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Strengthening Support for Labor Migration in Tajikistan Assessment and Recommendations

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Strengthening Support for Labor Migration in Tajikistan Assessment and Recommendations STRENGTHENING SUPPORT FOR LABOR MIGRATION IN TAJIKISTAN ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS DECEMBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK STRENGTHENING SUPPORTSUPPORT FOR LABORLABOR MIGRATIONMIGRATION IN TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN ASSESSMENT ANDAND RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS DECEMBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT BANK BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-471-2 (print), 978-92-9262-472-9 (electronic) Publication Stock No. TCS200362 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS200362 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. ADB recognizes “Kyrgyzstan” as the Kyrgyz Republic and “Russia” as the Russian Federation. Cover design by Claudette Rodrigo. Contents Tables, Figures, and Boxes iv Acknowledgments v Abbreviations vii Executive Summary ix Introduction and Methodology Migration in Tajikistan: Overview, Management, and Services Good Practices: Predeparture and Post-Return Services Recommendations and Conclusion Appendixes .List of Persons Interviewed for the Report .Legal Instruments and Relevant Stakeholders in Migration Management in Tajikistan . Proposed Predeparture Orientation Seminar on Safe Migration for Tajik Migrants Glossary Bibliography Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables Number of Migrant Workers by Gender (–) Distribution of Tajik Migrants Working in the Russian Federation, by Industry General Needs of Migrants in Di erent Stages of Migration International Migration at a Glance: Selected Countries in South and Southeast Asia Predeparture Information Program of Selected Countries in South and Southeast Asia at a Glance A Tajikistan’s Ratifi cations of International Migration Laws Figures Occupation before Migration Main Steps to Prepare for Migration, Returned Migrants Migration Cycle Boxes Preemployment Orientation Seminars in the Philippines Employment Permit System in the Republic of Korea Legal Assistance for Migrant Workers in the Philippines Case Study on BDO Academy in Tajikistan Financial Facilities and Instruments in Bangladesh Complaint and/or Feedback Management System for Migrants in the Philippines A Labor Migrants’ Assistance in Dushanbe, Tajikistan A. What Would Training Mean? A. Who is a Trainer? A. Proposed Monitoring and Evaluation Methods of the Training Acknowledgments his report presents an analysis of the major Ismatullo Ismatulloev, and Jamshed Kuddusov. Former socioeconomic impacts of labor migration First Deputy Head of Migration Service Moyonsho Tin Tajikistan, along with recommendations Mahmadbekov also provided insightful inputs into this for policy planners and administrators. It introduces study. international best practices associated with international migration in other Asia and Pacifi c Werner Liepach countries, which are also dependent on remittances Director General from overseas migrants. It focuses on formal migration Central and West Asia Department (CWRD) administered by the Ministry of Labour, Migration and Employment (MOLME) of the Republic of Tajikistan. Rie Hiraoka Director The analysis covers recent trends of migration and Social Sector Division (CWSS), CWRD needed support, as well as policy options for future predeparture and post-return services. Tables with Eiko Kanzaki Izawa data on other relevant issues (such as job replacement Team Leader of the returning migrants, family separation, and Unit Head, Project Administration, CWSS, CWRD risks of migration) provide a comprehensive understanding of the current conditions of migrants Aiko Kikkawa Takenaka and migrant families. Economist, Economic Analysis and Operational Support Division (EREA), Economic Research and The study team from the Asian Development Bank Regional Cooperation Department (ERCD) (ADB) that developed this report worked on the ADB- funded Skills and Employability Enhancement Project Takashi Yamano in Tajikistan, led by Eiko Kanzaki Izawa. Team members Senior Economist, EREA, ERCD were Takashi Yamano, Aiko Kikkawa Takenaka, and Nahreen Farjana. Ryotaro Hayashi and Lisa-Marie Madeline S. Dizon Josefi n Kreibich provided peer reviews. Rie Hiraoka Project Analyst, provided a review as well as technical input. Madeline CWSS, CWRD Dizon and Laureen Felisienne Tapnio provided coordination and administrative support. Laureen Felisienne M. Tapnio Operations Assistant Special thanks to Daler Safarov, manager of CWSS, CWRD Project Administration Group of the ADB-funded Strengthening Technical and Vocational Education Nahreen Farjana and Training Project in Tajikistan. He provided Consultant valuable advice and coordination support. Assisting him in gathering data and information were project Jumaev, Sangin Boboev, Abdulmajid Bobokhonov, Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ALC adult learning center BMET Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training (Bangladesh) BNPTKI National Board for the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Overseas Workers (Indonesia) BPTKI Agency for the Service, Placement and Protection of Indonesian Overseas Workers (Indonesia) CIS Commonwealth of Independent States COVID- coronavirus disease CSCG Civil Society Contact Group CSO civil society organization EUI European University Institute FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FEPB Foreign Employment Promotion Board (Nepal) FGD focus group discussions FMDW female migrant domestic worker GG government to government GBAO Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast GDP gross domestic product HRC Human Rights Center ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization for Migration JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KNOMAD Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development MOLME Ministry of Labour, Migration and Employment of Population of the Republic of Tajikistan MOU memorandum of understanding MPI Migration Policy Institute MRITP Market-Responsive Inclusive Training Program NDS National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to NGO nongovernmental organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OWWA Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (the Philippines) PAG project administration group PDO predeparture orientation PDOS predeparture orientation seminar PEOS preemployment orientation seminar POEA Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (the Philippines) SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SEEP Skills and Employability Enhancement Project (Tajikistan) viii Abbreviations SLBFE Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment TA technical assistance TOT training of trainers TRTA transaction technical assistance TVET technical and vocational education and training UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees WHO World Health Organization Executive Summary ver the last decade, Tajikistan has steadily migrant women are in the service sector. Although reduced poverty. International migration, most migrants leave Tajikistan legally, some of them Oan alternative livelihood option, has been a become irregular for various reasons, ranging from major driver of this economic advancement. Migration minor administrative to serious off enses eases the pressure of unemployment and contributes (in December 2019, the number of migrants in the to the foreign currency reserve. In 2019, Tajikistan reentry ban list of the Russian Federation was received $2.7 billion as remittance, equivalent to 267,324). The International Organization for Migration
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