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日本プランクトン 学会報 ©E Plankton Society of Japan 2013 B1u8ll. Plankton Soc. Japan 6(0 1): 18–28, 2日01本3プランクトン学会報 第60巻 第1号(2013) 日本プランクトン 学会報 ©e Plankton Society of Japan 2013 珪藻Skeletonema属の最近の分類と生理生態特性(総説) 山田真知子 公立大学法人福岡女子大学国際文理学部環境科学科 〒813–8529 福岡市東区香住ヶ丘1–1–1 Recent studies on biodiversity and eco-physiological characteristics of the genus Skeletonema( Bacillariophyceae) M Y Department of Environmental Science, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, Kasumigaoka 1–1–1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813–8529, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Abstract e cosmopolitan diatom Skeletonema costatum is widely considered to be one of the most important phytoplankton species because as a primary producer, it contributes to the productivity of global marine food chains and occasionally forms heavy blooms. New taxonomic methods using electron microscopy for ne morpho- logical observations, and gene analysis of ribosomal DNA( rDNA) in 2005 and 2007 showed that“ S. costatum” ac- tually includes eight species: S. ardens, S. costatum sensu stricto( s.s.), S. dohrnii, S. grethae, S. grevillei, S. japoni- cum, S. marinoi and S. pseudocostatum. With the addition of these species to the three existing species, S. menzelii, S. subsalsum and S. tropicum, the genus Skeletonema comprises 11 species. e results of identication using both morphology and gene analysis agree well and reinforce the validity and applicability of the new classication meth- ods. Building on this progress and my own ndings over the last ve years, I herein comment on the methods of identication and classication of the 11 species of the genus Skeletonema, introduce the eco-physiological charac- teristics and biogeography of the new Skeletonema species, and present results of population studies of S. marinoi using genetic methods. A noteworthy outcome of the new taxonomic methods was the resolution of 21 strains in the S. marinoi-dohrnii complex. e global distribution of S. costatum sensu lato( s.l.), with opportunistic features, is explained by the discovery that this species was comprised of eight related species expected to have dierent eco- physiological characteristics. New research has revealed that the global distribution pattern of S. japonicum could be explained by its temperature–growth characteristics. e high diversity of the genus Skeletonema is evident in Dokai Bay, Japan, where seven or eight species were reported, and four species were counted in a single sample. In- teresting results from ongoing research suggest that the genetic structure of the S. marinoi population in Mariager Fjord, Denmark has been stable for over one hundred years. Hopefully, the taxonomy will continue to develop us- ing other gene markers, and these taxonomic methods will be applied to dierent areas. Key words: diversity, LSU rDNA, morphology, Skeletonema, SSU rDNA 類基準が提案された年である( Zingone et al. 2005, Sarno は じ め に et al. 2005).S. costatumは従来から南極海以外の世界の 沿岸海域に出現するコスモポリタン種で,基礎生産者と 植物プランクトンの生理生態研究に多くの業績をあげ して食物連鎖を支え,時には濃密赤潮を形成することか られてきたT. J. Smayda博士は,珪藻Skeletonema属の分 ら極めて重要な植物プランクトンの1種とされてきた. 類に対し,2005年のZingone et al.( 2005) に始まり2011 形態が特徴的であることから光学顕微鏡での同定の容易 年のHärnström et al.( 2011) の研究報告にいたるまで さも手伝って,S. costatumに関わる論文数は1990年から 「Skeletonema shock wave」が起こっていると述べた( Smayda 15年間に548編に及んでいる( Sarno et al. 2005). 2011).2005年は, Skeletonema costatumについて新しい分 S. costatumは,約150年前にMelosira costata Greville( Gre- 山田:Skeletonema属の最近の分類と生理生態特性 19 ville 1866) として初記載され,Hasle( 1973) により光学 顕 微 鏡( Light Microscope, LM), 透 過 型 電 子 顕 微 鏡 分類同定方法 (Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM),ならびに走査 型電子顕微鏡( Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM) で観 Sarno et al.( 2005, 2007),Kooistra et al.( 2008) および 察される形態的特徴が明らかにされた.1980年と1982 Medlin & Kooistra( 2010)の報告を中心に筆者のこれま 年にはGallagherによってアイソザイムを用いた生化学 での経験も踏まえて,従来から行われてきた光学顕微鏡 的手法により本種が遺伝的に異なる種で構成されている による形態観察,電子顕微鏡を用いた微細構造観察およ ことが予見され,1991年に遺伝子解析( SSU rDNA, Small び遺伝子マーカーのLSU rDNA( Large subunit ribosomal subunit ribosomal DNA) と電子顕微鏡による形態観察に DNA) とSSU rDNA解析が用いられる同定方法を紹介す より従来のS. costatumの中に別種が含まれていることが る.なお,電子顕微鏡を用いた微細構造観察では,SEM 報告された( Medlin et al. 1991). による方法について解説し,TEMを用いて側筒( Girdle) 以上のことを背景として,Zingone et al(. 2005) は香港 の帯殻片( Cingular band) を観察する方法は割愛する. 湾から採取されたS. costatumのタイプ標本を用いて電子 顕微鏡観察を行い,これが狭義のSkeletonema costatum 形態観察 (sensu stricto, s.s.) とSkeletonema grevilleiの2種で構成され 従来から報告されていたSkeletonema属4種のうちS. ていることを明らかにした.なお,狭義のS. costatum と costatum s.l.以外の3種が,現在でも光学顕微鏡で同定が 区別されるために,従来のS. costatumは広義のS. costatum 容易とされている.S. tropicumは1細胞あたり3個以上 (sensu lato, s.l.) と記述されるようになった.この報告を の葉緑体を含むのに対し,他のSkeletonema属各種は葉 幕開けとして,先に述べた「Skeletonema shock wave」が 緑体を1細胞あたり1~2個しか含まないので,光学顕微 始まることとなった.Sarno et al.( 2005, 2007)は,電子 鏡による同定が可能である.しかし,S. tropicumが分裂 顕微鏡を用いた形態解析とrDNAを用いた遺伝子解析を を重ね殻径が小さくなった場合,葉緑体の数は2個以下 併用することにより,S. costatum s.l.をSkeletonema ardens に減少する.また,S. japonicumも葉緑体を1細胞あたり Sarno et Zingone, Skeletonema costatum( Greville) Cleve 3個以上含む場合があるので,注意が必要である. emend. Zingone et Sarno, Skeletonema dohrnii Sarno et Koois- S. menzeliiは群体を形成せず,単細胞で海水中を浮遊 tra, Skeletonema grethae Zingone et Sarno, Skeletonema grevil- していることが特徴とされている.しかし,これまで筆 lei Sarno et Zingone, Skeletonema japonicum Zingone et Sarno, 者の研究室において日本の内湾域から十数株のS. men- Skeletonema marinoi Sarno et Zingone, お よ びSkeletonema zeliiを単離しているが,いずれの場合も細胞は連結して pseudocostatum Medlin emend. Zingone et Sarnoの8種に識 おり,単細胞での出現ではなかった.S. pseudocostatum 別することを提案した.これらに従来から報告されてい も群体を形成して出現していることが大半であるが,野 るSkeletonema menzelii Guillard, Carpenter et Reimann, Skel- 外で季節によっては,また培養時に培養液の土壌抽出物 etonema subsalsum( Cleve) Bethge, およびSkeletonema tropi- 質の濃度が濃い場合には単細胞となっていることが報告 cum Cleveの3種を加えれば,Skeletonema属には全部で されている. 11種が存在することになる.S. costatum s.l.が日和見的な 汽水域に出現するSkeletonema属はS. subsalsumと同定 性格を持ち世界の海洋のいたるところに出現できたの されることが多かったが,実は本種ではなくS. costatum は,生理生態特性の異なる8種のSkeletonemaの存在によ s.s.であった可能性が高いため検討が必要であると報告 ることが推定され,Sarno et al.( 2005, 2007) により報告 されている( Sarno et al. 2005, Kooistra et al. 2008).なお, された8種についてはそれぞれ生理生態特性が新たに解 これら3種の海水・汽水産種に加え淡水産種とされる 明される必要のあることが示された. Skeletonema potamosは細胞間の連結棘が短い種とされて そこでこの総説ではSkeletonema属11種の同定基準を いる. 解説するとともに,新たに解明されつつあるSkeletone- Fig. 1に2009年4月から12月までに大阪湾から単離離 ma属各種の生理生態特性,さらに遺伝子解析を用いた 培養したSkeletonema属6株の光学顕微鏡写真を示す. S. marinoiの個体群研究に至るまでを簡単に紹介したい. LSU rDNAを用いて同定すれば,これらの株はいずれも なお,この総説では最近の論文の中で,遺伝子解析と微 S. dohrniiであった.通常Skeletonema属の外形は円筒形 細構造観察の併用により同定されたSkeletonemaのみを と報告されることが多いが,一種であっても環境条件や 対象として取り扱っている. 生活史の過程で外形が細長い円筒形からレンズ形まで, 20 日本プランクトン学会報 第60巻 第1号(2013) さまざまに変化していることがわかる. 供される. SEM観察によりSkeletonema属が同定される場合,野 Sarno et al.( 2005, 2007) が詳述したSkeletonema属各種 外試料かマイクロピペット法で単離・培養された株が用 の殻の微細構造の特徴に基づき,本研究で作成した検索 いられることが多い.これらの試料は固定を行った後, 表をFig. 2に示した.また,Skeletonema属4種のSEM写 電顕観察の前に細胞の有機物を分解除去するため,酸処 真をFig. 3に示す.この検索表では,まず群体の両端に 理(試料1:硝酸1:硫酸4)がほどこされる.筆者は前 位置するTerminal cellとそれら以外の中間に位置するIn- 処理法として安全性を鑑み,市販品の配管洗浄剤を利用 tercalary cellに必ず認められる2種類の棘,Rimoportula するパイプユニッシュ法(南雲 1995, http://www.u-gakugei. processとFultoportula processの形態に着目する.Rimo- ac.jp/~mayama/diatoms/collection%20and%20cleaning.htm) portula processは,Fig. 3の矢印で示されるように,各細 を用いている.処理後,試料はよく水洗し,炭素テープ 胞の蓋殻( Valve) に1本ずつあり,細胞がTerminal cellな を貼った試料台上で乾燥して,蒸着を行った後に観察に ら ばTerminal rimoportula process( TRPP), Intercalary cell ならばIntercalary rimoportula process( IRPP) と記述され る.一方,Fultoportula processは各細胞の蓋殻の周縁に 蓋殻の径に応じて3本以上認められ,細胞がTerminal cellならばTerminal fultoportula process( TFPP), Intercalary cellならばIntercalary fultoportula process( IFPP) と記され る. TFPPは先端の幅が拡がったFlared型と細いNarrow型 に大別され,Flared(Fig. 3 B-aの円内)ならばS. dohrnii かS. marinoiの ど ち ら か で あ る. こ れ ら の2種 は この TFPPも含め形態に全く差異がないため,どちらかに同 定される.TFPPがNarrowの場合( Fig. 3 A-a, C-a, D-aの 円内),TRPPの位置を観察し,蓋殻の周辺に位置してい る( Marginal) ならば(Fig. 3 A-bの矢印)3種の候補があ げられる.3種のうちIRPPが長い( Long) とS. costatum Fig. 1. Light microscopy of Skeletonema marinoi-dohrnii com- ( の矢印)である. が短く( ), plex from Osaka Bay, Japan, identied using LSU rDNA and SSU s.s. Fig. 3 A-c, A-d IRPP Short rDNA sequences. Scale bar, 10 μm. また姉妹細胞のIFPPが先端付近からから小さな棘( Lat- Fig. 2. Identication guide using ne structures for eleven species of the genus Skeletonema. TFPP, terminal fultoportula process; TRPP, terminal rimoportula process; IRPP, intercalary rimoportula process; IFPP, intercalary fultoportula process. * S. japonicum sometimes has TFPPs with wider tips. 山田:Skeletonema属の最近の分類と生理生態特性 21 Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Skeletonema spp. from Dokai Bay, Japan. Scale bar, 1 μm. Aer Yamada et al(. 2010) with modi- cations. (A) Skeletonema costatum(. a)(, b), and( c) strain FDK011(; d) strain FDK015(. a) and( b) terminal valve with TFPPs having narrow tips (circle) and a marginal TRPP( arrow);( c) and( d) intercalary valves with IFPPs accompanying external pores( arrowhead) at their base, and a marginal long IRPP( arrow). e 1:1 junctions of IFPPs interlock by rectangular lateral expansion( circle).( B) Skeletonema marinoi- dohrnii complex.( a),( b),( c) and( d) strain FDK026.( a) and( b) terminal valve with TFPPs having ared tips( circle) and a sub-central TRPP( arrow)(; c) and( d) intercalary valves with IFPPs and a short marginal IRPP( arrow). e IFPPs interlock with plain joints( circle). (C) Skeletonema japonicum(. a) strain FDK186(; b) strain FDK160(; c) and( d) strain FDK177(. a) terminal valve with TFPPs having nar- row tips( circle) and a sub-central TRPP( arrow)(; b) terminal valve with TFPPs showing wider tips( circle) and a TRPP( arrow)(; c) and (d) intercalary valves with IFPPs and a short marginal IRPP( arrow). e IFPPs interlock with fork joints( circle).( D) Skeletonema tropi- cum(. a)(, b) and( d) strain FDK207(; c) strain FDK200(. a) and( b) terminal valve with TFPPs having narrow tips( circle) and a sub-cen- tral TRPP( arrow);( c) and( d) intercalary valves with IFPPs
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