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Local Financing Mechanisms for Forest and Landscape Restoration 21 Local financing mechanisms for forest and landscape restoration - A review of local-level investment mechanisms Local financing mechanisms for forest and landscape restoration A review of local-level investment mechanisms For more information, please contact: Forestry Division– Natural Resources and Sustainable Production [email protected] www.fao.org/forestry/en ISBN 978-92-5-134102-5ISSN 2664-1062 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy FORESTRY WORKING 9 789251 341025 FAO PAPER CB3760EN/1/03.21 21 ISSN 2708-1206 Local financing mechanisms for forest and landscape restoration A review of local-level investment mechanisms FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2021 Required citation: Besacier, C., Garrett, L., Iweins, M. and Shames, S. 2021. Local financing mechanisms for forest and landscape restoration – A review of local level investment mechanisms. Forestry Working Paper No. 21. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb3760en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISSN 2664-1062 [Print] ISSN 2664-1070 [Online] ISBN 978-92-5-134102-5 © FAO, 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http:// www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Cover photograph: A woman plants some seeds while taking part in a Sahelian plants growth testing and reforestation project in Malamawa village, Zinder Region, Niger on July 30, 2019. ©FAO/Luis Tato III Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ vii Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................... viii Definitions ............................................................................................................ix Executive summary .............................................................................................xi 1. Introduction: The financing of forest and landscape restoration needs ... 1 1.1. Purpose of this document .....................................................................3 2. Overview of mechanisms for financing forest and landscape restoration 5 2.1. Forest and landscape restoration investment needs ..........................5 2.2. Mechanisms for financing forest and landscape restoration .............9 2.3. How each mechanism is described: overview, an example and conducive conditions for success ...................................................... 11 3. Financial mechanisms.................................................................................... 13 3.1. For-profit financial mechanisms ......................................................... 13 3.2. Not-for-profit financial mechanisms .................................................. 21 4. Market mechanisms for financing forest and landscape restoration ...... 27 4.1. Payments for ecosystem services ........................................................ 27 4.2. Market development for timber and non-timber forest products and value chains .................................................................. 31 4.3. Sustainability standards and certification ........................................34 4.4. Ecotourism .......................................................................................... 37 5. The coordination of finance for forest and landscape restoration ......... 41 5.1. The need for coordination .................................................................. 41 5.2. Mechanisms to coordinate finance ....................................................43 5.3. Timing of forest and landscape restoration investments .................46 5.4. Pathways to financing restoration at the landscape scale ...............48 6. Conclusions and way forward ..................................................................... 57 7. References and further reading ................................................................... 61 IV Case Studies ....................................................................................................... 65 1. Short-term loans: The ‘Imdodi Rushd’ microloan foundation, Tajikistan .............................................................................67 2.Medium- and long-term loans: Specialized credit line providing loans to community forest enterprises, Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala ................................................................ 72 3. Equity mechanism: Moringa and Cafetalera Nica-France Out-growers, Nicaragua ......................................................77 4a. Guarantee mechanism: The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and EcoPlanet Bamboo ............................................ 81 4b. Guarantee mechanism: The Swiss Lumber Company out-grower scheme, Ghana ....................................................85 5. Public finance instrument: The Brazilian ‘Ecological ICMS’, a fiscal transfer to enhance ecosystem protection ................................89 6. Grants: The GEF Small Grants Programme, Peru ....................................95 7. Payments for ecosystem services: Pagos por servicios ambientales in Costa Rica .....................................100 8. Market development for secondary tree and non-timber forest products: Acacia and agroforestry through the Mampu project, the Democratic Republic of the Congo ...........................................................................106 9. Certification scheme: Rainforest Alliance CertificationTM of banana farms – Global .............................................. 112 10. Ecotourism: The Olare Orok Conservancy, Kenya .............................. 117 V Boxes The Economics of Ecosystem Restoration .....................................................7 The ‘Imdodi Rushd’ microloan foundation, Tajikistan .............................. 14 Specialized credit line providing loans to community forest enterprises, Guatemala................................................................................ 16 Moringa’s equity investment in the Cafetalera Nica-France Out-growers programme, Nicaragua ......................................................... 18 The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and EcoPlanet Bamboo, Central America and Southern and West Africa ........................20 The Swiss Lumber Company out-grower scheme, Ghana .........................20 The Brazilian ‘Ecological-ICMS’: A fiscal transfer between states and the municipalities enhancing the protection of ecosystems .............23 The GEF Small Grants Programme – Cultivating tara trees to reforest degraded riverbanks in El Agustino, Peru ............................... 25 Payments for ecosystem services, Costa Rica ............................................
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