DOCSLIB.ORG

THE INDIANS of LENAPEHOKING (The Lenape Or Delaware Indians)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE INDIANS OF LENAPEHOKING (The Lenape or Delaware Indians) By HERBERT C.KRAFT NCE JOHN T. KRAFT < fi Seventeenth Century Indian Bands in Lenapehoking tN SCALE: 0 2 5 W A P P I N Q E R • ' miles CONNECTICUT •"A. MINISS ININK fy -N " \ PROTO-MUNP R O T 0 - M U S E*fevj| ANDS; Kraft, Herbert rrcrcr The Tndians nf PENNSYLVANIA KRA hoking OKEHOCKING >l ^J? / / DELAWARE DEMCO NO . 32 •234 \ RINGVyOOP PUBLIC LIBRARY, NJ N7 3 6047 09045385 2 THE INDIANS OF LENAPEHOKING by HERBERT C. KRAFT and JOHN T. KRAFT ILLUSTRATIONS BY JOHN T. KRAFT 1985 Seton Hall University Museum South Orange, New Jersey 07079 145 SKYLAND3 ROAD RINGWOOD, NEW JERSEY 07456 THE INDIANS OF LENAPEHOKING: Copyright(c)1985 by Herbert C. Kraft and John T. Kraft, Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University Museum, South Orange, Mew Jersey. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book--neither text, maps, nor illustrations--may be reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photocopy, photograph, or other record without the prior agreement and written permission of the authors and publishers, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address Dr. Herbert C. Kraft, Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University Museum, South Orange, Mew Jersey, 07079 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 85-072237 ISBN: 0-935137-00-9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research, text, illustrations, and printing of this book were made possible by a generous Humanities Grant received from the New Jersey Department of Higher Education in 1984. The author greatfully acknowledge the valuable assistance rendered by the following: Educational Consultants: Marguerite Chenel-Guarisco, North Warren Regional High School; Carol Marlowe, Rahway Public Library; Laura Fuhro, Berkeley Heights Public Library. Editorial Consultants: Drs. Thomas Marlowe, Donald Me Kenna and John David Sweeney, Seton Hall University; Joan E. Kraft and Howard Ziegler; and Eberhard Grosse, University printer. Native American Indian Consultants: James "Lone Bear" Revey, New Jersey Indian Of- fice, The late Nora Thompson Dean, "Touching Leaves," and James Rementer Touching Leaves Indian Crafts, Dewey, Oklahoma. James Rementer also provided the Lenape words and translations used in this book. The following educators gave a great deal of time, and also brought much classroom experience and professional expertise to this project: Sandy Ginsburg, Andy Rovito and Neva Brown of the Tinton Falls Public School System; Mary G.Clark, Mendham Township Middle School; Alan J. Lucibello, Montville High School; and Ken Donahue, Collier School, Wickatunk, N.J. Seton Hall University provided research, laboratory and support facilities. To one and all I acknowledge appreciation and a debt of gratitude. It is hoped that this book will provide teachers, students, Native Americans and other readers with stimulating and factual insights concerning the Lenape and Munsee Indians and their prehistoric antecedents, and give them an enhanced sense of an ancient and valued heritage. June 1, 1985 Herbert C. KrafL TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Time Line iv Introduction 1 The Indians of Lenapehoking 2 Creation Myths of the Lenape Indians 3 Paleo-lndians, the First Americans 4 Archaic Hunters, Fishers and Gatherers 8 From Soapstone Pots to Brass Kettles 12 The Early and Middle Woodland Periods 13 The Meadowood and Adena People 14 The Late Woodland Period 16 Gardening 17 Housing 18 Lenape Lifeways 20 Tools and Weapons 22 Travel and Transportation 24 Entertainment and Recreation 25 Clothing and Personal Adornment 26 Pottery Making 28 Religious Beliefs 29 Curing 32 The Medicine Bundle 34 Life Cycle 35 Death and Burial 37 The Historic Period 38 The Lenape Indians Today 40 A Lenape Story in the Lenape Language 41 Glossary of Selected Terms 42 Index 43 Lenape Words and Translations 44 Indian Place Names 45 Selected Bibliography 46 MAJOR EVENTS MAJOR EVENTS IN LENAPEHOKING IN WORLD HISTORY AND AMERICA Beginnings of humankind to time of the 4,500,000 No humans in Western Hemisphere Neanderthals. Hunting and gathering to 35,000 B.C. people. Emergence of Cro-Magnon and modern 35,000 to Ancestors of Indians cross into Alaska man. Cave paintings and sculptures in 10 ,000 B.C. before 15,000 B.C., arrive in Lenapehok- Western Europe. ing ca. 10,000 B.C. Bow and arrow, and pottery are invented. 10,000 to Nomadic Paleo-lndians hunt with fluted Begin plant and animal domestication in 8,000 B.C. spears. Animals in Lenapehoking include Asia Minor. Jerico is settled. mastodon, caribou and walrus, dog may have been domesticated. Villages spread throughout the Middle 8,000 to Early Archaic hunting and gathering East. Loom is invented, sheep and cattle 6,000 B.C. bands. Constant wandering in search of are domesticated. food. Wild animals and plants similar to today. Copper metallurgy, sailing ships, first 6,000 to Middle Archaic Indians. Spears, heavy cities in Mesopotamia. 4,000 B.C. woodworking tools. No metal, no domesticated plants. Wheel and writing invented in Late Archaic Indians. Spear-hunting, Mesopotamia. Egypt is united and 4,000 to fishing, gathering of wild plants, nuts and pyramids are built, silk is produced in 2,000 B.C. berries. Corn is domesticated in Mexico, China, Stonehenge is built in England. potatoes in Peru. Chickens and elephants domesticated in 2,000 to Terminal Archaic period. First cooking Indus Valley, horse tamed in Central Asia, 1,000 B.C. pots made from soapstone. Some crema- Civilization emerges in China, Hebrew ex- tion burials with grave goods. Olmec odus from Egypt (ca. 1240 B.C.) civilization in Mexico, Chavin culture in Peru. Phoenicians develop alphabet (ca. 900 Early Woodland period. Mound-builder B.C.), first Olympics (ca. 776 B.C.), Rome 1,000 to cultures in Ohio Valley. Adena traders br- founded (ca. 753 B.C.), Age of Buddha, 0 B.C. ing exotic trade goods to Lenapehoking. Confucius, Socrates (ca. 550 B.C.), First pottery vessels appear in Golden Age of Athens (ca. 460 B.C.), Lenapehoking. Gold metal work in Peru, Jesus Christ is born. Monte Alban is constructed in Mexico. Fall of Rome (476), beginning of Islam A.D. 1 Middle Woodland period. Bow and arrow (622), Golden Age of Ghana (ca. 920), Lief to 1000 is introduced. Hopewell culture in Ericson discovers Vineland (ca. 1001). Midwest and Temple Mound culture in Southeast, Teotehuacan in Central Mex- ico. Maya civilization in Yucatan. Norman Conquest (1066), Marco Polo A.D.1000 Late Woodland period. In Lenapehoking, corn, beans and squash now grown in visits China (ca. 1271), Columbus to 1600 discovers America (1492), Cortez con- gardens. Dog in only domesticated quers Aztecs in 1521, Verrazano enters animal. Hunting, fishing and gathering New York harbor (1524). are still important. Cliff dwellings in Southwest. Beginning of Aztec empire (1325), beginning of In'ca empire (1438). Hudson sails up Hudson River (1609), Early historic period. European colonists New Netherland is founded (1624), New A.D. 1600 and traders introduce European trade York and New Jersey become English col- to 1758 items; diseases and rum claim many In- onies (1664), French and Indian Wars dian lives. Land is sold. Treaty of Easton (1754-1763). (1758) causes Indians to leave Lenapehoking and move to Oklahoma and Canada. The message on this petroglyph, the largest and most important prehistoric rock carving found in New Jesey to date, cannot be deciphered. The figures (pictographs) were carved about five hundred to one thousand years ago. Found near Dingman's Ferry in Sussex County, N.J. (Collection of Seton Hall University Museum.) INTRODUCTION When European explorers and settlers came casins and face paint in remembrance of an to this land about four hundred years ago, they earlier way of life. found it already occupied by Indians who had North American Indians had no written been here for thousands of years. Today, history. In fact, they had no writing, except for names like Hackensack, Hoboken, Manhattan, the use of pictures, or pictographs, some of Hopatcong and Raritan remind us of this Indian which were carved on stone. Much information heritage. By the mid-eighteenth century most was also lost because European colonists did Indians had been forced to move west, but not appreciate or understand the Indians' some remained and their descendants are still language and culture. Archaeologists, an- living here today. We probably would not thropologists, and historians, aided by recognize these Indians today because they descendants of the Lenape and Munsee In- wear clothes like ours, live in houses like ours, dians, have been able to rediscover the ancient drive cars, and eat the same types of foods we ways. They have also been able to correct do. Only at occasional pow-wows* and tribal mistaken ideas so that we can better under- gatherings do some Native Americans put on stand and appreciate the culture of the Native feather headdresses, beaded clothing, moc- Americans. *The italicized words and those in bold type are identified in the glossary (p. 42) or in the list of selected Indian words (p. 44). v\ I THE INDIANS ple of Lenapehoking had no tribal structure and no powerful chiefs or spiritual leaders. OF LENAPEHOKING These self-sufficient people lived in small bands in which men and boys hunted, fished The term "Indian," even though inaccurate, and did the heavy work while women and has been used for so many centuries that the children gathered wild plant foods and gar- native people and the general public have dened. come to accept it. The Indians who formerly The prehistoric ancestors of the Lenape lived in the lower half of Lenapehoking called (those living here before European contact) did themselves "Lenape," meaning "common" or not keep written records, so we do not know "ordinary" people.
Recommended publications
  • The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania C

    The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania C

    The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania C. Hale Sipe One cannot travel far in Western Pennsylvania with- out passing the sites of Indian towns, Delaware, Shawnee and Seneca mostly, or being reminded of the Pennsylvania Indians by the beautiful names they gave to the mountains, streams and valleys where they roamed. In a future paper the writer will set forth the meaning of the names which the Indians gave to the mountains, valleys and streams of Western Pennsylvania; but the present paper is con- fined to a brief description of the principal Indian towns in the western part of the state. The writer has arranged these Indian towns in alphabetical order, as follows: Allaquippa's Town* This town, named for the Seneca, Queen Allaquippa, stood at the mouth of Chartier's Creek, where McKees Rocks now stands. In the Pennsylvania, Colonial Records, this stream is sometimes called "Allaquippa's River". The name "Allaquippa" means, as nearly as can be determined, "a hat", being likely a corruption of "alloquepi". This In- dian "Queen", who was visited by such noted characters as Conrad Weiser, Celoron and George Washington, had var- ious residences in the vicinity of the "Forks of the Ohio". In fact, there is good reason for thinking that at one time she lived right at the "Forks". When Washington met her while returning from his mission to the French, she was living where McKeesport now stands, having moved up from the Ohio to get farther away from the French. After Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity, July 4th, 1754, she and the other Indian inhabitants of the Ohio Val- ley friendly to the English, were taken to Aughwick, now Shirleysburg, where they were fed by the Colonial Author- ities of Pennsylvania.
  • In Search of the Indiana Lenape

    In Search of the Indiana Lenape

    IN SEARCH OF THE INDIANA LENAPE: A PREDICTIVE SUMMARY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE LENAPE LIVING ALONG THE WHITE RIVER IN INDIANA FROM 1790 - 1821 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS BY JESSICA L. YANN DR. RONALD HICKS, CHAIR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA DECEMBER 2009 Table of Contents Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................................ iii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Research Goals ............................................................................................................................ 1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 2: Theory and Methods ................................................................................................. 6 Explaining Contact and Its Material Remains ............................................................................. 6 Predicting the Intensity of Change and its Effects on Identity................................................... 14 Change and the Lenape .............................................................................................................. 16 Methods ....................................................................................................................................
  • Introduction to Lenape-Dutch Indians

    Introduction to Lenape-Dutch Indians

    Teaching American History Grant: Learning Experience 2007-2008 Michelle Montoya – Highland Falls/Fort Montgomery Central School District Introduction to the Lenape-Delaware Indians/ 7th Grade Standards: • Standard 1: History of the United States and New York: Standard 1.3 – Study about the major social, political, economic, cultural and religious developments in New York State and United States history. Learning about individuals and groups who represent different ethnic, national, and religious groups, including Native Americans, in New York State and the United States at different times and different locations. • English Language Arts Standard 1 – Reading, Speaking and Writing for Information and Understanding • English Language Arts Standard 3 – Reading, Speaking and Writing for Critical Analysis and Evaluation. Overview of the Learning Experience: • This lesson will serve as an introduction to the Lenape Indians of New York and will follow a series of lessons on the major Native American tribes and regions of North America. It will be the first lesson in a review and expansion of students’ knowledge of the Native Americans of New York State, primarily focusing on the groups indigenous to the Hudson Valley. • Students will practice using Reciprocal Reading group skills to learn about the social, political, economic, cultural and religious aspects of ancient Lenape culture, as well as the effects of the Lenape interactions and struggles with the European settlers. Essential Questions: • How do the experiences of the Lenape tribe compare
  • A-Brief-History-Of-The-Mohican-Nation

    A-Brief-History-Of-The-Mohican-Nation

    wig d r r ksc i i caln sr v a ar ; ny s' k , a u A Evict t:k A Mitfsorgo 4 oiwcan V 5to cLk rid;Mc-u n,5 3 ss l Y gew y » w a. 3 k lz x OWE u, 9g z ca , Z 1 9 A J i NEI x i c x Rat 44MMA Y t6 manY 1 YryS y Y s 4 INK S W6 a r sue`+ r1i 3 My personal thanks gc'lo thc, f'al ca ° iaag, t(")mcilal a r of the Stockbridge-IMtarasee historical C;orrunittee for their comments and suggestions to iatataraare tlac=laistcatic: aal aac c aracy of this brief' history of our people ta°a Raa la€' t "din as for her c<arefaal editing of this text to Jeff vcic.'of, the rlohican ?'yews, otar nation s newspaper 0 to Chad Miller c d tlac" Land Resource aM anaagenient Office for preparing the map Dorothy Davids, Chair Stockbridge -Munsee Historical Committee Tke Muk-con-oLke-ne- rfie People of the Waters that Are Never Still have a rich and illustrious history which has been retrained through oral tradition and the written word, Our many moves frorn the East to Wisconsin left Many Trails to retrace in search of our history. Maanv'rrails is air original design created and designed by Edwin Martin, a Mohican Indian, symbol- izing endurance, strength and hope. From a long suffering proud and deternuned people. e' aw rtaftv f h s is an aatathCutic basket painting by Stockbridge Mohican/ basket weavers.
  • A Lenape Among the Quakers

    A Lenape Among the Quakers

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters University of Nebraska Press 2014 A Lenape among the Quakers Dawn G. Marsh [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples Marsh, Dawn G., "A Lenape among the Quakers" (2014). University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters. 266. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples/266 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Nebraska Press at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A Lenape among the Quakers Buy the Book Buy the Book A Lenape among the Quakers The Life of Hannah Freeman dawn g. marsh University of Nebraska Press Lincoln & London Buy the Book © 2014 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Parts of this book have previously appeared in different form in “Hannah Freeman: Gendered Sovereignty in Penn’s Peaceable Kingdom,” in Gender and Sovereignty in Indigenous North America, 1400–1850, ed. Sandra Slater and Fay A. Yarborough (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2011), 102–22. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marsh, Dawn G. A Lenape among the Quakers: the life of Hannah Freeman / Dawn G. Marsh. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references. isbn 978-0-8032-4840-3 (cloth: alk. paper)— isbn 978-0-8032-5419-0 (epub)— isbn 978-0-8032-5420-6 (mobi)— isbn 978-0-8032-5418-3 (pdf) 1.
  • A New Jersey Haven for Some Acculturated Lenape of Pennsylvania During the Indian Wars of the 1760S

    A New Jersey Haven for Some Acculturated Lenape of Pennsylvania During the Indian Wars of the 1760S

    322- A New Jersey Haven for Some Acculturated Lenape of Pennsylvania During the Indian Wars of the 1760s Marshall Joseph Becker West Chester University INTRODUCTION Accounts of Indian depredations are as old as the colonization of the New World, but examples of concerted assistance to Native Americans are few. Particu- larly uncommon are cases in which whites extended aid to Native Americans dur- ing periods when violent conflicts were ongoing and threatening large areas of the moving frontier. Two important examples of help being extended by the citizens of Pennsyl- vania and NewJersey to Native Americans of varied backgrounds who were fleeing from the trouble-wracked Pennsylvania colony took place during the period of the bitter Indian wars of the 1760s. The less successful example, the thwarted flight of the Moravian converts from the Forks of Delaware in Pennsylvania and their attempted passage through New Jersey, is summarized here in the appendices. The second and more successful case involved a little known cohort of Lenape from Chester County, Pennsylvania. These people had separated from their native kin by the 1730s and taken up permanent residence among colonial farmers. Dur- ing the time of turmoil for Pennsylvanians of Indian origin in the 1760s, this group of Lenape lived for seven years among the citizens of NewJersey. These cases shed light on the process of acculturation of Native American peoples in the colonies and also on the degree to which officials of the Jersey colony created a relatively secure environment for all the people of this area. They also provide insights into differences among various Native American groups as well as between traditionalists and acculturated members of the same group.' ANTI-NATIVE SENTIMENT IN THE 1760S The common English name for the Seven Years War (1755-1763), the "French and Indian War," reflects the ethnic alignments and generalized prejudices reflected in the New World manifestations of this conflict.
  • Lenape Regional High School District K

    Lenape Regional High School District K

    LENAPE REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT K. KIKI KONSTANTINOS ADMINISTRATION AND STAFF DEVELOPMENT BUILDING 93 WILLOW GROVE ROAD 609-268-2000 SHAMONG, NEW JERSEY 08088 FAX: 609-268-6642 LENAPE HIGH SCHOOL CAROL L. BIRNBOHM, Ed.D., Superintendent of Schools SHAWNEE HIGH SCHOOL JAMES H. HAGER, Business Administrator/Board Secretary CHEROKEE HIGH SCHOOL SENECA HIGH SCHOOL Dear Shawnee Students and Parents: We are proud to announce our summer 2015 programs. The PARCC Readiness courses on this page are for students who need a head start preparing for the course and the PARCC assessment (new N.J. Department of Education required assessment). The PARCC Readiness courses are free of charge. Also, the summer 2015 program includes courses for any student getting ready for the SAT’s, and those who want help writing their college application essay. The schedule below illustrates dates and times for each program. PARCC / Writing Readiness PARCC Writing Readiness is an intensive two-week course that combines the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, writing expectations on standardized tests, including PARCC and the SAT, and recognized good practice regarding style and organization of student writing. By the end of the two weeks, students will produce at least one polished piece of writing. Locations: Lenape for all Lenape District Students Time: 8:30 am – 12:15 pm Dates: Monday through Thursday, July 6 - 16 Tuition: Free Transportation Available PARCC / Algebra 1 Readiness PARCC Algebra 1 Readiness is a four-week program designed to review math skills and topics required for Algebra. Locations: Lenape for all Lenape District Students Time: 8:30 am – 12:15 pm Dates: Mondays through Thursdays, July 6 through July 30 Tuition: Free Transportation Available PARCC / Algebra 2 Readiness Any LRHSD student who is registered for Algebra 2 or Introduction to Algebra 2 is invited to this four-week program designed to review and build upon Algebra 1 skills.
  • Lenape Regional High School District

    Lenape Regional High School District

    LENAPE REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT Shamong, New Jersey County of Burlington COMPREHENSIVE ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2017 COMPREHENSIVE ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT OF THE LENAPE REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT SHAMONG, NEW JERSEY FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2017 Prepared by Lenape Regional High School District Finance Department OUTLINE OF CAFR - GASB #34 PAGE INTRODUCTORY SECTION Letter of Transmittal 1 Organizational Chart 5 Roster of Officials 13 Consultants and Advisors 15 FINANCIAL SECTION Independent Auditors' Report 19 REQUIRED SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION - PART I Management's Discussion & Analysis 25 BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS A. Government-Wide Financial Statements: A-1 Statement of Net Position 37 A-2 Statement of Activities 38 B. Fund Financial Statements: Governmental Funds: B-1 Balance Sheet 45 B-2 Statement of Revenues, Expenditures & Changes in Fund Balance 46 B-3 Reconciliation of the Statement of Revenues, Expenditures & Changes in Fund Balance of Governmental Funds to the Statement of Activities 47 Proprietary Funds: B-4 Statement of Net Position 51 B-5 Statement of Revenues, Expenditures & Changes in Fund Net Position 52 B-6 Statement of Cash Flows 53 Fiduciary Funds: B-7 Statement of Fiduciary Net Position 57 B-8 Statement of Changes in Fiduciary Net Position 58 Notes to Financial Statements 61 REQUIRED SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION - PART II C. Budgetary Comparison Schedules: C-1 Budgetary Comparison Schedule - General Fund 103 C-1a Combining Schedule of Revenue, Expenditures & Changes in Fund Balance - Budget & Actual N/A C-1b Education Jobs Fund Program - Budget & Actual N/A C-2 Budgetary Comparison Schedule - Special Revenue Fund 112 Notes to the Required Supplementary Information - Part II C-3 Budget-to-GAAP Reconciliation 115 REQUIRED SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION - PART III L.
  • The Emergence and Decline of the Delaware Indian Nation in Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Country, 1730--1795

    The Emergence and Decline of the Delaware Indian Nation in Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Country, 1730--1795

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2005 The emergence and decline of the Delaware Indian nation in western Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, 1730--1795 Richard S. Grimes West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Grimes, Richard S., "The emergence and decline of the Delaware Indian nation in western Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, 1730--1795" (2005). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4150. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4150 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Emergence and Decline of the Delaware Indian Nation in Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Country, 1730-1795 Richard S. Grimes Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Mary Lou Lustig, Ph.D., Chair Kenneth A.
  • LENAPE VILLAGES of DELAWARE COUNTY By: Chris Flook

    LENAPE VILLAGES of DELAWARE COUNTY By: Chris Flook

    LENAPE VILLAGES OF DELAWARE COUNTY By: Chris Flook After the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, many bands of Lenape (Delaware) Native Americans found themselves without a place to live. During the previous 200 years, the Lenape had been pushed west from their ancestral homelands in what we now call the Hudson and Delaware river valleys ­ first into the Pennsylvania Colony in the mid­1700s and then into the Ohio Country around the time of the American Revolution. After the Revolution, many Natives living in what the new American government quickly carved out to be the Northwest Territory, were alarmed of the growing encroachment from white settlers. In response, numerous Native groups across the territory formed the pan­tribal Western Confederacy in an attempt to block white settlement and to retain Native territory. The Western Confederacy consisted of warriors from approximately forty different tribes, although in many cases, an entire tribe wasn’t involved, demonstrating the complexity and decentralized nature of Native American political alliances at this time. Several war chiefs led the Western Confederacy’s military efforts including the Miami chief Mihšihkinaahkwa (Little Turtle), the Shawnee chief Weyapiersenwah (Blue Jacket), the Ottawa chief Egushawa, and the Lenape chief Buckongahelas. The Western Confederacy delivered a series of stunning victories over American forces in 1790 and 1791 including the defeat of Colonel Hardin’s forces at the Battle of Heller’s Corner on October 19, 1790; Hartshorn’s Defeat on the following day; and the Battle of Pumpkin Fields on October 21. On November 4 1791, the forces of the territorial governor General Arthur St.
  • Ramapough/Ford the Impact and Survival of an Indigenous

    Ramapough/Ford the Impact and Survival of an Indigenous

    Antioch University AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses Dissertations & Theses 2015 Ramapough/Ford The mpI act and Survival of an Indigenous Community in the Shadow of Ford Motor Company’s Toxic Legacy Chuck Stead Antioch University - New England Follow this and additional works at: http://aura.antioch.edu/etds Part of the American Studies Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Environmental Health Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, Toxicology Commons, United States History Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Stead, Chuck, "Ramapough/Ford The mpI act and Survival of an Indigenous Community in the Shadow of Ford Motor Company’s Toxic Legacy" (2015). Dissertations & Theses. 200. http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/200 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses at AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Department of Environmental Studies DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PAGE The undersigned have examined the dissertation entitled: Ramapough/Ford: The Impact and Survival of an Indigenous Community in the Shadow of Ford Motor Company’s Toxic Legacy presented by Chuck
  • Raritan River Below Calco Dam at Bound Brook, NJ

    Raritan River Below Calco Dam at Bound Brook, NJ

    Top10 Highest Historical Crests: Raritan River below Calco Dam at Bound Brook, NJ Latitude: 40.475 Period of Record: 1882-Present Longitude: -74.548 Flood Stage: 28 Last Flood: 11/25/2018 Number of Floods: 71 Date of Flood Crest (ft) Streamflow (cfs) Weather Summary 9/17/1999 42.13 82,900 Hurricane Floyd produced heavy rainfall from Virginia to Long Island. Rainfall totals ranged from 12 inches in Delaware to 16.57 inches in Newport News, Virginia. Two dams burst in New Jersey and several flood records were broken in New Jersey. 8/28/2011 41.9 80,400 Hurricane Irene brought heavy rains and flooding 26-28 August 2011. Area averaged rainfall from gauge and radar data indicated a broad swath of 3 to 10 inches with over 13” at a couple of spots. 4/16/2007 38.3 56,900 Two low successive low pressure systems produced rain and snow that caused flooding. Warm temperatures after the passage of the second low led to snowmelt and additional flooding. 8/28/1971 37.47 46,100 Tropical Storm Doria dumped 3 to 7 inches of rain across the region. Localized rainfall amounts of 8 to 10 inches were reported in the Tidewater area, Eastern NJ and Eastern PA. 3/14/2010 36.04 45,900 A low pressure system dumped heavy rain across the region with totals ranging from 1 - 3 inches in most of the area and 3 - 7 inches in New Jersey. The rainfall, combined with the melting snowpack caused significant flooding throughout the Mid-Atlantic.