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The Case of Sudan How the West Lost, and China Gained Influence

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The Case of Sudan How the West Lost, and China Gained Influence The Case of Sudan How the West Lost, and China Gained Influence Peter Bang, Copenhagen Business School Date: 02.03.2015 Master of Science in International Business and Politics Supervisor: Anna Leander Number of Pages: 79 STU Count: 175,036 Table of Content List of figures .................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5 Current Literature ........................................................................................................................... 6 Research Question .......................................................................................................................... 8 Thesis Outline ................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: International Relations and the English School ...................................................... 10 The English School ........................................................................................................................ 10 International system, international society and world society .................................................... 13 International System ................................................................................................................ 14 International Society ................................................................................................................ 14 World Society ........................................................................................................................... 15 The English School in This Thesis .................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 3: Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 18 Philosophical Positioning .............................................................................................................. 18 Ontology ................................................................................................................................... 19 Epistemology ............................................................................................................................ 21 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 23 Data Collection ............................................................................................................................. 24 Case Selection ............................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 4: Conflict in Sudan ......................................................................................................... 27 First Sudanese Civil War (1955-1972)........................................................................................... 28 Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005) ...................................................................................... 30 Conflict in Darfur (2003-present) ................................................................................................. 37 South Sudanese Civil War ............................................................................................................. 42 Chapter 5: Sudan and the Rest of the World ............................................................................. 45 Sudan and the West ..................................................................................................................... 45 China and Africa............................................................................................................................ 51 Non-interference ...................................................................................................................... 54 China in Sudan .............................................................................................................................. 55 1 Oil for Arms ............................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 6: The Case of Sudan and the English School .............................................................. 66 International System .................................................................................................................... 67 International Society .................................................................................................................... 70 World Society ............................................................................................................................... 73 Sudan turns east ........................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 7: Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 78 References ...................................................................................................................................... 80 List of figures Figure 1.Visual outline and structure Figure 2.The classic ‘Three Traditions’ model of the English School Figure 3. Confirmed damaged and destroyed villages in Darfur February 2003 – December 2010 Figure 4. Conflict incidents in 2014 and casualties Figure 5. Map of Sudan’s oil fields and blocks Figure 6. Sudan’s oil export partners (2005-9) Figure 7. China’s oil imports Figure 8. China’s trade with Sudan Figure 9. Development in trade between China and Sudan 2 Abstract Since the Revolution of National Salvation in Sudan in 1989, Sino-Sudanese relations have developed and China is today one of Sudan’s closest allies throughout the international society. However, recent years have showed that China’s presence in Sudan and other African countries is not unilaterally positive. It has been confirmed that Chinese designed and manufactured arms have been used in the genocide in Darfur, circumventing the UN embargo. This thesis offers a historical explanation for the emergence of Sino-Sudanese relations. It also offers an explanation for the inability of Western Sanctions to prevent genocide and human rights violations in Darfur. Using the English School of International Relations, this thesis will argue that the China’s influential emerge has been a result of domestic and foreign factors. Sudan suffered from internal conflict already before obtaining independence in 1956. This thesis will argue that internal unrest has determined the leadership in Khartoum and been central for Sudan’s turn towards China. While internal conflict is central for understanding Sudan’s foreign policy. This thesis will show that internal conflicts have also been influenced by, initially Western and subsequently, Chinese involvement in Sudan. Lastly, it will be argued that Western values, with regard to human rights, have caused the international society to adopt an unconditional approach towards al-Bashir’s regime in Khartoum. This approach has not only been ineffectual in preventing arms from entering Darfur. It has failed to facilitate peace in Sudan and it has also pushed al-Bashir away from the West. As such, this thesis will argue that foreign policy can be explained through interplay between countries as rational and socialised actors. 3 Acronyms ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AU African Union CNPC China National Petroleum Corporation CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik DUP Democratic Unionist Party EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct investment GNPOC Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company ICC International Criminal Court IMF International Monetary Fund IR International Relations IS-SOR Internal Security-Security of the Revolution JEM Justice Equality Movement LJM Liberation Justice Movement MIC Military Industry Corporation NASC National Alliance for the Salvation of the Country NGO Non-governmental Organisation NIF National Islamic Front NORINCO China North Industries Corporation ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation PLO Palestinian Liberation Organisation RCC Revolutionary Command Council SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SACDNU Sudan African Closed District National Union SCP Sudanese Communist Party SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SLM/A Sudan Liberation Movement/Army SPLM/A Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army SPLM-IO SPLM-in-Opposition TMC Transitional Military Council UN United Nations UNMISS United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNROCA United Nation Register of Conventional Arms US United States WHO World Health Organisation WTO World Trade Organisation 4 Chapter 1: Introduction Chinese involvements around the globe have in recent years generated increasing attention in Western media. Especially China’s engagement and investments in the African continent have gathered much
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