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Displacement Economies in Africa : Paradoxes of Crisis and Creativity

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Displacement Economies in Africa : Paradoxes of Crisis and Creativity This PDF is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Licence. Further details regarding permitted usage can be found at http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Print and ebook editions of this work are available to purchase from Zed Books (www.zedbooks.co.uk). A frica Now Africa Now is published by Zed Books in association with the inter­ nationally respected Nordic Africa Institute. Featuring high­quality, cutting­edge research from leading academics, the series addresses the big issues confronting Africa today. Accessible but in­depth, and wide­ranging in its scope, Africa Now engages with the critical political, economic, sociological and development debates affecting the continent, shedding new light on pressing concerns. Nordic Africa Institute The Nordic Africa Institute (Nordiska Afrikainstitutet) is a centre for research, documentation and information on modern Africa. Based in Uppsala, Sweden, the Institute is dedicated to providing timely, critical and alternative research and analysis of Africa and to co­operation with African researchers. As a hub and a meeting place for a growing field of research and analysis, the Institute strives to put knowledge of African issues within reach of scholars, policy makers, politicians, media, students and the general public. The Institute is financed jointly by the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). www.nai.uu.se Forthcoming titles Margaret C. Lee (ed.), Africa’s World Trade Mary Njeri Kinyanjui, Women and the Informal Economy in Urban Africa Karuti Kanyinga, Duncan Okello and Anders Sjögren (eds), Kenya: The Struggle for a New Constitutional Order Thiven Reddy, South Africa: Beyond Apartheid and Liberal Democracy Anders Themner (ed.), Warlord Democrats in Africa Titles already published Fantu Cheru and Cyril Obi (eds), The Rise of China and India in Africa Ilda Lindell (ed.), Africa’s Informal Workers Iman Hashim and Dorte Thorsen, Child Migration in Africa Prosper B. Matondi, Kjell Havnevik and Atakilte Beyene (eds), Biofuels, Land Grabbing and Food Security in Africa Cyril Obi and Siri Aas Rustad (eds), Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta Mats Utas (ed.), African Conflicts and Informal Power Prosper B. Matondi, Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform Maria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern, Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? Fantu Cheru and Renu Modi (eds), Agricultural Development and Food Security in Africa About the editor Amanda Hammar is research professor at the Centre of African Studies, Copen hagen University. She has researched and published on agrarian change, local government, state­making, sovereignty, displacement and crisis in southern Africa, with a special focus on Zimbabwe and, less so, on Mozambique. She co­edited Zimbabwe’s Unfinished Business: Rethinking Land, State and Nation in the Context of Crisis (Weaver Press, 2003) and two journal special issues related to political economies of displacement in southern Africa ( Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 2008; Journal of Southern African Studies, 2010). Her current work is focused on changing modes of urban governance and citizenship in times of crisis and displacement. Displacement economies in Africa Paradoxes of crisis and creativity edited by Amanda Hammar Zed Books london | new york Displacement Economies in Africa was first published in association with the Nordic Africa Institute, PO Box 1703, se­751 47 Uppsala, Sweden in 2014 by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London n1 9jf, uk and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010, usa www.zedbooks.co.uk www.nai.uu.se Editorial copyright © Amanda Hammar 2014 Copyright in this collection © Zed Books 2014 The right of Amanda Hammar to be identified as the editor of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 Set in OurType Arnhem, Monotype Gill Sans Heavy by Ewan Smith Index: [email protected] Cover design: www.roguefour.co.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by Distributed in the usa exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin’s Press, llc, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010, usa All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data available isbn 978­1­78032­489­0 hb isbn 978­1­78032­488­3 pb Contents Figure and tables | vii Introduction 1 Displacement economies: paradoxes of crisis and creativity in Africa . 3 amanda hammar PART I Economies of rupture and repositioning 2 Securing livelihoods: economic practice in the Darfur–Chad borderlands . 35 andrea behrends 3 Contested spaces, new opportunities: displacement, return and the rural economy in Casamance, Senegal. 57 martin evans 4 The paradoxes of class: crisis, displacement and repositioning in post­2000 Zimbabwe . 79 amanda hammar PART II Reshaping economic sectors, markets and investment 5 Rapid adaptations to change and displacements in the Lundas (Angola) . 107 cristina udelsmann rodrigues 6 Somali displacements and shifting markets: camel milk in Nairobi’s Eastleigh Estate . 127 hannah elliott 7 Diaspora returnees in Somaliland’s displacement economy . 145 peter hansen 8 Financial flows and secrecy jurisdictions in times of crisis: relocating assets in Zimbabwe’s displacement economy . 161 sarah bracking PART III Confinement and economies of loss and hope 9 The IDP economy in northern Uganda: a prisoners’ economy?. 187 morten bøås and ingunn bjørkhaug 10 ‘No move to make’: the Zimbabwe crisis, displacement­in­place and the erosion of ‘proper places’ . 206 jeremy jones 11 Captured lives: the precarious space of youth displacement in eastern DRC . 230 timothy raeymaekers About the contriburors | 251 Index | 254 Figure and tables Figure 9.1 Fear of being mugged, attacked, raped, shot or harassed by LRA, by district in per cent by adult population . 191 Tables 9.1 How many kilometres people could move outside the camps, by percentage of the adult population . 192 9.2 Number of households in each Selection Area as percentage of Selection Areas . 193 9.3 Humanitarian assistance received by percentage of households. 196 9.4 Use of food aid by district and by percentage of those who received food aid . 197 9.5 Access to land for cultivation adjacent to the camp, percentage of households . 198 9.6 The use of cultivation land – percentage of households with cultivation land adjacent . 198 9.7 Preceding month’s income by those who had engaged in economic activities in the previous year, by percentage of adult population . 199 9.8 Households with victims of crime or violent encounter during the month prior to interview, by percentage of households . 201 vii Introduction 1 | Displacement economies: paradoxes of crisis and creativity in Africa1 Amanda Hammar An insistent presence Finding a name for something that is viscerally ‘there’ but is still undefined provokes a creative frustration. This something ‘insists upon its presence’ as a problematic (Thompson 1978, cited in Guyer 2002: ix), prompting a productive search for analytical terms with which to counter this absence in a meaningful way. This is a search often enriched by a collective rather than an individual endeavour. Such creative frustration occurred in the 2000s during my engage­ ment with contexts of violent crisis and displacement and their continuities in southern Africa, and specifically in Zimbabwe. Through this, what came to light repeatedly were the paradoxes of displacement: openings occurring as well as closures; dislocation and movement at the same time as confinement and ‘stuckness’; creation as well as destruction; wealth accumulation alongside impoverishment. Inevitably, these are experienced unevenly by those affected by or effecting forms of displacement. What seemed increasingly evident, however, was not only that there were complex historical and contemporary conditions that generated displacement in its various manifestations: that is, one­off acts of mass dislocation, for example, or longer­term, cumulative forms of chronic dislodging. In addition, one could observe the emergence of, and articulation between, a range of new physical, social, economic and political spaces, relations, systems and practices that displacement itself was producing. Witnessing these compelling paradoxes of displacement, there seemed to be no existing conceptual framework or language at the time with which to investigate and make sense of their curious simultaneities, their multi­actor, multi­sited and multi­temporal dimensions, and their complex relational manifestations and implications. Even if there were some promising leads to pursue, there was no single theoretical approach or disciplinary perspective or field of study that was encompassing enough on its own. The rich literatures related to refugee studies, for example, with few exceptions, were barely pay­ ing attention to questions of political economy and the shifting economic dynamics that displacement was linked to. The focus of migration studies of various shades, while certainly inclusive of various economic perspectives, was not concerned with the enforced, violent dimensions of movement which are 3 core aspects of displacement. And the growing scholarship on shadow or war economies
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