References Relevant to the Archaeology of Native Americans in the Upper Delaware Valley Of

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References Relevant to the Archaeology of Native Americans in the Upper Delaware Valley of

by R. Michael Stewart, Ph.D. Prepared for: The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Trenton, New Jersey

March 2018 State of New Jersey Governor Philip D. Murphy Lt. Governor Sheila Oliver

Department of Environmental Protection Catherine R. McCabe, Commissioner

Natural and Historic Resources Group Historic Preservation Office Mail Code 501-04B P.O. Box 420 Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0420

Cover photograph courtesy of Dewberry Engineering, Parsippany, New Jersey.

This material was produced with assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund, administered by the National Park Service, Department of the Interior Any opinions findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. REFERENCES RELEVANT TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE UPPER DELAWARE VALLEY OF NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, AND PENNSYLVANIA

R. Michael Stewart, PhD New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Trenton, New Jersey

April 2017

The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office has sponsored a review of published and unpublished materials related to the Native American archaeology of the Upper Delaware Valley as part of an alternative mitigation. This review is the basis for a series of forthcoming topical essays updating and synthesizing aspects of the archaeological record of Pre-Contact and Contact times in the region. The essays will provide contexts and highlight research issues to aid future academic and cultural resource investigations that involve this portion of the greater Delaware Valley.

For the purposes of this project the Upper Delaware was defined by portions of the drainage basin that exist in the following states and counties:

New Jersey: Warren and Sussex counties New York: Orange, Sullivan, Delaware, and Broome counties Pennsylvania: Monroe, Pike, and Wayne counties

The defined area is much larger than what has often been considered as the Upper Delaware by archaeologists in the past based upon spatial distribution of stone tool and pottery types, trends in the use of lithic materials, and settlement patterns. For example, past definitions have bounded it by the Delaware Water Gap on the south to Port Jervis in the north (Kinsey 1972). The Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office includes Northampton County in what it considers to be the Upper Delaware Valley. The degree to which all, or portions of the large area used in this project corresponds with cultural or group territories is addressed in the contextual essays to be produced. Evaluating data from a broader geographic is necessary to examine existing assumptions and to better understand patterns of social interaction and cultural change.

In the following compilation of references are published works focused strictly upon, or referencing some aspect of the archaeology of the Upper Delaware Valley. Included are regional syntheses and major works from adjacent areas that provide a broader context in which to better understand the nature and development of the native cultures of the Upper Delaware. Useful references also are provided that deal with the ethnohistory, ethnography, and documentary record of native peoples during the time of interaction with Europeans; the listing is not comprehensive; the focus is on the archaeological record of the time. Older county histories and map references are listed as many include mentions of Indian settlement locations, burials, artifact finds, and useful descriptions of the environment, plant, animal and mineral resources. The latter complement more recent published references to: area geology and soil surveys which have relevance for sources of rock used in the production of tools, implements, and ornaments,

clay, and materials used as temper in the production of pottery; the historic and paleoenvironment. Also included are references to lithic sources that exist beyond the Upper Delaware but are frequently represented in the artifact assemblages found there and related attempts at geochemical sourcing.

During the review of technical reports resulting from cultural resources management (CRM) studies relevant to the project area, data were collected that contributed to an extensive list of topics: approaches to artifact analysis, artifact typology, botanical remains, faunal remains, C14/AMS dates, updates to cultural historical frameworks, historic/paleoenvironments and geomorphology, predictive models and related field methods, pottery and evidence of pottery production, diagnostic bifaces, lithic technology, site size, lithic and other material sources, lithic use trends, burials and mortuary practices, settlement and community patterns, travel routes, rockshelters, shell producing sites, sites with steatite artifacts, caches, effigies/petroglyphs, arguments for site significance, reporting standards, outstanding research issues and potential future projects, and trade. All CRM reports on file for Warren and Sussex counties, New Jersey were examined. Select Phase I, and all Phase II and Phase III CRM reports for New York and Pennsylvania portions of the Upper Delaware Valley were reviewed. Significant Phase II and Phase III reports for areas adjacent to the Upper Delaware Valley were also examined. In the bibliography that follows, only CRM reports from which data were collected are listed.

For New Jersey, hard copies of CRM reports were accessed at the Historic Preservation Office (NJHPO) in Trenton. Many thanks to Kate Marcopul, Deputy State Historic Preservation Office and Administrator, who initially envisioned the overall project and made it a reality. Thanks also to Vincent Maresca, Senior Historic Preservation Specialist at the NJHPO, for additional insights regarding CRM reports.

Reports for New York were accessed online through the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System. Thanks are extended to Philip Perazio, archaeologist with the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, who provided access to reports that were not available online.

For years the Laboratory of Anthropology at Temple University, Philadelphia, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, has been a repository for CRM reports completed in eastern Pennsylvania. These holdings, and those on file at the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office in Harrisburg were utilized, along with those in Stewart’s personal library. The help of Noel Strattan, Mark Shaffer, and Alison Oskam at the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office is gratefully acknowledged. Kurt Carr, curator at the State Museum of Pennsylvania, is thanked for providing access to select manuscripts in the museum’s files.

Mike Owens and Lori Rohrer, archaeologists with the National Park Service at the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, provided access to the report and manuscript holdings at the Bushkill, Pennsylvania archaeology facility. Their help was invaluable and ia gratefully acknowledged.

Jay Custer (University of Delaware), Greg Lattanzi (New Jersey State Museum), Richard Hunter (Hunter Research, Inc.), Matt Tomaso (PS&S), Keith Bastianini (Michael Baker Jr., Inc.), Mike Clem (Virginia Department of Historic Resources), Rich Veit (Monmouth University), Peter N. Chletsos (Sussex County Historical Society), and Don Kline (Mt. Bethel, PA) also shared copies of needed reports, manuscripts, and publications. Their assistance is greatly appreciated.

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Blomster, Jeffrey P. and Philip A. Perazio 1999 Phase II Archaeological Investigations of Four Prehistoric Archaeological Sites, Country Club of the Poconos, Middle Smithfield Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. . Report on file (ER# 92-2009-089-M), Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.

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