Fr.) (Founder) Neve Shalom, Neve Shalom and Jerusalem. (*) Jabbour, Elias. (Founder) The House ofHope, Shefaram. Keller, Adam. (Editor and Activist) Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace, Tel Aviv. Lasman, Reuven. Ex-Matzpen/AIC Collective, Jerusalem. (*) Leibowitz, Wendy. (Ex-activist) Interns for Peace, Haifa. (*) Leibowitz, Yeshua (Professor). (Philosopher) Supporter of Yesh Gvul and Radical MOs. Le Meignen, Anne. (Member) Neve Shalom, Neve Shalom. Levine, Mike. (Co-founder) Citizens Against Racism, Jerusalem. (*) Marciano, Sa'adia. (Co-founder) Black Panthers, Jerusalem. Miligrom, Jeremy (Rabbi). (Activist) Reshet/Yesh Gvul, Jerusalem. Nahal, Yvette. (Activist) IFOR, Jerusalem. (*) Na'or, Dapha. (Activist) Parents Against Silence, Jerusalem. Pandas, Daniel. (Activist) East for Peace, Jerusalem. Pinto, Jacques. (Activist) East for Peace and Yesh Gvul, Jerusalem. Revkin, Sari. (Coordinator) Shatil, Jerusalem. Satel, Abed. (Activist) Jewish-Arab Action Committee for Jaffa Arabs, Jaffa and Acre. (*) Shaham, David. (Executive Director) ICMPE, Tel Aviv. Shaqr, Nahle. (Activist) Jewish-Arab Action Committee for Jaffa Arabs, Jaffa. Shick, Thoma. (Coordinator) War Resisters International, Tel Aviv. (*) Spiro, Gideon. (Activist) BSCjCA WL/Yesh Gvul/CCIF, Jerusalem. (*) Wolfsfeld, Gadi. (Researcher), Jerusalem. Zilberstein, Stella. (Activist) Shutafut, Haifa. Glossary

Aliya (Ascent). Term designating immigration to Israel. Emigration from Israel is termed Yeridah (Descent). Ashkenazi (pI. Ashkenazim). German or other European Jew. Beit Hagefen (House of Vines). Jewish-Arab community and youth centre in Haifa. Established in 1963, sponsored partly by Ministry of Education and Culture. Betar. Revisionist youth movement. Birzeit Solidarity Committee. Founded in 1981 after the temporary c10sure of Birzeit University. Strongly opposed to the occupation, in favour of a Palestinian state in the occupied territories. Members mostly non-Zionists. Black Panthers. Mizrachi protest movement, most active in early seventies, primarily in poor Jerusalem neighbourhoods. Brit Hasmol (Federation of the Left). Extra-parliamentary group made up largely of ex-members of Mapam. Active in the late sixties. Brit Shalom (Covenant of Peace). First peace group in madatory Palestine. Founded in 1925 by intellectuals. Advocated a bi-national solution for Palestine. Supported by Buber. Bund. Eastern European non-Zionist socialist organisation. Citizens Against Racism. Group founded in 1984 (after the e1ection of Meir Kahane to the Knesset). Branches in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa­ independent of each other. Committee Against the War in Lebanon. Later formation of the Birzeit Solidarity Committee. Umbrella organisation of radicals opposed to the war in Lebanon. Committee Confronting the Iron Fist. West Bank Palestinian group with limited Jewish participation. Opposed to repression in the occupied territories. Supportive or Palestinian prisoners. First active in 1985. Dash (Democratic Movement for Change). Political party founded by Yigal Yadin in 1977. Won 15 seats in the Knesset but failed to maintain unity, dissolved before next e1ections.

216 Glossary 217

Democratic Front for Peace and Equality. Political party established by Rakah in 1977. Predominantly Arab. Dhimmi. Term designating the status of Jewish and Christian minorities (as 'peoples ofthe book') under Islam. Dove. In the Israeli context, a person opposed to the continued occupation and settlement of the territories captured in 1967 and in favour of a territorial compromise and Jewish-Arab coexistence. East for Peace. Peace group formed in 1983 by Mizrachi intellectuals. Edot ha'Mizrach (Communities of the East). Term used to refer to immigrant groups from North African and Middle Eastern countries. Eretz Yisrael. The Land of Israel. Fatah. A major faction ofthe PLO, loyal to Yasser Arafat. Fellahin. Arab tenant farmers. Ga/ut. Yiddish term used to refer to the Diaspora. Givat Haviva. Educational Institute ofthe Kibbutz Hartzi movement. Group of 27. A group of high school students who refused to do military service in the occupied territories in 1978. Gush Emunim (The Block of the Faithful). Religious-nationalist movement en­ gaged in settling the occupied territories. Haganah (Defence). Pre-state military organisation established in 1920 which later became the Israeli Defence Force. Ha/achah. An accepted decision in rabbi nie law. Also refers to parts of the Talmud concerned with legal maUers. Hao/am Hazeh (This World). Name of a left-wing newspaper owned and edited by peace activist Uri Avnery. Also name of Avnery's political party (now defunct) wh ich g&ined entry to the Knesset in 1965 and 1969. Hashomer Hatzair (The Young Guards). Left-wing Zionist group which supported bi-nationalism. Later became part ofMapam. Haskalah (Enlightenment). Movement for spreading modern European cul­ ture among Jews c. 1750-1880. Hassidism. Religious revivalist movement ofpopular mysticism. Hawk. In the Israeli context, one who supports the annexation ofthe occupied territories and is not prepared to make any territorial compromise for peace. One who supports an aggressive policy vis-a-vis the Arabs. (Freedom). Right-wing Revisionist party established in 1948 by the disbanded Irgun under the leadership of M. Begin. 218 The Peace Movement in Israel, 1967-87

Hesder yeshivah (pl.yeshivot). Institution combining Talmudic studies and army service. Histradut. Israel's massive trade union which also runs the health service and is itself an industrial giant. Hutzpah. Dare and/or cheek. Ihud (Union). Peace group founded in 1942 by Judah Magnes, Martin Buber and others to revive the activities of Brit Shalom and to advocate bi-nationalism. Institute for Education and for Coexistence between Jews and Arabs. Government-backed institute founded in 1983 by Gorshon Baskin to gain state support for IPJACs. International Centre for Peace in the Middle East. Centre established by New Outlook magazine. Publishes press briefs and conducts research on the Arab-Israeli conflict; organises seminars for educators and community workers seeking to improve coexistence; facilitates meetings between Jews and Arabs and holds regular forums for dovish Members of Knesset of different parties. Irgun (Irgun Tzevai Leumi - National Military Organisation). Founded in 1931. Formally affiliated to Ze'ev Jabotinsky's Revisionist Party; opposed the Haganah's policy of 'restraint' toward the British. Open conflict broke out between the two military organisations from 1944 to 1948. Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace. Founded in 1976 to establish dialogue with the PLO. Advocates the establishment of a Palestinian state in the occupied territories. Affiliated to the Progressive List for Peace. Israeli Interfaith Association. Established in 1958 to sponsor educational and social activities aimed at promoting interfaith understanding in Israel. Kach (Thus). Party of Rabbi Meir Kahane, outspoken advocate of the expulsion of Arabs from the entire 'Land of Israel'. Kahane established the Jewish Defence League in New York before moving to Israel. Kashrut. Jewish religious dietary laws. Kibbutz Hartzi Federation. Kibbutz movement affiliated to Mapam. Land of Israel Movement. Movement established in the wake of the Six-Day War. Advocated the retention of the occupied territories. Opposed to exchanging 'land for peace'. League for Arab-Jewish Rapprochement. Successor of Brit Shalom, established in 1939. Mafdal. The National Religious Party. Glossary 219

Maki (Miflagah Komunistit Israelit - The Israeli Communist Party). Original name of ICP, maintained by Jewish faction when the party split along Jewish-Arab lines in 1965. Mapam (Mifleget ha-Poalim ha-Me'uhedet - The United Workers' Party). Established in 1948; incorporated Hashomer Hatzair. Left-wing Zionists who once favoured bi-nationalism. Supportive of Peace Now and other MOs. Matzpen (Compass). The Israeli Socialist Organisation named after its publication Matzpen. Established in 1962 by communists opposed to Maki's pro-Moscow line. Anti-Zionists with support from the New Left abroad. Mazzot. Unleavened bread used during Passover. Mizrachi (pI. Mizrachim). Term, usually translated as 'Orientals' or 'Easter­ ners', used to refer to the Jews ofNorth Africa and the Middle East. They may or may not be descendents of the one-time Sephardic Jews of Spain and Portugal; as opposed to Ashkenazim. Moked (Focus). Political party formed in part by the remnants of Maki. Gained aKnesset seat in 1973. Moshav (pI. Moshavim). Co-operative agricultural settlement in wh ich mem­ bers own their hornes. Movement for Peace and Security. A short-lived 'movement' backed by Begin's Likud to demonstrate support for Likud policy. Movement Organisation. Any relatively independent group involved in the peace movement. Netivot Je Shalom (Pathways to Peace). Religious peace group founded in 1982. Works cIosely with Oz ve Shalom. Neve Shalom (Oasis ofPeace). Jewish-Arab co-operative settlement established near Latrun. Operates a 'School for Peace' and runs highly professional IPJACs. New Outlook. English language publication based in Tel Aviv dedicated to peace in the Middle East. Not very weIl known in Israel - even within the peace movement. New Zionist Organisation. Established in 1935 by Jabotinsky as arevisionist alternative to the WZO. Nitzanei Shalom (Interns for Peace). Established in 1976 by an American reform rabbi. Until recently, it placed mostly American Jews in Arab villages where they carried out development projects and organised IPJACs. 220 The Peace Movement in Israel, 1967-87

Other Zionism Group. Name of a small Jerusalem 'intellectual circle' which was instrumental in writing the officers' letter and founding Peace Now. Oz ve Shalom (Courage and Peace). Religious doves opposed to the occupation of the territories captured in 1967. Founded in 1975 by academics and members ofthe Mafdal. Pairnach (Pelugot Mahatz - Storm Troops). Elite unit established in 1941 by the leadership of the Haganah. Officers were primarily left-wing kibbutz members. Disbanded in 1948. Parents Against Silence. Peace group formed by parents opposed to the war in Lebanon. Disbanded voluntarily after the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon. Parents Against Weakness. Short-lived 'movement' created by the Likud to demonstrate support for the war and to discredit PAS. Pax Christi. International Catholic peace organisation. Peace Now. Originally a smalI, obscure Tel Aviv peace group that gave its name to the mass movement which first formed in 1978. The largest ('hub') MO in the peace movement. Pioneers of the East. A Mizrachi intellectual group established in 1917. Part of its programme was to encourage the teaching of Hebrew amongst Arabs and Arabic amongst Jews. Progressive List for Peace. A non-Zionist, non-communist Jewish-Arab party established in 1984. Two seats in the Knesset. Rakah (Reshirnah Komunistit Hadashah - The New Communist List). Name adopted by the Arab faction when the Israeli Communist Party split in 1965. Now dominant part of DFPE. Ratz (Citizens' Rights Movement). A political party founded by Shulamit Aloni in 1973. Strongly opposed to religious coercion; links with Peace Now. Three Knesset members. Reshet (Network). Name of umbrella organisation formed in an attempt to link the activities of MOs engaged in IPJACs. Revisionists. Political party of Zionists advocating a Jewish state on both sides of the Jordan. Founded in 1925 by Zeev Jabotinsky, the party was absorbed by Menachim Begin's Herut after the establishment of the State of Israel. Sephardi (pI. Sephardim). Jews descended from the one-time Jews ofSpain and Portugal. Sometimes used to refer to all Jews who are not Ashkenazim. Sheli (Shalom le Israel - Peace for Israel). Political party made of different non-communist radicals in favour of withdrawal from the territories. Won two seats in the Knesset in 1977. Split over rotation agreement. Glossary 221

Shinui (Change). A liberal Zionist party founded by Amnon Rubenstein which briefly joined Yigal Yadin 's Dash in the 1977 elections. Shutafut (Partnership). Haifa-based MO which works cIosely with Neve Shalom. Runs professional IPJACs. Siach (Smol Israeli Hadash - The Israeli New Left). Established in 1969 by dissident splinters from Mapam and Rakah. Made up primarily of non-Zionists, although its ex-Mapam members (based mostly in Tel Aviv) are explicitly Zionists. Soldiers Against Silence. A short-lived group of reserve soldiers who protested against the war in Lebanon but continued to serve there. They held joint demonstrations with PAS. Talmud (Teaching). Compendium of discussion on Jewish orallaw (Mishnah) by generations ofreligious scholars andjurists. Terror Against Terror. Jewish terrorists arrested and tried for attacks on Arab civilians. Tnuat Ha Herut. See Herut. Ulpan Akiva. Language teaching institute in Netanya which combines Hebrew and Arabic lessons with an IPJAC. Van Leer Jerusalem Foundation. Jerusalem-based research institute which focuses on problems related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Works cIosely with IPJAC organisations. Yesh Gvul (There's a Limit/Border). Group of reserve soldiers who faced imprisonment rather than serve in Lebanon. Later some refused service in the occupied territories. Yeshivah (pI. yeshivot). Jewish theological institution. Yishuv. The pre-state Jewish community in Palestine. Zeitgeist. German term meaning 'the spirit ofthe time/era'. Index

Abu Nidal, 78, 118 Beit Hagefen, 126, 129 Adiv, Udi, 73,192 8en-Gurion, David, 3, 17-19, 86, Al Fa}r, 63,181 105,109 Allon, Yigal, 144 8en-Tzur, Naomi 164, 167, 169-70 A1oni, Shulamit, 144 Birzeit Solidarity Committee (BSC), Alternative Information Centre 62,160-3,177,191 (AIC), 185-7, 188, 189 Black Panthers (Israeli), 76, 100-4, anti-Zionist 105,106,115,119,158 attacks/demonstrations, 24, 90 Brit Hasmol, 30, 158 groups/MOs, 32, 59,62, 133, 143, Brit Shalom, 2~8 157 Buber, Martin, 27 anti-Zionists, 28, 32, 73, 75, 78, 110, Bund, 23-4,32 156,160,196 see also non-Zionist groups Arafat, Yasser, 74, 75, 78,197-8 Ashkenazi Camp David, 53, 55,160 establishment, 92, 98 Canaanites, 110, 119 intellectuals,27, 103 Citi.lens Against Racism (CAR), 67 leaders, 86,99-100, 107,120 Citizens' Rights Movement, see Ratz socia1 movement, 84, 85 Cohen, Haim, 66, 139 Ashkenazim, 1, 85, 86, 92, 9~8, 106, Cohen, Shalom, 76, 103 119, 120, 167 Committee Against the War in Leba­ Association for Civil Rights in Israel, non (CA WL), 163- 6, 171 71,186 see also Birzeit Solidarity Com­ Aviad, Janet, 152-3, 154 mittee (BSC) Avnery, Uri, 63, 75-9, 81,158,165 Committee Confronting the Iron Awad, Mubarak, 179-84 Fist (CCIF), 62,191 Committee for Israeli-Palestinian Dialogue, 112- 13, 119 Committee for Upper and Lower Bar-on, Mordechai, 146 Nazareth Co-operation, 66 Begin, Menachem, 11, 14, 1~19, 35, Committee of Twenty Years of Oc­ 36, 37-40, 44, 46, 53, 55, 57, 59, cupation, 195 60,97,103,168-70,172 Curiel, Henri, 76, 78 224 Index

Dash, 19,34-5, 103 Grunzweig, Emil, 83, 84, 114, 168 Dayan,~oshe, 145, 176 Gush Emunim, 7-14, 16, 39,43,44, Declaration ofIndependence, 57-8 52,54,61,104,147-55,165,175 Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (DFPE), 103, 135, 143 see also Rakah Ha'am, Ahad, 26 Democratic ~ovement for Change, Ha'aretz,77, 166, 175 see Dash Haganah,18 dhimmi laws, 87-9, 93 Hammami, Sa'id, 75, 76, 78,114 Dori, Latif, 113-18 Haolam Hazeh, 63, 75,158 Hashomer Hatzair, 3, 17 East for Peace, 84, 87, 96, 100, 104-8, Hebron, 5, " 8,10,29,63 110--12,115,118-20,189 Herut, 18,53,67,96,97 Eban, Abba, 71, 86, 144 Herzl, Theodor, 3, 109 Egypt, 14,29,36-8,43,89 Hussar, Bruno, 127 Eilon ~oreh, 14,54 Husseini, Faisal, 62 Elbaz, Shlomo, 96, 105-8, 111, 113, 120 e1ections Ihud, 26, 176 of1965,158 Institute for Education and for Co­ ofl969,30,158 existence between Jews and of1973, 34 Arabs, 130--1 of 1977, 14--19,34-5,81,95, 103, International Fellowship of Recon­ 158 ciliation, 182 of 1981, 56, 57, 81, 86, 96, 145, International Centre for Peace in the 146, 159 ~iddle East (lCP~E), 139---41 of 1984, 15, 60, 66, 70, 145, 146, Interns for Peace, see Nitzanei Shal­ 170 om Eliav, Arieh, 77,158 IPJACs (Intervention Programmes Epstein, Yitzhak, 24-7 in Jewish-Arab Contacts), 125-39 Eretz Yisrael, 2, 5,6,8-10, 15, 29, 80, Iraq, 89-91 82,112,148,150 Iraqi Jews, 90--1, 94, 96 Irgun,18 Fatah,74,135 Israel Interfaith Association, 126, Fuchs, Nava, 67 135 Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace (ICIPP), 77-8, 159 , 5,29,31,39,40,46,61, Israeli League for Human and Civil 63,74,175 Rights, 142 see also occupied territories Israeli Defence Force (IDF), 10, 14, Ghilan, ~axim, 28, 74, 75,116 56, 80, 138, 163, 167, 172, 174, Green Line, 40, 74, 128, 174, 177, 176,192 181,185,187,191,193 Group of 27, 177 Index 225

Jabotinsky, V1adimir, 17,96 151-2, 158, 162-6, 168-73, 177 Jerusalem Post, 63, 71,120 189,191-5 ' Jewish Defence League, 102 Leibowitz, Yeshua, 146-7, 173 Judea and Samaria, 8, 9, 39--40, 72 Levine, Mike, 67-8 150,175 ' Levinger, Rabbi Moshe, 7, 9 see also West Bank Likud government, 14, 45, 54, 60, 160, 162,165,173,196 Kach, 15,60,65,67,70 party, 11-12, 16, 20, 35, 52, 71-3, Kahane, Rabbi Meir, 15, 60, 65-73, 95-6,100,117,165,168,171 104,138,148,151,195 Lo La'ot, 172 Kahanism, 15,60,66,67,72, 104 Ka1wariski, Haim, 26, 28 Kedma Mizrachi, 26 Ma'aneh,68 Kibbutz Hartzi, 30, 130, 145 Magnes,Judah,26,27 Knesset, 14, 15, 16, 22, 65-72, 103, Maki, 39, 157-8 113-14,120,140,143,146,157-8, Mapam,27,30,63,76, 113, 144-5 167,184,195 Marciano, Sa'adia, 101, 103-5, 158 Knesset Members' Forum, 139--40 Matzpen, 30, 75,157,160,177 Kolleck, Teddy, 66 Meir, Golda, 102 Kuk, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Ha­ Mi1igrom, Jeremy, 147 cohen (senior), 8, 148- 50, 154 Mizrachi immigrants, 11-12, 85-6, Kuk, Rabbi Zvi Yehuda U·unior) 8 14 ' , 91--4,110 relations with Ashkenazim 141 Mizrachim, 11, 15,59,83-7, '93-120, 189 Labour see also Iraqi Jews, Moroccan a1ignment, 11. 30. 34, 96 Jews, Sephardi(m), Yemenite camp (or coalition), 6,16 Jews establishment, 11-12,96-7,120 Moked, 158-9, 191 government, 7,14,98 Moroccan Jews, 86, 91-3, 99, 100-2, ideo1ogy, 17,99-100 105 movement, 13. 19 Movement for Peace and Security, party, 7, 12,33,35,52.57,60,64, 53 71,95,104,139,144,196 Zionism, 11, 35, 97 Zionists, 13-16, 19, 32--4, 41, 44 National Religious Party, 6, 30 145 46-7,52 ' 147 ' , Land of Israel Movement (UM), Neriya, Yuva1, 39,43 6-8,28,31 Netivot 1e Sha1om, 147, 151 Landau, Yehezkel, 153--4 Neuman, Giora, 176 Langer, Fe1icia, 142 Neve Sha1om, 126-30, 138, 142 Lebanon, 14,36,44, 74, 158, 162-5, New Out look, 29, 43, 139 168,198 New Zionist Organisation, 17 Lebanonwar, 58-60,83,136,147-8, 226 Index

Nitzanei Shalom, 130 Parents Against Weakness, 168 non-Zionist groups (or parties), 30, particular ideals, 7 70,73,143,157-66,171 forces, 5, \39, 146, 172, 195 see also anti-Zionism, anti-Zion­ values, 1-4, 22-3, 44, 100, 148, ist(s) 154 views,7, 15, 19, 52, 60, 160, 161 particularism, I, 10, 155 occupation of the territories, 5, 31, Partnership, see Shutafut 33, 45, 55, 60-2, 64, 68, 97, 123, Peace Now, 43-7, 52-64, 67-8, 79, 125, 147-9, 151, 161, 166, 174, 83-4, 105, 106, 114, 123, 129, 176,193,195,197 144-6, 151, 160-1, 163, 167-8, occupied territories, 5-7, 9, 36, 47, 171-2,175,196 57-63, 74-5, 80, 83, 94, 97, 114, Peres, Shimon, 15,60,86,144-5 128-9, \36, 142, 155, 161, 166, Pinto, Jacques, 105-6 171,173-6,185-7,196,198 Popular Front for the Liberation of proposal to return, 8, 30, 39, 81, Palestine (PFLP), 186-7 158-9, 165 Progressive List for Peace (PLP), 70, settlement of, 14, 45-6, 54, 60, 63, 114,115,143,159 103,146,152 refusal to serve in, 173-8 see also Gaza Strip, settlement, radical organisations, 22-3, 55, 58 West Bank see also anti-Zionism, anti­ Oden,I05 Zionist(s) Officers' Letter, 39-41,43-6,67 Rakah,74, 103, 116-17, 157-8, 160, Oriental Jews, see Mizrachim 171,177 Oriental Front (OF), 115-16, 118 Ratz, 34, 71,145-6,175 Orthodox establishment, 8,137 refugees groups,15 Jewish, 5, 85 religious parties, 71-2 Palestinian, 5, 28-9 see also yeshivahjyeshivot Resheff, Tzali, 45, 54, 63 Other Zionism Group, 43, 46 Reshet, 129, 147 Ottoman Empire, 88, 89, 109, 117 Re'ut, 130 see also Turkey Revisionists,6, 11, 17-18,97 Oz, Amos, 13, 53, 97 Revolutionary Communist League Oz ve Shalom, 146, 156 (RCL), 73,160 Pail, Meir, 54, 158 Romania, 116-19 Palestine Liberation Organisation Ruppin, Arthur, 26, 28 (PLO), 40, 53, 63-5, 70, 72-82, 1\3-19, \35, 135, 158, 161, 164- 7,172,180,192,198 Sabra and Shatilla, 59, 123, 144, 147, Palestinian Centre for the Study of 192 Non-Violence (PCSN), 182-4 Sadat, Anwar al-, 36, 37-9, 53 Parents Against Silence (PAS), 166- Sarid, Yossi, 54, 44, 175, 184 73 Sartawi, Issam, 53, 78, 114, 165, 198 Index 227

Sephardi(m),93, 103 values, 1-4, 10, 14, 19,22-3,44--5, see also Mizrachi(m) 139, 146, 148, 154--5, 160, 172, settlement of the West Bank, 8, 14, 195-6 56, 60-1, 63, 96, 103, 144, 151, 196 Van Leer Jerusalem Foundation settlements, 14, 26, 39-40,45, 54, 161 (VLJF), 130, 141- 2 settlers,9, 13, 14,63 Vanunu, Mordechai, 187-90, 191 Sharon, Ariel, 14, 54, 59, 98, 163-6, 192 Sheli, 103, 158-9, 160 War Resisters International (WRI), Shemesh, Kochavi, 115-18 176 Shemtov, Victor, 63, 145 Weizman, Ezer, 37, 54--5 Shiite lands, 88-9 West Bank, 5, 8-10, 13-14, 39-40, Shutafut, 130, 134 43, 46, 53-6, 60--1, 80, 83, 96, Siach,30, 158, 160 139-40,160--1,174,179-84 Siniora, Hanna, 63, 113 proposal/call to create aState on Six-Day War (or '1967 war'), 4, 6,13, the, 31, 63, 74--5 22,28,32- 3, 41, 58, 61, 75, 116, see also occupied territories, 146,162 settlement social movement(s) I, 12, 16, 21-3, 28,32,34,55,60,104,123 Yemen, 86, 88, 89 Israeli peace movement as, I, 2, Yemenite Jews, 88, 92 19,21,44,46,64,123-5 YeshGvul, 147, 171-8, 191-2 Soldiers Against Silence, 172 Spiro, Gideon, 62,191-3 yeshivah/yeshivot, 16, 147, 151-2, 154--5 State ofIsrael, 6, 8, 16,23-4,40,57, 70,71, 75, 128, 131, 133, 134--7, students, 8, 13 Yishuv, 11, 18, 120 156-7,159-60,193,196-7 Vom Kippur War (or '1973 war'), creation ofthe, 24, 57, 89-90 Sunni lands, 88-9 19,33-4,40, 58, 73, 98, 162, 168, 191

Tamir, Yuli, 46, 145 Tehiya,63 Zeitgeist, 22, 64, 154 Zvi, Sabbatai, 2, 151 Temple Mount, 10, 16, 150 Terror Against Terror, 10 Zionism, 3, 8, 23-7, 31-2, 44, 59, 71, Turkey, 89, 93, 109 90, 108- 10, 133, 155, 159, 191 confticting views of, 156, 158 see also Ottoman Empire New Zionism, 11, 13, 44 'sane Zionism', 57,196 Ulpan Akiva, 125-6, 129 socialist Zionism, 12-13, 22-3 United Nations partition vote, 5, 28, Zionist ideology /values, 3, 4, 23, 100, 195 106,131 universal movement, 3, 23-5, 28, 120 ideals, 3, 10, 58, 156, 159-60 parties,3 228 Index

propaganda, 94 see also anti-Zionism, anti-Zion­ Zionists,23,l71,l97 ist(s), Labour Zionism, Labour bi-nationalist Zionists, 27-8 Zionist(s), non-Zionist groups early Zionists, 24-8, 108-10, 119 Zuker, Dedi, 145 religious Zionists, 146-55