DOCSLIB.ORG

Building a Framework for the Secession of Southern Sudan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Building a Framework for the Secession of Southern Sudan Working Together to Break Apart: Building a Framework for the Secession of Southern Sudan Laura Brittain Emilie DesRosiers Dan Moore Hannah Moosa Aneesa Walji Semir Yusuf Teshale This report was prepared as one of the requirements for a joint Political Science and Law Graduate Course, Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Theory and Cases, co-taught by Professors David Cameron, Sujit Choudhry and Richard Simeon, at the University of Toronto during the 2009-2010 Winter Semester. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS .............................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION: “INDEPENDENCE IS MORE THAN SECESSION” .................................................... 4 1. COOPERATIVE SECESSION AND THE SUDANESE CONSTITUTION DAN MOORE......................................................................................................................... 14 2. SUDAN’S BLUE AND BLACK GOLD: FUELLING CONFLICT OR FOSTERING COOPERATION IN A FRAGILE ENVIRONMENT HANNAH MOOSA .................................................................................................................. 28 3. ANTICIPATING THE BIRTH OF A NEW BORDER: CROSS-BORDER MIGRATION AND THE CHALLENGE OF AVOIDING DE-STABILISATION ANEESA WALJI ..................................................................................................................... 66 4. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING: DECENTRALISATION AND CREATING CAPACITY FOR THE GOVERNING STRUCTURES OF SOUTHERN SUDAN EMILIE DESROSIERS............................................................................................................ 76 5. TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE FOR SOUTHERN SUDAN LAURA BRITTAIN .................................................................................................................. 87 6. REGIONAL ACTORS AND THE NORTH-SOUTH CONFLICT IN SUDAN: ASSESSING THE PAST AND LOOKING FORWARD TO THE REFERENDUM AND BEYOND SEMIR YUSUF ....................................................................................................................... 99 CONTRIBUTORS Laura Brittain, JD Student, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto Emilie DesRosiers, MA Student, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto Dan Moore, JD Student, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto Hannah Moosa, PhD Student, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto Aneesa Walji, JD Student, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto Semir Yusuf Teshale, PhD Student, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto INTRODUCTION: “INDEPENDENCE IS MORE THAN SECESSION” Southern Sudan: Secession on the Horizon Sudan is a country whose people are divided along religious, ethnic and tribal lines. Competition over natural resources1 and a British colonial policy of indigenous administration only strengthened such divides.2 Wars have been and continue to be fought along such lines of identification. In addition to the violence in Darfur and the East, there is a long history of violence between the North and South. Sudan’s second North-South civil war, a twenty-two year conflict that killed at least two million people, and displaced roughly four million more, came to an official end on January 9th, 2005.3 The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)4 was the product of thirty months of negotiations between the Southern-based Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) and the National Congress Party (NCP) government of Sudan, a Northern Nile Valley-based “coalition of Islamist, commercial and security interests” that has been in power since a coup in 1989.5 The CPA outlined a six-year process intended to reconcile the forces that had fuelled the civil war: the North’s coercive centralization of political authority, disputes over ownership of natural resources; policies that consolidated the centre’s power by inciting and facilitating sectarian violence in the South; and a general Southern alienation partially rooted in its cultural distinctiveness from the North. The goal of the CPA was to foster unity by promoting respect for human rights, broad-based social justice, fairness in the distribution of wealth and political power, autonomous Southern governance, and reconciliation between North and South.6 Key events envisioned for the period between 2005 and 2011 included the adoption of an interim constitution, which occurred on July 9th, 2005; a census, which was completed in July 2009, two years behind schedule; processes of national reconciliation, which have seen little to no progress; and a national election.7 This election, which was to have occurred by July 2009 but was delayed until April 2010, was designed to be the central event of the interim period, cementing the legitimacy of the CPA and Sudan’s political leaders, fostering national identity and allowing the participation of those excluded from CPA negotiations.8 However, the withdrawal of the SPLM/A candidate, election irregularities and the general political climate has left limited possibilities for the promotion of national unity. Many of these difficulties of implementation have flowed from the tension between building unity and guaranteeing Southern autonomy. In the CPA, this tension was addressed through a “safety valve” for the South: a referendum on secession that must be held before the 1 “Conflict and the Environment” Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch (June 2007), online: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) <http://www.unep.org/>. 2 Douglas Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars (USA: Indiana University Press, 2003) at 11-13. 3 Johan Brosche, “Sharing Power – Enabling Peace?” (Uppsala: Uppsala University and the United Nations, 2009) at 19, online: < http://www.pcr.uu.se/pcr_doc/other_pub/Sharing%20Power.pdf>; “Sudan: Displaced caught in the crossfire” IRIN (accessed 3 April 2010), online: <http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=41 &ReportId=71000&Country=Yes>. 4 Online: United Nations Mission in Sudan, <http://unmis.unmissions.org/Portals/UNMIS/Documents/General/cpa-en.pdf> [CPA]. 5 Edward Thomas, “Decisions and Deadlines: A Critical Year for Sudan” (London: Chatham House, January 2010) at v, online: <http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/823/>; Edward Thomas, “Against the Gathering Storm: Securing Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement” (London: Chatham House, January 2009) at 6, online: <http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/688/>. 6 Thomas, “Decisions”, ibid. at v and 1-2; Thomas, “Gathering Storm”, ibid. at 6 and 9 7 United Nations Security Council, “Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan”, S/2005/579 (12 September 2005) at para. 3. 8 Thomas, “Decisions”, supra note 5 at ix and 1-2; Thomas, “Gathering Storm”, supra note 5 at 16 and 18. Introduction: Independence is more than Secession 5 end of the interim period.9 The right of the people of Southern Sudan to a referendum was first posited by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in its 1994 Declaration of Principles10, which was “inspired” by what appeared at the time to be Eritrea’s peaceful secession from Ethiopia.11 The right was incorporated into both the CPA and the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan (INC).12 Section 219 of the INC provides that “the people of Southern Sudan shall have the right to self-determination through a referendum to determine their future status.” Voters must be given the choice between secession and continued unity within the general framework of the CPA.13 This referendum must occur on or before January 9th, 201114; it is currently scheduled for January 3rd. Secession, however, was not the focus of the CPA and the INC, which contain few provisions relating to Southern self-determination. The project was one focused on building national unity through elaborate arrangements for reconciliation, the recognition of diversity, and the protection of Southern autonomy through such measures as devolution of powers and legal pluralism. Unity was also the stated goal of the political leaders who drafted and entered into the CPA.15 John Garang, then leader of the SPLM/A, and one of the CPA’s chief intellectual architects, was a passionate advocate for transforming “Old Sudan” into a “New Sudan” that would be united through values of justice and democracy.16 Garang died accidentally on 30th July 2005, shortly after being sworn in as Sudan’s First Vice-President.17 Unity became less attractive for Southern Sudan after his passing: Garang had been viewed as a possible Presidential candidate with the potential for holding national support, and the only Southern leader who could successfully negotiate with the NCP.18 Although the CPA survived his death, its implementation in subsequent years has stalled. NCP tactics have been perceived, particularly by the public in Southern Sudan, as intentionally obstructionist. Cooperation between the NCP and the SPLM/A has degraded into a bitter stalemate, where the passage of much-needed legislation and implementation of key steps in the CPA timetable have been delayed by the parties’ zero-sum attitudes.19 President Omar al-Bashir has been forced into a defensive stance by the International Criminal Court’s indictment. As a result of these frustrating difficulties, the goal of national unity has fallen by the wayside. Among the SPLM/A leadership, those who support secession now openly express their preference, while many of those who originally supported unity have given up this hope. NCP leaders, including
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RVI Electoral Designs.Pdf
    Electoral Designs Proportionality, representation, and constituency boundaries in Sudan’s 2010 elections Marc Gustafson Electoral Designs | 1 Electoral Designs Proportionality, representation, and constituency boundaries in Sudan’s 2010 elections Marc Gustafson Date 2010 Publisher Rift Valley Institute Editor Emily Walmsley Designer Scend www.scend.co.uk Cover image Jin-ho Chung ISBN 978-1-907431-01-2 Rights Published under Creative Commons license Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Contents List of tables and figures 4 About the Rift Valley Institute 5 About the author 5 Acknowledgements 6 Acronyms 6 Summary 7 I. Introduction 8 II. Electoral design in other post-conflict African countries 10 III. Sudan’s mixed electoral system 13 IV. Creating electoral constituencies 16 V. Conclusion 42 Appendix 46 Bibliography 64 List of tables and figures Tables Table 1 Electoral systems of African states 11 Table 2 Sudan’s elections and corresponding electoral systems 15 Table 3 Formulas for calculating the number of National Assembly constituencies for each state 19 Table 4 Distribution of constituencies and National Assembly seats 20 Table 5 Party and women’s list seats 22 Figures Figure 1 Allocation of National Legislative Assembly seats 15 Figure 2 Regional distribution of seats 24 Figure 3 Hand-marked corrections of population figures on the boundary reports for Kassala, Blue Nile, and Lakes States 29 Figure 4 Geographical constituencies of North Darfur 33 Figure 5 Description of constituency 32 (south Dabib and north Abyei) 35 4 | Electoral Designs About the Rift Valley Institute The Rift Valley Institute is a non-profit research, education and advocacy organization operating in Sudan, the Horn of Africa, East Africa, and the Great Lakes.
    [Show full text]
  • In Southern Sudan
    ‘Land belongs to the community’: Demystifying the ‘global land grab’ in Southern Sudan David K Deng LDPI Working Paper ‘Land belongs to the community’: Demystifying the ‘global land grab’ in Southern Sudan by David K Deng Published by: The Land Deal Politics Initiative www.iss.nl/ldpi [email protected] in collaboration with: Institute for Development Studies (IDS) University of Sussex Library Road Brighton, BN1 9RE United Kingdom Tel: +44 1273 606261 Fax: +44 1273 621202 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ids.ac.uk Initiatives in Critical Agrarian Studies (ICAS) International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Tel: +31 70 426 0664 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.iss.nl/icas The Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) School of Government, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17 Bellville 7535, Cape Town South Africa Tel: +27 21 959 3733 Fax: +27 21 959 3732 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.plaas.org.za The Polson Institute for Global Development Department of Development Sociology Cornell University 133 Warren Hall Ithaca NY 14853 United States of America Tel: +1 607 255-3163 Fax: +1 607 254-2896 E-mail: [email protected] Website: polson.cals.cornell.edu © February 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the publisher and the author. Published with support from the UK Department for International Development (DfID), Atlantic Philanthropies, Inter‐Church Organization for Development Cooperation (ICCO), Ford Foundation and Miserior.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Name 2 History
    Sudan This article is about the country. For the geographical two civil wars and the War in the Darfur region. Sudan region, see Sudan (region). suffers from poor human rights most particularly deal- “North Sudan” redirects here. For the Kingdom of North ing with the issues of ethnic cleansing and slavery in the Sudan, see Bir Tawil. nation.[18] For other uses, see Sudan (disambiguation). i as-Sūdān /suːˈdæn/ or 1 Name السودان :Sudan (Arabic /suːˈdɑːn/;[11]), officially the Republic of the Sudan[12] Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), is an Arab The country’s place name Sudan is a name given to a جمهورية السودان :Arabic) republic in the Nile Valley of North Africa, bordered by geographic region to the south of the Sahara, stretching Egypt to the north, the Red Sea, Eritrea and Ethiopia to from Western to eastern Central Africa. The name de- the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African or “the ,(بلاد السودان) rives from the Arabic bilād as-sūdān Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya lands of the Blacks", an expression denoting West Africa to the northwest. It is the third largest country in Africa. and northern-Central Africa.[19] The Nile River divides the country into eastern and west- ern halves.[13] Its predominant religion is Islam.[14] Sudan was home to numerous ancient civilizations, such 2 History as the Kingdom of Kush, Kerma, Nobatia, Alodia, Makuria, Meroë and others, most of which flourished Main article: History of Sudan along the Nile River. During the predynastic period Nu- bia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were identical, simulta- neously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 [15] BC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Sudan How the West Lost, and China Gained Influence
    The Case of Sudan How the West Lost, and China Gained Influence Peter Bang, Copenhagen Business School Date: 02.03.2015 Master of Science in International Business and Politics Supervisor: Anna Leander Number of Pages: 79 STU Count: 175,036 Table of Content List of figures .................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5 Current Literature ........................................................................................................................... 6 Research Question .......................................................................................................................... 8 Thesis Outline ................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: International Relations and the English School ...................................................... 10 The English School ........................................................................................................................ 10 International
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan Stakeholder Dialogues: Options for Economic Stabilization, Recovery and Inclusive Growth
    Briefing note Ahmed Soliman Africa Programme | October 2019 Sudan Stakeholder Dialogues Options for Economic Stabilization, Recovery and Inclusive Growth Foreword by HE Dr Abdalla Hamdok, Prime Minister of the Republic of Sudan Sudan Stakeholder Dialogues: Options for Economic Stabilization, Recovery and Inclusive Growth About the Sudan Stakeholder Dialogues series The Chatham House Africa Programme designed the Sudan Stakeholder Dialogues series to help identify the factors that have led to the current economic crisis, the immediate steps that need to be taken to avert collapse and stabilize the economy, and the longer-term structural reforms required to set Sudan on the path to recovery. The project is funded by Humanity United. Three private roundtable meetings were convened in the first quarter of 2019, with the aim of generating informed and constructive new thinking on policy options and reforms that could help Sudan build a more economically prosperous, stable and inclusive nation. The Sudan Stakeholder Dialogues series was held under the Chatham House Rule. 1 From the outset, the project sought to offer a neutral space for discussion to policymakers and influencers from a broad range of backgrounds: Sudanese government officials, opposition figures, economists, experts on Sudan’s political economy and governance, civil society figures, representatives of international financial institutions, and other international policymakers. The Chatham House Africa Programme would like to thank all participants for their valuable insights and contributions to this project. This paper draws together the key themes and findings from each of the three roundtables, ranging from broad structural economic issues to sector-specific priority interventions. It presents options and recommendations for Sudanese leaders, including the transitional government, in support of building a more economically prosperous, peaceful and inclusive nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Vallis Group Limited, Vallis House, 57 Vallis Road, Frome, Somerset, BA11 3EG, England  +44-(0)-1373-453-970 Incorporated in England: Company Registration No
    Sudan SUDAN IS LOCATED IN NORTHEASTERN AFRICA. IT IS THE TENTH LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. SUDAN IS BORDERED BY SEVEN COUNTRIES AND THE RED SEA. IT HAS A LONG HISTORY OF CIVIL WARS AS WELL AS POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INSTABILITY. Page 1 of 18 Vallis Group Limited, Vallis House, 57 Vallis Road, Frome, Somerset, BA11 3EG, England +44-(0)-1373-453-970 Incorporated in England: Company Registration No. 04524501 | www.vallis-group.com | [email protected] Official Named: Republic of the Sudan (Jumhuriyat Total Population: 42,337,000 people (2019 est.) as-Sudan) Distribution: Urban 35.5% - Rural 64.5% (2019) Location: Northeast African country bordering the Population projection: 59,000,000 (2050) Red Sea to the northeast. • Bordered by Egypt, Libya, Chad, Cameroon, Capital City: Khartoum South Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea • The White Nile and the Blue Nile are the two • The Red Sea is the lowest point in Sudan with tributaries of the Nile. They merge at Khartoum, Deriba Caldera being the highest point at an becoming the Nile River before flowing into elevation of 3,042m. Egypt. • The origin of the city name is unknown but is believed to be derived from the Arabic word ‘khartum’ meaning ‘trunk’ due to the narrow strip of land between the Blue and White Niles. • With a hot desert climate, the city is often considered one of the hottest major cities in the world. • Sudan was once the largest and most geographically diverse state in Africa. it was split into two countries in July 2011. It is now the third largest country in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Darfur, Sudan: the Responsibility to Protect
    House of Commons International Development Committee Darfur, Sudan: The responsibility to protect Fifth Report of Session 2004–05 Volume I HC 67-I House of Commons International Development Committee Darfur, Sudan: The responsibility to protect Fifth Report of Session 2004–05 Volume I Report, together with formal minutes Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 16 March 2005 HC 67-I Published on 30 March 2005 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 The International Development Committee The International Development Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Department for International Development and its associated public bodies. Current membership Tony Baldry MP (Conservative, Banbury) (Chairman) John Barrett MP (Liberal Democrat, Edinburgh West) Mr John Battle MP (Labour, Leeds West) Hugh Bayley MP (Labour, City of York) Mr John Bercow MP (Conservative, Buckingham) Ann Clwyd MP (Labour, Cynon Valley) Mr Tony Colman MP (Labour, Putney) Mr Quentin Davies MP (Conservative, Grantham and Stamford) Mr Piara S Khabra MP (Labour, Ealing Southall) Chris McCafferty MP (Labour, Calder Valley) Tony Worthington MP (Labour, Clydebank and Milngavie) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk Publications The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at www.parliament.uk/indcom Committee staff The staff of the Committee are Alistair Doherty (Clerk), Hannah Weston (Second Clerk), Alan Hudson and Anna Dickson (Committee Specialists), Katie Phelan (Committee Assistant), Jennifer Steele (Secretary) and Philip Jones (Senior Office Clerk).
    [Show full text]
  • Visitor's Guide in Sudan
    VISITOR’S GUIDE IN SUDAN About World Vision World Vision is an international Christian humanitarian, development and advocacy organisation. Our work began in the 1950s, with one man-Bob Pierce- who committed to help one child in one country with just $5. Bob Pierce, a preacher and war correspondent witnessed tragedy and poverty as he helped missionaries across Asia. Today World Vision has operations in nearly 100 countries worldwide responding to the call of serving the world’s most vulnerable regardless of religion, race, ethnicity, or gender. In Sudan World Vision has been responding to the Darfur crisis since June 2004. World Vision has programmes in South Darfur and Blue Nile states with interventions in food assistance, health and nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene, food security and sustainable livelihoods and education. Our work in South Darfur accounts for approximately 80 per cent of the total annual budget. Our vision Our vision for every child, life in all its fullness; Our prayer for every heart, the will to make it so 2 Our Child well-being aspirations Our work centers around four strategic goals to improve the well-being of children: World Vision wants all children to: Enjoy good health Be educated for life Live in harmony with, and love their neighbours Be loved, cared for and participating Funding for World Vision in Sudan World Vision Sudan operations are funded through donations from individual private donors and public institutions such as multilateral organisations, UN and government agencies. Some of our major donors include: Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, European Union, European Commission on Humanitarian Aid (ECHO), UK’s Department for International Aid (DFID), Canada’s department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Act (DFATD), Government of Germany, Irish Aid, World Food Program, UNICEF, UN Development Program and Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO).
    [Show full text]
  • Darfur: in Search of Peace Exploring Viable Solutions to the Darfur Crisis
    human rights & human welfare a forum for works in progress working paper no. 50 Darfur: In Search of Peace Exploring Viable Solutions to the Darfur Crisis Prepared and Presented by: Dr. George Shepherd Dr. Peter Van Arsdale Negin Sobhani Nicole Tanner Frederick Agyeman‐Duah Please direct all feedback to: [email protected] Posted on 5 January 2009 http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/working/2009/50‐ATADarfur‐2009.pdf © Africa Today Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. This paper may be freely circulated in electronic or hard copy provided it is not modified in any way, the rights of the author not infringed, and the paper is not quoted or cited without express permission of the author. The editors cannot guarantee a stable URL for any paper posted here, nor will they be responsible for notifying others if the URL is changed or the paper is taken off the site. Electronic copies of this paper may not be posted on any other website without express permission of the author. The posting of this paper on the hrhw working papers website does not constitute any position of opinion or judgment about the contents, arguments or claims made in the paper by the editors. For more information about the hrhw working papers series or website, please visit the site online at http://www.du.edu/gsis/hrhw/working Darfur: In Search of Peace 2 DDAARRFFUURR:: IINN SSEEAARRCCHH OOFF PPEEAACCEE EExxpplloorriinngg VViiaabbllee SSoolluuttiioonnss ttoo tthhee DDaarrffuurr CCrriissiiss REPORT OF A CONSULTATION HELD IN NAIROBI, KENYA, EAST AFRICA JUNE 9­11, 2008 PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Information on Treatment of Political Activists by Omar Hassan Ahmad Al
    COI QUERY Country of Origin Sudan Main subject Information on treatment of political activists by Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir’s government between January 2018 and August 2019 Question(s) Treatment of opposition/activists and targeting Protestors including university students Date of completion 16 June 2020 Query Code Q12-2020 Contributing EU+ COI -- units (if applicable) Disclaimer This response to a COI query has been elaborated according to the EASO COI Report Methodology and EASO Writing and Referencing Guide. The information provided in this response has been researched, evaluated and processed with utmost care within a limited time frame. All sources used are referenced. A quality review has been performed in line with the above mentioned methodology. This document does not claim to be exhaustive neither conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to international protection. If a certain event, person or organisation is not mentioned in the report, this does not mean that the event has not taken place or that the person or organisation does not exist. Terminology used should not be regarded as indicative of a particular legal position. The information in the response does not necessarily reflect the opinion of EASO and makes no political statement whatsoever. The target audience is caseworkers, COI researchers, policy makers, and decision making authorities. The answer was finalised on the 16 June 2020. Any event taking place after this date is not included in this answer. 1 COI QUERY RESPONSE Information on treatment of political activists by Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir’s government between January 2018 and August 2019 1.
    [Show full text]
  • International
    international 11 SUDAN: A COUNTRY DIVIDED Graham Saul, from Canada, was a visiting researcher at the Institute. He left South Africa on the 25 August 1993. He is presently studying International Politics at the MacGill University in Montreal. INTRODUCTION This Update will shed some light on a silent war that is often unnoticed in the international press. The first During 1991 and early 1992 the Sudanese government began section will discuss some general facts about Sudan, and the evicting people from the squatter camps that circle the second will provide a brief historical overview of the causes country's capital of Khartoum. Close to half a million of the civil war. The third and fourth sections will deal squatters were taken from their homes at gunpoint and with the southern and northern forces respectively, and the dumped in camps far out in the Sudanese desert with little fifth section will cover the plight of the Nuba people who access to food, water, or sanitary facilities. At least a dozen have been the innocent victims of the war. Finally, the last people were shot in December alone as they attempted to section will discuss the current situation in Sudan as prevent the government from bulldozing their makeshift northern forces continue an offensive in the south. homes. According to Khartoum, the owners wish to reclaim the land, but the real reason lies in the fact that the vast majority of squatters are refugees from one of Africa's most SUDAN destructive civil wars. Christian or animist in religion (making up almost 40 percent of the country's population), Examining the economy and infrastructure of Sudan they come predominantly from the three southern provinces provides valuable insight into the extent of devastation that of Bahr al-Ghazal, Equatoria, and Upper Nile.
    [Show full text]
  • 120 Towards Sudan Investment
    International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume: 3 | Issue: 2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470 Towards Sudan Investment Map Sahar Ismael Mohieldeen 1, Adil M. A. Elsinnari 2 1Lecturer of Surveying, 2Associate Professor of Surveying 1Faculty of Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan 2Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan ABSTRACT This paper aims to identify the toward of the Sudan investment map, and accordingly the concept of investment, investment map and investment in Sudan has been identified. In order to obtain an investment map for Sudan, it is necessary to pass through five phase these are inception modelling, conceptual modelling, logic modelling, physical modelling and representation modelling. The general framework for obtaining the investment map for Sudan and the mold to be put in it has been reached. Keywords: Sudan, Investment, Investment Map, Inception Modelling, Conceptual Modelling, Logic Modelling, Physical Modelling, Representation Modelling 1. INTRODUCTION The Republic of the Sudan (Figure 1) it is located in the Khartoum State the smallest state by area is the most north-east of the African continent, bordered to the north by populous state. It contains the country's largest city by Egypt, from south by South Sudan, from the east by Eritrea population, Omdurman, Khartoum North and the city of and Ethiopia, and from the West by Central African Republic Khartoum, which is the capital of the state as well as the and Chad. The area of Sudan is approximately about national capital of the Republic of Sudan.
    [Show full text]