NLFXXX10.1177/1095796017744778New Labor ForumGleeson and Sampat 744778research-article2017

New Labor Forum 2018, Vol. 27(1) 86 –95 Immigrant Resistance in the Copyright © 2017, The Murphy Institute, City University of New York Age of Trump Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1095796017744778 10.1177/1095796017744778 journals.sagepub.com/home/nlf

Shannon Gleeson1 and Prerna Sampat2

Keywords democracy, immigrant workers, labor, politics, racism

When Donald J. Trump ran for, and won, the administration has been a solidification of U.S. presidency, a key part of his platform was the enforcement first policies, based on a racist and constant vilification of immigrant, and espe- xenophobic platform that frequently invokes cially undocumented, communities. His cam- long-held narratives about migrant criminality paign speeches often featured racist tirades, and economic burden. including his insistence that Mexico is sending The rise of Trump has provoked unprece- “bad hombres,” and his call for “a total and dented mobilizations across social movements complete shutdown of Muslims entering the in response to the vile rhetoric that often accom- United States.” Nearly a year after his election, panies Trump’s justification for his bigotry. Yet, changes in immigration policy under the Trump in this response, many advocates have failed to administration have been profound, even in tie the current era to previous decades of anti- light of the devastation that the Obama admin- immigrant policies, and are often complicit istration wrought for immigrants and their fam- with simplistic narratives of American identity, ilies. The most repressive of these changes too often a flattening of immigrant life into one- include a vast expansion of the groups priori- dimensional narratives that seldom reflect its tized for deportation,1 a more aggressive arrest complex and dynamic realities. As immigrants strategy at places previously considered safe,2 a face a dramatic escalation of repression, an plan to hire fifteen thousand more immigration immigrant rights movement finds itself at a agents,3 a broad ban on refugees and even basic crossroads with regard to both a struggle for travel (including from several majority-Muslim internal unity and the need to strengthen coali- countries),4 and the creation of an office of tions with allied organizations. Victims of Immigrant Crime Enforcement.5 Immigrant Rights Organizations’ As immigrants face a dramatic Disparate Roles and Tendencies escalation of repression, an immigrant rights movement finds To speak of a single immigrant rights movement itself at a crossroads . . . is to ignore the many diverging experiences and interests within immigrant communities in the United States—even among undocumented immi- Most recently, Trump directed his Attorney grants. Some organizations, such as the National General Jeff Sessions to rescind the Deferred Immigration Law Center, American Immigration Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) pro- Lawyers Association, and the Immigrant Legal gram, initiated under President Obama in 2012. With that announcement, eight hundred thou- sand young people who had received short- 1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA term deportation relief and work authorization 2Cornell University, New York, NY, USA now face a return to their lives as undocumented Corresponding Author: individuals. In sum, the trajectory of the Trump Shannon Gleeson, [email protected] 88 New Labor Forum 27(1)

Resource Center, play an important role in program, which had been stalled in the courts, defending migrants in detention. And at the many in the immigrant rights movement helm of litigation to challenge Trump’s policy resumed a call for legalization for all. When are groups like the Mexican American Legal DACA was rescinded in September 2017, immi- Defense and Educational Fund, and the grant student groups such as United We Dream American Civil Liberties Union.6 Policy balanced a nuanced message between calling reformers, too, such as the Migration Policy for the passage of a renewed DREAM Act and a Institute and the Center for American Progress, rejection of racist enforcement-first provisions, have challenged Trump’s policies, most often while continuing to push for a solution that by providing demographic and legal analyses to would benefit their families, too.9 For example, confront dominant narratives of criminality and in a statement to this end, the Orange County fiscal drain. Immigrant Youth United group issued a call to Meanwhile, thousands of formal nonprofits “fight to keep the (DACA) program alive” but and informal networks provide the bedrock of also “continue to fight for the community mem- immigrant resistance to Trump. This work is bers that are not covered under DACA.” They carried out by advocacy organizations, such as resolved, “We will continue to fight for our the New York Immigration Coalition and the community members with criminal convictions various rapid response networks in communi- and will not throw our parents under the bus to ties across the country, poised to respond to make ourselves more deserving.”10 immigration enforcement activity. In addition, Beyond calls for federal reform, immigrant there are decentralized volunteer-run organiz- rights activists in the Trump era have had to ing networks that rely on digital communica- contend with the long-standing role of local tion, such as Movimiento Cosecha, launched in police in facilitating enforcement actions. The the summer of 2015 and aiming to create a sanctuary city debate, which had been belea- “nonviolent movement fighting for permanent guered even during the Obama era in the wake protection, dignity, and respect for the 11 mil- of several high-profile crimes by undocumented lion undocumented immigrants in the United individuals, became front and center once again States,” while leveraging “the power of immi- when the Trump administration began threaten- grant labor and consumption.”7 Student groups, ing to pull funding from cities that refused to too, have taken the lead, particularly United We cooperate. Meanwhile, New York City Mayor Dream, made up of over one hundred thousand de Blasio announced local funding to provide immigrant youth and allies, and fifty-five affili- legal support to those immigrants caught in the ate organizations in twenty-six states. Trump immigration dragnet, while also refus- Transnational immigrant rights groups have ing to extend this public support to those con- also started to connect the concerns of multiple victed of 170 different crimes.11 constituents. For example, Alianza Americas led the Save TPS (Temporary Protected Status) . . . [D]espite Mayor de Blasio’s campaign after it was announced that the ardent statements in support of Department of Homeland Security would reduce the allotted time in the United States for DACA, dozens were arrested for Haitian TPS holders down to six months—and blocking traffic in protest of the was considering the elimination of the TPS pro- program’s termination. gram altogether. As the security of DACA became more uncertain, the group issued calls Activists responded critically to the legacy to both Save TPS and Save DACA.8 The impor- of local broken windows policing efforts that tance of this shift was to reject the exceptional- made immigrants more vulnerable to detention ity of “DREAMers” while also embracing the and deportation, despite declarations of sanctu- rights of immigrants such as their parents. ary city status from several jurisdictions such as Similarly, when the Trump administration for- New York City.12 Similarly, despite Mayor de mally and predictably sidelined the beleaguered Blasio’s ardent statements in support of DACA, Deferred Action for Parental Accountability dozens were arrested for blocking traffic in Gleeson and Sampat 89 protest of the program’s termination.13 Immigration campaign by groups, including the National enforcement efforts targeting Central American Education Association.18 That same month, schoolchildren considered a deportable threat DACA recipient Daniela Vargas was detained have also received the full cooperation of exist- after speaking at an event organized by the ing school police presence, to the indignation of Mississippi Immigrant Rights Alliance.19 She, civil rights groups.14 These actions raise critical too, was released, with a deportation order still questions regarding the role of the police in in place, after an ultimately successful commu- sanctuary cities. nity and social media action campaign. These advocacy organizations have Immigrant organizations seeking to respond employed a wide array of tactics including a to the increased demonization of immigrants and now routinized, even predictable, series of augmented threats to their daily lives have found annual May Day rallies demanding congressio- themselves diverging in the following ways: nal action. These rallies—albeit smaller than in 2006 when the proposed Sensenbrenner bill, 1. Some groups continue to count on well- which would have criminalized efforts to assist worn appeals to immigration as central to undocumented immigrants in need of food, the country’s founding, while others argue housing, and medical services—turned out an that this perspective erases America’s rac- unprecedented number of advocates to the ist history of African enslavement and streets, took on a new sense of urgency in 2017 Native American genocide.20 These crit- following Trump’s election. As the Trump pres- ics also argue that this sort of selective idency has progressed, activists have adopted a history-telling also hinders valuable alli- range of creative tactics with a strong social ances with communities of color. media component. Following the rescission of 2. Some organizations hew closely to a DACA, a group of “DREAMers” joined by depiction of the “exceptional immi- Coloradan immigrant rights activist Jeanette grant,” singularly law-abiding, espe- Vizguerra initiated a fast at the capitol building cially hard working, and an asset to, in Washington;15 meanwhile a crowd gathered rather than a drain on, the economy, in front of Trump Tower to denounce the pro- while others challenge the notion of the gram’s termination.16 exceptional immigrant on the grounds that it holds immigrants to an unfair and Some groups . . . count on well-worn unrealistic higher standard.21 This appeals to immigration as central nearly unreachable standard, advocates to the country’s founding, while argue, not only implicitly pits “good” others argue that this perspective immigrants against “bad” immigrants but also sets immigrants in opposition erases America’s racist history of to all poor and criminalized communi- African enslavement and Native ties and invokes a problematic narrative American genocide. of anti-blackness. 3. Immigrant groups also differ on the Such immigrant resistance in the Trump extent to which they are prepared to regime represents a continuation—albeit an reject ubiquitous forms of Islamophobia amplification—of decades of work. This new in the name of homeland security. era, however, is also characterized by intensi- However, the rallying cry “No, Ban, No fied repression against immigrant rights activ- Wall” originated with the airport pro- ists. In March 2017, for example, migrant dairy tests after Trump’s initial “Muslim worker activists Enrique Balcazar and Zully Ban” executive order, reflecting a sig- Palacios were arrested by Immigration and nificant development in Muslim–Latinx Customs Enforcement (ICE) while leaving the solidarity. Migrant Justice office in Burlington.17 Both immigrant rights leaders were ultimately released These ideological disparities can also be seen following an aggressive public advocacy among artists who engage on these issues. For 90 New Labor Forum 27(1) example, last summer, in the wake of his award- Bland, who was violently detained during a traf- winning musical Hamilton, Lin-Manual Miranda fic stop and later died in detention, scholars and released a video heralding how Immigrants Get activists have drawn a very clear connection the Job Done, which detailed the economic cen- between the police violence experienced by trality of immigrant labor and brilliance. While black women and other women of color, includ- most individuals lauded the piece, more critical ing immigrants, and the LGBTQ community.28 voices in the immigrant rights movement Beyond university campuses, coalitions of rejected the well-intentioned attempt to render immigrant rights organizations, Black Lives immigrants as one-dimensional inevitable suc- Matter groups, and Trans Liberation activists cesses, incapable of failure.22 have been visible, even if not in the mainstream. In contrast, artists such as poet Yosimar For example, key leaders such as Jennicet Reyes and illustrator Julio Salgado have offered Gutiérrez have been critical to tying the bigotry a more complex version of queer undocu- of the Texas Senate Bill 3 “Bathroom Bill” to mented life, in particular. Social media series the racist intents of the Senate Bill 4 “Sanctuary such as Dreamers Adrift (co-created by Salgado Cities Act,” and were at the forefront of resis- and Jesús Iñiguez, core members of the collec- tance against the narrow formulation of DACA tive CultureStrike23) have created a “media and the campaign to End Trans Detention.29 platform for undocumented immigrants to tell our own stories in a creative and humanizing Immigrant groups . . . differ on the way that mainstream media was failing to do.”24 Similarly, the hash tag #UndocuJoy, a cam- extent to which they are prepared paign of Define American, combats “victimiz- to reject . . . Islamophobia in the ing representations of people who are name of homeland security. undocumented by flooding the media with authentic images of happiness.”25 Yet, within the immigrant community, much work remains for a full-throated rejection of the Strengthening Alliances well-entrenched narratives of Islamophobia in the name of homeland security. Trump’s initial Perhaps a further consequence of the Trump Muslim ban prompted scores of protests at major presidency, and its crude and unflinching brand airports (an innovative new tactic) and a deploy- of racist nationalism and xenophobia, has been ment of legal advocates to help shepherd travel- the clarification of the collective interests of ers out of detention. High-profile crimes against various communities in the face of blatant white mosques, assaults on hijab-wearing women supremacy. While by no means new, the unfil- walking home from prayers,30 the murders of a tered barrage of insults and refusal to outright Muslim teen,31 and two engineers perceived to denounce displays of racial violence (as became be Muslim just getting a drink at a bar32 have plain in the days after the deadly Charlottesville prompted swift responses from policy advocacy terror attack in August 2017) has presented a groups such as the Council on American–Islamic strategic opening in this regard. Relations and high-profile activists such as New Even though some tone-deaf liberal commen- Yorker Linda Sarsour. In the wake of these tators continue to appeal to “universalist poli- changes, and through efforts to advocate with tics” and eschew what has been disparagingly local officials around support for immigrant called “identity politics,” this does not seem to communities, more unified struggles between be the direction in which social justice organiza- Latinos and Muslims are arguably emerging.33 tions are moving.26 Epitomizing this trend were Immigrant rights leaders such as Chaumtoli the signs declaring “Black Lives Matter” and Huq have thus issued a call to the labor move- “No Human Is Illegal” waved side by side dur- ment to broaden its concerns beyond the “white ing the Destroy the Confederacy protest in working class” and also “to [be] prepared to downtown Houston in August 2017.27 And on protect and support each other as workers and the two-year anniversary of the death of Sandra fighting Islamophobia, [which] should be seen Gleeson and Sampat 91 as an integral part of . . . the larger tussle for with immigrants facing deportation. Some immi- democracy.”34 However, at present, the alli- grant rights activists have called on the AFL- ances between unions with largely Latino mem- CIO to expel police unions, who are seen to berships and other groups representing largely “staunchly defend [bad cops and fight] reforms Muslim workers are tenuous. Some unions with inflammatory rhetoric.”42 This demand have fought for basic religious accommoda- came on the heels of calls to expel the National tions, such as prayer time; at the same time, Border Patrol Council (NBPC), which repre- they have demanded wage increases for their sents fourteen thousand Border Patrol Agents.43 diverse membership in places like Seattle.35 Even so, while unions readily champion the Strategic Alliances and the economic utility of immigrant workers, the proc- Radical Flank lamations of the national labor federations against Islamophobia36 have more slowly trickled down Within these various tactics and narratives, there to individual affiliates, who are slow to respond has been a combined, multipronged effort of in the wake of attacks against their Muslim mem- resistance to the anti-immigrant policies of the bers.37 Some exceptions, however, are important Trump administration. Yet, in each, there are ten- to note. For example, in a historic statement of sions between “inside the beltway” approaches, solidarity, the president of the Minneapolis which favor legislative solutions and legal chal- Regional Labor Federation declared resistance lenges that focus on a narrow set of victories and solidarity with immigrants under attack.38 (like the DREAM Act and DACA), and more Similarly, in response to the murder of two good radical efforts, such as grassroots mobilization Samaritans responding to an attacker who tar- and direct action campaigns. Coordinated efforts, geted two young girls of color while screaming like United We Dream’s National Institutions anti-Muslim rants, the Amalgamated Transit Coming Out Day,44 have been a way to commu- Union Local 757 called for the strengthening of nicate resistance to the White House, while also anti-fascist and anti-racist organizing in an open holding local schools and universities account- letter to their membership and the Portland com- able to the needs of their students. And, beyond munity, while also rejecting an escalation of the petitions and declarations, there have been policing as a potential solution.39 more aggressive shows of support, such as the Even within unions with large white male dozens of Harvard professors recently arrested to memberships, where labor leaders have some- protest the DACA rescission.45 times been neutral to enthusiastic about the The resurrected version of the sanctuary move- Trump administration’s stance on immigration, ment, which has roots in the 1980s Central resistance has emerged. One of the clearest American solidarity movements and even further examples of this pushback has been in the back to slave abolition, has long been in place building trades, where leaders courted Trump through the Obama administration. However, a and his promise to build a wall and reduce legal more far-reaching version of sanctuary has immigration. When Trump delivered a speech emerged in some circles, calling for “sanctuary in at the North America’s Building Trades Unions your city, in your home, in your church, in your (NABTU) Legislative Conference in April school, from detention, from deportation, from 2017,40 several members of a diverse Southern displacement, from police violence.”46 This more California local protested with #RESIST emancipatory view of sanctuary highlights the signs.41 They were predictably met with “boos” irony of sanctuary cities, which “position them- and were kicked out for doing so. selves as a bulwark to protect undocumented resi- Activists have also responded critically to the dents’ rights,” while “in reality they leave ample legacy of local broken windows policing efforts opportunity for immigrants to be swept up by the that make immigrants more vulnerable to deten- deportation machine.”47 It also goes beyond the— tion and deportation, even in the context of sanc- arguably paternalistic—model adopted by many tuary narratives. They have called on the labor faith-based organizations of offering sanctuary to movement to stand more boldly in solidarity an innocent facing deportation. 92 New Labor Forum 27(1)

Within the mainstream immigrant rights of “We Are Not a Bargaining Chip,” “All of Us movements, disagreements over tactics have or None of Us,” and “All 11 Million.” When an emerged, with some students going as far as to activist speaking on behalf of the protest said, risk arrest, detention, and deportation, some- “you have the audacity to tell us that you have times even as an intentional strategy to organize been fighting deportations . . . ,” Pelosi asserted, in detained spaces.48 Similarly, the vestiges of “Yes . . . Yes, I am”; she was countered with a resistance to Obama’s “deporter-in-chief” leg- chant of “You are a liar.”51 acy have laid the groundwork for continued resistance in detention centers. For example, . . . [T]he radical flank of the the July 2017, hunger strike at the Adelanto immigrant youth movement is detention center in San Diego County was in increasingly rejecting the notion protest of “excessively high bail, inadequate medical care and bad food.”49 Yet, these tactics that legalization for some are a critical tool for groups organizing in com- must come at the cost of the munities under threat. In Philadelphia, for criminalization of many others. example, grassroots organization Juntos has launched a “Community Resistance Zone” While immigrant youth who shut down the campaign aimed at training residents “block by press conference made it clear that they trusted block” on how to resist proposed mass immi- neither Pelosi nor the White House, Pelosi reit- gration raids like the Trump administration’s erated to the media that Trump could be trusted recently announced “Operation Safe City.”50 to support legislation protecting DACA recipi- ents and went as far as saying that the president 52 All of Us or None of Us was “sincere and understanding.” In a Meet the Press interview, Pelosi also revealed that When the DREAM Act was first introduced in the compromise rested upon Democratic sup- 2001, it relied largely on a narrative of port for the hiring of ten thousand additional “DREAMer exceptionality,” or the idea that officers at the border.53 Less than a month later, college-bound immigrant youth who have not on October 8, Trump reneged on the so-called experienced criminalization are worthy of citi- agreement reached with Pelosi and Schumer zenship, while millions of others are not. In and released what have been widely character- defiance of such exclusionary strategies advo- ized as hard-line demands that include funding cated by the centrist liberals and conservatives, for construction of a border wall and a brutal the radical flank of the immigrant youth move- crackdown on sanctuary cities.54 ment is increasingly rejecting the notion that While the radical flank of the immigrant legalization for some must come at the cost of youth movement continues to be denigrated by the criminalization of many others. those still wedded to the frames of exceptional- In September 2017, House Minority Leader ity and criminality, these recent events demon- Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader strate its growing prescience and power. As Chuck Schumer declared that they had reached Iván Ceja, a DACA recipient and founder of a tentative agreement with President Trump UndocuMedia, says, “We are no longer those that could protect DACA recipients in exchange cute little Dreamers who wear the caps and for Democratic support for the expansion of gowns . . . We’re grown up. We’re critically border security. When Pelosi returned to her assessing the situation.”55 It is this generation home district to hold a press conference, she of movement leaders, who in many ways face a was surrounded and confronted by dozens of bleaker future with bigger obstacles, who are immigrant youth from a Bay Area coalition radically redefining immigrant resistance in the called the Immigrant Liberation Movement. age of Trump. In desperate times, an embattled These young activists rejected her invocation of immigrant rights movement can draw much both the label and the frame of DREAMer hope and courage from the lucidity of their exceptionality, shouting her down with chants vision, the depth of their convictions, and their Gleeson and Sampat 93 uncompromising resolve to fight for all eleven 7. Cosecha, “Our Movement.” Movimiento million. Cosecha, 2017, available at http://www .lahuelga.com/about. Declaration of Conflicting Interests 8. Cristina Garcia, “Protect DACA and TPS— Alianza Americas,” Alianza Americas, June 20, The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of inter- 2017, available at http://www.alianzaamericas est with respect to the research, authorship, and/or .org/protect-daca-tps/. publication of this article. 9. Adam Luna, Bruna Bouhid, and Sheridan Aguirre, “Trump Fulfills White Supremacist Funding Agenda with Decision to End DACA,” United The author(s) received no financial support for the We Dream, September 5, 2017, available at research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. https://unitedwedream.org/press-releases/ trump-fulfills-white-supremacist-agenda-with- decision-to-end-daca/. Notes 10. Orange Country Immigrant Youth United, 1. Anna O. Law, “This Is How Trump’s “OCIYU: Save DACA and Expand Deportation Deportations Differ from Obama’s,” The Relief | OC Weekly,” OC Weekly, June 18, Washington Post, May 3, 2017, available 2017, available at http://www.ocweekly.com/ at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/ news/ociyu-save-daca-and-expand-deportat monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/03/this-is-how- ion-relief-8263975. trumps-deportations-differ-from-obamas/?utm 11. Liz Robbins and J. David Goodman, _term=.48d0470fdd82. “De Blasio and Council Agree, and Disagree, 2. Jessica Hanson, “School Settings Are on Immigrants.” The New York Times, sec. N.Y./ Sensitive Locations that Should Be Off- Region, June 6, 2017, available at https://www Limits to Immigration Enforcement,” National .nytimes.com/2017/06/06/nyregion/de-blasio- Immigration Law Center, May 4, 2017, available and-council-agree-and-disagree-on-immig at https://www.nilc.org/news/the-torch/5-4-17/. rants.html. 3. Lisa Rein, “Trump Plan to Hire 15,000 12. While sanctuary cities have no uniform defi- Border and Immigration Personnel Isn’t nition, the term has generally been adopted Justified, Federal Watchdog Says,” The to profess an unwillingness to dedicate local Washington Post, August 2, 2017, avail- resources to cooperate with federal immigration able at https://www.washingtonpost.com/ enforcement. politics/trump-plan-to-hire-15000-border- 13. NYC Mayor’s Office, “To the Dreamers of and-immigration-personnel-isnt-justified- New York City: We Stand with You. We Will federal-watchdog-says/2017/08/02/c93451 Fight for You. In Solidarity, New York City,” 36-77a1-11e7-8839-ec48ec4cae25_story.html? Tweet, Twitter, September 5, 2017, avail- utm_term=.0bb32328fe96. able at https://twitter.com/NYCMayorsOffice/ 4. “US Supreme Court Allows Trump’s Broad status/905120040923607040. Refugee Ban,” Al Jazeera, September 13, 14. “Undocumented Teens Say They’re Falsely 2017, available at http://www.aljazeera.com/ Accused of Being in a Gang,” NPR, August news/2017/09/supreme-court-trump-broad-ref- 17, 2017, available at http://www.npr.org/ ugee-ban-170913002508258.html. 2017/08/17/544081085/teens-in-u-s-illegally- 5. Peter Beinart, “Trump Turns Unauthorized say-theyre-falsely-accused-of-being-in-a- Immigrants into Scapegoats,” The Atlantic, gang. March 1, 2017, available at https://www. 15. CUNY DREAMers, “Fasting for #Defend theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/ DACA #DefendTPS 3rd Day #CUNY # trump-scapegoats-unauthorized-immigrants- WeareDACA #HereToStay #DreamAct # for-crime/518238/. Citytech #KCC.” Social Media, Facebook, 6. MALDEF, “Maldef Sues on Behalf of San September 7, 2017, available at https:// Antonio, Non-profit Organizations to Stop www.facebook.com/CUNYDREAMers/ Texas Sb 4,” Organization, MALDEF, June videos/1114149795395471/. 1, 2017, available at http://www.maldef.org/ 16. William Mathis, “Hundreds Protest Immigration news/releases/2017_6_1_MALDEF_Sues_ Order Outside Trump Hotel—ABC News,” on_Behalf_of_San_Antonio_NonProfit_ ABC News, September 9, 2017, available at Organizations_to_Stop_TX_SB4/. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ 94 New Labor Forum 27(1)

hundreds-protest-immigration-order-trump- 29. Jennicet Eva Gutiérrez, “Trans Women hotel-49730164. of Color Marching in Solidarity with 17. Migrant Justice, “Demand the Release of #daca Recipients, #tps Holders, and All Detained Human Rights Leaders Enrique Undocumented Immigrants.” Facebook, and Zully!” Text. Migrant Justice/Justicia September 6, 2017, available at https://www Migrante, March 19, 2017, available at https:// .facebook.com/jenniceteva.gutierrez.9883/ migrantjustice.net/free-enrique-and-zully. videos/2041342459419892/. 18. Migrant Justice, “Farmworker Rights Leaders 30. Ashley Luthern, “Attack on Milwaukee Muslim Enrique ‘Kike’ Balcazar and Zully Palacios Woman Was a Hate Crime, Local and National Released from ICE Custody; Presented César Groups Say,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Chávez Human and Civil Rights Award by April 4-17, 2017, available at http://www. Nation’s Largest Union,” 2017, available at jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2017/04/12/ https://migrantjustice.net/news/farmworker- attack-milwaukee-muslim-woman-hate-crime- rights-leaders-enrique-“kike”-balcazar-and- local-and-national-groups-say/100382500/. zully-palacios-released-from-ice-custody. 31. Matthew Haag, “Man Charged with Killing 19. Christine Hauser, “Woman Detained after Muslim Teenager Entered United States Speaking about Deportation Fears Is Released— Illegally, Authorities Say,” The New York Times, The New York Times.” The New York Times, May 5-17, 2017, available at https://www. March 10, 2017, available at https://www nytimes.com/2017/06/20/us/muslim-girl-mur- .nytimes.com/2017/03/10/us/daniela-vargas- der-virginia-illegal-immigrant.html?mcubz=1. detained-daca-released.html?mcubz=1. 32. Mark Berman and Samantha Schmidt, “He 20. Aaron G. Fountain Jr., “Stop Saying We’re a Yelled ‘Get out of My Country,’ Witnesses Nation of Immigrants,” Occupy, February 27, Say, and Then Shot 2 Men from India, Killing 2017, available at http://www.occupy.com/ One.” Washington Post, sec. Morning Mix, article/stop-saying-we-re-nation-immigrants. 2017, February 2-17, available at https://www. 21. César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández, “Does It washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/ Make Sense to Target ‘Criminal’ Undocumented wp/2017/02/24/get-out-of-my-country-kansan- Immigrants?” Newsweek, August 9, 2017, reportedly-yelled-before-shooting-2-men- available at http://www.newsweek.com/does- from-india-killing-one/. it-make-sense-target-criminal-undocumented- 33. Gus Bova, “Democrats Joaquin Castro, Beto immigrants-648434. O’Rourke Join Thousands at Dallas Immigration 22. Barbara Sostaita, “Immigrants, We (Don’t March.” The Texas Observer, April 4-17, 2017, Always) Get the Job Done,” Feministing, available at https://www.texasobserver.org/ July 2017, available at http://feministing democrats-joaquin-castro-beto-orourke-join- .com/2017/07/10/immigrants-we-dont-always thousands-at-dallas-immigration-march/. -get-the-job-done/. 34. Chaumtoli Huq, “Rallying the Working Class 23. CultureStrike, n.d., available at http://www.cul to Resist Trump’s Registry,” Convivencia turestrike.org/. Magazine, December 22, 2016, available at 24. Dreamers Adrift, n.d., available at http://dream https://convivencia.co/rallying-the-working- ersadrift.com/. class-to-resist-trumps-registry-a60eb0f98cab. 25. Define American, “Share the #UndocuJoy!” 35. Jonathan Rosenblum, “How Immigrant Workers n.d., available at https://defineamerican.com/ Are Reviving the Labor Movement,” The undocujoy/. Progressive, March 25, 2017, available at http:// 26. Roger Lancaster, “Identity Politics Can Only progressive.org/magazine/how-immigrant- Get Us So Far,” August 3, 2017, available at workers-are-reviving-the-labor-movement/. https://jacobinmag.com/2017/08/identity-polit 36. Kenneth Quinnell, “North American Unions ics-gay-rights-neoliberalism-stonewall-femin Together against Islamophobia Stand in ism-race. Solidarity with Immigrants, Refugees and 27. John Savage, “Confederate Monument Protest Muslim Communities | AFL-CIO.” AFL-CIO, Draws Hundreds in Houston,” The Texas February 9, 2017, available at https://aflcio Observer, August 19, 2017, available at https:// .org/2017/2/9/north-american-unions-together- www.texasobserver.org/confederate-monu against-islamophobia-stand-solidarity-immig ment-protest-draws-hundreds-houston/. rants-refugees. 28. See for example, Andrea J. Ritchie, “Andrea 37. NBC, “Muslim MTA Worker Called ‘Terrorist,’ J. Ritchie—Attorney, Organizer, Author,” n.d., Pushed Down Stairs at Grand Central Terminal: available at http://andreajritchie.com/. Officials—NBC New York.” NBC New York, Gleeson and Sampat 95

December 5, 2016, available at http://www 47. WNYC Studios, “Looking Beyond ‘Sanctuary .nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Muslim-MTA- Cities,’” 2017, available at http://www Worker-Called-Terrorist-Pushed-Down-Stairs- .wnyc.org/story/looking-beyond-sanctuary- New-York-NYC-404819216.html. cities/?utm_source=sharedUrl&utm_medium= 38. Chelsie Glaubitz Gabiou and Minneapolis metatag&utm_campaign=sharedUrl Labor Review, “Our Movement, Rooted 48. Luisa Laura Heredia, “Of Radicals and in Immigrant Workers, Must Stand with DREAMers: Harnessing Exceptionality to Immigrants.” Workday Minnesota, March 22, Challenge Immigration Control,” Association 2017, available at https://www.workdayminne of Mexican American Educators Journal 9, no. sota.org/commentary/our-movement-rooted- 3 (2016), available at http://amaejournal.utsa immigrant-workers-must-stand-immigrants. .edu/index.php/amae/article/view/273. 39. Shirley Block, Mary Longoria, and Jonathan 49. Paloma Esquivel, “Detainees End Brief Hunger J. Hunt, “ATU Division 757 Letter to Union Strike at Adelanto Immigration Facility, Members, Transit Riders, and the Greater Officials Say—La Times.” LA Times, June 14, Portland Community,” March 31, 2017, avail- 2017, available at http://www.latimes.com/ able at http://www.atu757.org/wp-content/ local/lanow/la-me-ln-adelanto-hunger-strike- uploads/2017/05/MAXattackLetter.pdf. 20170614-story.html. 40. Dan Dimaggio, “Building Trades Activists 50. Juntos, “Community Resistance Zone,” Protest Trump to His Face,” In These Times, 2017, available at http://vamosjuntos.org/join April 7, 2017, available at http://inthesetimes -the-community-resistance-zone/. .com/working/entry/20038/building_trades_ 51. NBC Bay Area, “Twitter Video of Protest at activists_protest_trump_to_his_face. Pelosi Press Conference.” September 18, 2017, 41. Murtaza Baxamusa, “#BTFamily Escorted out available at https://twitter.com/nbcbayarea/ of Trump Address at #nabtu2017 #1u #resist,” status/909839892506714112. Tweet, Twitter, April 4, 2017, available at 52. Joe Perticone, “Trump and Pelosi Are Already https://twitter.com/Baxamusa/status/8492997 Contradicting Each Other about Their Supposed 58577528832. Deal on Immigration,” September 14, 2017, 42. Hamilton Nolan, “Can the Labor Movement available at http://www.businessinsider.com/ Live with Police Unions?” Gawker, 2017, avail- pelosi-trusts-trump-is-sincere-and-understand able at http://gawker.com/can-the-labor-move ing-on-daca-recipients-2017-9. ment-live-with-police-unions-1770261739. 53. Ibid. 43. Mario Vasquez, “Immigrant Activists Call for 54. Jill Colvin and Andrew Taylor, “Trump’s AFL-CIO to Expel Border Patrol Union after Immigration Demands Threaten DACA Deal,” Donald Trump Endorsement,” April 5, 2016, October 9, 2017, available at http://abcnews available at http://inthesetimes.com/working/ .go.com/Politics/wireStory/trump-hard-line- entry/19028/donald-trump-border-patrol-union immigration-policies-price-daca-50363642. -mexico-immigrants-not1more. 55. Roxana Kopetman, DACA Debate: “Don’t 44. United We Dream, “Schools and Institutions Call Them ‘Dreamers,’ or Pawns.” The Orange Join National Coming Out Day in Support of County Register, September 22, 2017, available Undocumented Students,” n.d., available at at http://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/22/daca- https://unitedwedream.org/celebrate-national- debate-dont-call-them-dreamers-or-pawns/. institutions-coming-day-us-2/. 45. Leah S. Yared, “Professors Arrested at DACA Protest | News | The Harvard Crimson.” The Author Biographies Harvard Crimson, September 7, 2017, available Shannon Gleeson is associate professor of labor at http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/9/8/ relations, law and history at the Cornell School of profs-arrested-daca-protest/. Industrial Relations and the Worker Institute. 46. Yana Kunichoff, “Sanctuary in the Streets: How New Alliances Are Revitalizing a Past Movement.” In These Times, March 17, 2017, Prerna Sampat is the communications and available at http://inthesetimes.com/features/ website manager at the Worker Institute at Cornell sanctuary_cities_movement_trump.html. University.