A LINK BETWEEN T H ^ t ^ n C NATIONS

No. 93 Spring 1996 £1.70

• Scottish Political Situation

• Breton-Basque Solidarity Trial

• Borradh sa Bhriotäin

• The Hawks must be stopped

• Roger Casement Vindicated

• Cornish Today

• Defining Manx Identity

• Massive Military Force that Failed

ALBA: COMUNN CEILTEACH • BRE1ZH: KEVRE KELTIEK • CYMRU: UNDEB CELTAIDD • EIRE: CONRADH CEILTEACH • KERNOW: KESUNYANS KELTEK • MANNIN: COMMEEYS CELTIAGH Tha Fionnlagh a' leum. a' leum, a’ leum 7e- Agus tha òrain na bodhaig againn cuideachd... "Cluasan. siùlean, srôn is beul”

I Cluasan. sùilean. srôn is beul Srôn is beul. srôn is beul Cluasann. sùileann. srôn is beul An ceann a h-uile creutair.

o Corrag bheag is òrdag mhôr Ordag mhôr òrdag mhôr Is e 'n t-ionnsachadh ôg Corrag bheag is òrdag mhôr an t-ionnsachadh bôidheach Air làmh a h-uile creatuir.

Mata, sin agad e! Chan eil mòran diofar cadar croileagan Tibeatannach is fear agus an deidh sin a' toirt a-staigh an t-ôran Albannach. Bhiodh na Tibeatannaich fior S n a làithean a dh'aom thadhail an "Bha tuathanas aig Seann Dòmhnaìlach" thoilichte Tibeat neo-eisimileach Ihaicinn, fheadhainn ro bheartach is ro far an robh muneaidh ro fhiadhaich! far an robh croileagan Tibeatannach anns a chumhachdach baile Simla air na beanman Agus ni iad eacarsaich aig an aon àm h-uile àite, agus tha sinne air an aon ràmh, arda sna h-Innseachan. Chaidh iad an sin a coitach aig a cheart àm ris an fheadhainn gu dùrachdach. a thaobh saorsa na h-uile samhradh bhon a tha e fionnar an ôg againne mar "Làmhan anns a’ bhùrn” h-Albainn is na croiieagain againn. seo. Mata, bha iad a' dol ann fhad's a bha (no uisge) na Sasunnaieh a’ riaghaladh thairis air na h-Innseachan co dhiu — bhon a bha e ro I theth ann an Delhi. Làmhan anns a’ bhùrn An diugh, tha fògarraich à Tibeal ro Làmhan anns a' bhùrn bhochd is gun chumhachd sam bith an sin. Spliosaidh. sploisidh. splaisidh Theich iad on dùthaich aca bhon a tha na Tha mo làmhan anns a bhùrn. Sinich a' dèanamh geur-leanmhainn air a' chànain aca, air a’ chreidamh aca agus air II an dualachas aca — dîreach coitach ri geur- Siabann air mo shrôin leanmhainn is dearmad na Giiidhlig o Siabann air mo shrôin làithean Righ Chaluim Chinn Mhòir. Nach Spliosaidh, sploisidh. splaisidh fheumadh e na facían aig Mairead na Tha siabann air mo shrôin Mallachd, a bhean. eadar-theangachadh o Bheurla gu Gàidhlig oir cha robh duine ann III an Eaglais na h-Alba, an uair sin comasach Frasaidh mi am biim ort Beurla a thuigsinn! Frasaidh mi am bùm ort Ach tha na Tibeatannaich a' dèanamh Spliosaidh, sploisidh. splaisidh spàim air sgath na cànain aca is an dualachas Frasaidh mi am burn on aca dîreach mar a tha sitine a’ dèanamh an diugh. Tha croileagan aca cuideachd. ged a no òran a tha rud beagèasgaìdh... tha iad a’ fuireach ann an .sium ro bhochd. Lorgaidh duine sam bith an sgoil "Tha Sara a' dannsa" bhochd thruagh aca ann an Simla sios Gillean Tibeatannach sun croileagan aca. braighe far a bheil na taighean aca air an Tha am fear as luglio de na gillean tri togail le drumachan-oia cômhnard. Tha mu I bliadhna gu leth a dh ’aois. fhichead leanabhan ann. eadar tri bliadhna is sia bliadhna a dh’aois. Ach chan eile Tha Sara a' dannsa, a' dannsa. a’ dannsa moran diofar eatorra agus na croiieagain Tha Sara a’ dannsa. a’ dannsa fhathast. againne far a bheil ar claim eadar dhà gu Ma bhios leughadair deônach na leth is còig bliadhna a dh’aois. II croiieagain a chuideachadh, sgriobhadh e Coitach ris an dualachas Tibeatannach, 's Tha Sim ag ilhe. ag ithe, ag ithe -jc gu Fionnlagh Mac Leôid. CNSA, 53 Sràid ann 'sa na Gàidheil ôg againne...a tha ar na h-Eaglaise. Inbhir Nis IVI IDR. dôchas ris an àm ri tighinn. Arsa an Dalai III Alba/Scotland. A chionn gun lean na Lama, a tha 'na cheannard air na Tha Màiri a' ruilh. a’ ruith. a’ runh 7c croileagan gu sgeoiltean. colaisdean is Tibeatannaich, "Faodaidh an fheadhainn ôg oilthighean sa Gàidhlig agus Alba far a againn 'sna Innseachaich a bhi ann an cridhe IV bheil ar cànain Albannach an àite Beurla a' chaitheanih-beatha chràbhach chiùin a Tha lain a’ snàmh. a' snàmh, a' snàmh 7c chruiadh Shasunnach! thogras sin a chur air bonn a-risd." Mata, air Gilleasbuig Mac Mhuirich an laimh eile, tha dùil againn gunt bi ar V (Gilleasbuig Lachlainn Tlleasbuig) Gàidheil ôg a' cur ar cànain an àite na Beurla Tha Domhnall ag ôl, ag ôl, ag 61 yc feadh Alba neo-eisimealach uile gu leir. Ma thèid thu a-steach don chroileagan VI This is a discussion of pre-school teaching Tibeatannach ann an Simla cluinnidh tu na Tha Eilidh a' coiseachd. a‘ coiseachd. a’ through our Scottish language. pàisdean a' gabhail òrain Tibeatannach coiseachd 7c British Telecom

In the last year or so many new, fact that far more people in Scotland speak multilingual payphones have appeared Gaelic than speak Welsh. While the boxes • Sabhal Mor Ostaig offers a range of throughout Scotland. Despite providing are standardised throughout the "UK", it is full-time and short courses (April- instructions in six languages including surely possible for them to make an Sept.) in Gaelic, piping, fiddle, Welsh, Gaelic is not included. The exception for a country as large as clarsach, step dance, tin whistle and argument initially started when BT refused Scotland. accordion. Fur further information: to include Gaelic in two multilingual In the standard letters which BT have Gavin Parsons, Sabhal Mor Ostaig, boxes on the Isle of Lewis, despite the fact been sending to campaigners, they say that Sleite, An t-Eilean Sgitheanach IV44 that Comhairle nan Eilean the local they would consider providing Gaelic 8RQ, Alba/Scotland. authority has a bilingual policy and that instruction “if there should be an upsurge • To celebrate the Fiftieth Anniversary the large majority of inhabitants speak in the use of Gaelic, which mirrors the Celebration of The Edinburgh Gaelic. situation in Wales” . They give no International Festival. The Edinburgh Gaelic bodies such as Comann an indication of what constitutes such an Fringe and the Drambuie Edinburgh Luchd lonnsachaidh (the Gaelic learners "upsurge" and seem oblivious to the fact Film Festival the University of association) have been conducting a that most involved with Gaelic would Edinburgh is offering courses on campaign for Gaelic in all such payphones argue that there has been one in many drama, music and film studies. Dates: in Scotland. Unfortunately this campaign senses. If you want to see Gaelic included 10-30 August, accommodation has not yet met with any success as BT are on all Scottish multilingual payphones, available. A number of short courses showing a very inflexible altitude on this write to: for adults, including Gaelic, are also matter and are justifying their position Eric Richardson. Payphone Customer on offer throughout the summer. with the flimsiest of arguments. They have Services Office. BT Payphones. 35 Contact: International Summer argued that there is insufficient demand for Wellesley Road. Croydon. CR9 2YZ. Courses, Centre for Continuing Gaelic, pointing out that 20% of the Welsh England. Education, The University of population speak Welsh as compared with Edinburgh. 11 Buccleuch Place, only 1.4% of those in Scotland speaking Edinburgh. EH8 9LW, Scotland. Gaelic. This argument seems to neglect the Alasdair MacCaluim i------1 i New Verses for j New Gaelic Radio Service I anAuld Sang ! By the lime this article is in print, the new There can be do doubt that the new' by James S. Adam, published by BBC Gaelic radio service should be in service will be a great improvement for operation. This represents both an advance those able to receive it. There can also be ! The Herald Press, Arbroath, 1995, and a retreat for Gaelic radio. Previously all no doubt that it is unacceptable that so price £4.65 of Scotland was able to receive one hour of many are to lose Gaelic radio. The BBC Gaelic radio every day excepting Saturdays seems determined to remove MW Gaelic on MW with the West Highlands and programming despite protests from the This is a splendid collection of verse Islands receiving the full Radio nan Gaelic movement. Surely the BBC can about Scotland. The poems are largely in Gaidheal service on FM. Under the new satisfy the eminently reasonable demand of Scots although Gaelic has its part as regime, the full range of Gaelic campaigners for a few Gaelic broadcasts on Scotland's other living language but programmes will also be available MW each week. Even if they are unwilling James Adam makes a point of going throughout the Central Belt on Fi\l. An to retain the present service, the BBC could beyond bilingualism into trilingualism improved FM service will also be available provide a reduced service of two or three following on the work of William Neill in Caithness. Badenoch and Strathspey. hours a week. in that field. These changes mean that the majority of In the long term, the only acceptable The opening verse "Scotia" is an Scots will receive more Gaelic radio. solution to the radio problem is a 24 hour unyielding affirmation of why we need to Unfortunately, the small amount of Gaelic radio service available throughout stand on our own feet, or our own Gaelic broadcasting on MW is to cease Scotland. platform and proclaim the importance of with the commencement of the FM service. If you want to see the retention of the Scot's view of him self/herself Gaelic radio will no longer be available in Gaelic on MW, write to: James Boyle, together with the need to be free to be areas without dedicated FM transmitters. Head of BBC Radio Scotland. Radio ourselves. Many have said that the new set-up is a Scotland. Queen Margaret Drive. Glasgow; The book is. however, also seasoned 'national service'. It is clear from looking G12 8DG. , , with some gently reflective poems in at the areas which are to lose Gaelic radio Alasdair MacCaluim English together with a few light-hearted that it is no such thing. There will be no items poking fun at ourselves and some Gaelic radio at all in the Borders. Tayside. Kilmarnock Edition of the queer notions we have from time Dumfries & Galloway or the majority of to time. Grampian and Fife. Even the whole of the A series of booklets by Puio Mereu, Via There is fun along with the passion and Highlands will not be covered. Outwith E Frediam 4, 00154 Rome. Italy. Written both the fun and the serious challenge Scotland, the numerous Gaelic learners in in Italian these booklets deal with Celtic poems express evocatively the historic England. Wales and Ireland will also lose traditions, music and poetry. For further and innermost aspirations of most Scots. their opportunity to hear Gaelic on the information write to the author, address radio. above. Scottish Wianannane Gift Political Situation Those who live in Scotland are pan of an The Scottish nation is essentially about ancient system of monarchy. They benefit loyalty to a shared ideal. It is strongly based from the tolerant, stable and law-abiding on Celtic traditions, incorporating elements he British Government and Official environment which is the Kingdom of of Judaic. Norse and Saxon mythology. To T Opposition are getting in a lather about Scots. Our customs, traditions and natural define the positive ideals which we stand the prospects of a General Election within resources are the collective legacy for is necessarily subjective and open to the next fourteen months. The average bequeathed us by previous generations. hair-splitting arguments. When our history elector is just praying for polls to be over. This rich heritage is not a free gift; with the is viewed over a long period, a few broad The vast majority in order to see how a new benefits there is an implied acceptance of generalisations are possible. We have a era dawns, the rest couldn’t care less as responsibility. It should be clearly collective will to resist imperialism and long as their pockets are not too badly understood that the good times, the years of external aggression. For a European nation affected. peace, are guaranteed by the nation’s we have shown an unusual degree of With the blatant disregard shown by collective will to endure the less auspicious tolerance towards Hebrews. As befits a Tory ministers to Scottish and Welsh years. By our sacrifice and suffering in the Celtic nation we have a love of learning. opinion it merely underlines the mood in wars of the past we have earned the Scots have demonstrated a particular the Celtic countries to vote overwhelmingly bounties of the present. Only through a aptitude for the practical application of for change. For the Scots the likely arrival willingness to meet these challenges in the education. Whether these attributes can be of a Scottish Assembly is the major prize. future can we hope to maintain our legacy. successfully adapted to meet the current For the Welsh who hope for similar Those Scots who spend the years of difficulties is a question which has yet to be changes they await the Labour Party peace in servitude to alien masters will face answered. settling in its own mind just what it will a dilemma when less settled times return, as The primary challenge for our promise the Welsh should it win. they surely must. Those of us who neglect generation is to extend the territorial limits For those of us who live in Scotland the body politic when avarice beckons will of the nation to include the waters off our the behaviour of Labour is not always be ill prepared for the onset of inclement coast. In so doing we will bring the 1934 sure footed. Their councillors in certain conditions. It has ever been the bane of Petroleum Production Act to the North Sea places like Monklands in north nations that only constant vigilance can oilfields. To bring the rule of Law to Lanarkshire appear just like the old protect an institution which is greater by far Europe’s largest oilfield is a noble and just Labour the London party has tried to than the sum of its parts. undertaking. To challenge the gangsters off leave behind. For the suspension of the Fools question the worth of a system they our coast and in our midst will surely whole Labour membership of the do not understand. If the nation is of such inspire an heroic song or two. Monklands goes to the root of low value why then were past generations Tae ilka coo her calfie. mismanagement and favouritism which is prepared to fight for it'.' To spurn our legacy always the temptation of ruling in a one is to imply that our forebears were wrong in party state for so long. This raises the their vision of the world, To suggest that anomaly that while Westminster elections many generations of fools have produced a © Leroy Beattie will be conducted by “first past the post" modem, enlightened and wise generation is a once again this will not reflect the true popular but flawed philosophy. balance of opinion in Scotland. While the promised Assembly will have the Additional Member System to top up the parties. However the LlbDems with 10 MPs at present run at only 10-1 1% of the vote. Labour registers 47-50% of the polls but has well over 60% of the scats. Bail' Ur Ostaig And scandalously the SNP is trying to break out of the electoral straight-jacket Bail’ Ur Ostaig, to be built on a superb culture. Thus the Bail’ Ur Ostaig library - which gave them over 20% of votes but coastal site in the southern part of Skye, which will include video and audio only three MPs. Of course since then will be a world centre for the study, material as well as printed texts - will he Roseanna Cunningham won the seat of interpretation and enjoyment of Gaelic and accessible internationally by way of the Perth & Kinross for SNP in a by-election of everything connected with it. On behalf latest computer and communications last May and the party has done well in of everyone involved in this exiting project. technologies. local and European elections. But the Sabhal Mor Ostaig, principal promoter of To make Bail’ Ur Ostaig a reality, we Nationalist progress is always measured by the new centre and Scotland’s Gaelic need to convince the Millennium the voters in the number of MPs they can medium college, invites you to help make Commission that the project enjoys win. Bail’ Ur Ostaig a reality. widespread hacking in Scotland and Next year in April, if that is when John Bail’ Ur Ostaig will cost some £25 beyond. If you’d like to see Bail’ Ur Ostaig Major chooses to stand and light, the SNP million. An application for assistance has take shape, please let the Millennium will need to show substantial gains in seats been made to the Millennium Commission Commission know of your support. to put Independence in Europe on the fast which has been established by government Heading your letter Bail' Ur Ostaig. track. Carn readers will be kept abreast of to finance ventures intended to mark the write to: Jennifer Hes, The Millennium the developing situation. The political year 2000 and the start of the third Commission. 2 Little Smith Street, London situation in Scotland shows a consistent millennium. SW1P3DH. placing of Labour first and for the Fiftieth Bail’ Ur Ostaig will build on the many It would be appreciated if you could month SNP at over 20% of votes, well educational achievements of Sabhal M6r copy your letter or let us know that you ahead of the Tories and LibDems. Ostaig. But Bail’ Ur Ostaig will be more have written to the Millennium than an educational institution. It will be a Commission. Thank you for your help. place to which people from every comer of Norman N. Gillies. Director, Sabhal Môr the world will be able to turn for Ostaig, Teangue, Sleat. Isle of Skye. IV44 Rob Gibson information about our Gaelic language and 8RQ P r u d e r e z h

Ret din lavarct nc gomprenan ket gsvall vat penaos ez a en-dro an Internet, a vcz meneget breman ken alies. Koulz eo din d'am oad lezel tud yaouankoc'h da c’hoari gant an n'oun-dare-petra-se, ha gwell a se ina c’hallont tennafi splet dioutan evit degas muioc’h a dud a-du gant an Emsav breizhat. War a glevan e vez skignel a hep seurt stronk en doare-se ivez. N’eo ket ¿klwwel Souexelek bfo-6ko$ hepken ar Stadou a dremen kasadennou an Internet dreist d’o gal loud- evezhian, met an tadou-ha-mammou ivez. hag ini lakaet nec’het gant ar pezh a wcl o bugale. N'eus Bremañ ez eus pevar bloaz. abaoe ma'z eo Ostaig (a gelenn danvezioü pleustrek trede- mui harzoii da netra. e neblec’h. Ma! daou bel savel ar c’hengor karget da ziorren ar live e gouezeleg). Enrollel e voe studierien. du a vez da bep pladenn, koulskoude. servij skinwel gouezelek e Bro-Skos. Dav d’ar wezh kentañ e 1994. da vezañ stummet Er gelaouenn viziek kembreat- eo kounaat n'eus ket a ganol a-ziforc’h evit e-pad daou vloaz. Kenbrezegoü hon eus amerikan Ninnau (Kerzu ’95) ez eus anv ar servij-se: drc ganolloü BBC Scotland, dalc’het ivez gant arbennigourien war eus un ’embanner’ pe koumananter. Cyber- Grampian hag ITV eo e vez skignet ar dachenn ar c’henderc’hañ, hag un enklask Cvmru. a skign keleier ha stlennadur a- programmed er yezh-se ha gamo ivez e vez hon eus graet evil gouzoul pere e oa an zivout ar broiou keltiek all. Gant Breizh e aozel an dam vrasañ anezho. ezhommoü evit barrekaal an dud da sevenin oa Kroget a miz Kerzu En ur rentañ-kont roet gant ar o labour. Uervez Ninnau, hag a zo deuet da c'hadoriad Roy Mclvore tisklérias hennezh Ur c’holl zo bet etre leve (enkefiad) ha vezan krefiv a-du gam Plaid Cymru abaoe e oa bet mat ar c’henober etre ar c’hengor. dispign. Kementad ha talvoud ar ur pennad. cn deus grael Dafydd Wigley, ar genderc'herien programmoü hag ar programmoü hon eus skignet o deus prezidant ar strollad-se ha kannad e bellskignerien er prantad 1994-1995. ha kouslet deonip muioc'h eget na oa en hor Westminster, kalz berzh gant un droiad (Jalc'het o doa ar programmoü pennañ da c'herz evit ar bloaz kellidel.” vruderezh er Sladoit-Unanet e miz Here vezañ deuet-mat d'an arvesterien. An deriñvad-konterczh roet gant ar ‘95. "Prizañ a reomp". a lavaras, "an harp hon c’hadoriad a oa evit ar bloaz kellidel echuel E bal a oa tennafi splet eus ar garantez eus bel digant ar genderc'herien e-kerzh ar d’an 31-3-95. a vag an dud a orin kenibreat evit bro o bloaz kellidel tremenet pa zeuas digresk en Roet e oa £8,738,000 gant ar Stad, war- zadou hag o mammou Ikozh. kunv. you ha arc'hant o toni d’hor c’hef ha rouestl en hor dro £750.000 nebeutoc’h eget er bloaz a- tout) hag o degas da harpaii an emsav raktresoü gam se. En abeg d’an diaesterioti- rauk. An dispigiiuü a save da £8,384.000 broadel. e\el m'o dcus gouezel Iwerzhoniz se n’omp ket bet evit pourvezañ evit ar c'hendcrc'hañ, £179,000 evil an ober a-werso. Bodadegou a voe aozet programmoü ken liesseurt ha ma diorren, £95,000 evit ar c'has-war-raok evitan en un nebeut keriou e reter ar Stadou c'houlenne an arvesterien. N’hon eus ket (bruderezh?), £151.000 evit ar stummañ. hag e California. gallet gouestlañ 25% eus hor c'hellidsteunv £141,000 evit an enklaskoü e-mesk an Du-hont, e Monterey, e prezegas e tri da filmoú aozet gant kompagnezhioü arvesterien. Kemeret e oa bet ahendall emvod a studierien. En ur skol stag ouzh dizalc’h evel ma oa hon dezv. Strivet hon £486,000 gant an dispignoü mererezh. un Ensavadur Sludiou Etrevroadel e eus da gaout muioc’h a arc’hant digant ar O lelc’her kont ouzhpenn-se eus kargoü tisplegas labour un Ajans da ziorren gouarnamant. Un tammig kresk omp deuet ha kampi e oa ur c’holl a £674,000, un Kembre hag a striv da zedennan estrenien a-benn da gaout evit 1995-’96 met n'eo ket tanim mal nebeuioc'h eget er bloaz a-raok da engouestlafi arc'hant en embfegerezhiou savet hon enkefiad d’ai live ma oa en (£1.156,000). kenibreat. derou. C’hwi 'oar e klask ar gouarnamant A.H. Dirak 150 den e komzas a-zivout dalc'bmat krennañ an dispignoit Coran! ’’Diempridigezh Peoc’hus Breizh-Veur’’. un War un dro gant ar c’henlabour hon eus argerzh a roio tu da Gembre da vezan kevatal gant Bro-Skos. Bro-Saoz hag diazezet gant “greanterezh’’ ar skinwel e Gerioii nebeut anavezet Bro-Skos emaomp oc’h astenn ar rouedad Iwerzhon en Unaniezh Europat. darempredoü hon eus skoulmet gant Kengor : committee; kanol channel; Sur a-walc'h ne lavare ket an dra-se kenderc’herien ha pellskignerien kenderc’her : producer; pellsktgner ; gam ar sonj e plegfe Repuhlik Iwerzhon da programmoü e yezhoü keltiek all. broadcaster; kellldel financial; gevredin gant Bro-Saoz en ur seurt is- Kenlabourai a reomp ivez evel-just gant kellidsteunv ; budget; derinvad report unaniezh e-barzh an Unaniezh Europat. Un kevredigezhioü an emsav gouezelek. Gam (loanword from Cornish). hevelep emglev a vez kinmget gant tud'zo ar strollad-ren zo karget da ziorren ar evit Jiskoulman kudenn Norzhiwerzhon: skinwel iwerzhonek ez omp en em glevet spi o deus c lamje ur skoilh bras d’ar evit sevei ur c’hengef a roio harp da aozañ Summary c'henlahour kefridiel etre an div rannbarzh steudadoü programmoü nevez, Roet hon In his report for 1994-'95 the chairman of eus Iwerzhon. N’eo ket Republikaned Sinn eus arc’hant evit lakaat aozañ daou film the Scottish IGaelic) Television Committee Fein hepken a yafe a-enep ar mennad-se... video evit ar sugale, ul levr zo bet moulet expressed satisfaction with the operation of Daoust ha ne vefe ket disireifi e-barzh ar evit bezañ implijet gant unan anezho. Dam the arrangements made for the Gaelic Rouantelezh Unanet? eus an dispign zo bet sammet gant ar ganol television service even though a drop of P’emaon gant Ninnau. menegin a rae e ITV evit an eil. ”An Taigh Tapaidh”. ha £750,000 in the annual government grant oa koumanantet hoi I gerioii bras Breizh gam BBC Scotland ha Teiliffs Éireann evit had limited the range of the programmes d'ar World Wide Web ... gwiad ar bed a- egile. “Mire Mara”. provided. Co-operation was being bezh! - (Me’laka ez eo ur gevrenn eus an Evit gourdonañ Rendere’herien hon eus developed with the agencies involved in en em glevet gant Skolaj Sabhal Mor television in other Celtic languages. (contd.) {B rude redi contd.)

Internet). Peurvuiañ c rconi gant ar galleg koulz ha gam ar saozneg, met loci a ra gant ar brezhoneg. En “lakad" mirel da Gemper Festival fo r DIWAN e vezer “heñchet war-du ar brezhoneg”. Un takad all ("site” a reer eus an dra-se e saozneg) zo miret d'ar C’Hengor in Kemperle Etrebroadel evit Difenn ar Brezhoneg: aze e c’haller deskiñ traoù diwar-benn ar sonerezh breizhat ivez. Evel ma lavarer en iwerzhoneg, dibaot A four-day festival in support of the Breton which very few would be familiar an takadoù na gavfes ket ligistri. DIWAN school in Kemperle was organised with. There was a demand for regular by Youenn Craff in January at the meetings between native speakers and the A.H. instigation of the parents. This is Youenn's "nevez.vrezhonegerien" (who have teamed report to Carn: it in various ways) to practise it for normal “What was remarkable is the fact that conversation. This is already being done in The Welsh-American monthly Ninnau Breton took a prominent role in the several other areas and increasingly so as (Address: II Post Terrace, Basking Ridge, festival’s numerous performances. In all the exemplified in the numerous newspaper NJ 07920, USA) carries reports of the festivals I have attended and in which there cuttings reproduced in the fasciules of activities o f the numerous Welsh societies was a favourable attitude towards our Keleier ar Brezhoneg published by the of N. America. It contains also a lot of very language, it was accorded a rather marginal Breton Cultural Institute”. interesting material about Wales. The role only: there would be only Breton * Gouel ar Brezhoneg has normally at successful tour made in October by Dafydd lessons or a mass in Breton on the side, least one play in Breton. Its organisers last Wigley to present the Welsh case for self- bilingual announcements or sometimes year requested those presenting concerts to government in the USA is well covered in they might be in Breton only. Even Gouel make announcements in Breton. They the December issue from which we also ar Brezhoneg. the national festival of the depend however on a large number of learn about the dissemination of Breton language, I found rather voluntary helpers, they are not all good information about Brittany on the Internet, disappointing*. That is how it is since the Breton speakers... thanks to Cyber-Cymru and the World (Catholic) association BI-EUN BRUG Wide Web. ceased tens of years ago to stage competitions at its annual festival. In Kemperle, there was a big change even L’Avenir de la Bretagne, though I'd have liked more stage performances in Breton. monthly. For a Free Brittany, 20 pp. The festival opened with a talk in the Subscription 200 F (but 250 F. outside Kernev dialect of the area about the State) endeavours of our association "Kelc'h In the last issue, a double one Kervarker” and its theatre group in the 70’s because of the pre-Christmas strikes, to regain for Ihe language some of the Yann Fouere writes about the limits of ground since the war in public life. At the independence and. in a second article, time no plays were being presented in refers to a "lecture in political French in and around Kemperle cither. 1 philosophy” given by the Pope when he must say that I had to give explanations in addressed the United Nations in October French for the benefit of listeners who did and made a clear distinction between not know Breton. State and Nation, calling for a Charter of On Friday 19. Strollad ar Vro Bagan the Nations which would recognise to gave a morning and an afternoon nations and minorities the right to exist, Ur gevredigezh "Breizh-Bro-Astur" zo bet ... to educate the younger generations in savet a-benn bodafi an holl Vretoned pe performance of the play "Ar Roue Marc’h" (which they had also presented last summer accordance with their own traditions... stroliadoù breizhat dedennet e mod pe vod No State, he had said, no other nation, no gant Bro-Astur. Fellout a ra deomp diorren in Connemara (See C arn 92). It was attended by about 750 children. In the international organisation had the right to an darempredoù etre hon div vro e pep evening. Gwenole ar Menn. ethnologist, say that a given nation was not worthy of Kenver, an eskenimoù sevenadurel dre vras, existing. The Pope in effect advocated a etre ar sonerien, an arzourien, an and Goulc'han Kervella, writer and director of S. ar Vro Bagan. spoke to 150-200 new way to organise political »tiuctures. emsaverien evit ar yezhoù. h.a. Kounaomp This had been outlined in great detail ez eo bet hon div vro unanet a-viskoazh people about the Theatre in Breton from the Middle Ages to the present. several years ago by Y. Fouere in his gant ar Mor Allante! ha pergen en oadvezh book "L'Europe au.x Cent Drapeaux". ar meurvein. hini an arem ha mare ar On the 20th in the afternoon, plays, dances, songs and stoiies were presented The pope is due to visit Brittany on Gelted Kozh. E-touesk broioù ar Wareg September 20, after going to Reims to Atlantel emaint hiziv. by seven groups of children from Breton schools, to the same number of children as commemorate the 1500th anniversary of Ar gevredigizh zo ganet diwar unan ail the previous day. In the evening a large the Franks’ conversion to Christianity. a oa he zachenn war Bro an Oriant hepken. number of adults also attended stage Will he renew his New York call that it Ne vior ket souezhet o e ’houzout eman performances. Some 1500 people attended may apply to our country or will he yield c'hoazh he seziz e Kêr ar Gouelioù the following fest-noz (=c£ili). to the pressure of the French hierarchy Etrekeltiek hag cz co Oriantiz a ya d'ober which, according to the Catholic Breton ar bras eus hec’h izili ha pergen eus he On Sunday, there were again plays, in French for children, and in Breton (the language periodical IMBOURC’H. renerien: ar brezidantez Magdeleine subscribes to the State doctrine Gonzalez-Derian, ar sekretour Gwenael latter by the Kelc'h Kervarker group). I think it is the first time in many many years according to which there are no Emelyanoff. an tehzorier Jean-Claude minorities in France? A committee, Corlay. Spi he deus e Kavo izili e Breizh a- that a festival began and finished with substantial items in Breton only, not just for which has received support from a large bezh ha pelloc’h marteze. Titourioù: number of people involved in the ' Breizh-Bro-Astur". Ti ar C'hevredadoù. the opening and concluding words. Many of those who came were keen on cultural movement, has been set up with B.P. 58. Keoded Salvador Allende. 56100 the aim of impressing on the visitor the An Oriant. the use of our local dialect, they identify better with it than with standard literary need to openly recognise the Breton SW of Kemper, at the turn of the century. Its huge success was due to no small extent to the nostalgia it evoked among many of the city people throughout the world for a Uxellodunum, tombeau lost way of life common to the peasants of those days, everywhere so to speak: it was translated into 18 languages, including Russian and Chinese, and a film was made de la civilisation gauloise of it in France, which showed some scenes of doubtful authenticity... Helias first became popular in the fifties with his Breton language program on Radio by Jean-Marie Chaumeil. Forward by Prof. Chr J. Kimerc’h. He excelled as a story teller. He Guyonvarc'h. ¡89 pp., 1JOF. Publ. Liv. Editions. contributed good plays and poetry to the Gwernalez, BP15-, 56320 Ar Faoued. Brittany Breton literature. But his attachment to our language was of a conservative type. Not for him the militancy of that other teacher, Fr. Armand ar C’halve? who around 1960 This work is not only a compendium of figure when in fact they are recent and ran the first after-war bilingual school; the what can be known to-day about the artificial. farthest he seems to have gone to blame the capture by the Romans in 51BC of the Furthermore 1 am sorry but I cannot French authorities for their anti-breton fortified oppidum of Uxellodunum, in the accept his "consolations” - let us not delude policy was in 1954 when he said: "Nothing, territory of the Cadurci corresponding to ourselves! France remains the Romans' nobody, wherever, never could justify the the present departement of Lot, in the South best pupil, in its mentality and its structure, deliberately provoked disappearance of a of France (One ! in the name appears to be much more so (paradoxically) than Italy! language”. He never called into question superfluous, if uxelto means high, as Ir. Twice at least, at the Renaissance and even the French control of Breton affairs. He nasal and Breton uheP.). That event marked more at the Revolution, it definitely must have earned millions in royalties from the end of the Gauls’ resistance to the rejected what might have survived of the this "horse of pride", a title which refers to invaders. Its disastrous consequences for Celtic civilisation w'hich Gaul had so his grand-father. Had he been concerned Gaul is not realised even by some brilliantly illustrated. with the survival of his native language, he Celtologists. Chaumeil. judging by the title, One might regret the lack of maps but would surely have shared a substantial pan is not one of them. He makes a clear, there is a remarkable introduction and, at of that fortune with the continuously- precise and comprehensive exposé (taking the end. testifying to a pedagogical starving half-strangled DIWAN schools, two-thirds of the book) of the present state concern, a copious historical lexicon and without feeling any the poorer. If he gave of knowledge about the ancient Celtic two bibliographies (books, magazines). All any penny of it to them, it must be a secret. society and civilisation. in all. this work is the best introduction to a He is praised as a poet, but should it not 1 am glad that though endowed with an more extensive study of the civilisation of also be the role of a poet, in a nation astonishing capacity to draw from various the ancient Celts. engaged in a struggle for survival, to rouse sources and with a remarkable power of its people to fight? Did the use of a hybrid assimilation and synthesis he has taken as Y. Bouessel du Bourg. double first name not betray a lack of guides two reputed Celtic scholars. Chr. J. Translated by A.H. assurance about his identity? I read that for Guyonvarc’h and François Le Roux, his several years towards the end of his life he wife. In having to make a choice between travelled around the world furthering the different sources he may not always have cause of francophony and wrote exclusively been so lucky, as for instance in the case of in French. He “wanted" to write two novels some etymologies. But that is exception. in Breton, but found no time for that. He One of the few criticisms I would make Passing of famous promised to be among our best writers, but is for using the term "Welsh" although, at stopped half-way. No wonder he was the time he deals with, none of the peoples satirised as "the lying horse" by that of Britain wras known by that name. For the provincial figure inspiring writer, Xavier Grail, who people who then occupied the land from the unfortunately died too soon. No wonder now'-called English Channel to as far N. as either that his funeral was attended by the middle of Scotland, possibly also the politicians who care little for our language North-East (if the Piets were to be and culture established as P-Celts), the general name in A.H. French is Bretons ("d'Angleterre", another oddity!). One cannot distinguish between Celts and Gauls. Even if "the Celtic Empire" did not constitute an organised State but rather a conglomerate, it possessed nonetheless a Learn Breton deep unity of language, culture and through German religion. Among its constituents, the Gauls did not play any special role or enjoy A version of Dr Per Denez’s textbook preponderance or even a greater untty, Pierre-Jakez Helias "Brezhoneg Bitan hag Aes" prepared being themselves a conglomerate. ! by Dr Gerard Comillet to suit Gemían One feels also here and there that ; speakers is now available for 120 F + although he hails from Occitania. i.e. the j 10% for postage, under the title I area where the “langue d’Oc" is spoken, ierre-Jakez Helias. who achieved "Bretonisch Schnell und Múltelos" | and although he has an extraordinary sense fame with the publication of "Le : from Yann Desbordes. I Plasenn Ch. j of history and a vast erudition, he bears the PClieval d'Orgueil ", a book which he hadi Péguy. 29260 Lesneven. A Breton- j imprint of an anachronistic myth of the written simultaneously also in Breton, died German dictionary by G. Cornillet. 442 : Hexagon according to which the French on August 14. 1995 aged 81. In a he j pp.. price 140 F + 10% postage can be ! borders were destined from all antiquity to described the rural life, customs and : obtained from the same address. form such an almost perfect geometrical traditions of his native Bigoudenn country. Breton-Basque Solidarity Trial

The trial of a large number of Basques and Bretons announced in Carn Nr 92 started on November 13 and went on for almost a week. Already on the first day it was punctuated by several incidents. Seldom has a hearing been so muddled and the pressure on its participants been so strong. That Thursday about a thousand Basques and Bretons had converged on Paris but an equal number of protesters coming by bus from the South-Basque country were turned back at the Spanish border on orders from the French Minister of the Interior. The trial began under rather... trying circumstances: the accommodation for the accused was appalling, the public was unable to get access to the court-room, the journalists had to stand... The counsels for In Paris: Solidarity with the Basques - Release the Accused! Courtesy Combat Breton the defence, including Maltre Chouq from taken place on several occasions in many the Nantes bar, felt compelled to severely and many elected representatives were Breton towns. Among the slogans displayed criticise the organisation of the trial. Their incensed at he severity of the verdict. by the participants, the one most frequently protest was dismissed immediately by the Since November, other arrests have used was: Assez! orTrawalc’h! (Enough!) presiding judge: "There are dangerous occurred repeatedly, particularly in the V.Le M. (transi. A.H.) people here!” So that was the reason why Fouenant, Glomel and Lannuon areas. the hearing was being held in one of the Protests supported by elected people have few rooms which had a dock surrounded with reinforced glass... Of the 81 defendants, the Bretons numbered 38. They were accused of having associated with criminals. One of those B ook before C ourt summoned to attend, Jil Le Jeune, refused to come to Paris and instead staged a hunger Joxepli Oltivier, Les Conies de Luzel, a Depariement of Rennes University II. to be strike on Menez Bre, a hill that stands out book of 292 pages by Per Denez. as well acquainted with the Breton well in the landscape just W. of Gwengamp. published last year by Hor Yezh, is the Literature as anyone can be. He brings a The evidence submitted by the Spanish subject of a court action brought by Mmc wealth of evidence in support of his and the French police was contested by the Franyoise Morvan, author of another book, criticism. A first attempt to stop the sale of defence as being far from being conclusive. Conies Breton published in 1994 jointly by his book (by emergency interim If some of the accused w'ere found to be in Presses Universitaires de Rennes and Terre proceedings) failed and Mme Morvan was possession of arms, this was only to protect de Brume. Mmc Morvan asked a High sentenced to pay all the costs. Now she has themselves against assassination attempts Court to prohibit Per Denez's work. This taken Per Denez again to the same court, by GAL (Spanish anti-terrorist devotes 175 pages to an inventory of the asking it to give judgement on the "fonds” commandoes) which, as has become known tales collected in the 19th century by Luzel (substance) and claiming 50,000 F for from persisting reports in the press, were (1821-1895), an inventory put together damage. In effect she wants to prevent the authorised at the highest level in Madrid to towards 1930. after many years of patient public from reading the book. As we write operate illegally, even though with the research, by Joseph Ollivier who classified it is still on sale in shops and available connivance of the French authorities, in the the tales according to titles in alphabetical directly from Yann Desbordes, 1 Plasenn French State territory. order, years of collection, names of the Ch. Péguy. 29260 LESNEVEN. Price 130 The accused Bretons, comprising story tellers, localities of collection. To F. Luzel’s work, as well as J. Ollivier’s, is elected representatives, farmers, teachers, this. Per Denez wrote a preface out of copyright. housewifes. etc. in answering the acknowledging the immense debt we owe *The still existing Breton versions, prosecutor’s Bights of oratory all stated that to an exceedingly humble man without about 90 out of a total of 411 collected by they had acted for humanitary reasons and whom many of the tales would have been Luzel, have recently been published under even in fulfilment of their duty as citizens lost In a postface he deals painstakingly the title Kontcidennou or Bobl in 5 volumes when they gave refuge to people w'ho came with claims raised by F. Morvan in her by AL L1AMM. 2 Venelle Poullbriken, looking for help, exhausted, sick, terrorised book, her assertions concerning Luzel's 29200 Brest. We warmly recommend them by the fear of GAL assassination, or torture stories, her failure to mention Ollivier’s to anyone wishing to read excellent Breton, when they would be extradited to Spain, inventory preserved in the Municipal such as it was undoubtedly known to the since France no longer granted them Library of Rennes although it is there she good story tellers of the last century, a asylum. There were disturbing moments came upon the material she used, “an language free from the pretentious, during the trial as when two mothers cried incredible collection of archives”. Me unnecessary, wholesale borrowing from while describing the conditions under refutes her attempt to prove that those of French which characterised so many Breton which they were interrogated in the early the tales of which ready-for-publishing works, particularly religious ones, during hours of the morning. versions (prepared by Luzel himself) exist the previous two centuries. The French The verdict was not announced until in Breton* were translated from French versions are also being published, six j December 20. More than half of the Bretons translations, etc. etc... volumes of 224 pp., are already available were given suspended sentences varying It is an amazing story! We know Per from Yann Desbordes, 100 F each. from 3 months to 3 years but one woman Denez, now retired professor in the Celtic A. Heusaff was imprisoned for one year. The defence Pryder am ddyfodol dysgu’r Llydaweg, a pheintio anvyddion

M ae mudiadau Llydaweg yn dal i frwydro yn erbyn agweddau gelyniaethus llywodraeth ganolog a gweinyddiaeth leol hefyd. Mae Unvaniezh ar Gelennerien Pigion Celtaidd Brezhoneg (Undeb yr athrawon Llydaweg) yn bryderus am ddyfodol dysgu'r iaith yn yr ysgol ion ar 61 cyfarfod rhwng Yr Alban gvvasanaeth Gwyddeieg a fydd yn darlledu dirprwyaeth o’r Undeb a swyddog yr o’r 31 Hydref ymlaen. £16 miliwn yw cost Enwau gorsafoedd ieithoedd "rhanbarthol". a swyddogion y trosglwyddwyr a £10 miliwn yw costau eraill, o Adran Addysg llywodraeth Bydd enwau'r Gorsafoedd ar y rheilffordd blynyddol Teilifís na Gaeilge. rhwng Inhhir-Nis (Inverness) ac Uig Pfrainc. Ni cnnillwyd yr un cam pendant (Wick) yn cael eu codi yn ddwyieithog e.e. ymlaen yn y cyfarfod. Dint ond addewid y byddai eu gofynion yn cael eu “hastudio” Bun Illidh yn ogystal ä Helmsdale. Yng Llydaw Nghymru mae bron bob gorsaf ä fersiwn gafodd yr Undeb. Gymraeg yr enw ers blynyddoedd. Mae’r mudiad addysg Diwan yn dal i dyfu - Roedd gofynion yr Undeb am yr iaith 12% mwy o ddisgyblion ar 26 safle, ail yn y cyfarfod yn cynnwys; Materion addysgol ‘coleg' (ysgol uwchradd ganol) yn Plijidi Amcangyfrifir bod 8,000 o oedolion yn dysgu (Adoíi-an-Arvor) a thri safle cynradd - arholiad CAPES holl-Lydaweg tebyg Albaneg o ddifrif - 2,200 yn yr Ucheldiroedd newydd - Naonedf/Nantes. Brest a i’r un Corsicaneg presennol a dros 1.000 yr tin yng Nghaeredin a Glaschu. Plabenneg. 1,390 yw cyfanswm y disgyblion - CAPES arbenigol Llydaweg ar gyfer Ers 1993/’94 mae mathemateg, - 1,199 cynradd. 160 ‘coleg’ a 31 'lycée'. athrawon mewn pynciau amrywiol yn daearddiaeth, hanes, economeg y cartref, cell' Yn y sector cyhoeddus mae 16% yn yr ysgolion a’r ffrydiau Llydaweg ac addysg dechnolegol yn cael eu dysgu drwy fwy o ddisgyblion ar 21 safle, pedwar - creu arholiad Llydaweg newydd i gyfrwng yr Albaneg yn Ysgol Uwchradd ohonynt yn newydd - Gwipavaz. Lanniliz. ddarpar-athrawon Ynys Leodhas yn Steorrtabhagh. Plougastell a Gwened/Vannes. 1,035 yw - cynyddu grantiau fyddai'n ffafrio Yn groes i’r arfer, mae uned gynradd cyfanswm y disgyblion, Yn y sector preifat cyrsiau parhaol yn Llydaweg Albaneg yn Gairloch, Wester Ross, yn mae 620 o ddisgyblion ar 19 safle, pump - creu pump o swyddi ychwanegol i wynebu diffyg disgyblion. Ar y llaw arall ymaleb i'r galw cynyddol am addysg mae plant yn teithio allan o dalgylch ysgol yn newydd yn Pont ’n Abad, Plougastell. Lanniliz, Pondivi aTeiz. Dyna dwf o 20%. Lydaweg. gynradd Kilmuir yng Ngogledd Ynys Erbyn hyn ceir addysg ddwyieithog mewn Sgitbeanach/Skye oherwydd diffyg 66 safle. Dyma niferoedd y disgyblion Ar y pwyntiau hyn i gyd. gwrthododd darpariaeth drwy'r Albaneg. fesul ’département’: Penn-ar-Bed - 1.300: swyddogion y llywodraeth addo dim. Felly, Mor-Bihan - 805; Aodoti-an-Arvor - 657; mae datblygiad y Llydaweg yn y Il-ha-Gwilen - 158; Liger-Atlantel - 104. gyfundrefn addysg wladwriaethol wedi'i Iwerddon gondemnio i sefyll yn ei unman ar y gorau. Teleda Gwyddeleg os na fydd yn colli tir yn y sector Baile na liAbhann, 20 milltir i’r gorllewin o uwchradd. gan agwedd wleidyddol sydd yn Clive James/R.ap Tomos Gaillimh/Galway yw Ileoliad pencadlys y benderfynol o gadw’r Llydaweg ar yr ymylon ym myd addysg. Ym maes statws yr iaith mae Stourm ar Brezhoneg (y prif fudiad iaith) wedi mynnu bod anvyddion ffordd dwyieithog yn cael eu codi yn rhanbarth Morbihan. Mae Y Wasael Yn Loe anvyddion dwyieithog wedi cael eu codi ar hyd rhai ffyrdd yn rhanbarthau Aodoù-an- Arvor a Penn-ar-Bcd. ond mae Cyngor Cyffredinol Morbihan, dan bwysau'r Nos Wener 5 lonawr 1996 atgyfodwyd y Cawson ni ddigon i yfed ac i fwyta ar gwasanaethau sydd yn darparu'r Wasael yn Loe na fu ers can mlynedd. ein ffordd. Yn wir yr oedd y bobl yn y arwyddion, wedi gvvrthod symud ymlaen Cynllun Richard a Jan Gendall oedd y tafamau ac yn y tai preifat yn hael iawn i ni. ym mater arwyddion dwyieithog. digwyddiad. Yr oedd y nos yn deg a'r lleuad llawn Dros yr haf mae dwsinau o anvyddion Cawson nhw gydweithredíad pobl sy’n yn disgleirio’n loyw. ffordd oedd à fersiynau Ffrangeg enwau bvw yn Loe i gynnal yr amgylchiad a fu y Gall dyn ddisgwyl digwyddiad mwy y llefydd yn unig wedi cael eu peintio yn noswaith honno. flwyddyn nesaf. ystod y nos, yn arbennig yn ardal Pondivi- Aethon ni mewn bagad, a'r Gendaliaid Penderfynwyd yn barod i fynd i Loudieg a phentir Rewiz. yn ein harwain, i dafamau ac i dai preifat. a Borthbean yn ychwanegol at fynd i Loe. Mae Stourm ar Brezhoneg wedi ail- chanu can wasael a eharlau Nadolig i Merfyn Phillips ddatgan eu bwriad i ymladd â'u holl nerth gasglu artan at sefydliad y Badau Achub. A wassail was held in Lode this year for yn erbyn y polisi hurt sydd gan Lywodraeth Yr oedd popeth yn Ilwyddiant mawr a Ffrainc o 'bureiddio ieithyddol', yn chasglwyd mwy na ddeg puní a thri ugain the first time for a hundred years. Richard tuag at yr achos. and Jan Gendall initiated the event. Money was collected for the Lifeboat Institution. (could. ) The Hawks ‘F l y i n g in the ‘F a ceof ^Prejudice

"Mae hrwydr yr iaith cfrosodd" (The hattle group Twin Sion Cnti who threatened an must be for the language is over). These now international boycott. Conseqently TBI are infamous words rashly uttered by ex- now looking at ways of implementing a nationalist MP Lord Ellis Thomas (now bilingual policy in all of its commercial Stopped Chairman of the British Government’s ventures, of which the airport is only one. Welsh Language Quango) were once again Proof, if proof were needed, that upping the proved to be dangerously empty rhetoric by stakes can be a dangerous business. the recent refusal of Cardiff International Indeed, the method of securing Airport to operate a bilingual policy bilingual policies from the private sector Wales is subsidising England in at least one The Chief Executive of the recently (which is not covered by the Welsh area - the arms industry. privatised airport, Mr Bill. Ailkenhead, Language Act 1993) by targeting key The war industry, which costs on stated that bilingual signage would be 'players’ in particular fields is an average £40 a week to every family, confusing, "the signage employed at the increasingly successful tactic. The Welsh employs thousands in S.E. England with airport has to be clear, concise and in a version of the 'Domino Theory’ as it were. public money. universally recognised language — English Experience proves that once the market There are only 1,000 jobs in Wales in is the world-wide aviation and airport leaders have adopted Welsh friendly comparison with 93.000 in England - thus, signage language”. policies then others will follow suit. The the English are six times more likely to Obviously Mr. Ailkenhead has not theory was tested in the long and bitter work in the industry than the Welsh. travelled extensively. For as the many MP's Cymdeithas campaign against Europe's And the industry helps to sustain and Lords that wrote in protest to him. biggest building society, the Halifax, which reactionary military states like Argentina, supporting Cymdeithas yr Iaith and PIGO's ended in a decisive victory for Welsh Indonesia and Nigeria. The Argentine navy (Committee for Bilingualism) campaign, language rights. Similarly Marks & Spencer w'ere allow-ed to exercise off the (sic) Welsh pointed out. bilingual and indeed were targetted last year and after street coast near Aberporth, in order to become multilingual signage is commonplace protests and 'fax attacks’ they too yielded to tamihnr with arms, a few months before the throughout airports all over the world. Even pressure. This has in turn led to more Malvinas war put an end to the trade O'Hare Airport in Chicago includes the private companies than ever before adopting (temporarily anyway). Welsh "Croeso” (Welcome) on its signage. bilingual policies, some 50 in the last 8 After a week of adverse publicity in the months including commercial giants such as newspapers and regular updates on national Argos and Littlewoods. There is little doubt Attacks and local radio, the airport's holding that companies are being won over to the Presently there are suspicions that RAF company TBI decided that it might be wise advantages of bilingualism (as proved by Valley is being used as a training ground to take the matter out of Mr Ailkenhead's Govt, statistics) and the 'disadvantages' of for Indonesian pilots for their bloody war hands and to meet with Cymdeithas and being seen as anti-Welsh. The peace war for against the people of East Timor. PIGO. the Welsh language is far from over but One of Britain’s largest firms, British Since this meeting TBI have met with certainly many important battles are being Aerospace, have been selling Hawk jets to Government representatives and the Welsh won literally everv day. Indonesia for years. The RAF acknowledge Tourist Board, who incidentally allowed me Gareth Kiff that Valley is the only "Advanced Fast Jet" to quote them on their dissatisfaction with the Riianbarth Morgannwg Gwent/Glamorgan training school in Britain and confirm that airport's policy to the national press. Solid Gwent Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg they are hoping to attract pilots and support was given by the Welsh American technicians of the Indonesian Air Force there to fly the Hawks. The Ministry of Defence choose to take Indonesia's word that it is for training (Pryder conid.) purposes Indonesia is using the pianes. Political Correctness for Celts although there is evidence from East Timor enwedig yn erbyn fïrangegeiddio a llygru Number 5: "Mlnorlzed that the Hawks have been used in attacks enwau llefydd y wlad. Mae SAB yn galw languages" on protesters. That is why a protest was ar etholedigion Morbihan i ddangos held outside the gates of RAF Valley on ychydig o asgwm eefn a gwrthod plygu i November 11 ill by Welsh opponents of this The European Bureau for Lesser Used orehmymon y weinyddiaelh Ffrengig. dirty arms trade. Languages (E.B.L.U.L.), among others, Mae T frwydr i gael Cymraeg ar The protesters went over a fence to has been faced with the question of w hat arwyddion ffordd Cymru yn bell o gael ci plant a cross to commemorate the term can be used to describe European hennill mewn rhai rhannau o'r wlad. yn thousands who have been killed because of L(nion languages. Irke the Celtic cynnwys eiu prifddinas. Mae'n drueni bod the willingness of the English government languages, whose speakers are deprived of yr hen arfer sydd yn dal yn fyw yn Llydaw to make profits from bloody régimes like full linguistic rights. The term 'stateless', tel 'tasa wedi darfod yn ein gwlad ni. Indonesia. minority' and 'regional’ languages were (Mae’r uehod wedi'i seilio ar erthyglau considered but were rejected for valid A lobby of Westminster was held on yn "Le Peuple Breton” Hydref 1995. Cyf. Thursday December 7th to continue the reasons, hence 'lesser used'. gan Robat ap Tonios). protest against selling arms to Indonesia, A term I have noticed, particularly on i literature from Brittany, is "minorized \ and to remember the 20 years since Indonesia’s attack. languages”. 1 consider ‘'minorized'’ j Summary For more information about the (Breton "minorelaet”) particularly suitable The French government is obstructing the campaign against the arms trade contact for us to use because it implies that our development of Breton teaching in state Axvel Irene on (01766) 771100. Emlvn languages' condition is due to something schools, while language campaigners in Richards on (01407 ) 710386 or Charlotte having been inflicted on them. "Minorized Morbihan region have been painting languages" is concise and worth adopting, j Williams on (01970)624501. roudsigns because the local administration though it is probably too politically loaded i (Courtesy: Y Faner Goch. have been refusing to follow the example of to be used by E.B.L.U.L. other regions in erecting bilingual signs). Robat ap Tomos j translation by Robat ap Tomos ) Culrme & EWS FROM WALES Languages Devolution Poll the Welsh Language Board. Of the schools In a Mori opinion poll 67% of those annual budget of £25,000 only £10,000 comes from fees. interviewed in Wales supported greater T he third Celtic Connections Festival powers of government to Wales, 23% Driving Test held in Glasgow from 5lh to 21st January opposing and 10% didn't know. Over Great was the most successful yet. For sheer Britain 49% supported devolution in Wales, The new compulsory written element of the variety of music over six venues, from 34% opposed and 18% didn't know. driving test will be available in Welsh. 2,000 seater to rehearsal spaces for the However only 49% of the Welsh were in English and six immigrant languages. exhaustive workshop programme there favour of a referendum to decide upon an were opportunities for Celts to marvel at assembly with some taxation and spending Welsh pays? the variety and vitality celebrated in the powers, compared with 80% in Scotland Statistics from the 1991 Census show that music on offer. and 54% in England. As to how "British" 35% of the Welsh speaking workforce is in We hear that the Director. Colin the Welsh felt, 20% did not feel “British" at professional and managerial/technical Hynd has been given a much freer hand all, 41% felt more Welsh than British and occupations, compared with 27% for non- to book artistes for next year's event. So only 22% more British than Welsh. In Welsh speakers. 42% of farmers speak we hope that he will include many more Wales 39% thought that Westminster Welsh against 18.5%. of the general acts in the Celtic languages and make a Parliament worked badly at present. population and 33% of teachers. Plant special effort to research the Welsh. operators were the least Welsh speaking at Manx, Cornish and Breton varieties. He National Curriculum 12%. Welsh speakers are least likely also needs to search more widely in The Secretary of State for Wales had however to get the top jobs in Gwynedd Scotland itself to help show-case the ordered three Gwent border comprehensive and Dyfed and most likely in South many singers, musicians and groups who schools to teach Welsh to Year 7 by 1st Glamorgan and Gwent. give such a strength in depth to the Celtic August 1996 - Chepstow, Caldicot and music scene. The early part of the festival Monmouth. Equal Status Backed featured the "Folk Divas", four singers A 'National Opinion Poll' has shown that from their own traditions, namely. Swsan Language Aid of the population of Wales: George from Cymru. Emma Christian Financial assistance for the National from Mannin. and Ishbel MacAskill in Eisteddfod. Urdd Gobailh Cymru and the - 88% believe the Welsh language is Gaelic and Sheena Wellington in Scots grant for Welsh language publications to something to be proud about from Alba. They underlined the harmony the Welsh Books Council is to be decided - 75% believe English and Welsh should and diversity of the Celtic song tradition. by the Welsh Language Board from 1997 have equal status Llan de Cubcl from Asturias and The onwards, instead of by the Welsh Office. - 71 % support the use of Welsh Carlos Nunez Band from Galicia - Welsh was considered to be important provided a blast of the instrumental Telebank in teaching (78%>), local government traditions and songs of those Spanish Celtic lands. However it was the Bagad The new Midland Bank telephone banking 170%), health (69%). banks (65%) and shops (54%), Kemper which blew away the critics with centre in Cardiff, to serve the whole of the their prize winning combination of pipes, British Isles, will offer its services in both bombards and percussion which are the Welsh and English. The survey shows that 30% of the population have some knowledge of Welsh, epitome of the strong Breton band above the census figure of 18%. tradition. Spell-check in Welsh They also starred in the Dan ar Braz The Cysill spell-checker software for the creation Heritage of the Celts which Welsh language is available at £45 per copy. provided a finale to the events. They The original researchers at University of served up a wonderful authentic Wales. Bangor, are to receive a further atmosphere to act as a perfect foil to the £24,000 to enable them to complete the Gwynedd individual contributors such as singers dictionary's software package. Gilles Servat, Karen Matheson and Elaine Bilingualism Morgan and Yanri Fanch Kemencr as well Language Grants as instrumentalists. Donal Lunny. Nollaig The Welsh Office has awarded the Forum Casey. Ronan Le Bars and the leaders of following grants - Welsh Nursery Schools the Bagad Kemper, Erwan Ropars and £537,000. Urdd Gobailh Cymru £537.000. Jean-Louis Henaff. After several encores National Eisteddfod £362.000. Welsh The Forum, a partnership between the the song. "Left in Peace” written in Books Council £1.104.000. The Welsh public and private sectors, has remembrance of the late Frankie Language Board is to give the adult developed a language plan that sets out Kennedy, a founder of the Donegal group, learners’ organisation CyD £7.500. the an agenda for the next 5 years. Its aim Allan, will dirl round the Glasgow concert language initiatives in Cwm Gwendraeth is to achieve parity of usage between Hall rafters for many a member of the £87.000, Arman-Tawe £72,000 and Mener the Welsh and English languages in packed audience that night. Taf Elai £46.000, community newspapers north west Wales. The Forum points out t Dan ar Braz and 50 musicians of the £50,000, Sunday School Council £6.000. that the continual predominance of the Heritage of the Celts Live! is a CD Big Issue Cymru £2.000. Grants altogether English language created an historic produced by Sony at a live performance total £680,000 to 56 different organisations. bias against Welsh. in Rennes in May Iasi year which Contact Ifor Gruffydd. Secretary of contains seven different tracks from the London Welsh School the Gwynedd Bilingualism Forum, c/o studio version recorded previously). Ynys Món Borough Council. Llangefni. The only Welsh medium school in England LL77 7TW Cymru/Wales. is to receive a one off grant of £5.000 from Rob Gibson Briotánais. Tá féilirí fhíoráille acu. Sa tráthnóna chuaigh muid chuig Presbital Kozh mar a raibh ranganna do dhaoine fasta ar siúl. Is cosúil go raibh an Bhriotánais Iáidir go leor mar theanga ar fud iarthar na Briotáine go dtí 1914. Ba thubaisteach an buille a bualadh ar an teanga ansin, buille a bhí ar aondul leis an nGorta Mór in Éirinn. Áirítear gur éag os cionn tri chéad míle d’fhir óga na Briotáine sa Chogadh Mór agus go raibh cuid mhór acu as an iarthar. D’fhill na céadta míle ar ais abhaile agus iad sloatha isteach i ecóras míleata na Fraince. gan aon mheas acu a thuilleadh ar a dteanga dhúchais. Ba le Fraincis a tógadh a sliocht agus tá na cuntáis ar an saol a bhí ag daltaí scoile na Briotáine sa tréimhse idirchogaidh chomh coscrach le scéal an bhata scóir in Éireann. Chuir fear síos ar óige a alhar. Má labhair tú Briotánais ar scoil chuirfí tú faoi ghias i geófra go dtí go Maidin Dé Luain tugadh amach sna cnoic meánscoile i mtírest mar a raibh muid ar mbeadh sé dorcha iasmuigh agus bheadh muid, nó sna sléibhte mar a thugtar anseo cuairt níos déanaí sa tseachtain. ort siúl cúpla míle abhaile leal féin. Ba orthu. mar a raibh lóistin á chur ar fáil ag Ar an Mháirt casadh orainn triúir náireach an rud Briotánais a labhairt agus Ensavadur Breizh i dteach dà gcuid. misniúil a bhfuil ionad oiliúna do dhaoine chinniigh daoine nach mbeadh an teanga ag Cuireann an eagraiocht bheag seo seirbhísí fásta, Roudour. bunaithe acu in Uhelgoai. a gclann. Tuairiscítear gur chuidigh údaráis aistriúcháin ar fáil i mBéarla Briotánais D’éirigh na daoine seo as a bpostanna in na heaglaise go fonnmhar leis an athrú agus Fraincis, agus cagrafonn siad teangan a chur chun cinn. imeachtaí éagsúla do dhaoine fasta. Tá Tá eagraiocht AN OALED ag seanteach ceannaithe acu mar Treglonou, ionad a úsáidtear le cheanncheathrú mar a bhfuil na hoifigí do haghaidh campai samhraidh do na haisteoirí agus seomraí le haghaidh pháistí. Mhínigh bean as an cúrsaí teangan. Is i dteach eile dá gcuid Ghearmáin obair na heagraíochta cúpla céad méadar ar shiúl, atá an t-áras dúinn agus thug timpeall an cónaithe. Komanna is ainm don sráidbhaile. fhoirgneamh muid. Labhair sí faoin agus deirtear linn gur sa chcantar seo. ar a bhfonn atá orthu cuairteanna a dtugtar Moras d’Arrée sa Fhraincis, is mhalartú le daoine óga as Éirinn. láidre atá an teanga dhúchais. Thug muid agus mheas muid go mbeimis ábalta cuaiit iar lòia ai mheánscoii phoibií an cabhrú Ico. Is spéisiúii an ni é go tsráidbhaile mar a múintear Briotánais don gcastar daoine éagsúla ort atá ag tríú cuid den 93 dalta. Uair a chloig a caitheamh a ndúthracht le cur chun ehailheann a bhformhór siúd leis an teanga cinn na Briotánaise, óigbhean in aghaidh na seachtaine ach tá doman ann Ghearmánach ag Treglonou, fear óg a ehailheann tri huair a chloig léi. Bheir as Pi cardie alá ag obair le Ensavadur líon heag na ndaltaí sa scoil léargas ar Breizh, fear nach raibh sásta seirbhfs cheann de mhórfhadhbanna na Briotáine. mhíleata a dhéanamh, atá míshásta Tá an óige ag imeacht aisti. na páistí gami, leis an dóigh nach n-aithnítear teanga scoileanna á ndúnadh ar fud na háite. Ach a mhuintire féin agus a bhí ag deir Ensavadur Breizh go bhfuil siad eagraiocht eile chun cursai teanga do iarraidh tabhairt faoin Ghaeilge a d’aonghnó ag obair i sráidbhaile mar dhaoine fasta a chur ar burt. Chuir fhoghlaim ach nach mbeidh sé ábalta íoc as Komanna ionas go dtabharláí fostaíochl do comhairle an bhaiìe foirgneamh scoile ar teacht go hÉirinn ag slaidéar. Chuaigh dhaoine agus go meallfaí a thuilleadh fàil agus tà cursai a mhaireann seachtain ar Fabrice chun na Briotáine agus danine tsteach Spreagann dui chun cinn na siùl faoi lathair, agus cursai nios faide i rith d’fhoghlaim an teanga agus in ionad dui teanga borradh san eacnamaíocht áitiúil, an tsamhraidh. Faigheann siad mie léinn san arm chuaigh sé ag obair ar feadh fiche rud a chuirfidh le líon na ndaoine óga agus phriobhaideacha agus roinnt daoinc a mí le Ensavadur Breizh mar ar chruthaigh na lcanaí sa todhchaí. Is léir ón gcur síos a bhfuil a bhfostóiri sèsta ioc as a gcursaf. sé posi dó féin. Tá cailín Éireannach anois rinneadh ar mhúineadh na Briotánaise sna Mheas muid go raibh cosùlacht ¡dir a aige agus a chuid Gaeilge ag feabhsú. scoileanna poiblf nach mbeadh a dhath i n-aidhmeanna agus aidhmeanna Oideas I gcathair Kemper, príomhchathair ndán di murach go bhfuil an coras Diwan Gael i nGleann Cholmcille agus thug muid riaracháin Pen ar Bed. nó Finistere. bhí pié bunaithe. Tá scoil Diwan i gKomanna, cuntas dóibh ar a bhfuil ar eolas againn faoi fada againn le A.M. Chapalain faoi chúrsaí ranganna beaga ann ach í ag fás. Mar nach na cursai atti acu sin. agus an ceangal foilsitheoireachta sna leangacha dtugtar aitheantas iomlán dóibh faoi chóras ràthuil ata déanta ag Oideas Gael leis an neamhthorlcathana. Is léir go bhfuil an-obair an stáit is gá do na scoileanna a bheith de turasóireacht chulturtha. á dhéanamh ag an bhean seo chun shíor ag bailiú airgid. agus táillí a Chuir cuid againn go leor spéise sa Ti comhfhoilsiú leabhar a spreagadh. rud a ghearradh ar na tuismilheoirí. Ach tá neart ar Gouren. larionad na corafochta Ceiltigh iaghdaíonn cosiaisí go mór. Dúin sí go han- trealaimh acu i gcomórtas le scoileanna na in Bcrrcin. eagraiocht a raibh an-bhaint ag soiléir áfach nach bhfuil sí sásta leis an easpa hEireann agus éascaíonn na ranganna Ógras leis bàtti. comhoibriú as Éirinn agus d’iarr sí orainn beaga obair na múinteoirí. Níl aon AgCOOP Breizh ag Speiei taispcànadh teacht ar fhoilsitheoir Éireannach a bheadh téacsleabhar curtha ar fáil dóibh áfach agus larionad dàihuchàn leabhar agus ceirnini toiltcanach a bheith páirteach sa scéim. mar gheal ar sin caithfidh siad féin iati a duinn. Ta an eagraiocht seo ag feidhmiu Ar ár là deireanach sa Bhriotáin chaiih scríobh agus a fhoilsiú. Tá comhluchi An gan deontaisi agus ag brath go hiomlàn ar muid tantali sa Skolaj Diwan. an chéad HERE bunaithe chun léacsleabhair a dhiolachdn. Cuireann siad ibhar ar fàil i fhoilsiú, comhluchi atá suite ar láthair na Fhraincis agus i mBéarla chomh maiih le {conici.) mheànscoil Briotànaise, scoil cónaithe a bht'uil ag éìri go maich lèi. Chomh maith le teagasc tri mheàn na Briotànaise, cuireann an scoil béim ar fhoghlaim an Bhéarla agus How Roger Casement na Breathnaise agus eagraitear turasanna chun na Breataine Bigc go rialta. Gearrtar idilli de réir acmhuinn na dtuismilheoirf agus tà an-iarracht à dhéanamh ar fhreastal Was Vindicated ar dhaltai as gach aicme. Mar gheall ar an nganntanas téascleabhar scrfobhann na mùinteoiri a gcuid féin agus tà duine ~M~~y om in 1864 in Dtin Laoghaire, Co. and also to many public figures at home fostaithe go lànaimseartha sa scoil mar / —^Dublin. this extraordinary man, and abroad, and especially in the LISA. eagarthóir téacsanna. rinne daltai de chuid l J unril his judicial murder in August The purpose was to destroy Casement's an aonad sinsirigh, an lycée, an 1916, packed more into his life of 52 years reputation not alone to dampen any sense Baccalauréat i 1995 agus d’éirigh go han- than most people could do in a life-span of of guilt in handing him, for Birkenhead mhaith leo cé go gcailhfear na scrudaithe 520 years! He became the most famous (F.E. Smith) hated Casement with all his uilig a dhéanamh tri Fhraincis. Ceadaitear man in the world for his outstanding heart. Britain was also trying to entice do dhaltai Stair agus Tireolas a fhreagairt exposure of the cruel murderous America to enter World War 1. and feared tri Bhriotànais sa teastas sóisearach. exploitation of the native peoples of the the counter Irish-American influence, Chuaigh obair na bhfoilsitheoiri Belgian Congo and the Indians of the among whom Casement was known and leabhar An HERE, a bh fui 1 a Putumayo, Peru. South America. revered. The plan seemed to have worked gceanncheathrti ar làthair na meànscoil, i A man of the highest moral integrity admirably on the surface. Two flaws boiled gcionn go mór orainn. Foilsfonn siad and physical courage, he braved far more up. leabhar do phàisti don chuid is mó, ach i than the jungles of the Congo and the great Roger Casement himself was the first to measc na n-éachtanna mòra atà déanta acu forests of the Amazon Basin. For he also get a message from his prison cell to his tà foclóir mór aonteangach Briotànaise ina withstood the massive bribery offer of the solicitors of the plan to destroy his bhfuil cur sfos niion ar dheich mile focal. Belgian monarch, and the daily threat of reputation. During a recess in his Chaith deichniur deich mbliana ag obair go murder by the rubber barons of the British interrogation, he overhead Thomson and lànaimseartha ar an fhoclóir seo. an chéad Peruvian Amazon Rubber Co. Hall discussing in an adjoining room how dà bhliain ag foghlaim conas a leithéid a Why was Roger Casement judicially they would destroy his character. It was chur le chéile. Chuir Comhairle Réigiunda murdered in Pentonville Jail, London, on Hall's speciality to destroy people's Pen ar Bed (Conseil General de Finistère) August 3rd. 1916? He was murdered reputations by planned whispering dhà mhilliun frane den Ff7m a chosain an because he committed two unforgivable campaigns among influential British togra ar ffiil. Tà an fhoireann a rinne an sins. The first was his love of Ireland, society. obair diomhaoin anois go dti go mbionn go which led him to using his experience to The second flaw was Ben Allen of the leor airgead ar fàil chun tabhairt faoin obtain Arms for the planned 1916 rising. American Association Press, covering the thuilleadh foclóireachta. An ex-British diplomat and knighted in trial for American newspapers. Admiral Cuireadh clabhsur cui ar àr laelhanta sa 1911. a series of incidents led to his arrest Hall held Press Conferences, during one of Bhriotàin oiche Dé hAoine le béile agus coming ashore from a German submarine which he produced papers to Ben Allen seisiun ceoil i dteach Ensavadur Breizh. near Ardfert. Co. Kerry. He was charged Thàing Róisin Ni Mhianàin ar cuairt with Treason under a law of King Edward chugainn as ollscoil Rennes agus chuir a III written in obscure Norman French of the cumas amhrànaiochta go mór leis an oiche. 13th. Century. Following a scandalously loaded trial he was condemned to execution. Tarla Mac Aodha Bhui Three men in particular were involved in his legal assassination: Lord Birkenhead (F.E. Smith). Sir Basil Thomson, of An account o f a visit by the author to Scotland Yard, and Admiral Reginald Hall, Breizh as part of an exchange under the the brain of the infamous Room 40 Naval auspices of Comhdhàil Nâisiünta na Intelligence of World War I. Caeilge. Roger Casement was arrested on Easter Sunday morning, April 1916. He did not know that during his absence abroad his effects had been seized in London months before his arrest. Yet on the day of the Celtic announcement of his arrest Sir Basil Roger Casement Thomson publicly claimed that a key found on Casement's person was supposed to which purported to be a record of History Review have opened a trunk just then seized by the Casement's sexually perverted encounters. police Cram his lodgings. Sharply noting that there were neither Thomson claimed and demonstrated Places nor Dates cited. Ben Allen refused A biannual magazine dealing with the one diary alleged to be in Casement's to take the papers for American histories of the six Celtic countries handwriting had been discovered, spanning distribution, without first being allowed to from a national and inter-Celtic the period of 1903 to 1910. Thomson also visit the jail to have Casement's own viewpoint. claimed that there was no sign of any verification. This was refused. sexual perversion in the early records of Very quickly there appeared another this one diary, such only becoming Diary, the Black 1903 Congo Diary, which Price £1.50 per issue. apparent “probably not much before the teemed with perverted sexual encounters. year 1910", to quote Thomson himself. But again there were mistakes. In this These records of alleged sexual Diary there are many impossible “natural" Annual Subscription £3.50 from 216 perversion were used by Lord Birkenhead, references, such as that of Capt. Craig Falls Road, Belfast 12 6AH. Ireland not as evidence at the trial, but shown being elected M.P. for Fermanagh, but that privately to all and sundry involved in it. did not take place until JW6/ U'ontd.) (Casement contd.) The biography of Edward VII. in the preceding reign, shows that the monarch The Mills of God having started, a Dr. gave Rubber Shares to his mistress, Mrs. Antrim W. Moloney of Edinburgh wrote a book in Keppel. the 1930’s, an immense study, They say a nod is as good as a wink to demonstrating the London Diaries were a blind horse! In other words. Casement forgeries. In the I950’s and 1960's a Dr. H. offended the great god, Money, and its Meeting Mackey, of Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, Minions. That was his second unforgivable devoted his life to clearing Casement's sin. The General Secretary of the Celtic League name. He frequently visited the London Yet of all the murders and crimes in the addressed a conference held in Ballycastie, Public Records Office and found there Congo and the Putumayo no one was Co. Antrim, at the end of January. The were many visible cases of forgery, punished, except Casement! event was organised by Moyle District including erasures and over-writing to turn The most recent attacks on him, Council which has responsibility for most innocent statements of people and prophesied by a German historian three Antrim beaches w'hich have been places into indecent references. years beforehand, was a sinister and evil extensively polluted in a manner similar to By this time, the Diaries had multiplied plan to establish Casement as a problems experience in the Isle of Man in into Five diaries, all done to cover up Homosexual Patriot Model for Ireland. recent years. evident forgery errors. So evident and How strange a phenomenon it is that The conference considered the embarrassing, that they were impounded faceless men have such loud voices. None problems posed by sea dumping in the for a 100 years! louder than our own National Broadcasting north Irish sea and the particular problems More and more evidence was produced Station and mewspapers. How true Patrick caused by munitions leaking from the over the years, especially in Alfred Noyes' Pearse’s poetic line, "My own sons have Beaufort Dyke sea dump, just sixteen miles book The Accusing Ghost, the title taken sold their mother!" north of the Isle of Man. from Ycat's poem on the subject. Noyes It is an official farce that the Black The Genera! Secretary gave had been employed by the Foreign Office London Diaries are now open to public information of the Celtic League campaign to go around the world defaming inspection. They most certainly are not. initiated fifteen years ago to expose this Casement, which he did most vigorously. Anyone who wishes to inspect not only has hazard and provided details on several But on meeting Dr. Mackey, he developed a to be approved beforehand, but is obliged sources of munitions pollution in the conscience and spent the rest of his life to submit subsequent writings to the northern part of the Irish sea. showing how the evidence was totally Authority prior to publication. Another speaker at the forum was framed. We, the authors, echo Casement's plea Councillor Oliver MacMuIlan of Moyle The most remarkable work of recent from his lonely prison cell, “Defend me, Council who has campaigned vigorously to times was that of Eoin 6 Maille. Dublin, when 1 am not in a position to defend raise awareness of the problem to coastal who by means of genuine Casement text myself.” communities around the northern Irish was able to show that the Black London Copyright claimed by 6 Maille, Ui coast. The Irish Dept, of the Marine sent a Diaries could never have been written by Callanan. & Payne 1996. speaker (Mr. Mike Kennedy - adviser to an Irishman. the Minister): the government of Ireland This was proved by his linguistic Literature available: recently raised the issue of munitions analyses, which showed that out of 1135 The Forged Diaries Exposed bv E. 6 dumping at the International Maritime common Casement Word Frequencies in Maille Price IR£0 70 Organisation. the genuine 1910 Diary in the National The Vindication of Roger Casement by 6 The Conference was well-attended by Library. Dublin, not one of these words Maille. Ui Callanan & Payne. Price some 60 delegates including Unionists, Sinn occurred in the Black London documents. IRC! .60. Postage extra on both. Fiin. SDLP and councillors from Donegal He was also able to demonstrate by Addr: Ballinacor Beg, Annamoe. Bray. Co. and a UK Labour Party representative. repeated examples how the forgers took Wicklow. common innocent text, and by taking out parts of words from a sentence they welded them w ith segments of other words so as to stopped and questioned under its make up pages of utter filth. But the Irish provisions. Many thousands more have idiom was totally lost in the process, where PTA completed a twenty year mountain of genuine text was manipulated. useless paperwork. Following up on this, professional Style C ondemned Of the 500.000 questioned just over Analysis Computer software became 2% W'ere ever charged with offences and a\ailable. This pemiitted Style comparisons these usually amounted to breaches of the ol the genuine Casement 1910 document in regulations. A small number ol this tiny the National Library of Ireland, and a The Celtic League has submitted view's to proportion were charged but with the photocopy of a long letter Casement w rote to Lord Lloyd who is due to consider anti- passage of years many convict ions which the Nation newspaper in 1913 one the hand, terrorism and emergency legislation in the have their origins in PTA detentions have and on the other hand, both the Black 1903 UK. been found to be flawed and set aside. It Congo and Black 1910 Putumayo Diary. We have expressed grave entieisms of is indeed no exaggeration to say the PTA This final proof of forgery was greatly such legislation and cited as examples the legislation sowed the seeds for some of assisted by M¡Sirin 6 Callanan. who was able operation of the United Kingdom the greatest miscarriages of justice this to provide a copy of the Black 1903 Congo Prevention of Terrorism Act (and its Isle century. Diary. She had spent 10 years voluntarily of Man derivative) and the Emergency Universally condemned by assisting Dr. Mackey w ith his books. Powers legislation recently renewed in the International Rights organisations the The results clearly showed the Nonh of Ireland. Prevention of Terrorism Act and the phenomenal accuracy of the O'Maille The Prevention of Terrorism N.I. Emergency Powers Act will almost Word Frequency results, proving visually legislation, a “temporary provision” certainly be adduced by history to be that Casement could not have written the rushed through in haste, has in our the product of British Parliamentary Black London Diaries. view been one of the most ill-conceived hysteria and malevolence directed at the It is most significant that the whole and from a civil liberties perspective, Irish community in Britain and the British establishment: Monarch, Cabinet, repressive Statutes ever enacted. nationalist population of the North of and all. took part in the defamation of From its inception, in the early '70s' Ireland. Roger Casement before and after his until 1990 over 500.000 people were J.B. Moffatt execution. transit killing the carrier dispelled the idea positively, however, it appears that an early that Canary W'harf was a once off and the reinstatement of the IRA ceasefire is The North, réintroduction of the paraphernalia of unlikely as the communique is viewed with security measures continued apace. some suspicion in the context of the Contact with Sinn Féin and Gerry process to date, the ministerial ban Adams was reduced to government official remaining on Sinn Féin and the attitude of level as activity stepped up at Irish and Unionists. Furthermore Mr. Mayor, at the Movement British Government level. At the time of press conference following the publication going to press a joint Anglo Irish of the comminique, introduced other communiqué resulting from these caveats and conditions to be abided by. At Last discussions and a summit has been issued. Nevertheless let us hope that with a date set The long awaited all party talks are a willingness will be shown to facilitate the The title of the article on the North in the scheduled to begin definitely on June 10th. reinstatement of the ceasefire last issue of CARN was "Is there a Peace Dayton style ‘proximity’ talks Process”, indicating pessimism and dismay now rechristened ‘intensive at the continuing stalling tactics of the multilateral consultations’ will British and Unionists in bringing forth one commence immediately to agree obstacle after another to real progress. It on a process for elections, the may not have been a total surprise then format for all-party negotiations when the IRA ceasefire was called off and and possible referenda North the Canary Wharf bomb exploded on and South. These talks have February 9th but the real dismay was already been spumed by the two palpable. The Mitchell report was main Unionist parties, hardly a published prior to that and the article good omen! hereunder was written then. It is published Revival of ministerial as an interesting perspective from Wales contact with Sinn Féin and which shows how the stage had been set for Sinn Féin participation in an end to the ceasefire. negotiations is subject to Much analysis poured forth then with restoration of the ceasefire. The Sinn Féin leadership has predictable reactions. A further bomb and British army patrols hack on the streets of indicated it will respond the premature explosion of a bomb in Belfast after the etui of the ceasefire.

Northern Ireland is. always has been (raining ground. Northern Ireland served in Prospects for and always will be an unacceptable entity that capacity for twenty five years. for the Nationalists. They were denied their There is a factor that the British ordinary democratic rights as citizens by Government may not have taken into Northern the Unionists who ran Northern Ireland. consideration. That is where the IRA w'ould One can’t reasonably expect the statelet to operate if the ceasefire broke down. The do anything else other than tail. IRA's most telling strikes have been in Ireland The British Government created the England. The English care little what new obstacle to the progress of the peace happens in Northern Ireland but they don't process to replace another. That was the one want mayhem in England. The report of the Mitchell Commission demanding the decommissioning of IRA What concerns the British Government presents a way forward for constructive arms before negotiations with Sinn F£in. mainly is its survival in power in The Mitchell Commission recommended negotiations for Northern Ireland. Westminster. The welfare of Ireland is The day the report was published the dropping that condition because it would treated as being of small account in not be fulfilled. Sinn Fein can’t deliver on comparison. The British Government will British Government laid down a precondition to thwart progress. That the decommissioning of arms as it hasn't ditch Irish interests to buy Northern Unionist precondition was a proposal to set up an got any. It is the IRA that holds the arms. votes to delay the General Election. The end elected body for Northern Ireland. That organization is not. despite Unionist of that short term expedient w ill be blood On the face of it it seems reasonable to and British Government propaganda and havoc in the English cities. have a democratically elected body. Yet the otherwise, the same as Sinn Fein. The English will get rid of Northern British Government’s proposal is opposed The IRA won’t decommission any Ireland rather than suffer carnage and by the nationalists. One may question on arms in the present climate of mistrust. The destruction in England, To save their own what justifiable ground can they oppose refusal of the British Government to bacon the English won’t hesitate to such a move. negotiate, on whatever pretext, adds to the abandon the Ulster Unionists and Loyalists. However how can one have democracy level of mistrust. It looks as if that is what In their hearts Trimble. Taylor. Paisley and in a political unit set up to thwart the British Government wants. It still Robinson know it. dread it and feel democracy? That is what Northern Ireland refused to negotiate though the ceasefire themselves under siege. Whatever their is. It is rather like trying to run a school for has held for seventeen months. rhetoric now they are going to have to chastity in a brothel. The future of Northern Ireland is make an accommodation with Nationalist The Irish voted overwhelmingly for quivering on shaky foundations created by Ireland. They have much in common with independence as a national unit in the preconditions preventing negotiations. The Adams. Hume, Mallon and the political General Election of 1918. The British British Government is piaying of game of leaders of the Republic. There is little Government responded by partitioning teetering on the brink of risking renewed common ground between them and Major. Ireland. Against all the principles of ferocious violence. The peace process can Mayhew and their cabinet colleagues. democracy an illicit six county statelet be smashed to smithereens at any time May the Irish politicians, North and called Northern Ireland was set up. From the without a moment's notice. If that happens South, pool their talents in co-operation for very beginning it was a flawed political unit the British Government will throw up its the sake of Ireland. Such a prospect is by no which has failed miserably. Failure is built arms in pious horror, blaming everybody means beyond credibility. into its make-up. into its very existence. else. Its negative attitude can lead one to believe that it wants to reactivate its military Merfyn Phillips have been some rather odd i over the years in Cam about the ‘authenticity’ of one brand of revived Cornish, and how ’academics’ prefer it tc any other brand. However, the fact that a revived version has a spelling system rather similar to the one in which the last fragments of a defunct language are recorded, and because its advocates K ene K? attempt to rebuild the language from these same fragments, does not make the resulting language ‘authentic’ at all. Interesting, maybe. But not ’authentic’ in Thera ve meeras urt nowethez an thongy lowar nearth, a cawas ago bownaz the sense that it is a ‘continuation’, television alerh. Gye reeg compla dreeg umba ha ennah, pelle benag, pandra because plainly it is not. Kernow kelly e govenack tha voaz benag, ha gonz hebma ma angye bewa, ha In addition, the idea that it has aswonez avel nación bean. An reason ve en leeaz heb descreea. Comerez warbarth. academic respectability precisely because reys tiiew na reeg an govemans Sowsnack thenz teez wheag (thew an Sausen eze it seeks to imitate these last fragments is derevoü aman hsnaw Kemov» vel nación worth e lavara!!) buz nebas cnwcdgack: laughable. The process of language bean therag an parlement European. nag igganz a keel peath ew teez whansack revival is, of course, of interest to Ma marth tha ve pewa a gomeraz war dothans tha weel po fowt thongy... ma sociolinguists. But the defunct language e hunnen tha cowz rag an bobell Kemuack angye keel tacklaw ‘baree’, ha herweth as a subject of academic study in itself is en matter’ma? En TV, tibiaz Kernow vel geys go hunnen; hagenzol, thenz pers tha completely separate front any revived nación o disquethez gen gweail an go fredom. tha go choy, tha go gwary. ha forms of the language. 'Gorseth Kernow’ ha’n berth (mimas vel na vedn angye gweel traveeth a relia droag What then is the authentic revived scurra ew an glos en gerva Kemuack tha rima. Na ve andelha en termen eze language? One based on the medieval coath) quethez et ago goonow glaze, ha passhez, rag ney a ore per thaa drigganz form? One based on the moribund stage onen a keel progath redez en vollan, goerah en antall bownaz keffreys ha choy of the language? Obviously, neither - and skoothez gen eedgan thur come beuh o leeaz termen; buz hethow thew keen both. Any revived or devised language is whethez gen nebas calatter gen sertayne whiddelAAn bobell Kernuack a ore per artificial, and gains authenticity because it arlothas. thaa pwe en’gye, buz na vedn angye gweel has been accepted by many as a Ew hebma vorr vitty tha thisquethas traveeth alga domhel contort bean ha secondary language for international Kernow avel teez dybblans? ...reys dro an compuster an bownaz angye, kevez mar communication. Gorseth Kernow tra venthygiez a’n gear. It seems that at the moment we have Kembreean, reys dro an Gorseth Kimbra e Ma neverah radn vedn savall aman, a two authentic Cornishes. Maybe we will hunnen suppogez gen an cancayer ha caith progath. dismiggia solempnyta, quetha go have three or four in the future. Or one. suggan, "lulo Morganwg" (Edward nunnen terwitheyaw en strange goonow, a Or none. Once a concocted form slips out William, treher mein) en 1792 en keel a go hunnen avel leders an bobell; buz of the laboratory, the question is no Loundres, ha derevez gen falsurye. Nye a mownz maroga en rounzan nagew takkiez longer a linguistic one. Which one will dalvea pedery ubma drew matter an urt an caart. prevail over the rest, or even force its Gorseth Kimbra sendgez gen radn vrossa rivals into extinction, is a political an deez deskez Kimbrack avel gow po ni Richard Gendal! decision geaze. It is important that the language not En gweer. pell thur boaz bagaz a only helps Cornish people make sense of canhadgow leall eze a savall rag Kernow, their lost heritage but also of the radn vroaz an seli an ’Gorseth Kernow’ surviving heritage of their Celtic nagew Kemuack eneth! Whathe. nagew Summary neighbours? Should one form of the hedna mean leer an kene: rag kensa, pe A Lost Cause? TV news recently showed language be promoted as being more angye leall canhadgow. Dew gweras the Cornish 'Gorseth' representing a genuinely Cornish because the other has a Kernow!. ha nessa. treeth an ’Gorseth Cornwall that had failed to be recognized high proportion of users who are non- Kernow’ ha'n 35%. inouy po lee. an deez as a minority nation. Cornish people Cornish by birth? ew treegez en Kernow leb ell crya go already know what they are, but neither Learners will probably choose their hunnen Kemuack, ma poll downe. does the 'Gorseth' (a pale copy of its form of the language in the light of Buz w'hye ell gwellas fatel ew an Welsh parent’, itself an invention of one questions such as these. bobell Kemuack eskar the hunnen. Gye a Edward Williams, a drug-addicted stone­ The fact remains that all revived ore daa lowar drenz pobell thybblans; ma mason. in 1792) represent Cornwall, nor forms are, of necessity, highly artificial. angye shoya hebma dreth an peath igganz will the Cornish people ever be willing They become ’authentic’ when they begin iaull therag an presens an beaz again to jeopardize their domestic security to substitute the functions of another terwitheyaw. po dreth an peath igganz for the sake of somebody else's dream that language - in house names, personal keel, buz en gwrythyans bean heb mear a would in any case afford them no actual letters, songs, informal conversation, leas leb na ra nevcrah dry tha antilly reis benefit. Cornwall's self-styled leaders are lectures, legal texts etc. wastas ha confort an bownaz angye. riding a donkey that is not even hitched to Whether or not they are based on an An deez Kemuack ew oberorian vaze. the cart. earlier or later form of the dead language Mennau heb w-heal a relia gubber daa. ma is irrelevant. Iain O hAnnaidh names is, of course, found in English- speaking areas of Ireland and Wales, and its widespread occurrence in Scotland can be used to show that Scottish was spoken Cornish Today widely more recently than supporters of the Lowland Myth clai m. Dr. Williams's biggest mistake is to gen NJ,A. U/illiams believe that all the existing strands of the language movement can be brought together under UCR. This is not going to happen. The style is very dogmatic in places too, unfortunately, which will not The view of one late Cornish speaker encourage rational responses. But the general argument of the book can help to break down the barrier between users of The review of "Cornish Today" by N.J.A. Unified Cornish is criticised for being Middle and Late Cornish. Williams in Carn 92 does not do justice to too archaic, for being unnecessarily Nye oil dale riddia an Levar ma. Ma what is a valuable collection of suggestions complex in syntax and inflection, and for liaz tebbias etta tha stirria rag clappia ha on speaking and writing Cornish. Much being too standardised, suppressing variety screffa an tavaz. damage has been done to the Cornish within the language. The error of the early Robat ap Tomos language movement in recent years, not revivalists in re-spelling the original texts because different speakers use different as Unified is noted. But Unified is regarded forms of the language, but because users of as less unsatisfactory than Kemmyn and Kernuack Nowedga, Unyes and Kemmyn Nowedga because it is based on the have not always accepted each others’ “native" spelling system which was used in C he Celts opinions as legitimate and the overall the 14th century Charter Fragment and solidarity of the language movement has evolved through the miracle plays of the been broken. The negative and defensive 15th century. Tregear's Homilies and in the Balkans responses I have encountered, from more Beunans Meriasek of the 16th, and in a than one direction, to the ideas proposed in religious piece used as late as 1640. As an During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC the this book are part of this problem. improvement of Unified. Williams Celts occupied the greater part of Europe, In the book Dr. Williams gives his view proposed his UCR which is based on the spreading out from a territory situated about the sounds of Cornish, the main 16th century writings. Personally, my main between Champagne and the Rhineland in thrust of which is that most of the sound objection to UCR is that, while being closer the West and Bohemia in the East. They changes commonly associated with the to traditional Cornish than Unified, it still invaded all of Gaul and N. Italy, took Rome Late Cornish period were already present in includes spellings not found in the original around 390 BC while their incursions the Middle Cornish period, in the Western texts. Williams says that Nicholas Boson eastwards led them as far as Central dialect at least. His theory that all vowels in would have written in the ’traditional’ Anatolia and the Ukraine. But their attempt Cornish were either long or short, with no spelling if he had known it. but he did not to occupy the Balkans failed in 279 BC. half-long vowels in stressed penultimate know it and so used an English-based They were stopped at Delphi. They fell back syllables (which Kernewek Kemmyn orthography. He quotes Boson’s Nebbaz then to the Carpathian Basin and to the supposes), means that in this respect Gerriau to suggest that there were still North of the Balkans. It is there that the Cornish resembles the Gwynedd (Lleyn) writers of ’traditional’ Cornish in the late cultural community of the Eastern Celts Welsh dialect I speak, and differs from 17th century - “an Empack Angwin an emerged, resulting from a mixture of Celts Southern Welsh. brossa ha an cotha Fratier mesk ul an and native peoples, particularly the Illyrians. Dr. Williams does not mention S6amas clappiers”. However, the fact remains that What motivated the Celts in trying to 0 Coiledin’s reconstruction of the vowel the spelling pattern of Boson and Wella take over the Balkans at a time when the system of Cornish based on the spelling Rowe was passed on to later writers and. Celtic world was reaching its apogee? Those system of Edward Lhuyd and the sound of used in nearly all 18th century Cornish specialising in Greek and Roman history, early 20th century West Pcnwith English. writing, forms a second literary tradition influenced by the ancient authors, generally This study proposed a system of six short which continues today. see the Celts as barbarians bent on looting. and six long simple vowel phonemes, while There are many suggestions for Cornish But for other historians their migrations Williams proposed five of each. users in this book which can be taken up were due to demographic expansion and the The book is very critical of Kernewek without having to use UCR spelling or need to acquire new fertile lands. Kemmyn, both as a “phonemic” system in agree with Williams's pronunciation. For The numerous excavations carried out general, and in its representation of the example, in the matter of vocabulary, it is in Celtic necropoles discovered in the sounds of Cornish. Based as it is on Ken recommended that we would be more in Carpathian Basin and in a key region George's reconstructed Middle Cornish concordance with the original texts if we extending from Western Serbia in the North sound system which Williams considers said "mona", "flowr” and "rom" instead of to Macedonia (occupied then by Illyrians) incorrect, the Kemmyn spelling-system is “arghans”, “blejen” and “stevel” for have given support to the latter idea. The obsolete if Williams is rights. Those of us “money", “flower" and “room”. distribution Of the necropoles as well as a who write Cornish as written in the On the history of the language, it is study of their contents have made it traditional texts thought this could happen argued that Cornish, contrary to the popular possible to gain a clearer picture of the from the beginning. Na dale thevvh gweel view, was spoken as far east as the Tamar changes which occurred among these treven war an treath. until the sixteenth century and declined peoples during their expansion. Williams gives the usual general rapidly after the Reformation. Evidence for The birth of this little-known objections to the use of the Late Cornish in this is that eastern place-names such as community is of great significance. It is the original spelling ("Anglicised spelling” Lansallos, Treludick, Trevozah. Lanreath dealt with in detail in the numerous works etc.). He also lists various more specific retain the Celtic stress pattern on the which Miklos Szabo, professor of errors, in his opinion, in revived Late descriptive element. If the area had been Archaeology at the University of Budapest, Cornish involving meanings of some English-speaking since the Middle Ages, has devoted to the Celtic invasions and words, reconstructed forms etc. and these the stress would have shifted to the first more particular in his publications about deserve consideration by Late Cornish syllable which is the pattern for English the Eastern Celts. users. names. This un-English stress in place- Viviane Le Menn mooar er sleih dy liooar as er sleih nagh vel nyn bobblaghtee. Roish my ren Lunnin goll er y raad shoh, va shoh ayns yn earishlioar jeh’n Cheshaght Ghoaldagh cour Studeyrys Yemagh (sheshaght nagh vel currit da guec mollaght er Sostyn): ‘...the British government is unlikely to run with the prospect (jeh reihys) - despite support from centerists such as the Alliance party - in the face of such strong nationalist opposition.’ Va'n fer-screeuee smooinaghtyn nagh jinnagh reiltys Hostyn gra do row eh ayns foavr jeh reihys. Goll rish sleih elley. va’n theayagh cooie daue hene. Va bunnys fer-screeuee neu-chiart. Goll dy Moal ootlley ny ktartaghyn share ec ny Ansherbee, ta politickeyryn ayns Protestoonee. Er yn oyr dy row yn niart as Divlyn toiggal dy vel ad della] rish deiney yn argid ec Protestoonee nyn lomarcan. feer chreoi ayns Lunnin as Beeal Feirshtey bunnys, va ny smoo na un vote ec ram mannagh row ad toiggal shen hannah. er yn Raa - Protestoonee ayns reihyssyn ynnydagh. As As c’red ta ny politickeyryn cheddin ayns baljyn dy liooar, ga dy row ny smoo coonley jeh ny pabyryn-naight as Catolee na Protestoonee ayndaue, va chellveeish Sostnagh ta gra ‘ashooneyryn Shee coonseilyn Protestoonee reill hanystoo. Yernagh' rish dy chooilley pheiagh ayns Ayns Gleashaght ny Kiartyssyn Theayagh. ghow ny Catolee toshiaght dy Tra vees yn ari shoh ry-akin ayns clou, hirrey ny kiartyssyn oc dy sheeoil. Agh foddee dy bee eh ass dale. As foddee nagh hoie ny meoiryn shee orroo lesh y laue bee. Tra dooyrt ny possanyn-caggee ayns lajer. as lurg shiartanse dy vleeantyn, ren Nerin Twoaie dy row scui rr-caggee ayn, shen croo Armée Pobblaghtagh lajer nagh va'u chooid smoo dy 'leih treisnteil dy row ayn rotsh shen. Va'n caa caillit. Sheeu beagh yn chee beayn. V'eh jecaghyn dy row goll harrish ny shenn skeealyn reeshtagh er yn treisht shen ny smoo ayns Nerin na v’eh y fa dy vel ad jarroodit ec ram sleih. Myr ayns Sostyn. Sleih v'ayns ny h-ardjyn sampleyr, sy phabyr ‘The European' yn pobblaghiagh ayns Nerin Twoaie tra va'n chiaghtin elley. va earisheyr screeu dy scuirr-caggee er ny ’ockley magh, hoig ad begin da ny meoiryn-shee as armee Hostyn dy row yn theay jerkal nsh reddyn mooarey. fendeil ny h-Linnaneysseyryn noi'n Armee Agh my hie yn sleih cheddin dys Sostyn, Pobblaghiagh tra va Gleashaght ny hooar ad magh nagh row ram sleih ayns shid Kiartyssyn Theayagh goaill toshiaght. Cha toiggal dy noddagh eaghlaa mooar cheet row yn Armee Pobblaghtagh ayn ec y traa ayns Nerin ooilley kyndagh rish y scuirr- shen ! Er y fa dy row ny h-Unnaneysseyryn caggee. Va sleih dy liooar ayns Sostyn neu- foast smooinaghtyn jeh ny Catolee myr fo- arryltagh dy chredjal dy noddagh yn chee phobble. va'n shenn chaggey fo raad tannaghtyn. As ta'n neu-arryltys foast ayn. reeshtagh. lesh ‘dyn oarlagh’ eryn daa heu. Red agglagh dy ghra, agh veagh oo Neayr's y scuirr-caggee sy vlein 1994, smooinaghtyn er aghi ennagh dy beagh ta reiltys Hostyn er ghra nagh vod Sinn George Mitchell reiltys Hostyn bwooiagh dy beagh yn Féin goaill ayrn ayns chaglymyn jeh ny sheshaghtyn politickagh ouilliu gys vees ny caggey ayn reesht. S'leayr nagh vod y Nerin nagh vel ny Unnaneyseyr? T’ou pobblaghtee cur seose paart jeh ny gunnyn reiltys shen déliai rish yn chee er aghi feoili cummal sy cheer ayd hene as t'ou goll er as eh fo smaghi ny h-Unnaneyseyryn. Ta oc. Sy chooish shoh. ta reiltys Hostyn reili liorish yn reiltys ayd hene as t’ou dty caa yindyssagh ayn dy chur er bun shee ’jarrood’ nagh vel possanyn erbec lesh ‘ashooneyr’! Vel Patrick May hew as John veayn. agh ta gaue ayn nish dy jeanmayd gunnyn cl iaghtey cur seose wappinyn erbee Major nyn ashooneyryn Sostnagh? Ta Iheid roish chaglymyn politickagh. Ta shenn goll ergooyl dys ny sherin laghyn. yn aigney soilshaghey magh yn vnarney Bleeantyn er dy henney ayns Sostyn. dinsh phobblaghtee gra 'Hug shin seose y caggev ghaueagh eddyr yn daa heer. armit jeih bleeaney as feed er dy henney as Unnancyseyr dou dy row Jee tiene er chur Ta shin roshtyn y stayd nish tra vees jeeagh er ny reddyn ren taghyrt’. ny h-Unnaneyscyryn dys Nerin dy Yemee dy liooar. glass ny oranjc, guee cty Ta sieth ennagh smooinaghtyn dy vel yeeaghyn da ny Yernee treth yn aghi dy jinnagh Sostyn shooyl magh ass as cur caa hraue ny magheryn. Cha row eh spotchal: Gerry Adams ginsh breagyn tra t'eh gra dy da ny Yemee dy reaghey reddyn er aghtyn v’eh dy finrinagh crcdjal shen. As my ta'n nee lurg y scuirr-caggee dy ghow reiltys sheeoil ny-mast'oc hene. Ta Nerin ayns dooinney shen foast er mavrn. bee eh foast Hostyn toshiaght dy hirrey gunnyn dy ve feme agglagh jeh daanys politickagh veih crcdjal shen, s'cosoylagh. S'doillee eaghlaa curril seose myr conaant jeh goaill ayrn dagh cheu. cha nee jeh ny shenn skeealyn yn aghi ta sleih smooinaghtyn rish ayns chaglymyn jeh ny sheshaghtyn reesht as reesht bleeantyn as bleeantyn. politickagh. Ta’n sleih shoh gra dy row fys Dy beagh ny h-l’nnaneyseyryn abyl dy ec Gerry Adams er y chonaant shoh roish y Son shickyrys, va caa elley caillit ayns roshtyn coardailys marish ny Pobblaghtee. scuirr-caggee. Quoi ec ta fys? Nerin Twoaie red goll rish jeth bleeaney as veagh y stayd jeh'n cheer caghlaait dy feed er dy henney. Shiartanse dy vleeantyn T'eh jeeaghyn dy vel reiltys Hostyn er bollagh. Jarrood ooilley yn boghtynid shen roish shen, va faghtys (campaign) Sean nyannoo neu-nhee jeh Commishoon mychione yn Phobblaght sluggey seose Mitchell. South er vailletl as va'n Armee Nerin Twoaie - veagh niart mooar ec ny h- Pobblaghiagh er ngoll magh ass. Marish Veagh fys ec y chayt nagh dod ny Unnaneyseyryn ayns Nerin noa. Ashlish. possan beg dy chumraagyn, va Seán South pobblaghtee cur seose armyn erbee roish foddee. agh ta shin ayns feme jeh ashlish. my row' Sinn Féin goaill ayrn ayns er phrowal dy ghreinnaghey irree magh The British Government's backing for ayns Nerin Twoaie. V’eh marrooit marish resoonaghtyn marish sheshaghtyn elley. as elections in Northern Ireland sttr/rrisecJ deiney elley sy faghtys debejagh shen. Lurg shen ny dooyrt Mitchell. Syn ynnyd jeh (and depressed) a lot o f people. More than shen, jannoo arrish er y phobble doo ayns goll er-oaie. ta Lunnin shirrey reihys as gra ever, political courage is needed on all America, ghow ny Caldee ayns Nerin nagh vel shen yn un red as goll er-ash dys sides. Stormont. Dy jarroo. ta shoh er chur yindys Twoaie toshiaght dy hirrey kiartyssyn Orree Crennell Yn Ghaelg A w a r d s f o r M a n x s p e a k e r s Summer Courses in Manx Gaelic 1996

The courses are meant for those interested in learning the native language of the Isle of Man. The 1996 courses will be slanted towards those who already have some knowledge of Manx, but committed beginners will be able to cope. The spoken language will be stressed, but grammar will be presented in some detail. The language of instruction will be English with Manx Gaelic being used wherever possible. There will be opportunities to experience other aspects of Manx culture, such as the music and songs. There will be two five-day courses, held in the Manx Museum, Douglas:

Course A: Monday 29th July until Friday 2nd August 1996. Course B: Monday 5th August until Friday 11th August 1996.

Course B will be slightly more advanced than Course A, but you can take either In November 1995 four young children The children received their awards from Course A or Course B on their own (Course received awards for native Manx speaking. Fiona McArdle, a member of the society’s fee £30), or Course A followed by B Seven your old Ealee Sheard, from award committee, after the committee (Course fee £45). Cheques payable to 'Isle Foxdale, becomes the youngest person ever assessed the children’s Manx speaking of Man Government". to receive the gold Faainey from the Manx capabilities. Information on travel and Language Society in nearly 100 years of its All the children have attended or do accommodation is available from Mr. Brian existence attend the Manx speaking playgroup Chied Stoweli, Manx Language Office, Murray Recipients of the silver awards were Kesmad (First Footstep) based at the Braaid House, Mount Havelock. Douglas. Isle of Ealee’s brother and sister. Jamys, five and and are a new generation of native Manx Man IM1 2SG. British Isles. Tel: +44-1624- Grainne, three, along with Ewan Gawne, speakers. 685813. also aged three, from Cregneash.

Defining Manx identity

The Manx Heritage Foundation is funding the Island’s children. Anglo-Manx and help raise the Island’s profile. Such a project to the sum of £30,000 in an specifically refers to that form of English research would also make a valuable attempt to define ‘Manxness’ which will spoken by native Manx people influenced contribution to Volume 5 (1830 to the involve a study of the linguistic situation on in the phonology, syntax, idiom and lexical present day) of the New History of the Isle the Island. The study will be administered content by Manx Gaelic. Among the of Man. from the Centre of Manx Studies, with planned academic results are: technical assistance and advice coming from the English Department at Liverpool * a major new archive to be housed with University. the earlier collections; The primary aims are academic and * a contribution to the theory of linguistic It seems a great pity that the Manx Heritage linguistic. They are: change. Foundation has not been equally forthcoming with funding for the Manx i to establish the principal distinctive It is hoped that the final report will have an Placenames Survey now in danger of not features of Anglo-Manx, and impact on how Manxness is perceived in being completed. Surely the Foundation’s ii to define and study the important the contexts of education, tourism and primary role is to support projects that will contemporary linguistic changes. leisure, as well as the marketing on and off increase our knowledge of the Island’s the Island of Manx - manufactured goods heritage and of the Manx Gaelic Language The study has a secondary aim, which is to and services. It is hoped too that it will in particular. develop awareness of their heritage among influence the future, cultural development National Disgrace C o u f & e The Dutch A.G. van Hamel Society for Celtic Studies organises a Manx Summer Course, this course, unique In July 1995 Tynwald (Manx Parliament) spend a vast fortune on the language’ he outside the British Isles, will take place directed the Department of Education to said. 'It is a pittance they are being asked to in Leiden, from 12 till 24 August 1996. compile a report on the ’Future pay compared with even' other country in The course will be given by Dr. Brian Development of the Manx Language’. The Europe’. He also believed that the Manx Stowcll, Manx Language Officer in the Department received a large number of language would fare better if the Island had Isle of Man Department of Education. submissions from interested parties. (See full-membership of the EU. Mr. Gawne The course fee amounts to 150 Dutch CARN 92). said government was fooling parents that Guilders for students, and 280 Guilders The 32 page report which took some Manx teaching was going ahead when all for others (not including accommo­ seven months to complete covers a wide that is on offer is a ‘hotch-potch’ of dation and meals in Leiden). Those range of issues and detailed substandard teaching provision. He paid wishing to take part in this course recommendations for the future tribute to the teachers who are doing a should write to the secretariat of the development of the language. tremendous job despite the present funding A.G. van Hamel Society, Postbox 1427, The main body of the report deals with difficulties. NL-3500 UB Utrecht. Manx language matters involving government (e.g. the teaching of Manx in schools) and those matters involving the activities of language societies and groups. The main recommendation centres on the Renewed demand for phased introduction of extra teachers (9.3) over the next four years. The general recommendations stress the need for a Chronicles' return working partnership between the government and relevant Manx language The Celtic League has renewed scribe was a Cistercian monk at Rushen societies and groups. demands for the Chronicles of Man to be Abbey. The recommendations are based on the returned to the Island. General Secretary, Bernard Moffatt premise that government support for the It claims an article in the last issue of stated: ’A red herring floated by the language, which began in 1992. was the Celtic History Review adds weight to British Library some time ago was that inadequate; further support and funding are its argument for the recovery of the old the document might not in fact be of now essential to meet the growing demand. The report came before Tynwald on the 16 manuscript. The piece, which steers clear Manx origin and this they contended in January. Mr Noel Cringle, Minister tor of the ownership controversy, supports the some way justified the continued theft. Education, asked that the report be received League’s contention that the document is •Wherever the document might have been without the recommendations being of Manx origin. scripted it was intended for the isle of adopted. Writer Bernadette Williams states the Man and indeed ended up in ownership Peter Karran. MHK (Member of the Chronicle of the King of Man and the here prior to its removal and subsequent House of Keys) tabled an amendment that Isles is not only a very early piece of theft by the British.’ all the recommendations be adopted, thus Manx literature but also an important The League has again called on the forcing a debate. His amendment lost fairly source of history. She asserts the principal Manx Government to take action. heavily. Among those in favour of Mr. Raman's amendment were Messrs. Rodan and Braidwood who only recently visited Dublin and gained first-hand knowledge of the tremendous success of Irish Medium schools on their visit to Scoil Lorcdin (See Cam 92). Demand for Bombs Clean-up Clare Christian, MLC (Member of the Legislative Council), tabled an amendment News that the Isle of Man government has perhaps unintentionally, excellent. The to adopt the short-term recommendations, written to the United Kingdom Ministry of United Kingdom is coming under pressure including the employment of extra Defence to clear up munitions debris left teachers. This was narrowly defeated 12-11 from a broad range of groups because of its over from the Jurby sea bombing range is military activity in the North Irish sea area. in the Keys and 4-4 in the Council. most welcome. The Celtic League In an emotive speech Mr Karran said the The Manx government’s clear campaigned for many years for the range's Manx language had been treated statement that the debris left off Jurby head closure and within weeks of that closure in must be cleared should be an disgracefully. The policy of indifference or May 1993, demanded either a clean up or linguistic genocide is not the policy of a encouragement to others. The many local compensation. mature nation’, he said. He argued that if authorities in Scotland and Ireland It would be easy to criticise the Isle of the Island was a member of the EU the concerned about the Beaufort Dyke, the Man government for inertia on this issue, Manx language would be afforded better Irish government concern about the sea however the Celtic League, not shy of treatment. dumping policy generally and the many advancing such criticism usually, on this campaigning groups that are calling for Phil Gawne, on behalf of Yn Cheshaght occasion will resist the compulsion. To Ghailkagh. expressed bitter disappointment action. All these bodies should support the ensure that the United Kingdom does take with Tynwald’s decision not to adopt the Manx stand and re-iterate the general thrust report. He pointed out that the programme these concerns seriously it is important that of public demands for a complete military would only have cost some £295,600 over a community consensus backing the clean up in the North Irish sea. five years. ’We are not asking them to government's action is stimulated. Also, at this time the Manx government’s liming is. J.B. Moffatt presenting comparisons with Soviet repressive measures in Eastern Europe". In addition to the ground forces the first echelons of an aviation component, that would be increasingly augmented and stretched as the next two decades unfolded, was being established at Aldergrove.

D e p l o y m e n t o f a M a s s iv e M il it a r y F o r c e t h a t F a il e d Early machines were relatively unsophisticated like the ‘Scour' above. "It can be argued that the recent past has responded to the situation in the North by been exceptional, that Northern Ireland using tactics that Kitson and his ilk had Military Intelligence Services were and Vietnam will both be settled within free developed in previous counter insurgency being developed out of the civil element years" Ihus wrote (.then Brigadier) Frank operations. Utilising the existing internal which existed in the RUC. These would be Kitson in the opening Chapter of the security force, the Ulster Special developed along the lines expounded by British Army’s counter insurgency Bible. Constabulary, and supplementing this with people like Brigadier Kitson to undertake Low Intensity Operations in 1971. regular army troops as the situation active roles in addition to the more passive Frank Kitson served and developed the deteriorated, the British attempted to role more usually associated with organisation of "special squads" in the contain the trouble. They appeared to intelligence services - the m urder gangs North of Ireland, drawn both from regular appreciate the military quagmire they were had been born! forces and loyalist paramilitaries. He was drifting in to. They advanced briefly a Kitson's expressed optimism in 1971 right about the war in Viet Nam and he formula to withdraw the Army "proper” by appeared to be borne out as the decade went on to "greater things” within the introducing joint military police/RUC developed. Within eight years troop levels British military establishment. The war in patrols. This latter suggestion mooted in were down to a reported figure of 12,000. the North of Ireland also w'ent on for Derry in September 1969 was not received although the expansion of the UDR and another twenty-three years, until the IRA enthusiastically nor was it progressed. RUC more than compensated for this. declared the ceasefire. In many ways the situation then British military commentators, via the Kitson was wrong in his assessment as developed in parallel with other colonial journals through which they expound these to the longevity of the Northern conflict. actions, such as Kenya, a conflict from views, were making subjective assessment He was also wrong in his assessment of its which Kitson had developed his murder which would prove fundamentally flawed status in the British "Richter scale" of gangs theory. The initial containment but which no doubt were used by those conflicts. His assessment in 1971 was that having failed, the local security force briefing a new Prime Minister, the so called the Northern conflict was not a “Limited having been discredited (the "B' Special Iron Lady, Margaret Thatcher. References War" but a "counter insurgency and peace Constabulary” were disbanded in April were made in some journals to "a dramatic keeping operation”. This line was to 1970), and hearts and minds not having reduction in the number of units having to become the public position that the British been won. the option of firm force was be removed from BAOR to serve four month political and military establishment would deployed. lours m the province". In actual fact hold to long after more junior ranks, As it moved into the Motorman however, when these statements were restricted by other than air mobility to deployment in July 1972 the British Army published these deployments or roulements bases in South Armagh and East Tyrone, had 22.000 men deployed in addition to the as they are termed were being increasingly were admitting it was a war and an Police Force and the elements of the “B stretched. Statements also published increasingly bloody one. Specials" (again an echo of other conflicts) referred to (the containment) of the Despite his status as a guru of strategic being reshaped into the Ulster Defence Provisional IRA., although these were thinking, Kitson’s view was in fact the Regiment. almost immediately countered by received wisdom for the period and it still At this period in time, when we are comments attributed to unidentified British has a relevance today. The complete and reflecting on the decommissioning of army sources. The first murmurings that utter failure of the United Kingdom's weapons in the North, it is pertinent to "the war” could not be won! political, military and intelligence reflect on just what had been deployed by A closer examination of how matters establishments to understand the basis of the British, in military hardware terms, ac were developing-must even at that stage the "enemy” they faced in Ulster, is the that stage. have caused deep-seated concern about the basis of their obsessive attitude to the Something like 30-40,000 small arms, likely longevity of this counter insurgency decommissioning of IRA weapons today. It machine gun calibre weapons and operation. is more deep-seated than a straightforward associated light weaponry. A range of By the early 1980s there was some desire for peace, or the more politically unmodified soft skinned and armoured evidence to suggest that some weaponry mercenary objective to make the republican vehicles including wheeled medium weight available to the "small numbers” of movement offer symbolic surrender. armoured vehicles and for a period during activists in the IRA were superior to that Motorman. tracked armoured vehicles. The which the Army deployed. Soft-skinned Britain misread the runes at the outset of latter were swiftly withdrawn, as in the transport had all but disappeared as a the conflict and they are in danger of words of a commentator in a military means of moving troops in N. Ireland. allowing a tragic repeat of history. journal of the time there was a "need to Those armoured vehicles that were For a four year period between the avoid the propaganda pitfall of using deployed were invariably extensively outbreak of Civil Right’s campaigning in tracked vehicles - which television modified with Macralon armour toughened 1968 and the Operation Motorman in 1972. reporters would immediately describe as windscreens and reinforced chassis. Mesh the British government in military terms tanks whatever there role - thereby screen covers, anti-grenade shields, rams and leg shields were also fitted on all APCs. The main vehicles in use, elderly Before Humber APCs, were also the subject of extensive uparmouring undertaken as ‘Operation Bracelet’ by the Royal Ordnance Factory, and SaTacens were for the most part obsolescent. Some types of armoured vehicle utilised in the first decade of the conflict had been phased out. e.g. the Ferret scout vehicle considered too "light” for counter insurgency duties. Worse still in some areas the road deployment of troops and police was not practical. Deployed by day in forays by helicopter, or armoured vehicles, flak jackets were de rigettr on all occasions. Alter dark the same garrisons retreated behind their revetments and surveyed the surrounding country via a range of The Saracen before modification. developing sophisticated night observation devices. Portrayed in the popular British media as "the Army being provided with the latest technology to fight terrorism ", this was in fact an army of occupation fter under siege. A

Early night imaging equipment and also the installation of sensor devices e.g. 'Classic' around bases was common by 1980. Operation Kremlin ' saw an extensive The embryonic air support of the early upgrade of the armoured vehicles. 1970s had developed into a major offensive and logistics support operation. This in turn was severely stretching the British military probably the greatest consistent military questionable) for their apparent ability to capacity and embarrassingly for the British, commitment that the United Kingdom had triumph in adversity, to turn a defeat into in the period prior to the IRA ceasefire. deployed since World War 2. victory, to rewrite history to suit the British MOD officials were searching the second­ The British Army were disenchanted. need. Despite the evidence of twenty live hand helicopter markets of the world to Officers spoke openly now of “a War years of massive military deployment in the shore up this over-extended logistics which could not be won ". The equipment North the British army, in the face of initial operation. was worn out and in some instances the projections, had not defeated the IRA. The (See The British Helicopter Force in portable field based small arms and core issue to be developed for the British Ireland - A Barometer of Sinking Fortunes automatic weapons held by the IRA were establishment in explaining this failure Cam 88). superior. The British public were totally must therefore he IRA weapons. True the Despite the efforts of the next ten years, demoralised following a series of effective weapons of other groups was mentioned, the astute political manoeuvring by economic attacks in Britain, and finally in but there was no mistaking the intent of the Thatcher in which she embraced dialogue July 1994 and just prior to serious talk of propaganda campaign that has been with the 26 County government (which was ceasefire the heart was ripped out of the developed. obviously motivated more by expediency British Intelligence machine in a still IRA weapons have been projected to than commitment) by the end of the unexplained and mysterious crash at the forefront politically and via a sustained decade, and in the period after her Kintyre. media campaign, the intention being to departure and leading up to the IRA With the crystallisation of the initiative transfer the focus from the overwhelming ceasefire, the military Situation for the by Sinn Féin and the other northern weight of weaponry in the hands of the British never improved. Nationalist organisation the SDLP and the British Army and its various other agencies By 1994 the no-go areas of Kitson's involvement of the United States (he "peace in the North of Ireland. period (in Belfast and Derry), cleared in initiative” was developed. The Republican movement will sustain Motorman, had been replaced by vast areas The British politically and militarily a campaign, to represent the true record of in the rural heartland of Ulster in which the were provided with a breathing space the balance of military force in the twenty- remit of the Crown extended no further within which they could survey the failure five year conflict. Their efforts should be than the barrack’s gate. of a developed military' strategy stretching supported by all who have observed the The weaponry that Kitson and others back to Kitson’s "five year counter development of the British government’s had believed would be required to end the insurgency operation”. military strategy in Ireland, the deployment conflict had been augmented out of all The British have a reputation of a massive military force that failed! recognition and constituted in its totality throughout the w'orld (justifiably J.B. Moffatt discontinued as dump sites or firing ranges are effectively so contaminated as to be “sterilised" for commercial fishing or leisure use. This unfortunately does not provide the Deadly overall picture. Whilst the MOD, over the course of the past fifty years, was scrupulous in designating sites as either firing ranges or for dumping, the range Munitions Legacy coordinates set out meticulously on Admiralty chart have little real relevance. New evidence emerges daily that in relation to sea disposal of munitions, cargoes were frequently dumped outside the designated Virtually the entire coastal zone extensively used, and has been for decades zone. The firing ranges also seem to have a stretching from the south of Eskmeals in for the testing of missiles, guided bombs remarkable margin of error with missile Cumbria to the Antrim coast and and more conventional munitions. Because material from Eskmeals being washed including the north of the Isle of Man is of the experimental nature of the work it is ashore in the Isle of Man and large bombs at danger from disposed munitions or highly likely that a wide range of of a type used at the Jurby range being unexpended practice munitions dangerous unexploded ordnance litters the found as far south as Peel on the Island’s Despite the current high profile being sea area, both within and adjacent to the west coast. 12 miles from the edge of the given to explosives corning ashore in designated range safety area. range danger area. increasing numbers from Beaufort Dyke in RAF Jurby Head, an off shore There is no doubt that the fragmented the north Irish sea, Beaufort is only one of facility, now closed, was at one time the campaigns for actions about military a number of potentially dangerous British largest and most extensively used NATO hazards around the north Irish sea are military black-spots which form an deadly sea bombing range. It was in use in one ineffectual. What is needed are coordinated arc of danger in the area. form or another for practice bombing for campaigns of action, and increasingly it is Beaufort Dyke is reputedly the fifty years. Throughout the period of the not the UK Labour opposition or some location for the disposal of several cold war and up to its closure in 1993 it distant intervention from Brussels, who can million tonnes of munitions. The site has was used mainly by the RAF and United provide this. Most suitable candidates to been long known as an explosive dump and Slates Air Force. Shortly after the closure “enter the listings" against the British also the presence of chemical weapons was the Celtic League called for a clean up of government and its Ministry of Defence, logged as early as 1969. In mid July of that the site. New undersea video evidence are the Irish and Manx governments. year a Breton trawler landed six men at obtained by the Manx government has Peel in the Isle of Man, badly contaminated confirmed fears about contamination of the after an incident in which they brought area with unexploded munitions. The Manx J.B. Moffatt mustard gas on board their vessel whilst government have demanded a clean up of lifting their nets. The men were the area by the MOD. hospitalised with serious blistering and skin Dundrennan, Kirkcudbright is injuries. Two developed complications, and another area on the coast of south west one in particular, whilst in hospital Scotland which has been used extensively "swelled up like a bull von. turned purple over many decades for weapons firing. A and shed all his skin". He subsequently danger area extends over 120 square miles BLOODY SUNDAY recovered but came close to being the first of the north Irish sea and amongst recorded fatal injury caused by British weaponry tested at the site now giving ANNIVERSARY chemical weapons dumping. Over course for concern were thousands of subsequent years reports surfaced from rounds of depleted uranium munitions. fishermen in Scotland, N. Ireland and the MOD attempts to gauge possible danger England branch distributed 500 leaflets at Isle of Man about mysterious incidents at from this source have been inconclusive. the Bloody Sunday 24th anniversary rally Beaufort. Contaminated nets which Southerness, Solway is a former in Leicester on 27th January. mysteriously caught fire when brought out military training site the MOD have This leaflet was entitled "The Celtic of the water or gave off pungent gases, skin recently attempted to clear. Exercise League say:- English Racists - Gel out of injuries and bums etc. areas are contaminated with unexploded Ireland!" and was strengthened as below In 1981 the Celtic League started to ask debris resulting from previous military use. to make it more “troops out" oriented. questions about military activity generally Despite the efforts to clear it, just how "English racists consider the Celts to be in the Irish Sea, and the Beaufort dump in effective will the long term impact of the "second class" citizens unfit to govern particular. Despite the present cacophony clean up be? themselves with no rights to self- from Labour sources now, such as shadow Eskmeals, Cumbria is a facility at the determination. Defence spokesman David Clark and the eastern edge of the arc of potentially It is racist to regard other peoples as leader of Lancashire County Council, we hazardous military installations around basically inferior in any respect. were unable to interest Labour spokesmen the north Irish sea. It is used for heavy The English should withdraw their troops of the day in the issue. Perhaps it was still weapons testing, artillery and some and all other means of repression and loo close to the period when Labour was in missiles. Its danger area is larger than the administration from Ireland. Scotland. power when the dumping was in full swing. 120 square mile Kirkcudbright range Wales. Cornwall and the Isle of Man and The SNP did set down some questions, but mentioned above. In fact these two danger let the peoples of these nations determi ne the issue failed to capture the media areas (indicated on Admiralty chart Q their own futures". attention until the end of the eighties when 6403) virtually seal the entrance to the The names of the Bloody Sunday the first large quantities of what would Solway with a restricted military zone. victims were read out. eventually become a deluge of munitions It will be seen from the above that The slogans for the rally were:- came ashore on beaches in Scotland. virtually the entire coastal zone stretching Peace Through British Withdrawal Ireland and the Isle of Man. from south of Eskmeals in Cumbria to the From Ireland and Self Determination West Freugh is a Royal Aerospace Antrim coast and including the north of the for the Irish People. establishment/MOD weapons test site Isle of Man is at risk from disposed which covers the area of Luce Bay and munitions or un-expended practice Ifor Kenna Loch Ryan. The Luce bay area is munitions. Even those sites now Gwenn-ha-Du, journal nationa- A Short History of the liste breton, 28pp. bimonthly. Annual Membership & Irish Language subscription 150FF Brittany-France, 170 FF other countries, to Jacques Le Maho, Subscriptions by D. 6 Breasldin and Paidi Dwyer, 190 bis Ave. de Clichy, 75017 Paris. published by G16r na nGael Bheal Feirste All those who agree with the constitution Thiar. 1995 price @2.50 (plus p+p) ISBN Gwenn-ha-Du seeks to gather the most and aims of the Celtic League are eligible O 952632404. dynamic elements of the Breton Movement for membership. The membership fee This booklet endeavours to tell the and cooperate with them for a coherent and (including Carn) and subscription rates story of the Irish language from its more effective defense of the Breton are IR£10; Stg£10; 90FF or US$20.00 origins, detailing its evolution, literary people. (US funds, cheques drawn on a US masterpieces, the GaeiLge society that bank). Europe Stg.£10 outside Europe held it in its dominant position for Stg.£13.00 airmail. Among its frequent contributors are Yann centuries, the attempts at outlawing it and For information about the Celtic Fouere. Yann Bouessel du Bourg. Joseph the process by which it found itself being League, applications for membership, Chardronnet, Jean Cevaer, whose abandoned particularly in the nineteenth subscriptions, etc. write to any of the the signatures also appear in L’Avenir de la century. The Revivalist movement is also following secretaries: Bretagne. detailed from early pioneers up to today's ALBA Mairi Denovan, Old Mission initiatives both North and South. Of great interest in issues Nr 110-111 was House, Nth. Erradale, Ross-shire IV21 This brief but concise booklet is a 2DS. good introduction to the history of the the interview with the intrepid Denise Irish language and is an easy read. Luec-Guieysse in which she recalls her BREIZH Youenn Craff, 145 Straed commitment to the cause of Breton Talbodek, 29300 BEI/BAYE, Brittany. freedom throughout the years from 1925 to CYMRU Jina Gwyrfai, 3 Croes Y 1950, which cost her her job as a civil- Waen, Waenfawr. Caernarfon, Gwynedd. Che Celtic Pen servant. EIRE Subscriptions: c/o 33 Bdthar Bancroft, Tamlilacht. Bade Atha Cliath 24. Gwenn-ha-Du devotes much space to the KERNOW Martyn Miller. 10 A quarterly journal, mainly in Cnylish, national aspects of the Breton history', its Trewartha Court. Pound Street, Liskeard. dealing with Celtic language literature. book reviews often concern biographies of MA.NNIN Cristl Jerry, 6 Glenfaba Available from all good bookshops or people who illustrated it. It carried in Road, Peel. direct from: several issues the results of research by Edith Perennou about the attempts made by ENGLAND BRANCH Robat ap Che Celtic Pen, 36 Fmithill Park, Belfast the little-known Per Penneg who, in ihe Tomos, "Dyffryn", Gretton Fields. BCI I 8GC, Ireland. years following the defeat of the Breton Greuon, Cheltenham. Glos. GL54 5HH, Cel: 0232-232608 army in 1488. attempted unsuccessfully to England. £1 per issue + 25p p&p obtain English military help in a bid to USA Stephen Paul de Villu, 313 East Annual subscription (four issues) recover our independence. 201 Street, Bronx. New York 10458. £5 (include p&p). INTERNATIONAL BRANCH Alan Heusaff. Seana Gharniin, An Spidcal. Co. na Gaillimhe. Eire. CEAP BREATAINN Frangag Nic E achainn, Box 179, Mabou, Cape Breton. Nova Scotia. Canada BOE 2WO.

AL LIAMM, literary' magazine The General Secretary and P. R.O. of in Breton, bimonthly, subscription 160 F the Celtic League is Bernard Moffatt, (Brittany, France), 180 F outside State. 11 Hilltop View. Farmhill, Braddan, 200 F airmail, to P. ar Bihan, 16 r. des Mannin. Fours 6 Chaux, 35400-Sh-Malo. The Nov.-Dec. issue. 110 pp. is The Editor is Ms P. Bridson, 33 B6thar particularly interesting. R. ar C'halan Bancroft, Tamhlacht. B AC 24. ¿ire. contributes a thirty page study of the "national spirit in the modern Breton Our next deadline for material for literature. G. Kervala tells us how the Carn is 1st May 1996. Materials sent for 100th anniversary of F.M. Luzel's death publication in Carn must relate to our was commemorated by plays based on a aims, and should be typed. All materials number of the tales he collected. He copyright © Carn unless otherwise recalls similar performances which slated. The views expressed in Carn are occurred in the first half of this century not necessarily those of the editor nor of when the Bleun-Brug association led by the Celtic League. Fr. Y.V. Perrot staged plays based on Arthur Griffith Kervarker's collection "Barzhaz Breizh". E-Mail: [email protected] Let us also mention Per Denez’s Leagan amach: C. Nf Bhreartuin, E la transformazione del recollections about the nationalist and Peanntronaic Teo.. 49 Br Crannach. language militant Yann ar Beg who had BAC 14. Eire. nazionalismo irlandese to live in hiding during the post-war Printers: Elo Press, 49 Reuben Avenue, Rialto, Dublin 8. (1995) 322 pp. Lire 24'000. Published by: repression. ADV Publishing House - via Besso 42-CH- ISSN 0257-786« 6903 Lugano. Switzerland) No. 94 Summer 1996 £1.70

® Gaelic Medium Education Under Threat

• Vann Bouesse! du Bourg RIP

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• New Opportunities for Celtic Languages

• World Conference on Linguistic Rights

ALBA: COMUNN CEILTEACH • BREIZH: KEVRE KELTIEK • CYMRU: UNDEB CELTAIDD • EIRE: CONRADH CEILTEACH • KERNOW: KESUNYANS KELTEK • MANNIN: G Ein C LEAGUE @1 COMMEEYS CELTIAGH luchd-cainidh na Gaidhlig - ach de tha san dan? Tha Niall dhen a’bheachd nach eilear a’deanamh gu-leor ameasg nan coimhearsnachd: tha e gle mhath a bhi a’cur Gaidhlig air chois do luchd-turais, ach de mun a’chanan fhein mar rud beo, tarraingeach? Dualchas? Bardachd? Seinneadh na h-orain - ach de mu na baird? Tha cus ’ga dheanamh airson’s nach teid aite dligheach a thoirt dhan a'Ghaidhlig, ’s gun cumar sios i. Ach a’s a’ mhionaid a tha duine airson luilleadh a dheanamh, canar, o, is toil leam a'Ghaidhlig’s na h-orain. ach... Feumaidh aithneachadh a bhi aice air feadh na Gaidhealtachd mar chanan na Gaidhcaltachd - cuimhnich de thachair ann Dan Duthcha - de tha san dan? an Ceap Bhreatain uaireigin a thaobh ar canain - gu leor 'ga dheanamh do luchd- le Niall Gordon turais, agus sgoiltean a’call amach. Baile nan raon air a dhruideadh gu dluth Summary le leudachd nam binnean is srulaig nan surd Niall Gordan, working as a ‘poet without honour' in an area which refuses to endorse cnuicean 'nan ero ’s iad ri comhnardan caomh' its Gaelic Heritage, describes his feelings is linnean ro-chiuine dhan duraigainn suil and relationship with the local landscape, finding safety and new Gaelic life in it, and aige - le sin san amharc. tha e air dan a chur he exhorts his neighbours to find themselves I s iad sin facail filidh a tha air a dhuthaich an ceill a dh’innscas sgeul maise na sgire in their culture rather than be concerned fhein ath-lorg tro dhualchas nach robh idir sin ann an dusan rannan, ach cuideachd a with paltry affairs like lotteries and drugs. soilleir dha fad ioma btiadhna d’a bheatha - tha a’soillearachadh na cuise dha a thaobh He castigates teachers for their attitude to Niall Gordan, neo Niall losaiph feallsanachd is creideamh a bheatha fhein. Gaelic, and reminds people that once in a’Pheantair, a tha a’fuireach anns a'Bhiar Theid an dan air fad fhoillseachadh ann an Cape Breton the money was all set aside for Dhubh, baile beag eadar Inbhir Nis agus ’Gairm’ a dh’aithghearr. ach nach promoting Gaelic as a tourist attraction Inbhir Pheofharain ann an Siorramachd seallamaid air corra rann an seo an while schools were losing out. Rois. S gann na tha air fhagail an diugh ceartuair. Sa chiad dol-a-mach, se maise na dhen seann chainnt sa chearnaidh ach ehan sgire is sabhailleachd nam beann a tha e sin e do na h-uidhir a dh'ainmeannan-aite faitear dha bhard... | Celtic Mm and a tha a’dearbhadh gu robhar a’bruidhinn na Gáidhlig anseo uaireigin. Gu dearbh, tha Arainn tha cuisleach gur fad thu 's ! Television Festival iomradh againn air ‘Coisiche Siorramachd mall-charach... i Rois’, sin Fearchar Mac Illinnein, no ...Se bu chaomh leam o’m oige bhi 'n 'Fearchar a’Ghunna’, a bha beo san linn roid far ri’m beann mu dheireadh. agus b’i Gháidhlig a siod aite mo threoir far nach tig na tha | TThe 1996 Celtic Film and Television chainnt-san: dh’fhag e 'Urnaigh na teann... i Festival was held this year in Wales, Creubhaig’ againn mar dhileab, rud a tha i There was a wide spectrum of uamhasach cudthromach ‘nar latha-ne a Agus an uairsin, tha Niall a’toirt | productions; animation, current affairs, thaobh na h-arainneachd, oir anns an tarraing air seann teachdaireachd nam bard [ entertainment, drama, documentary — urnaigh ai ge, bheir e iomradh air cha mhor Gáidhlig, a tha cudthromach dha... ' something for everyone. The viewer was gach ni a chilheadh e mun cuairt air, eadar i really spoilt for choice in this four day na h-eoin is na craobhan ’s mar sin air Ceart-shiol nam íonn-sa le’n sgeulachd i bonanza of Celtic talent. adhart. Nise, tha seo cudihromach ann an dhan t-saogh'l I Wales won the prestigious 'Ysbryd yr da dhoigh: tha ‘gleidhticheas’ ‘ga siod a’chiall bu neo-ghorach don greoid \ Wyl’ (Spirit of the Festival) Award for dheanamh air cumadh na duthcha aig an san ur-thiom-s'... j the best production in a Celtic language am ud, ach ñas domhainne buileach dhan j with a feature drama film “Y Mapiwr" fheadhainn a tha ag ¡onnsachadh na Tha Niall dhen a’bheachd gu bheilear i (Cwmni Gaucho). Gáidhlig an seo an diugh. tha e a’toirt a’bruidhinn cus air goraicheas an la an The winning cartoon came from Eire. creideas dhan bheachd gu robh Am Blar diugh. leithid crannchar (lottery) agus 1 Corrib’s "An Bonnan Bui”, and Alba Dubh a cheart cho gaidhealach ri aite sam drugaichean agus mar sin air adhart, 's tha | took several awards including the Best bith eile ann an Alba - rud nach eil euid e ag innse dhaoine gun a bhi a’gabhail j Documentary “An Sgoth” (Eolas). a’gabhail ris fhathastl Agus is e seo gnothaich tlachd ann an rudan a tha a’cur There was also an interesting film from cruaidh-cheist an fhir-ionnsachaidh: chan dhaoine ann an Alba air leth. Chi e na i Nova Scotia “Margaret’s Museum" eilear ach a'deanamh tair air gach oidhirp beanntan ann an solas ur, mar gum biodh o i despite it’s title, the film highlights sa bhaile gus a'Gháidhlig ath- chionn’s gur e na h-ainmeannan Gáidhlig a | growing awareness in Gaelic culture, and steidheáchadh. Bidh cuid de na seann tharraing dha na beanntan sin e ... | the increasing desire for Celtic tidsearan ris an aon duan 's a bh’aca riamh, j relationships in Nova Scotia. se sin nach eile math sam bilh sa Gháidhlig ...Beanntaichean chlaonadh mo hvan Llwyd (poet), the organizer of the - gur e a b’fhearr Laideann, no canan cheuma le gair i Festival, is to be congratulated for laying eorpach sam bith eile. Tha sinn cleachdte nuair a thogadh an sgailean bho i on a feast of Celtic entertainment. gu-lcor air a bhi a'cluinntin nam barailean m'shuilean ’s mi'n lathair. ! Only one complaint - pity there was aineolach sin. Ach de ghabhas deanamh? j not more Breton, and where was Manx? Uill, iha Niall Gordan airson, ann an Tha soillearachd a dhualchais nise air a j Take courage and inspiration from the doigh, eisimplear Fhcarchair a’Ghunna dhiuchdadh do Niall, agus ni e sogan ris an i strivings of Welsh. Scots and Irish. There leantail. se sin, dileab fhagaii aig daoine a fhaireachdainn sin a tha cho domhainn ’na i has been co-operation between Scots and tha a'thoirt 'beothalais’ Gáidhlig dhan sgire cridhe. ach a tha doirbh a mhineachadh do ! Welsh TV companies, surely this should J be extended in true Celtic co-operation. i______i 2 Cam established. The statistics from across Alba GAELIC MEDIUM EDUCATION support this. The GM Units have been a great success since the first one opened in Inverness over 11 years ago. There are now UNDER THREAT about 50 units in Scottish schools leaching almost 1.500 children through the medium This decision shows the hypocrisy of of Gitidhlig! I hope you can publish most of the the Unionist Parties. Two days after the The latest opened in Forfar. Angus in following in Carn. If this school closure is Peterhead decision Paddy Ashdown was 8/95. allowed to go ahead it would be a grave still claiming in a P.P. broadcast on TV that There has never been a closure of a set-back for Gaelic Medium Education in the Lib/Dems wanted to improve education GSidhlig medium unit in Alba (except for Alba (and possibly other Celtic countries and were still prepared to put 1 p on Income one case where a replacement teacher under British control.) Tax to do this. Obviously, the situation in couldn’t be found.) Don't let the Unionist On 2574/96 the Liberal/Democrat the real world, where the Lib/Dems have Lib/Dems start the thin edge of the wedge. controlled Aberdeenshire Council decided a little power proves them to be an anti- Letters of condemnation of the decision to close the Gaelic Medium Unit at Scottish party. and support for GM education should be Peterhead with effect from the end of June The 3 pupils and parents of the sent to Lib/Dem MPs, especially MP for 1996. They were opposed by the SNP Peterhead GMU would have no alternative Gordon - Malcolm Bruce and Paddy councillors but supported by the so-called school to continue their Gaelic Ashdown, and to the Director of Education local ‘Independent’ councillors. education. The callous and indifferent - Michael White, Aberdeenshire Council, The excuse was that it was part of a councillors actually suggested the children Woodhill House, Westburn Road. cost-cutting package (to save a mere could make the 66ml. round trip to the Aberdeen, ABI6 6GB, Alba. Also to Alan £8.000) throughout the Education Budget, GMU in Aberdeen, unsupervised on Campbell Chief Executive of but the savings will be minimal, because Public Transport! Aberdeenshire Council, address as above. the teacher will have to be found another If this goes ahead the childrens' post in the ‘mainstream sector' elsewhere education will be ruined and it could have a P.S. The parents at the Peterhead GMU are in Aberdeenshire. Is it not strange that they deep psychological effect on them. One prepared to keep their children from should discriminate against the GM child has been receiving his education in schools when the new term starts in August sector considering that local education Gh&idhlig for 5 years now, allhough the 1996. Let us hope that we can overturn the authorities only have to pay 25% of the Peterhead GMU has only been opened for decision before it comes to this. cost anyway! (75% funding comes from the 2 years. It’s well known, the units increase Scottish Office). their intake dramatically once they become Les Mac an Ultaigh

cash from highest bidders for mature forests to build a nest egg for the tax cuts Who Owns Scotland Now? expected by a SE England electorate before the coming general election. So competition by the Tory for scarce rural Chains and Slavery votes is an echo of early this century when Tory and Liberal governments did much to was drawn to radical conclusions about intervene in the free land market in a way 'T h e high profile taken by the land issue what he surveyed. This is far from which no Labour government in the UK in Scotland today stems from the waste of surprising considering the festering sores of has ever dared. resources which categorise so much of our decay and delay in meeting the needs of Opinion surveys by leading Scottish history in the Union with England. resident communities on the island of Eigg, papers show mounting opposition to Consequently its abuse is the symbol of which is owned by an absentee German foreign or absentee owners of big estates powerlessness and lack of sustainability artist Maruma and Knoydari. on the and a demand for a sensible access law to which the nation feels instinctively. adjacent western mainland, whose string of be enacted to replace the voluntary Two major books measure the present recent owners have tried to asset strip the concordat reached by landowners led by mood. Who Owns Scotland Now?* by huge peninsula and left the 50 or so the Dutchman. Van Vlissingen in uneasy Auslan Cramb opts for a review of 10 huge residents seeking powerful corporate allies partnership with the Scottish Land Owners estates, their management and owners’ like the residents of Eigg. to attempt a Federation, the Ramblers Association and outlook. This focus highlights the gross community buyout to end the stalemate. mountaineering council. concentration of power of a social, Our hills are riddled with gross over­ Taking the temperature of all shades of economic and political nature in such few population of red deer, twice the numbers opinion on land tenure and land use issues hands. It surveys the manmade wilderness earlier this century. As befits this Tory this year is the Scottish Land Commission, over which these lew wealthy owners government we see a Bill going though the set up by the SNP but independently staffed preside. Cramb's style of environmental London parliament to tackle the problem to and chaired by Prof. Allan Machines, journalism probes the good, the bad and the soothe the landed interest but ensure a cull Aberdeen University. It will report later this plain ugly in terms of the sport versus trees of a daring one third of their numbers, summer after taking copious written and issue; the access for recreation over when two thirds culled - let trees and aural evidence around Scotland and publish exclusive pursuits by the heatherocracy; grasses regenerate. Meanwhile the quixotic a report for all interested parties. comparing hereditary lairds like Cameron Thatcherite, Secretary of State for Intertwined with this upbeat activity is of Lochiel and rich incomers like Van Scotland. Michael Forsyth has offered state the demand for solutions. Just how radical Vlissingen of the Netherlands and of owned crofting estates to their resident would a Scottish parliament need to be to corporate conservation buyers, like the tenants in the form of croft trusts based on settle a new land tenure pattern after nine Royal Society for the Protection of Birds the model pioneered in the private North centuries of feudalism? Perhaps it is no with Alcan, the aluminium giants, amongst Assynt estate, as chronicled in Carn in surprise in the age of Tony Blair that others. They respectively own w'ell over 1993. Labour's spokespersons response is 80,000 acres (32,000 hectares) each and are Mr Forsyth has also offered the Laggan 'muted' according to The Herald in the top twenty biggest owners. Forest, in central Inverness-shire to the tGlasgow). The pitch for middle English The author sets out to chronicle the local community trust to manage or buy votes mustn't question the 'sacred rights of present outlook of this exclusive club and against the Tory Treasury policy to grab property', must they? (contd.) (Who owns... contd.) Cramb’s book reaches surprisingly radical conclusions couched in the {rftaveriey environmental imperative to end the gross exploitation inherent in a free-market. status driven ownership system. reading: "Go and study English in the Andy Wightman updates the pioneering S o m e might find surprising to read such Highlands of Scotland, Beautiful scenery work of late John McEwen of the 1970s to an article in Cam, although the book I etc...” In fact it is noticeable that Gaelic is catalogue as far as can be discerned from a want to speak of is exceptional in many The only language that fits the Highland far from comprehensive land register. Who ways. I am speaking of Sir Walter Scott’s environment. The chapter about Scottish Owns Scotland? ** Published in May this Waverley, perhaps the most beautiful book poetry is even more beautiful, not only for year he also analyses what happens in ever written about the Scottish Highlands. the description of the scenery, but also exclusive land owning circles and proposes It was first published in 1814. that is sixty because it shows the equality of Gaelic detailed solutions to the problems. years after Culloden (Ctiil Lbdair), after the poetry with the greatest poetical traditions The fascinating lists of estates and the end of the last true Celtic society in Europe in the world; it also shows how important limited information about their real owners (feudalism was very weak, even in those minstrelsy has always been for the Scots in goes hand in hand with clear maps of all days, in the Gaidhealtachd). After this particular and the Celts in general. I should Scottish counties and in the process puts to event, the English language was allowed to advise everyone to read this beautifully shame a modern government machine penetrate our green hills and our misty entertaining and easy-to-read novel, and it which has so far failed to place such a land islands, to imitate Scott's romantic tone. is to hope that the advice given by Flora in register in every local government service After MacPherson’s poetry, this novel was these verses found in the novel will soon point. As a tool to lever changes. Andy like another attempt to restaure people’s he followed: Wightman’s work is a must for all consideration for the Gaels. By retelling the interested in the debate about power and story of Culloden. seen with the eyes of an There is mist on the mountain, and night resources in modem society. Englishman, Scott shows that the Scots on the vale. Wightman, like Auslan Cramb, points were not the Barbarians everyone thought But more dark is the sleep of the sons of to the far more sophisticated and resident they were! Today, however, Waverley the Gael. friendly systems in Norway, Denmark and remains extremely important, both for the A stranger commanded - it sunk on the Holland. They both see the need for a Land Scots and the Celts throughout the world, land. Commission to oversee the transfer of land for it would make everyone proud to be a It has frozen each heart, and benumb'd to a much wider spectrum of land holders Gael: everyone should (re-)read the chapter every hand! and for ihe planning of ecologically and “A Highland feast”: the pleasure of being (...) economically sustainable uses. together, the pleasure of listening to the Awake on your hills, on your islands Since the tide of opinion is towards a Bard... The ancient way of life may not awake, Scottish solution decided in Scotland, have been perfect, but the way Scott Brave sons of the mountain, the frith, and much hope is pinned on a Scottish depicts it makes it really attractive, and it is the lake! parliament taking land as a prime policy so sad to see how, even in Perthshire, ‘Tis the bugle - but not for the chase is target. The debate has left the Westminster everyone spoke in Gaelic; sentences the call; solution adrift, hence the Tories belated containing "The Gaelic Language..." are ‘Tis the pibroch’s schrill summons - but attempts to join the bidding, but the crunch recurrent and suddenly, the true face of not to the hall. is how radical such a parliament has to be Scotland appears, how it was. how it should to tackle the roots of the unique feudal be, perhaps: a true nation, living for itself Ref: Sir Walter Scott, Waverley or ‘Tis property system under which Scotland and not only for tourism - there is nothing sixty years since, 1814, Penguin Popular groans. more frustrating than seeing in magazines, Classics, I pound. Andy Wightman concludes that especially French ones, advertisements Seamas 6 Loingsigh Scotland 'needs a parliament with full control over land law-, tenure, occupancy and use in both the private and public sectors. It needs to have a direct role in exchanging places as might the dancers in a European affairs which are critical to set-dance, or the patterns in a kaleidoscope. agriculture, fisheries, rural development ( L e . L t o C These stories also function on an and environmental policies, and in taxation allegorical level, and it seemed appropriate matters which, as highlighted by in this case to let the music ‘speak’ for inheritance tax provisions, are an important Maire Breatnach, one of Ireland's leading itself, without additional lyrics.’" tool in wealth redistribution.’ contemporary composers/ producers, Maire, it may be mentioned, is a long Seems to me the prescription for launched her new album Celtic Lovers in standing member of the Irish Branch of the Independence in Europe, which all the April. Celtic League and was the Irish Branch Celtic countries aspire to. For this album, the successor to Secretary for a number of years in the Branohm - The Voyage of Bran Maire eighties. * Who Owns Scotland Now? - the use and has chosen six of the most well-known Maire Breatnach is a musician of abuse of private land, by Auslan Cramb. couples in Irish mythology, outlining their exceptional calibre in a number of music- Published by Mainstream Publishing, stories and the diversity of experience to be related disciplines. She has performed and Edinburgh and London £14.99 hardback found within them. Beginning with the recorded with a wide variety of artists and ISBN 1 85158 728 4. Celtic sea-god, Manannan Mac Lir, and his has worked extensively in film and partner, Fand. we then encounter television. Cuchulainn and Enter. Derdriu and Naoise, As a solo performer she has now- ** Who Owns Scotland? by Andy Medbh and Ailill. Diarmuid and Grainne recorded and produced four albums. Celtic Wightman. Published by Canongate finally competing the circle with Nianilt Moon. Angels Candles, Branohm-The Books, Edinburgh, £14.00 paperback Cuin Oir (Manannan’s daughter) and Oisin. Voyage of Bran and the latest Celtic ISBN 0 8624! 585 3. One of the earliest surprises was that few Lovers. of these couples fitted a western 20th For further information contact: Loadsa century image of ‘idealised romance': all, Cop Productions, 6 Dartmouth Place, whether of this or of the Otherworld. tend Ranelagh. Dublin 6. Rob Gibson to mingle and overlap, sometimes nebeutoe’h a dud du-hont d’ober gant an iwerzhoneg eget e kornög Connacht ha Tir Chonaill (Donegal). A-drugarez d’an div oberenn am eus meneget e voe anvet De Bhaldraithe da gelenner war an iwerzhoneg a-vremañ e Skolaj Skol-veur Dulenn e 1960. Ne oa ket unan eus ar ouizieien-se, a bled gant ar yezhoù keltiek, hag a ra fae war ar re a stiv da adc’hounit o fias dezho er vuhez foran. Alies e kemere perzh e bodadegoù ha kendalc’hioù aozet gant emsaverien. Se ne vire ket outañ da ober labour founnus war dachenn ar ouiziegezh. Oberennoù dianav eus lennegezh iwerzhonek an 19vet ha derou an 20vet kantved a voe kempennet hag embannet gantañ. E 1976 e voe anvet da bennaozer ur Tomás de Bhaldraithe geriadur klok eus an iwerzhoneg, ur raklun divizet gant Akademiezh Roueel Iwerzhon. Ul labour ramzel! Bez’ e tlee bezañ e amañ: evit termenoü a vez graet ganto alies bennoberenn, met siwazh n’eo ket bet käset A omás de Bhaldraithe* a oa unan eus e kavan gwell gerioü nevez a orín keltiek da benn c’hoazh. yezhoniourien iwerzhonat brudetañ ar ma vez tu d’ober anezho eeun hag aes da A Heusaff mare-mañ. D’ar 24 Ebrel e varvas a-daol- zistagañ. Met anzav a rail ez eo trumm hag eñ o kemer perzh en un emvod pouezusoc’h ober gant doareoü reizh ar da vrudañ ul levr nevez-embannet. Oadet e Geriou nebeut anavezet oa a 79 bloaz. arbennik - special; raklun - project. Anavezet e oa dreist-holl en abeg d’e ‘Tevezeg’, diouzh kembraeg ‘tywysog’, c’heriadur saozneg-iwerzhoneg, embannet iwerzhoneg ‘taoiseach’, savet diwar to-ved- e 1959. Gant an oberenn-se e reas kalz evit o talvout ren. diazezañ da vat doare-skrivañ peurunvan an *’De Bhaldraithe’ zo distaget de 'wal dre he. iwerzhoneg. Gant diskar ar sevenadur gouezel c’hoarvezei da heul an drouziwezh Summary e Cionn tSáile (1601) e oa bet kemeret ar T. de Bhaldraithe, formerly professor of pleg gam ar skrivagnerien da skrivañ pep modern Irish in University College, Dublin, hini un tamm mat hervez distagadur e died on 24/4. He will be remembered rannyezh ha pa voe savet ar Stad e 1921 ar chiefly as the author of the first Englislt- gelennerien skol-veur ne voenl ket gouest Irish dictionary of modern Irish. He d’en em glevout evit aozañ ur skrivadur a carried out a thorough study o f the dialect c'halljed implijout en holl skolioù hag a oa of Cois Fharraige (S. Connemara). He was bremañ o c’hefridi kelenn iwerzhoneg. Ret appointed in 1976 as chief editor of Focldir e voe d'an “tevezeg” (kentañ ministr) É. de na Nua-Ghaeilge (Dictionary of Modern Valera reiñ urzh da gargidi (hag a oa barrek Irish), a major undertaking which is a-walc’h) da brientiñ ar ‘peurunvan’ hag a unfinished. voe degemeret neuze a-berzh Stad en deskadurezh, er skridoù kefridiel, h.a. War ziazez braslinennoù an doare-skrivañ-se eo AI Li am m , literary magazine in e savas De Bhaldraithe e c’heriadur. Evel Breton, bimonthly. Subscription 1 8ÜF just e voe kavet sioù ennañ, met kalz (Brittany, France) 200F outside State but eeunoc’h e oa eget ar re a oa a-raok. Pezh a Tomás de Bhaldraithe 1916-1996 250F airmail, to P. ar Bihan. 16r des oa talvoudus avat eo e oa anehzañ ur Fours à Chaux. 35400 St.Malo. benveg mat evil ezteuler ezhommoii ar yezhadur ha gam troioü-lavar hag a eztaol The Jan.-Feb. issue. Nr 294 (9Opp) vuhez amevez. A dra sur e kaved ennañ ar un doare-sonjal diouzh ijin hör yezh). presents two poems, reminiscences of a gerioù hag an troiennoii evit divizoù ar Geriadur De Bhaldraithe a vije ezhomm childhood in the country E. of vuhez pemdeziek, met reiñ a rae ivez bras d’e glokaat goude tost da 40 vloaz. Montreulez/Morlaix, a translation of a termenoù e-leizh evit ezhommoii arbennik. Embannet ez eus bet rolloü gerioü nevez story by F. Kafka in which events have a da skuuer evil komz eus danvezioù skiantel. evit ezhommoü zo bet merzet abaoe e dreamlike quality, a wealth of notes as Evit aozañ pe dibab ar seurt-se en doa gentan embannidigezh, met ne spir ket, ret usual at the end. but the most interesting goulennet skoazell digant un toullad mat a e vije o dastum en ur geriadur bras all. Aet contributions are those of Reun ar dud, evel mezeien, fizikourien, e oa De Bhaldraithe da gendelc’her gant e CHalan and Joij Belz. The former tells gwiraourien. Evit kalz eus termenoù studi e Pariz e 1939 met en abeg d’ar brezel us how Meven Mordiern, already as a skiantel ar saozneg e oa bet aozet termenoù e tistroas abred da Iwerzhon hag en em young boy of French bourgeois iwerzhonek diagent, peurvuiañ diwar ouestlas neuze da studian ar rannyezh background became enthusiastic about gerioù keltiek o gwrizioù. De Bhaldraithe a komzet e Cois Fharraige, an tolead hag en the ancient Celts and later, associated gavas gwelloc’h degemer termenoù em led ar c’hornög d’An Spideal. Gant ar with the lexicographer Fransez Vallée, “etrevroadel”, ouzh o c'hempenn diouzh studiadenn-se e tiskouezas pegen bras e oa exercised an enormous influence on the reolennoù an doare-skrivañ, da skouer talvoudegezh iwerzhoneg Conamara, a development of the language. J. Belz, teileascóp evit ‘teleskop’, 'Reifirméisin' veze seilet outan gant darn eus lenneien writing in Gwened dialect adapted to the evit ‘Reformation’ (Disivoud). rannvro Munster evel ouzh ur c’hozh unified spelling, takes us on a stormy day Skoueriekaat a reas ivez ar stummoù da trefoedach. E gouezelva Munster eo bet to a cave by the sea where he encounters reiñ da rakgerioù ha lostgerioù, evel ma miret gwelloc’h eget e lec’h all hengoun an unworldly...maid - not the traditional reas Roparz Hemon daou-ugent vloaz ‘zo lennegel ar yezh. Gwashan pezh zo mermaid, though. evit ar brezhoneg. (Ma lavarin ma soñj koulskoude o deus dalc’het un tamm mal Ma z it da Vro-Skos

lojan ha ma’z eo gouest ar perc'henn pe (^ u m a n n na Gäidhlig. an hini pouczusan unan bennak eus ar servijourien da gomz moarvat eus aozadurioü emsav gouezeleg gouezeleg. Bro-Skos, en deus embannet evit 1997 ul Tu zo da gaout skouerennou evit netra levrig brav a 32 bajenn, a vent gam Cam. eus al levrig e gouezeleg pe en unan eus ar An titl: Fhilte. Welcome to Scotland’s pemp yezh muiah-implijet en Unaniezh Gaelic Renaissance. Europat. N’eus ncmet skrivaii da Failte, Anv a vez eus troiadouriezh sevenadurel Comunn na Ghidhlig, 5 Mitchell's Lane, - cultural tourism. Setu aman un Inverness IV2 3HQ, Bro-Skos. embannadur zo ur skouer vat eus ar pezh a Mat e vefe aozan levriouigoii henvel evit Made in Brittany c’haller ober evit lakaat ar c ’heal-se da pep hini eus ar broiou keltiek all. Daoust d remen er pleustr. hag ez eus unan evit Breizh? Ma’z eus e Koulz ha luc’hskeudennoii livek dibabet- karfen gouzout da be lec’h skrivaii evit 1. he economics periodical Les Echos mat o tiskouez lec’hioit ha savadurioü hag a kaout ur skouerenn, ma roin ditour diwar e described the will to live together as dalvez mont d’o gwelet, evel ma vez bouez ivez e Cam. characteristic of the Bretons. The anezho el levrioü bruderezh evit an associations of communes and the large douristed. e kaver ditour a-zivout traoü a A Heusaff number of cultural organisations denn d’an istor ha dreist-holl d'ar exemplify this social cohesion. So does gouezeleg en inizi Hebridez hag en Summary the feeling which motivates people to Uheldiriou. Da skouer, menegin a reer ar Comunn na Gaidhlig has published a buy Breton goods even if they cost more. c’hreizennou ma vez komzet pe kelennet ar beautiful booklet of 32pp which will Recognition of that fact led in January 1995 to a decision by the heads yezh, ma vez klevet sonerezh skosat, ma provide visitors with plenty of information of a number of enterprises to set up an about Scottish Gaelic and various aspects vez graet diskouezadegoii. En dibenn ez eus association using the label Graet e peder fajennad a chomlec'hioit ma c’haller of the Gaelic culture of Scotland. Breizh (= made in Brittany), to publicise such goods. They will thus help to create more employment for Bretons in their own country. In Combat Breton, this initiative is viewed with great suspicion Servij ar Brezhoneg: Strategy for Breton in Public Life - it would be a move by capitalists to exploit Breton national feelings for their own profit. They are pilloried for the low possible to use it in any field one might c salaries they pay to their employees. k_Jervij ar Brezhoneg is a service choose. The aims should be stimulating However 57 firms - such as important affiliated to the Breton Cultural Institute. but realisable, taking account of the ones involved in food processing - took It operates with the voluntary help of present situation and of what the people in part in this campaign it; 1995, and there about 150 Breton-speakers in a flexible, general will agree to. are about 750 shops/supermarkets selling practical and democratic way by: In order to encourage a more extensive goods which display a blue and yellow 1 immediately giving assistance on the use of Breton, an inventory will be made of the associations, enterprises and label and a logo marked Danvez Breizh phone or by fax to enquires, e.g. on how above a lighthouse and the outline of the communes willing to take part in fulfilling to write such and such a word, how to Breton coast. verify whether a given first-name is the plan. If they follow the proposed Breron; directives, they will receive a seal from 2 proof-reading or translating texts in the Breton Cultural Council. Progress C o m m u n es — various measures are Breton, e.g. menus, announcements, would be monitored by the Arsellva, and proposed, corresponding to three levels etc.; the results published annually. Servij ar Brezhoneg is prepared to answer, free of of commitment, ranging from having just 3 advising local authorities on how to charge, any question arising in the a few road-signs in Breton to using the write correctly the place-names in execution of the plan. language on official papers, signposts, Breton (a complete list of the names of It will also urge those taking part to use vehicles, actively facilitating its teaching all the communes of Brittany in a to adults as well as to school-children, correct Breton form has been the forms it recommends for the place- names and the terms it proposes in sign­ ensuring that there wall always be an published); posting, for office forms and paper- employee in townhalls capable of dealing 4 establishing the terminology in Breton headings, etc., pointing out that such through it with the public, making a good for use on sign-posting; standardisation exists in other countries selection of books in Breton available in 5 helping to set-up a monitoring service, (Catalonia, Euskadi, Cymru...). libraries, etc. Arsellva ar Brezhoneg, by gathering The plan details the rules to be followed We have already reported that a fairly accurate information on the state of the by associations, commercial and substantial number of communes have language to serve as a basis for industrial enterprises, communes and stated that they are prepared to lake part measures to promote it (see Carn 91 other units of administration. Examples: in a project of this kind involving "easily p.8). Associations - every notice or poster in achievable objectives”. Following a preliminary study to offices in Breton; it should be used at The plan has been submitted to 27 determine how the Arsellva could be set least as much as French in paper work; associations or cultural centres working up and bow it would work, Servij ar members will be urged to speak it; it will for the promotion of the language and Brezhoneg now proposes a plan, covering be used as much as possible for meetings, dispersed throughout Brittany. It is the next live years, to "bretonize” public correspondence, festivals. This would expected that it will receive good life. It is lime, they say, to use our earn them the seal ("label”) Kevredigezh cooperation from the association of language on a par with French, to make it Vrezhonek. elected representatives “Nerzh Nevez”. Dazont

I 'h e Union of Breton Students Dazont (= Future) achieved the highest scores in February in the elections to the Administrative Council and the Students Council in Rennes University II. Five other students Unions fielded candidates. Dazont has won the trust of a large number of students by its commitment to the defense of their interests and thanks to the clarity of its ideas. Its delegates will stand in these councils against the Parisian centralisation of education. Dazont's motto is: “Divizout e Breizh Dazont: newly elected to the Administrative Council of hon-unan” (= It is for ourselves to Rennes University’ II ( by Courtesy of Breman) decide in Brittany).

^estiv/tCs Gwenn-Ha-Du, Gouel Broadel Pobl Breizh (National Gouel ar Brezhoneg, the annual Breton nationalist bimonthly in French, 28pp. Festival of the Breton People) is to take language festival, is to take place (for the Sub. I 50F but 170F outside State, to J. place on June 8-9. Its purpose is to assert the tenth time) on June 25/26 in Speied. It Le Maho, 190 bis, Av. de Clichy, Paris i Breton identity and the will to live as a free attracts thousands of people, thanks in 75017 (France) people among the other nationals. Its particular to the important place it gives to This periodical deals mainly with aspects sponsors arc urging local groups to take the music performances. It provides an excellent of the Breton history. The April-May initiate of organising events in keeping with opportunity to display and sell publications issue (Nr 114) publishes the beginning of that purpose in their own areas. in Breton. This year, a book by A. a study by A.Y. Denis of the genealogy Decentralisation will thus make it possible Puillandre, "Sebastian ar Balp". the leader of the rulers of Brittany during the for more people to participate. There are of the Bonnets Rouges, it to be launched. crucial 818-920 period; abundant notes already many towns, including the main Rectification. The sentence "Even Gouel accompany it. We have also the Breton cities, for which plans are at the final ar Brezhoneg... disappointing*" in the continuation of Edith Perennou’s state of preparation. This festival is intended middle of the 2nd paragraph of the article biography of La Fontenelle who won a to be held every year in June, this time being "Festival for DIWAN in Kemperle" in dubious reputation during the Wars of chosen for two reasons: it was in June 845 Carn 93 was a remark by myself and Religion (end of 16th Century), as well that the Bretons, led by Nominoe, inflicted a should have been put in brackets, signed as Notes by Yann Bouessel du Bourg on defeat on the Franks which enabled them to A.H., or put at the beginning of the seven important writers, including set up an independent Brittany in its present comments I made at the end of the articles. Roparz Hemon of course, associated limits; and it was on June 9th. 1675, that the Apologies to Y. Craff. with the literary Breton language popular revolt of the Bonnets Rouges against A. Heusaff magazine Gwaiam (1925-1944). the tyranny of Louis XIV took place.

MORE ARRESTS A dozen of other people (see Carn 93) were arrested in Brittany in February and March for harbouring Basque refugees. Large numbers of demonstrators expressed support for them in several towns. Twenty- three municipal councillors stated publicly that they too had put up Basques and challenged the police authorities to arrest them. A spokesman for the UDB. which opposed the use of violence for political aims, declared that the numerous arrests which have been earned out allegedly for aiding terrorists during the past four years were in reality intended to intimidate the Breton movement. In Rennes, a police ‘leave those accused of giving hospitality to Basques in peace! officer was reported to have told by courtesy of BREMAN demonstrators that he belonged to an anti- autonomist repression group.

Carn 7 ~ ija n n C /jo u essel T r e a t is e o f T o p o n y m y efu C /3 o u r j

Y aann Bouessel du Bourg, a long standing member of the Celtic League, An Here has for several years now subject with the publication (by Beltan in published books, particularly for children, 1986) of his work of historical geography well known to the readers of Carn, died in Breton. And we owe these publishers our “Communes Bretonnes et Paroisses after a prolonged illness on May 24. aged first-ever monolingual dictionary, Geriadur d'Armorique”. Place-names are so 70. His family belonged to the gentry of Brezhoneg (1232 pp.). Recently they interesting because they bear the imprint of Upper Brittany. He joined the Breton decided to go also for important works of history. Those who study them often seek national movement when he was very research related to Brittany. The first of only to elucidate their meaning and engage young, and acquired a good command of these is Erwan Vallerie’s “Diazezou Studi then in guesswork. Vallerie’s approach is our language. Following World War II, Istorel an Anvioh-Parrez’VTraitd de new. He bases it on the “Borrowing when few dared to play a militant role, he Toponymie, just published with financial Theory” which asserts, in the Breton case, went around Brittany peddling books as help from the Breton Cultural Institute and that the forms taken in French by the part of the BALP scheme to get more the “Rennes” Regional Council. It is the Breton toponyms resulted, not from an people to read Breton and to acquaint outcome of a Doctor thesis which was alteration - deliberate or accidental - but themselves with our history. He was presented in Breton to a jury of the from linguistic borrowing, a process which always urging those who had been active University of Upper Brittany and which like any exchange between languages is won him unanimously the highest subject to rigorous laws. Having recognised in the national movement and had suffered distinction. It is undoubtedly the most that the toponymy of Brittany conceals persecution to write their memoirs as they considerable original work of research ever thousands of words transmitted by Breton would be important for writing the history published in our language. It comprises to French, the author brought to light a of Brittany in modem times, and so much three volumes. Vol. I is the text of the thesis wealth of information which will make it of what was being published was coming in Breton, 520 pp.; Vol II is the corpus of possible finally to explore three hitherto from hostile sources. He himself collected the thesis, 330 pp.; Vol. Ill is Vallerie's own imperfectly known domains: the origins of numerous interviews with former translation into French. 520 pp. They arc the Breton language, the genesis of its militants, they were published in not sold separately. The price is 450 FrF. modem dialects (between the 10th and the Im bourc’h and Gwenn-Ha-Du. He The early members of the Celtic League 16th centuries), the distinctive played a prominent role in getting a large will remember Erwan Vallerie as a characteristics of the Breton formerly statue of La Rouerie (leader of the secretary of the Breton branch for several spoken in Eastern Brittany. Association Bretonne for the recovery of years. He went on to devote himself to He raises again the question, which Breton autonomy at the time of the French research in Breton toponymy, having been resulted in so much controversy for more one of the first to get a degree in Breton than a century now, of the relations Revolution) erected in Fougères (see Cam and qualifying for an MA in 1984. He between Breton, Gaulish and Latin in 84). He was the secretary of a committee established himself as an authority in the Armorica. which annually awards a literary prize to Breton language writers in honour of the poet, dramatist, novelist and painter Zavier Langleiz. He continued to write reviews of books of Breton and Celtic interest so long as he had the strength to do so. Living close to the eastern border of Brittany he will remain in my mind War of Attrition associated with the men whom Nominoe in the 9th century placed in that newly there will be two new bilingual classes (Ar conquered area to consolidate its Breton J. he Offices of Education in Kemper Faou, Plougemev) while three schools will character. were occupied on Feb. 14 b y '60 to 80 each have another bilingual class in Alan Heusaff people belonging to the Union of Breton addition to the one opened last year. Teachers, the Students Association Dazont and two associations of parents whose children attend bilingual classes in public schools. A similar demonstration took place in Rennes, where a brick wall was put up in front of the Regional Education Offices. The demonstrators demanded clear answers to a number of questions. They were assured that the secondary bilingual school students would, this year, on a trial basis, be able to do their history and geography papers in Breton in the Leaving Certificate (Baccalaureat) exam. They were denied this last year on the grounds that only French could be allowed in a national examination, a false pretext since German could be used. As regards the new posts for primary bilingual schools teachers, the At the entrance to the Education Offices in Rennes answer was given on Feb. 23: next Autumn The wall that smothers our language". Courtesy of fireman TO A M EN D OR DEFEND

L rab o u r’s methods in deciding a policy for a devolved Welsh assembly are a contradiction of the democratic principle ¿Myddioti & they say they want to re-introduce into Welsh political life by establishing their ond gosodir y Llydaweg o dan y Ffrangeg ac assembly. i3 ry w d r galed erioed ocdd cnnill statws i'r mewn llythrennau italaidd (ond nid mor Their failure to reach an agreed ieithoedd Celtaidd ar arwyddion I'fordd. Go anodd eu darllen a’r rhai yn Iwerddon). Yn consensus by meaningful debate, indeed brin y medrwn feddwl am fuddugoliaeth pan ddiweddar mae awdurdodau ardal Penn-ar- their reluctance to hold a debate and to fydd arwyddion dwyieiihog yn eael eu codi, Bed wedi dechrau codi arwyddion a’r consider the opinions of their members ond yr iaith Gellaidd mewn safle israddol i’r Llydaweg yn llai na’r Ffrangeg hefyd. Felly gathered in their own consultation process, Saesneg neu’r Ffrangeg. Dros y rhan fwyaf o gwneir y Llydaweg yn israddol i’r Ffrangeg indicate that their policy had already been Gymru bydd y Saesneg yn gyntaf a’r mewn tair ffordd! Mae llywydd Kuzul decided by London denying the Welsh Gymraeg (os ydyw yno o gwbl) o dani, sydd Sevenadurel Breizh (Cyngor Diwylliannol party the right to set its own agenda. yn golygu ein bod yn gorfod cael y neges yn Llydaw) wedi cwyno wrth yr awdurdodau, One possible reason why Labour have Saesneg cyn darllen y Gymraeg. Ond mae’r dan ddweud bod safle’r Llydaweg ar yr circumvented the democratic approach is sefyllfa mewn rhai gwledydd eraill yn waeth. arwyddion hyn yn gwneud i bobl feddwl bod that they still suffer the convictions of a Yn Iwerddon, dros y rhan fwyaf o’r 26 sir, y Llydaweg yn iaith eilradd, ac ni allai Kuzul handful of MPs who are totally opposed to bydd arwyddion cyfeiriad yn ddwyieithog a’r Sevenadurel Breizh dderbyn hyn. any form of devolution. Wyddeleg yn uchaf ond mewn llythrennau 'Rydym yn dal heb glywed beth fydd In a brief but remarkably revealing Had na’r Saesneg sydd yn ei gwneud yn anos polisiau iaith arwyddion cynghorau unedol interview Llew Smith. MP, effectively ei darllen. Ac yn y blynyddoedd diwethaf newydd Cymru ond gobeithiwn na fyddant indicated that his silence on the issue, as mae’r llywodraeth, dan ddylanwad y yn cael syniadau o Lydaw nac Iwerddon! was that of some colleagues, conditional on other members not pursuing greater powers "revisionists” mae’n debyg, wedi dechrau Robat ap Tomos rhoi'r Wyddeleg mewn llythrennau italaidd for the assembly. sydd mor anodd eu darllen bod rhaid i bobl Summary Labour’s emphasis on party unity has ddarllen y Saesneg bias ei mwyii deal yr The struggle for bilingual road-signs is necessitated the pacification of the anti- arwydd. Mae’r arwyddion hyn yn warth ar y hardly worth the effort if we settle for signs devolutionists at the cost of a meaningful wladwriaeth. Mae’r enwau llefydd where the Celtic language is in an inferior Welsh parliament. But the ideological Gwyddeleg yn cael eu trin fel enwau Lladin position to the imperial language. Signs struggle within the Welsh party has not yet gwyddonol planhigion neu anifeiliaid. recently erected in Brittany where the been resolved. This is not only clear in the Mae sefyllfa debyg i’w chael yn Llydaw Breton is underneath the French, in italics, ambiguous words of the policy document hefyd. Ar 61 brwydro hir enniliwyd and in smaller print, have been the subjeci Shaping the Vision which failed to clearly arwyddion dwyieithog mewn rhai ardaloedd. of further campaigning. define Labour’s policy, but has become apparent in the range of embarrassingly varied interpretations as to what the ‘agreed policy' actually means. nhw’n sylweddoli be’ mae ‘n golygu ’n The differences, which reflect to a wreiddiol? degree the aspirations within Welsh Labour An Torai Meddyliwch amdano?!” have surfaced on the issue of legislative Mae’r wybodaeth yn dwad o’r geiriadur: powers for the assembly. Labour’s Welsh "Focldir Poca” - Gaeilge - Bearla executive insist that their policy outlines an mae "na lawer o newyddion am (Geiriadur Pocedi) (Gwyddeleg - Saesnag) assembly with secondary legislative powers wleidyodion y dyddia’ hyn ... efallai ... Tudalen 496: Cyhoeddwyd gan: An Gum, only, the nature and extent of which are yet Mwy na ddigon?! ‘Fodd bynnag, ydach chi An Roinn Oideachais. 44 Srdid Ui Chonaill to be defined. wedi ystyried o le mae’r ansoddair Cymraeg: Uachtarach, Bade Atha Cliath 1, Eire. Wayne David, MEP, leader of the "Toriaidd” yn dwad yn wreiddiol? British Labour group in the European Mewn gwirionedd, mae'n dwad o'r Parliament, assures us that the policy wyddeleg. Mae’r Gair ’Torai’ yn enw sydd ensures primary' legislative powers for the yn y wyddeleg ac y mae ’n golygu: Catalogue assembly in three key areas - regulating the - lleidr quangos, the Welsh language and local herwr The 1996 catalogue government reorganisation. erlidiwr from Welsh Tony Blair, on the other hand, has Y mae’r enw ‘Torai’ wedi ei fenthyca i Academic Press indicated in interview that the assembly mewn i’r Gymraeg ac yna 1 mewn i’r which also includes would have no powers to legislate Saesneg fel hyn titles from its whatsoever. Some MPs have hinted that the Tdrai Toriaidd Tory associated imprints assembly will wield more inlluence than (enw (ansoddair (enw Y Ddraig Fach and their present policy suggests and will Gwyddeleg) Cyyraeg) Saesneg) Gwasg Addysgol Cymru is available accrue greater powers once established. Felly, pan mae’r werin yn defnyddio’r from: 40 Strvd Newydd, Caernarfon, The hope of the pro-devolutionists seems to ansoddair Cymraeg: "Toriaidd”, ydan Gwynedd. LL55 2PU. (contd.) (To amend... contd.) is to amend Labour’s policy. They want - a fair voting system, legislative and tax be that a clear devolution policy is on hold until after the next general election when raising powers, equal representation of they can force a debate without electorally women and direct representation in the European Union institutions. Labour is at damaging their party, assuming of course present committed to only one of these and that they win. it can not be very encouraging for there is some doubt as to whether their them, therefore, when the Labour leader, existing plans for women only lists for prospective parliamentary candidates in who presumably does know his own party's intentions, seems to occupy the position safe seats is legal under discrimination laws. The importance of WLA cannot be least favourable to meaningful overstated. Now that the parliamentary constitutional change. Considering Tony party has decided by a slim majority to Blair's emphasis on party unity it is back the leadership - or should I say the understandable that he is concerned about disunity on the devolution issue especially ‘agreed’ policy, the movement has already received the backing of MPs and MEPs but when the Tories have made it quite clear its most important functions will be to that ‘the break up of Britain' will form, along with the likely anti-European stance provide a vehicle for dissatisfied grass roots an important part of their emotive attacks on activists and the ordinary membership who the Labour party in the General Election believe their opinions are not being represented in the policy making process, battle. It is not inconceivable that the British nationalists of the Welsh Labour party, to change their party’s position. It is a pity that WLA had not been w'hose rhetoric resembles that of the Tories’ founded some years ago like their sister to a remarkable extent on this issue, could movement in Scotland. It represents a The Young Republicans contribute to a Labour defeat by opposing missed opportunity where the devolutionists the weak measure of constitutional reform could have pre-empted the opposition and that Labour are committed to introducing. A record of the Welsh Republican arguments of the reactionaries. It reflects Movement - Mudiad Gweriniaethol Cymru But unlike 1979. the anti-devolutionists are not the most prominent or senior MPs. the stagnancy of debate within Welsh by "Gweriniathwr”, published by Gwasg Labour and demonstrates a complacency Their importance in the party is limited; Carreg Gwalch. lard yr Orsaf, Llanrwst, demonstrated by their inability to influence which has allowed the reactionaries to Gwynedd (1996). Price £7.50 ISBN; 0- control the agenda. 86381-362-3 the policy through rational democratic argument. Besides, Mr. Blair has not Although it is unlikely that the policy This book is a chronicle of the early days will be amended before the next election shirked from tackling thorny issues in his of the movement, recalling the personalities, there is mounting pressure on Labour from the activities, the articles - and also their parly before or members associated with them. Dropping Clause 4 for instance had a outside of the party to amend their achievements and their influence on the much higher profile in the media than proposals on devolution. The Institute of national politics of Cymru. Public Policy Research has condemned Welsh devolution (even Harriet Harmon's ‘Gweriniaethwr’ writes: The aspiration, choice of school has been more Labour's failure to adopt a full form of the burning conviction behind The Welsh Republican Movement - Mudiad controversial). So to confront the anti- proportional representation. The Liberals, who like the other parties in Wales were devolutionists who represent ‘old Labour1 Gweriniaethol Cymru when it came to take in Wales would surely provide him with an excluded from Labour’s consultation more formal shape in the mid-years of this process, have proposed a Welsh “Senedd” excellent opportunity to add to his list of present century was no new political elected by single transferable vote with ‘New Labour' public relation victories and phenomenon in the history of Wales. Many of allow Labour to present a consistent limited economic powers initially gaining our forefathers who took part in the rebellions full legislative and tax raising powers after devolution policy for Wales and Scotland to of the 19th and earlier centuries died with the a five year period or in other words for its ideal of their country freed from the taint of defend at the next election? second term of office. Well. no. In the period following the alien imperial royalism alive in their minds. It adoption of their present policy it is Much depends on Plaid Cymru’s is an ideal which has lived through the ironically and quite unfairly, the pro- performance in the next general election. If generations. And it is to the generation of they can increase their share of the vote and devolutionists - the progressive socialists today that we look to honour and make real at perhaps win an extra seat or two they might who have been portrayed by the party's last those fierce dreams of our forbears, and image makers and spin doctors in England very well help determine Labour’s post in so doing help to set all Welsh men and election devolution policy. as the old unreconstructed Labour party, women worthy of the name on the road of largely in an attempt to discredit shadow R. Jones self-respect and national freedom again. Welsh secretary. Ron Davies' behind the i------1 scenes attempt to ensure greater powers for proceedings would be bilingual. Rather j the assembly. Grand Confrontation f than give an assurance that they would i Ron Davies’ position in the party is, at Tony Newton, Tory leader of the House of i least for the present, safe. His fourth place Commons, decided to refer the matter 1 in Labour's shadow- cabinet elections of r JLhe Tories have proposed changes in the along with the other proposals to \ 1995 effectively made him unsackable running of the Welsh Grand Committee. The Parliament’s Procedures Committee. ; from the post of shadow Welsh secretary. principle that the Grand should sit in Wales In attempting to mothball the issue Mr. ■ Mr Davies is an important player in the as opposed to London seems to have been Newton’s hostility drew an assurance from i devolution debate but his influence on the accepted seeing that the committee which Dafydd Wigley. Plaid Cymru president. 1 policy has been marginalised in the past, it constitutes all the Welsh MPs is effectively a that he intends to use his first language - \ is unclear whether Mr. Davies will continue forum for questioning and debating banned as unruly behaviour in Westminster j to try and influence the policy before the government policy relating to Wales. - when the Grand sits in Wales. next general election. The significance of the move is that it Mr. Flynn has indicated that he will t However, the Labour party's failure to presents an opportunity for our language also be speaking Welsh as will some of ! deal equitably with Wales and Scotland has to be used in an official capacity during his Labour colleagues alongside Plaid's f provided the impetus to establish Welsh the sitting of a parliamentary body. four MPs. ; Labour Action (formerly - Campaign for Paul Flynn, MP, raised the question in an Assembly with Real Powers) whose aim Parliament of whether the Grand’s R. Jones | i______------T k e Opposition English Cymdeithas yr laith organised a week­ JL he Queen of England was to visit the end of entertainment in association with the ï u U o H A f j ) National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth protests against the visit, including two on May 31st, in order to open a new evenings of Welsh music. extension to the library. It was reported publicly that all the staff of the library were Taken from Tafod y D draig delighted about the visit and w'ere ( Geiriadur yr Academi ) preparing for it enthusiastically. But in Griffiths & Jones 1995. reality the opposite was true. Many of the staff signed an open letter to the officials of 1710 pp. UWP, C ardiff CF2 the library asking them to withdraw the Queen Goes Home 4YD. invitation and give the honour of opening the new extension to someone more The visit started to fall apart at an early suitable — someone who had made use of stage when the Royal party’s motorcade the resources of the library to enrich the life approached the National Library where of our nation. demonstrators vaulted barriers and tried to When the Queen of England’s storm the vehicle which was forced to take grandfather went to Aberystwyth to lay the evasive action. Five demonstrators were I t is over 20 years since Dr Bruce detained. Griffiths and Dafydd Glyn Jones foundation stone of the National Library at the turn of the century, everyone welcomed Later, as several hundred students proposed this dictionary. They have the visit, and when Mrs. Windsor herself gathered at the University Campus, a since laboured mightily to produce a decision was taken to end the visit. reference book which is comprehensive paid a visit in 1955, any member of staff who dared to oppose the visit would have The dramatic decision to cancel and unique. Its scope is far greater than engagements, taken on security grounds, that of any previous English-Welsh been in danger of losing their job. But now things are different. indicates that both the Queen’s advisors dictionary. It provides a wide range of The last significant royal visit to and also the intelligence services, who examples of Welsh usage, both normally carry out preparatory work ahead colloquial and literary, corresponding Aberystwyth was in 1969 w'hen Carlo of such visits, were caught totally to a given English word. For example (whom the Brits call "Prince of Wales”) unprepared. This is likely to be particularly 'dress’ (verb) has eight column- came to make his unsuccessful attempt to learn Welsh. (The little he did learn he embarrassing to the British security centimetres ranging from the expected services who have been attempting to ‘gwisgo’ to words for ‘dress a seems to have forgotten since. He is define a new post cold war role for millstone’, ’dress timber’, ‘dress a shop apparently unable to string together a single themselves. Basic indicators seem to have window’ etc. sentence). At that time Cymdeithas yr laith been totally ignored in that at a time that This is what one would expect from led the opposition, but even then there was there is a growing tide of anti-monarchist a modem dictionary, but the sad fact is hostility from the people of the town opinion in England it does not seem to have that previous Welsh dictionaries were towards the protestors. Things have registered that the substantial body of little more than word lists presented changed now. The Aberystwyth area is represented in the English parliament by a republican nationalist opinion in the Celtic without contexts. The Academy Plaid Cymru MP and the cafés of the town areas has also increased. dictionary is therefore unique in its The United Kingdom media are already scope, notwithstanding Geiriadur are filled with radical young people attempting to pass off what is undoubtedly Prifysgol Cymru, which deals with the discussing republican ideas. People who a deep humiliation as being linked to a language according to a different jeered Cymdeithas yr laith in 1969. have scheme and has. in any case, only congratulated them this time on opposing single issue. The students were described as reached the letter ‘p\ the visit. ’language activists demonstrating in support of the Welsh language'. It was clear however There is much useful information The visit was opposed for several on pronunciation, verbs, plurals, reasons. The English monarch is a symbol from the few who chose to be interviewed in mutations, prepositions, suffixes etc. in of centralised English rule in Wales, which English that the demonstration was an the introductory pages. As dictionaries most people in Ceredigion (the expression of contempt for the ‘English must, it reports usages which are mere Aberystwyth area) want to be weakened or Monarchy’. One interviewee almost spat out copies of English but it also provides a ended altogether. The English queen's head the words ‘she is not our Queen’. It’s clear that even Elizabeth Windsor herself is now wealth of alternatives. By drawing on on the money we must use reminds us that this store of regional variations and we are a conquered nation, and it aware of that. literary forms many people will be symbolises lack of democracy, social The fall out from the visit is likely to be enabled to expand their vocabularies. 1 inequality, and the disability of the political even more security paranoia when the use the word ‘enabled’ advisedly, system to adapt and modernise. In addition, Queen or the other royals visit the Celtic because this book is not merely a the queen of England herself was areas. record of the language but an essential unsuitable to open an extension to the The English take their Queen means of promoting its use. National Library because she is a seriously - now they realise some of the completely cultureless person who has no Celtic people take their opposition to the interest in what the library represents. The Queen more seriously! honour of opening the extension should have gone to someone who has enriched Peter H. Edwards the nation - people such as Meredydd Evans, R.S. Thomas or Dr. John Davies had J.B. Moffatt been suggested. deonacha a rinne obair fhónta thar na bliana san fhorbairt seo, ar nos Yn Cheshacht Ghailckagh agus Caarjyn ny Gaelgey máille le cuid de na heagrais eile a bhfuil feidhmeanna eile acu chomh maith le cur chun cinn na teanga, mar atá Mee Vannin, an Conradh Ceilteach agus an Comhdháil Ceilteach agus go leor eile atá bunaithe go háitiúil ar Oileán Mhanainn agus tuilleadh díobh thar lean Caithfear cur leis an méid beag Mhanainnise a chraoltar ar an Raidió. Faoi láthair nil ach clár amháin uair a chloig sa tseachtain a chraoladh, ‘Claare ny Gael’ agus is clár dhátheangach é, agus an cúpla focal ag tús agus deireadh craolta. cé go bhfuil ceangal ar aon dream le ceadúnas méid áirithe a chraoladh sa Mhanainnis Dé Nua i nDán don Mhonoinnis faoin Acht Craolacháin '93. Tá gealluini tugtha ag Raidió Mhanainn leathnú a dhéanamh ar an méid a chraoltar sa Mhanainnis. Nil aon mholadh ar leith go Ni aithnítear an Mhanainnis mar ábhar don gcuirfí cláracha sa Mhanainnis ar an I V Í a r a tuairiscíodh i gCam 92 lorgaigh GCSE (General Cert, of Secondary dTeilifts, cé go n-aithnítear gurb é an meán Rheynn Ynsee Ellan Vannin (Roinn Education) gan trácht ar í bheith ina ábhar is mó a chabhródh le forbairt na teanga. Is Oideachais Oileáin Mhanainn) don scrúdú A-leibhéal. léir gur constaic mór é an pobal beag atá i aighneachtaí ón bpobal agus ó na heagrais Ó tharla gur theip ar an idirphlé a bhí ag geeist sa gcás seo; is beag comhlucht TV éagsúla ar fhorbairt na Mhanainnise, go Rheynn Ynsee Ellan Vannin agus Bord atá sásta freastal ar mhionlaigh. go háirithe háirithc le spreagadh a thabhairt don suim Scrúdúcháin Sasanach le haitheantas a fháil ar mhionlach teanga. Is cás é seo ina bhfuil atá léirithe ag an pobal i gcoitinne in don Mhanainnis sa scrúdú GCSE, tá sé i cearta mhionlaigh a sárú agus caithfear athbheochan na teanga. San idir linn geeist cáilíocht neamhspleách a bhunú don seasamh a ghlacadh air luath nó malí. foilsíodh an tuarascáil a d'ullmhaigh coiste teanga ar chomhchéim leis an teastas Tá easnamh mór amháin sa phlean speisialta faoi stiúir an Dr Brian Mac Stóill GCSE. Moltar Teisht Chadjin Ghaelgagh - forbartha dar liomsa, sé sin gur do pháistí 'The future development of the Manx TCG nó GCM (General Cert, in Manx) a os cionn seacht mbliana d'aois atá soláthar Language' lcn & a chur faoi bhráid an thabhairt air. Cuirfear tús leis an gcúrsa seo á dhéanamh. Tá tábhacht an mhór leis an Tynwald-Rialtas Oileáin Mhanainn. Is i Mean Fómhair na bliana seo ‘96, agus leis oideachas réamhscoile i sealbhú teanga. Sa tuarascáil chuimsitheach i ina dtugar ar an gcúrsa A-leibhéal sa bhliain ‘98. Chun mBriotáin sé a bhuíochas do na naíonraí dtús achoimre ar stair na teanga agus na tfre an plean a chur i gcrích ni mór 11-12 Diwan a cuireadh tús le teagasc trí mheán iad file fuaite ie chéile mar is eoi dúinn. is múinteoirí breise a fnostú. Is múinteoirí na Briotáinise. Is ftor go bhfuil grúpaí ó dhcircadh an 18ú aois a tháinig an mcath taistil iad na múinteoirí Mhanainnise, iad beaga tuismitheoirí ar Oileán Mhanainn a is mó ar an Mhanainnis, ach fós bi an ag dul ó scoil go scoil agus is amhlaidh a bhfuil clann a dtógáil go dhátheangach acu phríomh theanga i mease an phobail i don bheidh amach anseo faoin bplean nua. Sé agus a bhunaigh naíonra ‘Chied Chesmad' chuid is mó den 19ú aois. I 1950 ni raibh an chéad riachtanas múinteoirí a oiliúint (An Chéad Chéim) agus a thagann le chéile fágtha ach deichniúr cainteoir ducháis agus chun freastal ar an éileamh atá ag fás in 2-3 uair a chloig sa tseachtain. Moltar go is beag a rinne rialtas Oileáin Mhanainn aghaidh an lae. Caithfear dianchúrsaí a gcuirfí físeáin le fuaimrian sa Mhanainnis chun an meath a stopadh. Rinneadh faillf reachtáil dóibh agus is obair bhreise í so ar fáil do na grúpaí seo. iomlán nach mór i dteagasc na teanga ins don dream beag cáilithe a bhfuil ualach B'fhéidir gur céimeanna beaga atá i na scoileanna. Baineann na moltai is oibre orthu cheana. Tá deacracht ar leith ag bhformhór na moltaí sa tuarascáil, ach is sonraíoch sa tuarascáil le cur chun cinn an ullmhú cúrsaí teastas sa Mhanainnis mar mór an dul chun cinn é ar an staid ina raibh Mhanainnis se chóras oideachais; rianaitear gheall ar a Laghad litríochta atá ar fáil sa an teanga thar na blianta. Tá buíochas ar plean, céim ar chéim ó 1996 go dii an teanga. leith tuillte ag an Dr Brian Mac Stóill ar bhliain 2004 nuair a bheadh cúrsa Aistriúcháin is mó atá ar fáil; rinneadh son a bhfuil déanta aige ó ceapadh ina leanúnach naoi mbliain curtha i gcrích. aistriúchán ar an mBíobla agus an Oifigeach Mhanainnise é; tá níos mó ná Is sa mbliain 1992 a cuireadh tils Leabhar Umaí Coiteann san 17ú agus an obair beirte á dhéanamh aige agus tá gá le foirmeálta le clár teagasc na Manainnise ins 18ú aois. agus cuireadh go leor téacsanna cúntóir amháin ar a laghad a ceapadh le go na scoileanna nuair a thairg an Rheynn eile creidimh ar fáil san I8ú aois. Seachas mbeidh deis aige an plean forbartha a chur i Ynsee ranganna do dhaltai os cionn seacht sin tá scéalta béaloidis ann agus tá cuid gcrích. Tá Coonseil ny Gaelgey (Manx mbliana d’aois a raibh suim acu i a mhaith sertofa sa Mhanainnis le tríocha Gaelic Advisory Council) ann chomh maith fhoghlaim. Bhf an t-éileamh chomh mór sin bliain anuas, gan trácht ar an obair acadúil a dhéanann obair aistriúcháin agus a nach raibh deis ranganna a chur ar fail do sa teanga mar chuid den Léinn Ceilteach chuireann teidil, ainmneacha sráide agus rl. mhórán thar leath den aos scoile a bhi a n- atá déanta ag an Dr Seoirse Broderick agus ar fáil don rialtas agus don phobal i iarraidh. Réitíodh clár dhá bhliain 'Bun an türramach Robert Thomson. Maidir leis gcoitinne. Leis an dea-thoil atá a chothú i Noa' le tacaíocht bhogábhar ríomhaire agus na moltaí eile atá sa tuarascáil chun an mease an phobail tá seans níos fearr ann caisin; baineadh feidhm as an gcúrsa seo ag teanga a fhorbairt i mease an phobail. anois ná mar a bhi ariamh an Mhanainnis a an dà leibhéal, bunscoil agus iarbhunscoil, luaitear na ranganna otche - atá ar bun athbheochan. go dti '94 nuair a cuireadh cursa cheana le fada - cúrsaí comhfhreagrais agus iarbhunscoile ar leith ar fáil. Faoi láthair tá scoileanna samhraidh. atá a reachtáil Brid Heussaff na daltaf teorama don chiírsa dhá bhliain sa cheana le cúpla bliain anuas; caithfear breis chaoi go ínbeidh deis ag an méid is mó acmhainní a chur ar fáil do na cúrsaí seo díobh an bun chúrsa a dhéanamh. Is léir uiiig, níos mó tacaíochta a thabhairt don mar sin gurb é an easpa múinteoirí an bac ceol agus amhránaíocht traidisiúnta agus an is mó atá ar an bplean forbartha anois. Dar turasóireacht cultúrtha a fhorbairt d'fhonn Summary ndóigh tá baint idir an ganntanas múinteoih tairbhe eacnamaíochta a thabhairt don This article discusses the growth and agus staid na teanga san iarbnunoideachas. teanga. Tá ró! lárnach ag na cumainn development o f the Manx language. € i£ c u o m /tv cwe Six Counuies Armagh city; and passed a dangerous (to E /v ery time one writes about the situation themselves) patrol on the roadway in the in north-eastern Ireland (we all the time village of Caledon in south Tyrone. A bus forget that Donegal is the northernmost tour of historical and archeological sites in county in Ireland) we too often overlook south Armagh was accompanied by a that ‘Ulster’ includes Donegal, Cavan and helicopter which drowned out the guide’s Monaghan, all of which are part of the talks. A minor irritant, one might say, but Republic of Ireland, one says, one has to one which is just a minor aspect of a say, at time of writing! continuing pattern of insult, harassment and With that as caveat the election that was antagonism on the part of the armed forces not an election turned up some interesting of the Tory party (they being the current and important results. The Sinn Fein poll custodians of power at Westminster). increased considerably to almost 16% or This is worth drawing attention to Gerry Adams about 42% of the nationalist turnout. The because it is never adverted to. no more same figure of about 40% recurs in the than the outbreaks of loyalist violence and statistics of the Belfast returns which intimidation are ever reported - UDA myth of Belfast Lord Mayor elect lan indicate that the non-unionist population of posters threatening local criminals have Adamson has an island people being that city is now over 40% - an amazing been seen for example in the railway defeated at the battle of Moytura centuries demographic shift accounted for in part by station at Castlerock, a mostly unionist sea­ BC, leap-frogging the littoral people new housing estates to the west of the city side resort in county Derry. between them and the sea (something there and the shift of many of the wealthy It might also be noted that one party, is no evidence for whatever), settling down unionists to north Down where the exotic the IRSP, was not permitted to enter the in Scotland before returning in the 17th figures of the UK Unionist Party polled lists at all which left one party which would century plantations to take their own land sufficiently highly to return one Dublin have an understanding of one military back from the usurping Celts (a sort of unionist of the converse class, Conor grouping - the INLA - without a voice. ‘norm-iron Zionism’!). Such beliefs - and Cruise O ’Brien, once author of the Irish But as we write Sinn Fein also has been beliefs are often more important than facts Government's anti-partition propaganda left outside by the imposition of a condition - would necessarily suffer a sea-change tracts, who is now claiming that he was which is not paralleled in other parties with Scottish independence. elected to a seat at the forum: he wasn't. represented and attending: the DUP has not P. 6 Snodaigh On the Unionist side of the fence the been asked to hand up the weapons of bellicose Ian Paisley had hoped to be 'first Ulster Resistance, the Third Force or the past the post’ in total numbers of votes cast Ulster Protestant Volunteers; the UUP has - something he tried to achieve by having not been forced to untwine itself from its Talks Without his name added to the name of his party, affiliated secret society, the Orange Order hoping no doubt that his own bible-belting or to disband ‘Tara’ or other shadowy Sinn Fein charisma would render the poll a solo run outfits; the PUP have not been asked to of endorsement for himself. In that he was decommission the weapons of the UVF nor disappointed - David Trimble's Official the UDP those of the UDA. Unionist Party got the highest number, the On the non-Unionist side of the X h e IRA ceasefire held for 17 months. SDLP of John Hume was in second place electorate it should be remarked yet again During that time no date was set for with Paisley's DUP slightly ahead of Sinn that Sinn Fein is an all-Ireland party, the starting negotiations to settle the future Fein in 3rd. SDLP are not. The main political parties in of Northern Ireland. It was after the truce Some of the Unionist leaders, much of the Republic. Fianna Fail and Fine Gael are had ended that the British Government the English press and many of the Dublin not organised across the border nor are the fixed a date for starting talks. But that and Cork unionists who write for the Progressive Democrats. Some smaller same Government decided to exclude Sunday Times and Sunday Independent (in parties are and their results were Sinn Fdin unless there was a resumption Ireland) - O'Brien say. Eoghan Harris, devastating. The WP polled a total of 3.535 of the ceasefire. Ruth Dudley Edwards, Kevin Myers etc. - all over the six counties; the Democratic The Irish Government agreed with hyphenate Sinn Fein as Sinn Fein/IRA as if Left - that of the extraproportionate the British Government on that condition to associate the party with the army. They number of ministries in the Dail - got ol participation by Sinn Fein. Both don’t, nor does anyone else similarly, 1.215 and the Communist Party of Ireland Governments have decided to ostracise hyphenate other parties such as 66. The Green Party’s total was 3,728. Sinn fein unless the IRA ends its armed WP/Official IRA, UUP/Orange The party headed by the man who once struggle. But what if it doesn't? It means Resistance/Third Force/UPV. To do so tout arrested John Hume - the Liberal that one of the most important political court might help one in 'reading' the Democrats - did not contest the election parties irt Northern Ireland will be situation. but candidates did stand as Conservative ignored. How can talks on the future of Another point might be made here in and Labour and their votes 3.608 and 6.425 Northern Ireland come to a successful passing. The main media comment is of the respectively make interesting reading, and a conclusion without Sinn Fein? absence of police and military patrols from strange comment on their 'rights', their it is no use pretending that Sinn Fein the streets of Belfast as a by-product of the ‘mandates’ to dictate terms of settlement in ! controls the IRA. The relationship peace progress. That is so, though Ireland. ‘ between them does not co-respond to j armoured vehicles do patrol intermittently. There are many issues to be decided ! that between the British Government and . But Belfast is not all it seems and 1 myself yet. among them the most important one. \ the British Army. Not since the Curragh have been stopped by armed soldiers near who do people think they are and to what - Mutiny has the high command of the Newry and to the west in south Armagh; in a positive sense - do they aspire, and ; British Army disobeyed the British have seen armed constabulary in groups in Scottish independence would have a major ; Government. impact on thinking all round: the Cruthth L (conul.) J The British and Irish Governments have enhanced the IRA’s position by sidelining Sinn Fein. The two Governments are strengthening the hands of those who want to rely on the armed conflict. That is being done at the expense of those who seek the same Conradh na Gaeilge photos and the remainder with news and objectives by political dialogue. Is that stories. Coverage will be wide with sport, The Conradh na Gaeilge Ard-Fheis was education and arts included as well as news what the Irish and British Governments held in Belfast this year and was by all want? Whether they do or not they have and columns. There will be eight pages accounts a more lively affair than ones in devoted to Gaeltacht affairs but there will succeeded brilliantly in undermining the recent years. Gearoid 6 Caireallain. (more prospect of successful political be emphasis on Dublin also. It is expected well known before as editor of La) was re­ that having lost the contract the previously negotiations. The talks will be useless elected Uachtaran. Some new and younger without the participation of Sinn Fein. weekly paper Anois, run by Gael-Linn, will blood appeared on the organisation’s ruling shortly cease publishing. It is argued that talks on Northern committees with suggestions in some Ireland would be worthless without the reports that 6 Cairealldin was attempting to Unionist parties attending them. There is, consolidate his position by ensuring Gaelscoileanna thriving however, one fundamental difference election of supporters, though those between them staying away and Sinn standing were quite a mixed bunch. A but difficulties exist Fein being kept away. The Unionist reception for the Ard Fheis was hosted in absence would be voluntary; Sinn Fein’s Belfast City Hall. A video on the Irish At its Comhdhdil Bhliantuil (AGM) at the absence would be forced on the parly. language in Belfast was produced. Some end of April the annual report showed that If the Unionist parties saw that the unionists were reported to have attended the organisation was continuing to make future of Northern Ireland was being the Ard-Fheis secretly and it was slated that considerable progress despite various negotiated they would attend. They know to accommodate that tradition the national difficulties. Five new schools with official that they would lose everything if they anthem and flag was absent from the Ard- recognition were opened in 1995, five more didn’t. If the future of Northern Ireland Fheis this year. opened without recognition, one stream was negotiated without Sinn Fein the opened and one school changed to teaching talks would be in vain. The whole through Irish. Difficulties persisted with the process would have to start all over Dept, of Education with regard to the again. How many more years of armed tardiness in giving recognition to schools - conflict would there be in the meantime? all have now to be sanctioned at ministerial Many years if the violence was confined level and there is clear evidence of attempts to Northern Ireland. Not many if there to curb the growth of Irish medium schools. were a few telling strikes by the IRA in Expansion in recent years was assisted London. If notable buildings get blown considerably by the activities of two up or burnt down there the British Regional Officers appointed with funding Government will abandon the Unionists. from the Dept of Arts, Culture and the It is in the interest of the Unionists Gaeltacht. Unfortunately this funding was that Sinn Fein takes part at the confirmed as definitely ending in October negotiations. If Sinn F6in is excluded 1996, which will have detrimental effects. from the talks the Unionists may well Also of considerable concern was the lose everything. They may as well refusal of the Dept, of Education to understand that they won’t get sanction, in their plans for new regional everything they want in any case. They educational boards, a separate board to may manage to salvage some of their Gearoid 6 Caireallain cater for Irish language and Gaeltacht privileges if all parties are allowed at the schools. negotiations. If the Unionists carry on insisting that Sinn Fein should be kept New Irish Weekly out the violence will continue In early June Bord na Gaeilge announced the results of a public competition for the Merfyn Phillips contract for a weekly Irish languag' newspaper. The competition was contested by ten groups or consortia and the contract is Appeal worth £3.500 a week. It was awarded to a solicitor and accountant from Spiddal, Conamara, Pddraig 6 Ceidigh, who is A Dhuine Uasail, managing director of Aer Arann and the 1 would very much like to gel the Pater Irish summer college, Colaiste Chonnacht. Noster (Our Father) - both written and It will commence publication in October spoken - in the Six Celtic Languages. As and it is hoped to sell 7,500 copies a week 1 have Gaelic, I really only need the other in the first year rising to 10,000 in the five: Manx Welsh, Gaidhlig, Breton and second. The newspaper will be based in Vivian Uihh Eachach Cornish. Cois Fharraige, Conamara and printed in Can you help me? the Connacht Tribune printing works. Sincerely. Uaim-se There will be live full-time employees wi1': r\ new Uachtaran was elected this year, Niall Mac Fhionnghaile, another twenty or so part-timers. The Vivian Ufbh Eachach. previously secretary and editor of the organisation’s magazine, Ard a’ Tuir, newspaper will be a tabloid 32 page one which he has improved considerably in Min a’ La bain PO, with four full colour pages and four others with some colour. It is expected that twenty recent years. Vivian is a long standing Lcitir Ceanainn, per cent of the space will be taken up with member of the Irish branch of the Celtic Co. Dhun na nGall, Eire. advertisements, some thirty per cent with League. And in the Great Civil War, the Cornish army was invincible! If we Cornish are serious over wauling our country hack, let us remember what we can do, and have done. We have every necessary factor to give us confidence: language, history, energy, skills. It all depends on the will to succeed, faith. Let us not make the excuse that we must first assure ourselves of a sound and independent economy. Those who are really serious just get on with It. The Scots have recovered. The Chechnyans have not first worked out a secure economy for themselves! IJ we are not prepared to go for it. we may as well Tavas, Heanez, Nearth, Both give up. (Language, History, Energy, Will) I Kesva an reeg clamdera heb gweras aveaz, dreath \ Taves M e a wellas towle adeweihas urt an cawsez naturall. Eze rag fra an Cumowian television. Shanol 2, dro tha rebellyans an hethow na ell gweel warlerth an Skottez. ha Jacobitez ha trewath tra Culloden, ke na gonez tewa an journa hogan leb alga an \ Kernewek a ellama gothas rag fra ew reze tha nye pow angye boaz assonez aria avel glaze hanwall hedna rebellyans. Wos hactar an thibarh? Sausen, ha nye a dale adgan mesk rima "Fatla urt an erbidgack Cumoack?” ma \ dhe Gembra pulla Scottez, han davys angye tha cruppya radn goofen. “Na ellen nye leana traveeth an doar pub seen an heanez Gothalack, vaze heb erbidgack jack!” tavas, caon, delhas, sperez, han ethick gwra Urt hebma therama gorriby, gwno ouga nena leb ve mar leeas teez an considdra teez Chechnya. Igge rina quachas ! Y Kres mis Hwevrcr kannasow Euhaldeer hellez meaz a go treven rag ry an tereba an erbidgack angye tha voaz creav Í diworth Kesva an Taves Kernewek eth gwelha than devas. meero, thera nye ken demandea go reath? Ree eysy ewa tha i dhe Gardydh (Caerdydd). Kembra, rag quellas hethow edn Alban leb nag igge an excusya gon hunnen rag gwreans dreath I omguntell gans eseli Kesva an Taves tacklawma maraw; en contrary part, ma descreea dre gotha pub tra boaz fitly ken i Kembrek (Bwrdd yr laith Gymraeg) lowar cowz dro tha gweel a Alban glaze dalla. Pc ra an gorhall dalla tha sethas. i had yw korf soedhogel sevys gans an dibarh arta, ha pell (hurt boaz maraw, ma pewa vedn lauil. “Gortero tereba me tha I governans yn Loundres der an heanez ha goth an Skottez nevra mouy griba a fedn!”? j Soedhva Gembrek. Dihaval yw deraage an lagagow nye. Etna tha nye gon tavas (ha nag eze i diworth an Gesva Gernewek yn unn Thur pelea igge hebma devethez, than? traveeth ew mouy menc avel hebma rag I'ordh bocsek - yma dhe’n Gembroyon Car dre hevall, ethewa peath an bobell prevy deraage an beaz agon haaze). ema Yalgh blydhenyek a dhew vilvil Kelezonack; an ledars eze url pedn an tha nye gon heanez (pecarej, ema tha nye • beunsl veadge ma, thens meaz an bobell tyogow, lowar nearth (fatel ew hebma usyez?) Eya. Soedhogyon Kesva an Taves ni an pcdnzhivigian. ha thens dewa an both nag o nye buz nebas. whathe nebas ew an : Kernewek. Jenef'er Lowe, Wella an bobellma. Leb ma an both, e veath baree Chechnyans gurrez warbarha gen an Brown. Skrjfennyas. ha Kaderyer an gwra. Russians! Ma edn dra eze than deezna. ha i Graham Sandercock a dhegemmeras En 1746 e ve pednzhivick, Charles an ma owne tha ve dralgava filial tha nye. ha i dynnargh hegar ha kolonnek ha'n Teag, reeg crya leldury an bobell hedna ew an both, ha kylmez close tha ! keskows a holyas a hwithras ober ha Kelezonack, buz thera an kethe leldury ma hedna ew an credgans. Heb credgans, i savia an dhiw gesva ha la tell yllir nena ken boaz cryez; nye a dale adgan dro traveeth. Ez eziz a lavarall en Bibell drell kesoberi war dhisplegyansow agan an deanma favan googe, hag e ve eve leb an credgans gwayath menithiow dhiwyeth. reeg wheelas e fortyn leb reeg destrea Meero an dro. Ma leeas mena, dehogall. An Gembroyon o lowenn dhe fortyn riña a venga e skoothya: whathe Eze credgans luck rag gweel thongy? Gero i glywes yn kever studh an yelh nebas ha nebas Alban reeg dasvewa. nye sewya an gwelha exampills. ha meddra j kernew ek ha pv par oher a vydh swrvs En 1746 an Skottez a thcath tereba peath eze gwrez gen rerol. ha gweel gon i yn Kernow. Keffrys t a dhiskwedhas Derby, ha nena, culla urt scavall an gow gwelha. Pokeean. gero nye ry aman. ha i an rann a wrons t gwari yn bywnans drera army broaz a kerras tewa noor bedn gweel ro a gon pow than Sausen. j puptydh Kembra ha dres oil klerhe angye, gye a draylyas an dro ha troachya Richard Gendall i styr Reih an Yetlt Kembrek yn sav ia trea tha Alban. ¡ aga thaves y' n termyn a dheu. En 1497 an Cumowian, ledyez gen gove Summary Ervirys veu a fia dhe les dll’agan en ednack, a oras an army angye bezyn in 1746 Bonnie Prince Charlie called i diw vro ha dtw gesva kesoberi gw el la Rosthue. ha a zavas aman ha ombla: ha ke upon, and wasted, the loyalty of the Seals, j gyllyn ha dhe ystynna pella v'n ve angye feihez, gye a theravas aman arta the upshot of which was the near i termyn a dheu an kolm a veu gwrys. an kethe blethanma! Hagenzol. termen an destruction of Gaelic Scotland They had Brezel Civill en 17vas cansblethan, an even turned back at Derby without a fight, army Cumoack a gevy trevath war irevath, Yet Scotland has risen out of its ashes, and Summary ha na veva beska feihez! there is much talk of independence today. Report of o meeting held in Februars En Alban gye a wheelas destrea an tavas In 1497 the Cornish army, led only by a between the Welsh and Corntsli Gothalack ha pub seen an heanez nacional! blacksmith, reached, fought and lost at i Language Boards. Kelezonack. En Curnow, an tack I aw ma Blackheatlt. yet rose again the same rear! Cunteliians PiJKKSffullm K letheredniathe An Iz-Albanack S e - t v i & w e k en A lban 1336 clappiers an tavaz iz-Albanack (Scots) ow styrrya restry cunteliians arbennik rag formia letheredniathe squyrhez rag an tavaz angye. (An tavaz Albanack Keltack. kensa tavaz an pow, ew squyrhes en tyen en parrez, leba fill', year saw the twenty first blethednyow.) Nag eze idn standard rag an Pennseythun Gernewek, organised by deeze leb a ra screffa iz-Albanack en ‘Kowethas an Yeth Kemewek’ and the first deethoyow ma. buz an ‘Scots Leid Associe’ to be held in South-East Cornwall at (Cowethas an Tavaz iz-Albanack) a Trenkrug. Porlhbyghan (Tencreek. West lavarrraz dre vedn angye cossyllya gen Looe). Over the “Weekend” (some five sceffers ha muvyansow an tavaz tha zenge Keskerdh Kernow '97 days long) a varied programme of events, ‘byordnar colloque’, cunteliians leb veath including talks on subjects as varied as the devysyes 1. Rol degemerez a’n gerriaw genetics of the Cornish Cells, and the mouya kemyn. technicalities of linguistics, Cornish 2. Rol rowyls letherenna da gen torvys-rowl In May 1497 around 3000 Cornishmen language lessons, and a walk to Kilminorth ew assentyes. 3. Neb zorth a gusell stak rag gathered at Bodmin. Under the leadership of Woods, was enjoyed by the eighty people pesya gen an wheal. 4. Dalleth chekkyor Myghal Joseph An Gov (The Smith) of St who stayed on site and those who visited letheredniaethe rag compositors ha dyllors. Keveme and Thomas Flamank of Bodmin during the daytime and evening sessions. 5. Dalleth gerlever rag compositors (ma they marched to London in protest at the The evening entertainment was provided nebbaz gerlevra iz-Albanack dyllez en taxes imposed on them to finance England’s by various groups including Peter parrez, buz nag ew squyrhez an war against Scotland. Gathering support Berryman & Cathy Stevens (half of the letheredniathe et angye). Tebbiaz da rag along the way. the marchers reached London Group “West”) who’s song "An Arvor” (the teeze an iz-Albanack vya meras un an in late June, where they fought a battle Shore) won The Pan-Celtic Song Contest at clatteriow ve kevez en Kcrnow dro tha weel against the King’s forces, they were defeated Trd Li (Tralee), also by Cam Kernewek. letheredniathe standard rag an tavaz. ha and the leaders imprisoned. At the end of Ros Keltek and the Troyl Band who all nena angye ra gwellez dre dale thothanz June. Myghal Joseph and Thomas Flamank gave a display of traditional dancing and boaz ware. Ma nebbaz teeze, mownz laull were executed at Tyburn, but the rebellion provided music for the assembled company dreze interest thothanz en tavaz, ew had its effect in the special tiealmenl of to join in, and more music from three piece warbidn gweel letheredniathe squyrhez rag Cornwall thereafter. Myghal Joseph declared rock band, Mammvro (Motherland). an tavaz - na vedn an deeze ma gwellez iz- that he would have a name perpetual and Also the unofficial yet traditional Albanack moaz raag ha comerás lea an fame permanent and immortal. Saturday night/Sunday Morning “Kevywi Sowznack en Alban. The events of 1497 have been Kurri ha Gwin” (Wine & Curry Party) Devethez ew an tavaz iz-Albanack adhort remembered and are commemorated in courtesy of Mr Pawl Dunbar, went off with an Sowznack o cowzez gen teeze an trevow Cornwall each year. Next year will be the a swing, causing some of those who noweth a ve fundyez gen an Normanow en 500th anniversary and deserves special attended to completely miss the whole of Alban dro than 13vez cansblethan. Hye attention. It is hoped to make the whole Sunday Morning. t heath ha boaz tavaz offysyal an pow bedn year a celebration of Cornwall and to Commenting for the organisers. Pol an 16vez cansblethan, ha corneras lea an remember the efforts of the men of 1497 Hodge remarked that the numbers tavaz Albanack mesk an deeze broaz ke by emphasising the achievements of attending compared favourably with the thera an radn vrossa a’n deeze kemyn Cornwall and the special identity within previous years, showing the strength of clappia an Albanack Keltack. (Na oren nye and to the wider world. interest throughout the Duchy. poran pewa an kensa matem en Alban an The proposed programme includes a Further information on forthcoming oia clappia Albanack.) Nag o pur dha oil an production of one of the medieval Cornish ‘Kowethas an Yeth’ events can be obtained termen an kevern treeth clappiers an plays, concerts, publications, exhibitions, a by telephoning Pol Hodge on 01726 Albanack ha clappiers an iz-Albanack. new film, work in schools and a youth 882681. Governans Alban venga destrea an project. In addition other events will add to Albanack ouga an Dasformyans en 16ves the year, such as the Celtic Film Festival, cansblethan. Buz chawngyez ew hedda which will visit the country for the first C Ik Celtic Pen lebben. Ma’n theaw davaz dadn trooz tavaz time in 1997. an Sausen. ha'n theaw aswonez gen Bord At the centre of celebrations will be a Tavosow Bean Europ march to London, following the 1497 route A quarterly journal, mainly in Robat ap Tomos and arranged so that everyone can take English, dealing with Celtic language part, whether it be for 3 miles or 300! literature. Available from all good Cornish events and exhibitions will be bookshops or direct from: Summary arranged at stopping places along the way, The Scots Leid Associe (Scots Language culminating in major events in London. Che Celtic Pen, 36 Fmithille Park, Society) are planning, in consultation with Organisations and individuals can join Belfast BCI 8GC, Ireland. other interested bodies, a special Keskerdh Kernow 97 for a minimum Cel: 0232 -232608 conference later this year to devise a subscription of £5. Further details from: £1 per issue + 25p p&p. standard spelling for Lowland Scots, which Keskerdh Kernow 97. 5 Quarry House, up to now has never been fu lly Rundles Court, Malpas Road, Truro TR1 Annual subscription (four issues standardised. 1 UR, Kernow. £5 (include p&p). Ireland. Wales or Scotland while the other scheme (Obfuscation=tewlheans? takes countries are having their new stadiums many forms) he appeared to be in some built. doubt as to my identity...? Well it turns out At the beginning of this championship that all along I was in disguise, having there will be two groups or leagues. The styled myself - meur otv ankombrynsi - groups will consist of three Celtic countries. ' L c W e c Chairman Kowethas Kernewek Loundres, The two top teams of these groups will be which of course is The London Cornish through to the semi-finals. Then the two Association, instead of Chairman Kowethas winners will be through to the final. The Kernewek Yn City Lit i.e. the independent- winner of the final will receive a trophy minded, Comish class in London (Well it is called The Celtica. Y charrey, London based...) Scholars, (B.A.. P.G.DLp As I said the championship will be Ling.) and Cornish (one eighth Cornish) seven days long. On the first day (Sunday), There appears to have been some people like to see things in black and white, the first match of each group will be played. misunderstanding as to what is meant by and in response to Nicholas Williams’ Then on the second day (Monday), the other (Modem) Cornish: publication a little ‘Comic acid’ may stand remaining matches of each group will be Time was when poor benighted Celtic us all in good stead but for the time being, played. On the third day (Tuesday), there scholars who drew up the distinction when it comes to grey areas, it being will be a break to prepare for the semi-finals between Old, Middle and Modem Cornish important to keep up appearances, may I on Wednesday. Thursday will be another thought the last user of Modern Cornish suggest pale blue? break for the final on Friday. The Saturday (otherwise known as Late) was the late will be a special day. There won’t be any Dolly Pentreath. There are however as is games, there will be a festival. well known, two major "mis­ In this festival there will be stalls. It will understandings” or standard languages both Cheryta be like an Eisteddfod. The Celtic rugby for different reasons but with equal justice Lommas Carwithednack championship will have a stall and show' the called Modem Cornish, though one of them (just testing the water) Celtica to fans. The six rugby unions will be might belter be called Revived Cornish (I able to have stalls also. Other Celtic am not alone in registering discomfort at i i a ■ a r — a a e I a a > a < ■ n r—n a r— i organisations, not only sport, will also be the title of Wella Brown's Grammar). One able to have their own stalls. Organisations of them, it appears, amid mild speculation such as the Celtic League can have stalls. If as to the possible forging as opposed to the Celtic possible, this festival would be even better if ‘masking’ of original MSS and the the players would be able to meet some fans associated pedagogic problems, involves and sign autographs and maybe even pass ‘the manipulation and falsification of the the ball around. This festival would be held orthography and grammar’ (of Medieval Rugby in an appropriate field somewhere in the Comish by the way) but could be said to be hosting country. wrong for the right reasons, while the other With a championship there will be an keeps to the late spellings and could be said Cfiampionsfiip obvious need for some form of to be right for the wrong. In all this of management. A committee will have to he course it helps to be able to tell the set up. This committee will be comprised of difference beiween”write” and “rang” but representatives from the Celtic rugby is not strictly necessary. (Mr. Phillips, for unions. A chairperson of the committee will example, who seems unable to tell the be elected by the representatives. difference between smuggling and "free I m sure you would agree that there is one To gel this championship on its feet trading” appears to require some help from thing every Celtic nation enjoys watching publicity is needed. Contacting groups such the Excise Men). In this light (and we and playing. I am referring to, of course, as Urdd Gobaith Cymru (The Welsh League could all do with some!) readers may have the great sport rugby. 1 am astonished that a of Youth), to see if they can get people been reluctant to endorse Mr. Gendall’s Celtic rugby championship has not already interested, might be a good idea. Also comment (Carn 92) on my letter on been set up. In this article 1 am going to national newspapers such as the Western Modern Cornish terminology: (Carn 89) discuss the pros and cons of creating a Mail. The Scotsman and other popular 'Mr. Chadwick's letter... simply proves my Celtic rugby championship. newspapers may be able to advertise. It point (my emphasis). There appears to be We have to look at the problems and would be good if the championship could considerable misunderstanding as to what difficulties of this idea. To begin with, a big take the interest of Celts all over the world. is meant by Modern Cornish as well as by problem facing us is the poor standard of Contacting communities in America. Nova the standardisation of its orthography' some stadiums but this can be changed. Scotia. Australia. Patagonia etc. could bring (his). It may after all have been somewhat Why not design new stadiums for the people back to their homeland for the unclear from the orthography as to w hether nations who have not at the present time championship. it was the language, or the got world class grounds. But where would This championship will only go ahead misunderstanding, that he was seeking to the money come from? Maybe we could with the support from the Scottish. Welsh. standardise. {His Modern Cornish would get grants from certain organisations or Cornish. Irish. Breton and Manx Rugby appear to have been the “standard” one i.e. authorities. If we could find the money to Unions. Hopefully every nation would be Cam 88. Is it?) Last year a young London- build these stadiums it would have to be able to take part. based kemmyn speaker met a fluent built in the capital of that nation. If this championship happens it would kernuak speaker at Lowender Peran and Another problem is how can this be great. It would be the beginning of a new was delighted, as no doubt was St. Pi ran. to championship be financed. There will be a era for Celtic Rugby, so to make it extra find that they could hold a reasonable need for sponsors. There are many Celtic special it would be ideal for the first conversation. Perhaps this is what is meant companies in every Celtic nation that mu> championship to take place in the year by Living Cornish. I cannot speak for the be able to give financial support. 2000. the new millennium. illiterate Dolly but there’s just a chance that I am now going to give you my idea of had she been listening she would have a Celtic rugby championship. The shouted (and perfectly authentically) to championship will be seven days long and anyone within earshot: IGaseugh agas held annually in a different Celtic country flows!! Some respelling is permitted... every year. It might be a good idea if the Stef fan Lewis Talking of 'flows' you may recall from first couple of championships are held in Age: 11 Mr Gendall's reference to a 'cammyflage' claaryn noa. Dy chooilley cheayrt va peiagh ennagh briaght feysht jeh’n ven voght, v’ee eginit shirrey tooilley fys veih ny mainstyryn eck, va nyn soie sy chamyr cheddin maree. Bee y shirveish noa gymskeaylley son tree ooryn sy laa ec y toshiaght. Tra vrie peiagh ennagh jeh Anne McCabe ere vees ad gymskeaylley cheu- mooie jeh’n traa shen, cha row freggyrt cruinn ry-gheddyn. Gyn ourys bee eh mie dy liooar Oie Houney, agh t’eh jeeaghyn dy vel skimmee Teilifis na Gaeilge ro harroogh dy ve boirit liorish reddyn goll rish Gaelg Vanninagh ec y traa t’ayn. Agh oddagh Mannin cosney reddyn foaysagh ass Nalbin as ass Nerin neesht. Foddee dy bee ny Manninee abyl dy chur Gaelg er feeshanyn Gàidhlig son paitchyn. As foddee dy bee paart dy Ghaelg ry-chlashtyn er Teilifis na Gaeilge sy traa ry-heet. Son shickyrys, she mirril t’ayn dy bee Teilifis na Gaeilge ry-akin Shimmey peiagh ayns Nerin ta dy bollagh noi'n stashoon noa. Shione dhyt ooilley ny raaghyn: ‘Jummal argid er chcngey varroo’ as myr shen foast. Raah dy row er y stoo ayns Baarle as Frangish, foddee, son stashoon noa. a’n chiaghtoo feailley jeig jeh filmyn shickyrys t’ad jannoo filmyn as feeshanyn Feysht vooar: filmyn as chellveeish as chellveeish Cheltiagh er ny chummat ayns chengaghyn Celtiagh. Cheltiagh, c ’red t’ad? C’red ta ‘Celtiagh’ ayns Bangor sy Thalloo Vretnagh er y Va’n ard-oraid currit ec Bob Collins, mannagh vel ymmyd jeant jeh chcngey gherrid. Goll rish y Cohaglym Celiiagh, Lhiass-Ard-Stiureyder Raidio Teilifis Cheltiagh sy fillym ny sy feeshan? Vel ta’n feailley shoh rouail mygeayrt ny Éireann. spyrryd as annym Celtiagh ry-ennaghtyn cheeraghyn Celtiagh, er-lhimmey jeh Dooyrt eshyn dy nee yn traghtys ayns fillym jeant ayns Baarle ny Frangish? Mannin. Choud’s ta fys aym, cha nel (commercialism) yn red smoo ta baggyrt er S’cosoylagh dy vod y Iheid ve jeant. Agh Mannin er ngoaill ayrn dy kiart neayrs y ymskeaylley ry-hoi cur ny cultooryn ec y feailley ayns Bangor t’eh jeeaghyn traa hug Peter Maggs as George Broderick dooghyssagh er nyn doshiaght. Ta'n nagh vel agh feer veggan jeusyn ta jannoo jeh Foillan Films y fillym 'Ny Kirree fo chaghnoaylleeaght as y margey er chaghlaa ny filmyn ‘Celtiagh’ dy firrinagh toiggal y Niaghtey' dy ve taishbynit ec y feailley reddyn son dy bragh. Ta shin eginit dy chur scansh jeh ny chengaghyn. She della! t'ayn shoh ny smoo na jeih bleeaney er dy ooashley da'n argidys car y traa. Shegin da as shen yjerrey. Sy chooish shoh, ta henney. Va shoh y chied fillym va rieau claaryn cosney argid da ny ronneyderyn vondeish vooar ec ny Bretnee. Ta’n jeant as y sheean ayns Gaelg ny lomarcan. (shareholders). Claaryn nagh vel jannoo chengey oesyn foddey, foddey ny stroshey Chammah as shen. er-lhiam dy ren Rob shen. t’ad jeh beggan scansh. Cha nel Bob na ny chengaghyn Celtiagh elley. Er y hon Rohrer (eshyn ren ‘The Story of Mann') Collins ayns coardailys rish shen, agh shen shen ta caaghyn ayn dy chosney argid prowal dy ghoaill ayrn sy feailley shoh ny ta taghyrt. liorish Bretnish. Agh eer ayns Bretin sy keayrt dy row, agh dinsh Albinagh ennagh Dooyrt Bob Collins dy vel Bretin er ve teihll t’ayn nish, as fir goll rish Rupert da nagh dod eh er y fa nagh row Mannin ny feer aighoil er y fa dy row S4C (Ammyr Murdoch rouail mygeayrt gyn lhiettrymys, cheer Cheltiagh! Kiare Bretnish) currit er bun as t’eh feer cha nod y cultoor dooghyssagh tannaghtyn Ansherbee. ec Bangor ayns 1996 dooyrt speeideilagh. Cha vow Nerin ny Nalbin fegooish cooney as ‘cur eie er y vargey sleih dy liooar dy by vie lhieu cheet dys Iheid yn argid as hooar S4C. Agh la seyr’ (y peccah smoo ec y traa t’ayn). Mannin dy beagh y feailley goll er cummal Comataidh Telebhisean Gàidhlig (CTG) ny Shegin dooin guee dy jig y ayns shen. Agh cha jean shen taghyrt red mie. chaghnoaylleeaght dy ve ny smoo niartal as derrey vees sleih voish Mannin goaill aym Ta CTG reill harrish y chellveeish ny sloo deyr feer happee dy lhiggey dooin liorish jannoo filmyn as feeshanyn. Gàidhlig, goll er stiurey ec John Angus ymskeaylley ayns ny chengaghyn ain hene Ayns y chlaare stoamey jeh’n feailley, va McKay. She McKay y dooinney ren mirril dy y ve boirit ec lught yn argid car y traa. caslys-cheerey jeh ny h-ellanyn shoh. Goll as eh taym red goll rish jeih millioon punt rish ram caslyssyn-cheerey y laa t'ayn jiu. veih reiltys Lunnin dy chooilley vlein ry- va baarney sy voayl raad lhisagh Mannin hoi claaryn chellveeish ayns Gàidhlig. Heill Orree Cren nell vc ry-akin. sleih dy liooar dy row Lunnin cur yn argid Ec y feailley filmyn as chellveeish shoh da’n Ghàidhlig dy chleayney ny h- Cheltiagh, t ’eh baghlal ry-akin dy vel Albinee veih’n ashoonaghys, agh t’eh noidys ennagh eddyr ny colughtyn mooarey jeeaghyn nagh vel shen kiart. Ren McKay as ny colughtyn beggey. Dy jarroo, ta reaghey sorch dy chonaant da’n Ghàidhlig, colughtyn mooarey ayn: y BBC, HTV, geiyrt er yn earroo dy chlaaryn va ny The annual International Celtic Film and Chellveeish Albinagh. Ammyr Kiare Bretnee geddyn. Television Festival was held in Wales Bretnish, France Trois as myr shen. Ta troo Va imraa dy liooar jeant ec Bangor recently. Fears were expressed there about ec ny colughtyn beggey orroo shoh as mychione Teilifis na Gaeilge. Shoh yn the impact on native cultures of the new foddee dy vel ny colughtyn mooarey shirveish chellveeish noa vees goaill world of naked commercialism allied with coontey dy vel adsyn ta beg goll rish toshiaght Oie Houney 1996. gymskeaylley new technology. Also, exactly what is jiarganyn. Ta sleih ennagh smooinaghtyn ayns Yernish ny lomarcan. Va ooilley ny ‘Celtic Film and Television'? dy vel y feailley shoh er jeet dy ve fo fir-toshee jeh’n stashoon noa ec Bangor. smaght ny deiney mooarey dy bollagh. Agh Ren Anne McCabe, y Fembleyder fegooish ny colughtyn mooarey veagh Cooilleeney (Commissioning Editor) jeh genney argid ayn. As ga dy vel ny ‘Celtiee’ Teilifis na Gaeilge, goaill ayrn ayns ayns ny colughtyn mooarey jannoo rouyr resoonaght mychione kiaddey (plannal) Call for Cra on Money Laundering

Europe and Latin America had passed I he theft from a Securicor van in Belfast through the Island. Meanwhile the head of some weeks ago. over £ 1,000,000, by a the Island’s FSC, Jim Noakes, is quoted para-military gang gave spectacular as saying at the same conference, publicity to what is by now an almost ‘Criminal business is already embedded routine 'money making criminal machine’ in the financial system and some of us in the North. may already be working for criminals Protection rackets, robberies, drugs etc. without knowing it. It’s our problem - if are all part of criminal activity which we claim to be an international centre we immediately conjures up visions of caches are involved’. These honest and frank of money or pots of gold all over the city. admissions were swiftly buried by the What do these criminals do with the vast finance sector’s PR machine and the Manx amounts of cash they generate, some of government. which, readily identifiable, can be traced? The Manx government, like others The answer of course is that they launder it globally, does not seem to have the and fortunately for them Ireland with its inclination nor the will to devote sufficient own financial services zone connected to resources to policing its financial services. the easily accessible offshore tax havens The regulators and policemen themselves in the Isle of Man and Channel Isles is admit the sector is targeted by criminals. over two hours by pressing the cell buzzer well placed to service these crooks. Gangs from as far a field as Moscow and was rubbished by Advocate Paul Morris The Celtic League is a seasoned critic Columbia are reported to have used the who was representing the Department of of the financial services sector now Manx financial centre - fertile ground Home Affairs. Another prisoner scheduled established in Dublin and the Isle of Man. indeed for any group in Belfast looking for to give evidence at the inquest failed to In February of 1991 we specifically raised somewhere safe to stash £ 1,000,000. turn up as he had taken an overdose the with the Manx Government’s Chief day before the inquest. The inquest Minister the question of the laundering of Coroner cautioned the jury to be "careful” monies from para-military sources in the J.B. Moffatt about the evidence given by prisoners! North through the Island. Our concerns Coincidentally an Independent were brushed aside only to see later in that Television news crew working for the year confirmation when newspapers in the Regional station Border Television was North indicated RUC concerns that refused permission to shoot footage at accounts in Manx and Channel Isles banks Victoria Road jail. The Manx Council foi were suspected of being used by these Liberty in an interview with the television groups. Penal Reforms team condemned both Manx penal policy The Manx government remained and conditions at the jail, they said Manx complacent about shady transactions within government attitudes towards penal policy its jurisdiction, even when the doubts of its Imperative were sick! MCCL say that the facilities own regulatory body the FSC. and its lack are unfair to both prisoners and staff. of staff, were exposed in an article in Meanwhile in a separate, related Private Eye magazine on 24.5.91. development, the United Nations has also The Manx government proudly A'he Manx Council for Civil Liberty has indicated that the Island's policy of proclaimed the world will get the message stepped up its campaign to liberalise penal imprisoning children (10-14 year olds) the Island is a no go area for money policy in the Isle of Man. will again come under scrutiny when the launderers as it enacted amendments to its Following the death in custody of a Committee on the Rights of the Child domestic Prevention of Terrorism Bill in young prisoner at the Island’s meet in May-June 1996. 1992. The Celtic League remained critical overcrowded Victoria Road jail the MCCL Last year the Committee, which is however and its criticism was echoed by contacted the internationally respected, based at the Centre for Human Rights in the Manx Nationalist Party in a detailed London based. Howard League for Penal Geneva (Switzerland), extended report on the Finance Sector in 1994 which Reform. The Howard League has recommendations it had earlier levelled at contained the cryptic comment that there indicated a willingness to send a fact­ the United Kingdom government to was evidence that the smiling face of the finding mission to the Island. include the Isle of Man. The proposals finance sector masks a deeper layer of out The inquest into the death of the inmate called for 'serious consideration to be and out criminal activities ...no authority, at the prison returned an open verdict. given to raising the age of criminal least of all the Manx Government has During the inquest a medical expert was responsibility’. The language, although systematically investigated the underworld critical of the drugs administration at the diplomatically framed, was a direct o f the Isle o f Man finance sector. jail he said: “It should have been managed criticism of the Manx government’s harsh Unfortunately for the Manx with medical advice” and went on to say policy towards young offenders. government the next critique was to come that he had not come across such large So far the Manx government is from an establishment source. In October doses of addictive drugs being prescribed unrepentant and the Department of Home of 1995 the head of the Island’s Fraud which included Mogadon and Valium - Affairs Minister, Richard Corkill has said, Squad Dept., Insp. Geoff Allen, confirmed outside the prison. It was revealed that the in an open snub to the UN, he will not be that money from criminal sources had inmate hanged himself when an influenced 'by some committee in infiltrated the Manx financial system. observation flap was left open for Geneva'. Speaking at a conference on money ventilation purposes. Evidence from laundering held on the Isle of Man he fellow inmate that the dead prisoner had confirmed that illegal funds from both been attempting to attract attention for J.B. Moffatt Political Correctness ' .L'he Centre for Manx Studies was D ra ft proposals are under discussion for Celts founded in 1992 to provide a focal point with the participating Departments of the for research in a wide range of areas University of Liverpool for two new relating to the Isle of Man, from the postgraduate taught awards in Manx The British Isles earliest times to the present day. The Studies, an MA and a Diploma. The Centre is able to offer a number of courses have been planned so that a services and facilities to researchers at all levels, drawing on the experxiese and candidate successfully completing the Diploma course can transfer to Year Two of ' JL'he term The British Isles is not experinece of its parent bodies Manx acceptable as a geographical term when it National Heritage, the University of che MA. The courses are designed to encourage the advanced scholarly and refers to Ireland, the Isle of Man and Great Liverpool and the Isle of Man Britain, as Ireland and the Isle of Man are systematic study of the Isle of Man and to Department of Education, 6 Kingswood separate entities, not ‘offshore’ islands of Grove, Douglas, Isle of Man. IM1 3LX. foster new research within the framework of Great Britain. But while it has long been a taught degree. The approach will be multi- admitted that the term The British Isles is disciplinary. Compulsory elements will incorrect the problem has been in finding Manx History provide a formal structure for the study of a an alternative. broad span of Manx geology, archaeology Surely the lirsl step is to ask what terms and history, while optional modules will are used by the Celts of these islands? In offer an opportunity to work in smaller Dineen’s Irish language dictionary, these Students taking the BA (Honours) islands are described as ’Oileain Iarthair History course at the University of groups following detailed courses of study on specifically Manx topics. Eorpa’. The term used in Manx is ‘Ellanyn Huddersfield, England are now able to opt Sheear ny hOarpcy’. Both of these mean for a module on Manx history, entitled ‘The Information from: The Centre for Manx Studies. ’The West Europe Isles’. A search of the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea Province, 1300- major Scots Gaelic and Welsh dictionaries 1700’. Taught by Dr Tim Thornton, the revealed no term for these islands at all (I i------— ------1 advanced level module offers the could not find a source for Cornish). Thus opportunity to experience a long-term view j Documentary Series j most, if not all. of the Celts of these islands of Manx history, including the examination do not use any term based on ‘British’. of issues raised by small nations responding In the light of this, should not ‘The to the challenges of invasion and ’colonial' ! f 1-'he Centre for Manx Studies has been ! i asked to contribute to a proposed series i West Europe Isles', as the traditional term domination through a discussion of the of the Irish and the Manx, be considered Viking and Scandinavian heritage, the link i of documentary programmes to be i before any alternatives? to Scotland and the lordship of the Isles, the i broadcast on Manx Radio. ■ One commonly suggested alternative is transition to English overlordship in the The subject is ’Manxness’ and will be j ‘The Anglo-Celtic Isles’. The ‘Anglo’ and fourteenth century, the role of Man in ¡ explored through some of the research ¡ ‘Celtic’ parts are usually understood to be English high politics in the late middle ages ¡ now taking place, panicularly regarding ¡ separate from each other. This is a and early modern period, the Stanley j aspects of Manx cultural life. ! hairsplitting distinction. In practice it would lordship of Man and the Manx church and i______i be easy to argue that if Ireland. Mannin and the impact of the Reformation. Great Britain are Anglo-Celtic Isles their If you would like more details, please peoples must be Anglo-Celts. This is just contact Dr. Thornton at the University of another way of saying they are British. Huddersfield. Queensgate, Huddersfield. The obvious answer is to choose a HD1 3DH, England. neutral geographical term that can be A Chara, understood world-wide as referring to these islands. That rules out vague terms like It is one thing to show (the article in your A Short History of the ‘The Atlantic Isles’ or ‘The European Spring 96 edition of Carn "How Roger Isles’. ‘The North Atlantic Isles' sounds Manx Language Casement was vindicated”) that the "diaries like Newfoundland or Greenland to North of Roger Casement" which suggested that he American ears, and ‘The North Europe Brian Stowell and Diarmiud O Breaslâin. was homosexual were forged to turn Isles’ excludes Iceland. We are drawn Pub. An Clochdn, Béa! Feirste, homophobic elements of world opinion inevitably to The West Europe Isles’ as the price Sig. £2.50 against him at the time of his trial in 1916. It simple statement of geographical fact. That is quite another thing for E. O’Maille in the is why I believe it is no coincidence that Som etim es referred to as the Cinderella present day to claim that it is “Sinister and the Irish and Manx chose it. of the Celtic languages, Manx Gaelic is Evil” to suggest that someone can be both an The term ‘The West Europe Isles’ also also known as a dead language. Building Irish Patriot and a homosexual. Fortunately reaffirms that these islands have always on the work of previous pioneers, Manx in the Republic of Ireland which Casement been part of the history and culture of has in the last fifteen years seen a gave his life towards it is today an offence to Europe. It would help to bridge the psychological gap that exists for many remarkable growth that has belied these discriminate against homosexual citizens. between Brittany and the other Celtic two perceptions. Only 150 years ago I am surprised that Carn should Manx stood as the language of 90% of the countries, and make it easier for Cells to see publish such disgraceful sentiments which ‘Celtica’ as a natural region of Europe. The Isle of Man. living in tangent with its two could appeal only to prejudice and sister languages in Scotland and Ireland. It English could feel closer to their nearest was however to experience a remarkable ignorance. In doing so it does nothing to neighbours on the European mainland. decline with the last native speaker dying further the aims of the Celtic League. Some Tory rightwingers apart, most English in 1974. Throughout that period men and As for E. O’Maille may I suggest a people should not object to that. women struggled against negativity and possible title for another article "Oscar For all these reasons ‘The WesL Europe ignorance to save Manx and now they arc Wilde - Branded ’Homosexual’ by British Isles’ is the best alternative to the so-called finally being rewarded with the boom Conspiracy!” British Isles. N. Mac Coitir which Manx is currently experiencing. Michael Cashman Is the process by which the original Celtic destroyed itself repeating itself? The Cornish language, only relatively recently resurrected, has already splintered tnto three or tour different factions. The other Celtic languages gradually disintegrate into numerous dialects and sub-dialects. All of them linguistic dead­ ends; indulgences we cannot afford. All this results in the weakening of the traditional linguistic standards so essential in providing stability. It splits the population into smaller and smaller factions making the language market’ increasingly less viable. It may not be an exaggeration to say that Brittaneg could well be the Celtic World's A New Opportunity last best hope. for the Celtic Languages The Problems Before looking at Britianeg’s advantages and benefits, let us attempt a survey of the difficulties the Celtic languages must together these separate threads into a overcome. Som e twelve years ago, when I first culturally-sound ‘converged’ language developed a serious interest in Celtic geared for the modem world. 1. A lack of social, legal, and political linguistics, my original intention was to status born of ideologically-motivated develop an international Celtic language opposition from the English and French based upon all of the Celtic languages - establishments. Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Manx Gaelic, 2. Non-viabi lity of individual Celtic Breton, Welsh and Cornish. The Answer languages as mass media because (a) However, I quickly discovered this to be After pondering the problem for some time most people use the dominant languages an impossible dream. The schism between of English or French (b) fragmentation the Gaelic languages and the Brittonic 1 finally came to the conclusion that the best approach would be to structure a within each individual language dilutes languages was too great and any attempt at the potential language ‘market’ and (c) marrying the two together would in the last language based on the Brittonic languages but with elements from the Gaelic potential learners, who would prefer to resort prove to be too contrived and self- learn authentic language rather than defeating. languages and from what we know of the original ‘common Celtic' language. some heavily anglicised or francicised I was, to say the least, disappointed and version, are deterred. frustrated at having to abandon my original Although Anglo-French influences have driven a wedge between our Celtic tongues, intent. 1 had for a long time been aware of 3. Unwillingness of political establishments marked similarities do persist and we still the need for a Celtic-based languagc-in- to introduce the necessary resources to contmon for the Celtic peoples, as well as retain much greater linguistic commonality promote use of Celtic languages (e.g. by than is generally realised. for those who had lost sight of their Celtic teaching and by extensive use of Celtic heritage and even come to think of All the Celtic languages (even BreLon, languages in the mass media). Only themselves as being English (or. perversely, which, unlike the others, now exists within governments have the scale of resources ‘British’, by which they meant the same a French ambiance) have, to a greater or necessary to create the market demand lesser extest, been influenced by English. thing) or French. for reading material and broadcasting (Indeed, its influence upon Cornish has which would turn Celtic-language In the past hundred years there have been been so overbearing that, sadly, one almost publishing and broadcasting into numerous attempts at inventing and popularising artificial languages of various thinks of it nowadays as an English dialect straightforward commercial rather than as a traditional Celtic tongue). kinds. Some of them enjoyed notable propositions. Clearly, the Anglo-French success in their day but perhaps the most political axis is not about to provide well known of those which still survives is these resources. Esperanto (which, interestingly, claims 8 million adherents). The objection to all invented languages, Decadence however, is that they are generally based The signs of decadence are patently clear upon English, Latin. Greek, or various as destability and fragmentation become A Common Language Germanic or Slavonic languages. features of the Celtic tongues. A language, to be a competitive and What I wanted was a language for the One only has to examine the pathetic state adequate medium of communication in the Celts, a language which was more than of the Cornish language in the last century, modem world, must mere ‘invention’, a language with authentic just before it became extinct, to see what roots, a language which could well have could be in store for our other languages. (a) Have an adequate vocabulary. Brittaneg been what the original Celtic might have The process is exacerbated by some is a language which will have a store of evolved into had it not fragmented into writers and educators who, by neglecting words enabling great precision of separate parts. the traditional literary forms and straying expression and infinite shades of Just as the original Celtic had into dialectism and colloquialism serve to meaning. (That is one of the strengths fragmented and ‘diverged’ into the undermine the authentic Celtic roots of our of the English language). language we know today, I wanted to draw languages. (coutil.) (A New Opportunity... contd.) upheaval in the lives of Irish people, so too G arm Lu, No. 19, J996. was the tragic uprooting and dissociation of (c) Be capable of straightforward 81 St. Mary Street, St. Michael's the Irish language from the mouths and expression, and College, University o f Toronto, Toronto consciousness of its speakers. (c) Be attractive to leaineis. A potentially ON, Canada M5S JJ4. It is pleasing to see the support given in greater number of people can use Annual subscription $7.00 (plus $3.00 Garm Lu to language. There are several Brittaneg than would use any local postage/$4.00 U.S. and overseas). submissions written in four Celtic Celtic tongue and this in itself makes it ISSN 0831-5167. languages: poetry, a short story (“An more commercially viable. Fhuinneog”) and literary criticism in Irish, poetry and linguistic commentary in Scots Now, in Brittaneg, we have an inter- ( j r arm Lu is the Canadian Journal of Gaelic and an inventive short story ("A Celtic ‘language-in-common’ which has Celtic Arts published annually by the Celtic Trilogy”) written in three Celtic been purged of excessive external Celtic Society at St. Michael’s College, languages, moving from Scots Gaelic to influences, to serve as a standard and University of Toronto. Since its humble Breton to Cornish and back again to source of inspiration for those wishing to beginnings as a fledgeling student Gaelic. connect with and preserve the authenticity endeavour in 1986, Garm Lu has developed Garm Lu is a labour of love by and for of our local Celtic tongues. Brittaneg can into a mature, well-produced and those interested in Celtic Studies and the be regarded as our very own ‘Esperanto’, attractively presented journal. The offerings literature and culture of the Celtic peoples. providing an authentic means for here are varied, from poetry to short story It is encouraging to find an annual of this communication between fellow Celts and academic papers on history, folklore, quality and longevity published in the without resorting to English or French. language and book reviews. Toronto community. There is a natural tendency for most The 1996 issue opens with a paper Celtic speakers, when searching for some exploring Victorian social and political word or expression, to lapse into using the /attitudes toward Ireland in “British David Livingston-Lowe words and expressions of the dominant Liberalism, the Potato Famine and the language - be it English or French - as a Celtic Race, 1845-51” by Ed Lengel. Also matter of expediency. For those knowing of socio-political interest is ‘The Literature Brittaneg this need no longer be so. of Terror” by Sandy Carlson, exploring the relationship between writing and resistance Political Correctness in late twentieth century Belfast. There are for Celts fine examples of poetry in Irish from Jennifer Reid, a student in Celtic Studies A Linguistic Bridge and co-editor of Garm Lu. Her style is International mail simple, touching and accessible in “Bean Brittaneg is a means of communication not Fasta” and "Ag Sileadh”. Another poem by only for the 'home countries’ (i.e. Ireland, James Leonard relives the unforgettable Scotland, Mann, Cornwall, Wales and call of sea and rock that emanates from the TJL here is a saying “Act as if you Brittany) but also for expatriates in England cliffs of Aran. were already free and all the and France and overseas. Another Celtic Studies student, Barbara Bearing in mind, as has been mentioned, sooner you will be free.” MacKeltar, takes a second look at When a letter is posted from the following of 8 million achieved by "Surrealism in Traditional Irish Folklore,” Esperanto, it does not require much one country to another it is normal from the shape-shifter of traditional tales to to write the name of the destination imagination to see the enormity of the the Madness of Sweeney. Of related potential readership world-wide using the interest is Douglas MacGowan’s “Janet country as the last line of the medium of Brittaneg. Douglas: the Vanishing Seer,” a famous address. When the destination of a But, finally, let us be clear about one historical example from the seventeenth letter is in the same country the point in particular. The objective of century of a young girl from the Scottish name of the country is usually left Brittaneg is not the devalue our extant local Highlands who possessed the ‘Second out. It follows from this that Celtic tongues but rather to underpin them and Sight.’ nationalists should, when posting a supplant the English and French languages Written in Irish is a well-researched letter from Scotland to Wales, or as means of communication between Celts. paper on the literary connections and effect from Wales to England etc. always Brittaneg is a bridge between the of Joseph Conrad's writings on the work of individual Celtic tongues. finish the address with the name of Ireland’s Padraic 6 Conaire earlier this the country' just as if it was being Brittaneg is constructed in such a way as century, during the latter’s time spent in to be easier to learn than is any individual posted to the other side of the world, London. An article written on the topic of even though the English post office Celtic language. An understanding of it the art of Celtic manuscripts, "Some might consider this unnecessary. will therefore provide an entrée into any of Observations on the Study of the the local Celtic tongues, and vice versa. Lchtcrnach Gospels and Related As a matter of political Furthermore, Brittaneg can act as a Manuscripts" is written by editor of Gann correctness people from outside the mutual word bank - a source of authentic Lu Sonja Johnston who adeptly provides a Celtic countries sending mail to one Celtic vocabulary - and a harmonising comparative study of the connections of them should always mark the influence upon local Celtic tongues. between selected Medieval illuminated letter ‘Scotland’. ‘Wales’, ‘Brittany’ A self-teaching Brittaneg grammar and manuscripts such as the Book of Armagh, etc. (normally written in the vocabulary 'Yeith an Britt' is now being and the Gospels of Echtemach, Lindisfame language of the country in which published in monthly parts. Trial and Durham. subscriptions (first two parts) cost the letter is posted), and NOT mark For those with an interest in the history the letter ‘France’, "Great Britain’ £ 1 sterling or French FrlO.OO. Outside of the Modem Irish language, Secretary to Europe US S2.50. Cheques only, payable (or even worse ‘UK’). If it is Bord na Leabliar Gaeilge, Sedn de Freine’s thought that the local post might not to: R.G. Roberts, 4 bank Square. Southport "A Reassessment of Language Shift in know where a particular Celtic PR9 ODG. England. Nineteenth Century Ireland” is a good overview of a period during which many country is, then ‘European Union’ people existed between languages, losing can be added underneath! their own Gaelic and falteringly taking on (Copyright Reserved) English. De Frdine suggests that, as the Robat ap Tomos Richard G. Roberts Great Famine was a case of extreme social World Conference on Linguistic Rights

Implement Declaration Now!

act upon its own volition, requiring A large number of linguistic instead, a mandate from the appropriate associations and specialists have been National Committees of the UNESCO. It is working throughout the past three years to the intention of the Celtic League to produce a Declaration on Linguistic involve as many organisations as possible Rights. This group acknowledges the fact in the Celtic countries in lobbying their that, traditionally, colonising languages respective governments to give UNESCO have marginalised and oppressed the necessary mandate and to honour its languages spoken by indigenous peoples intent, which is unquestionable. absorbed by the expansion of political The following statement was given to the Cathal 6 Luain entities. This group further acknowledges conference on behalf of the League; signing the declaration that it is the right of everyone to use and "We would like to say a few words on maintain their own language in their the situation of the Celtic Languages from territory, irrespective of whether or not this the perspective of the Celtic League. The territory lies within or is divided by other C.L. regards the Celtic languages as political territories. essential elements in maintaining the has suffered badly with a severe decline in It is accepted that there are, even yet, Celtic identity of each country. The present the number of native speakers and no well over 6,000 languages still spoken in position of each of the six Celtic languages assistance for Breton medium schools. Has the world today. Around 80% of these are varies considerably. The language of one anything really changed from the time considered threatened. According to a of the smaller countries, Cornish, was when in public places signs in Brittany representative of the Summer Institute of considered eradicated well over a century read Defense de Craclier el de parler Linguistics more than three thousand ago but nevertheless in recent decades a Bretagne? languages have no written form. revival is under way, a revival with The Celtic League feels that the long These facts, together with the acceptance limitations of course but nonetheless a periods of colonisation and enforced that cultural and linguistic diversity is an revival. On the Isle of Man, which has an cultural assimilation endured by the Celtic essential part of human existence, led to autonomous government and where despite countries must be taken into account when the drafting of a Declaration of Linguistic neglect the historical continuity of the addressing the situations of the Celtic Rights in 1995. This draft was then language was maintained, the teaching of languages today. circulated to interested groups Manx in schools has been introduced in With regard to the Declaration it was the internationally, including the Celtic recent years and demand is buoyant. very definition of language specific to a League, for comment and amendment. In Scotland while Scottish Ghidhlig is territory which allowed us to sign the From the 6-8 July over 300 delegates marginalised significant gains have been Declaration as it made it applicable to the gathered in Barcelona to ratify formally made in regard to education and varying situations in the Celtic countries. the Declaration at a World Conference on communications, particularly TV. The case To ensure the positions of the Celtic Linguistic Rights. of the Irish Republic, the one Celtic languages they must have a place in the The conference was hosted by CIEMEN country with full sovereignty (if not over legal, administrative systems and mass (Mercator; Law and Linguistic its full territory) illustrates well the media of their countries. The Celtic Legislation) and International PEN difference between theory and practice, League will be working at the (Committee for Translation and Linguistic one could say between a declaration and implementation stage to ensure this crucial Rights) with moral and technical support implementation! The Irish language is (he definition is maintained." from UNESCO. The City of Barcelona first official language of the state also gave its support. The delegates according to the Irish Constitution yet the representing several thousand languages number of native speakers has declined heard the Declaration proclaimed in the steadily and Irish speakers in Ireland could Assembly Hall of Barcelona’s University, hardly be siad to enjoy full linguistic CC1X.1C H1SCOBY R e v ie w and then signed it. Representing the Celtic rights. In the north of Ireland under British League, were Chairman, Cathal 6 Luain rule they hardly exist at all and if a final (Eire) and Assistant General Secretary, political settlement is arrived at, the A biannual magazine dealing with Mark Kermode (Mannin). guarantee of linguistic rights must be an the histories of the six Celtic countries Throughout the next two days, delegates integral part of any such settlement. from a national and inter-Celtic discussed the implementation of the The position of the Welsh language is Declaration and heard submissions from seen to be the strongest and this is through viewpoint. representatives of UNESCO. It was the the efforts of the Welsh language unanimous wish of the conference that the community themselves where major gains Price L 1.50 per issue. Declaration be submitted to UNESCO to were made in administrative, legal and be introduced as an International communication areas in recent decades. Annual Subscription £3.50 from 216 Convention on Linguistic Rights. The position in the French State has been Unfortunately, UNESCO has no powder to referred to earlier and the Breton language Falls Road, Belfast 12 6AH, Ireland. Membership and Subscriptions Peace & Neutrality All those who agree with the constitution and aims of the Celtic League are eligible Alliance for membership. The membership fee (including Cam) and subscription rates are IR£10; Stg£10; 90FF or US$20.00 (US funds, cheques drawn on a US l he Peace and Neutrality Alliance was the merger of the EU and the WEU. bank). Europe Stg.£10 and airmail established because of the threat to Irish PANA needs your support now. outside Europe Stg.£13.00. Neutrality. For information about the Celtic Roger Cole League, applications for membership, PANA outlines its objectives as: Chair subscriptions, etc. write to any of the the 1 It is within the OSCE and a reformed For further information contact: following secretaries: United Nations, and not the EU, that PANA, 113 Springhill Avenue, Ireland should pursue its security Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, ALBA Mairi Denovan, Old Mission concerns. E mail; vmacdowe@iol ie House, Nth. Erradale, Ross-shire 2 Ireland should pursue a positive IV21 2DS. i------1 neutrality and independent foreign BREIZH Youenn Craff, 145 Straed policy and not join or form an Low Altitude Talbodek, 29300 BEI/BAYE, association with any military alliance, such as the WEU or NATO. Flight Noise Brittany. 3 Ireland should seek to promote CYMRU Jina Gwyrfai, 3 Croes Y European and International security Waen, Waenfawr, Caernarfon, Gwynedd. through a policy of disarmament and T h e Celtic League is to continue to i EIRE Subscriptions: c/o 33 Bothar demilitarisation and should therefore press the British military authorities in \ oppose the militarisation of the EU. the North of Ireland for information on | Bancroft, Tamhlacht, Baile Atha 4 Ireland should refuse to cooperate with the health impact of operations by [ Cliath 24. or condone in any way policies or military helicopters around several bases » KERNOW Martyn Miller, 10 military groupings which maintain in the North. Trewartha Court, Pound Street, nuclear weapons or any other weapons The League had written to both the i Liskeard. of mass destruction. Northern Ireland Secretary and HQ | MANNIN C ristl Jerry, 6 Glenfaba 5 Irish troops should only serve abroad as British Army in March expressing { Road, Peel. peacekeepers under the auspices of the general concerns and also a specific [ LONDON BRANCH Robat ap Tomos, UN. concern about apparent plans to site a [ “Dyffryn", Gretton Fields. Gretton, It called a meeting on the 2nd of May of heli-pad at a new Police base in the i Cheltenham, Glos. GL54 5HH, groups that have an interest in defending Springfield are of Belfast. i England. In a reply the military authorities have i Irish Neutrality and/or have an interest in USA Stephen Paul de Villo, 313 East indicated that no landing site is to be \ foreign affairs. 201 Street. Bronx, New York 10458. included at Springfield Road and whilst j Some of the main points agreed were as INTERNATIONAL BRANCH Alan follows: admitting to noise problems around j Heusaff, Seana Gharriin, An M em bership or affiliation to PANA several bases (Bessbrook, Crossmaglen i would be open to all groups or individuals and Forkhil!) disappointingly they reject ! Spiddal, Co. na Gaillimhe. Eire. who agree with its objectives regardless of requests for specific noise pollution 1 CEAP BREATAINN Frangag Nic disagreement on other issues. information saying ‘it would not be j Eachainn, Box 179, Mabou, Cape Groups that affiliated (affiliation fee is practicable to supply meaningful j Breton, Nova Scotia. Canada BOE £20) would appoint an individual to liaise information'. ■ 2WO. with PANA, and inform the media of their The attitude of the military in the i support for its objectives. North of Ireland contrasts sharply with ! The General Secretary and PRO of the Members and groups would seek the MoD in the UK who not only have J Celtic League is Bernard Moffatt. I I sponsors, people who would be known in responded positively to queries from the [ Hilltop View, Farmhill, Braddan, League about military aircraft noise j public from all walks of life, who would Mannin. pollution (over mid-Wales) but have i agree to publicly support PANA. The Editor is Ms P. Bridson, The Councillors for Peace and Neutrality promised that a report into the problem i 33 Br Bancroft, Tamhlacht, BAC 24, Eire. had already been established and is Chaired should be available later this year. by Cl 1 r Colm Breathnach, 15 Woodland Meanwhile new research published in j Our next deadline for material for Park, Cabinteely, Co. Dublin. Councillors April in West Germany supports the long j Carn is 1st August 1996. Materials sent willing to support PANA should contact held contention of campaigners, like the j for publication in Carn must relate to our Colm directly. It is the objective of PANA Celtic League, that there is a causal link i aims, and should be typed. All materials to contact every Councillor in Ireland to between low flying by aircraft and i copyright © Carn unless otherwise gain their support. helicopters and health problems, ' stated. The views expressed in Carn are The Government has, since the meeting, particularly hearing problems (tinnitus) [ not necessarily those of the editor nor of agreed to cooperate even more with the in young children. j the Celtic League. nuclear armed military alliance, the WEU. The Celtic League will also be pressing j E-Mail: [email protected] the Secretary of State for Northern i This ‘quicksand strategy' will continue Leagan amach: C. Ni Bhreartuin, unless people arc willing to lake an active Ireland to recognise that the people in the ! North have the right to have this problem j Peanntrdnaic Teo., 12 Radharc na role in defending Irish Neutrality. The bhFea, BAC 16, Eire. President of the EU has openly called for a considered on a par with other areas j Printers: Elo Press, 49 Reuben Avenue, single European Army, and a single where military low flying is a problem. j Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Chair of Rialto, Dublin 8. the EU Commission has again called for J.B. Moffatt J ISSN 0257-7860 No. 95 Autumn 1996 £1.70

• Stone of Destiny to be Returned to Alba

• Taigh Na Gaidhlig - Dun Eideann

• Menhirs of Carnac, Mute Witnesses to Blind Arrests

• Smashing the Morfa Bychan Development

• Gaelscoileanna - Broken Promises

• Fynnodderee Makes a Comeback in Manx Film

• Mebyon Kernow to Fight General Election

ALBA: COMUNN CEILTEACH • BREIZH: KEVRE KELTIEK • CYMRU: UNDEB CELTAIDD • EIRE: CONRADH CEILTEACH • KERNOW: KESUNYANS KELTEK • MANNIN: COMMEEYS CELTIAGH bilhidh iad a' faireachadh gum bheil iad air leth air luchd na Beurla. Rud fada nas miosa. bhac luchd- sgudaidh nan sgoiltean (HMI) teagasc tre na Gaidhlig gu tur sna h-iird-sgoiltean agus tha e coltach gum bheil Micheál Forsyth. Runaire na StAite ag aontachadh riutha. Le sin ‘s ann a tha agaibh cnap-starraidh eadar na bun-sgoiltean agus na colaistean agus na h-oilthighean agus teagasc tre na Giudhlig an sin. Ach le sin, chi sinn gum bi e na obair mhor mh6r gus am bi ar c&nain air a h-uile bile feadh Alba uile gu leir. Ach ciad bliadhna air ais cha robh ach aon fhear Geur-Leanmhainn Nuadh na Gàidhlig? (d'am b'ainm Ehud Ben-Yehuda) bed aig an robh Eabhra ma ra chanain mhathaireil le Gilleasbuig Lachlainn ‘Illeasbuig ... ach an diugh bruidhinnidh a h-uile losralach Eabhra gu fileanta feadh Iosrael Gilleasbuig MacMhuirich uile gu leir. C6rr is ceud bliadhna air ais bha Seiceis (Czech) a' dol leis an t-sruth. Bha “Chan e id ir. idi r. idir," arsa am co-labhairt mhbr ann air son aiseirigh na Portagaileach na dheise dhuibh Nao! Seachdain no dhà air ais agus an Seiceis air a chumail. A reir aithris nan sgriobhaiche a’ gabhail sràid ann an Nao! Nao!" tuiteadh mullach-an-taighe a-steach thairis Gàradh Naomh Catfiona a iha gu ire bhig S tad an comhradh gu h-obann. ar na daoine a bha ‘san talla. bhiodh Seiceis tropical eadar àrainn nan taighean-osda Chaill am Portagaileach an argamaid, cho marbh ri sgadain! Ach tha Seiceis air a agus baile Funchal san eilean Madeira. oir bha i cearbach. Bha e a' mineachadh h-uile bile feadh Poblachd nan Seacach Agus cò thachair e faisg air lùchairt an nach robh ach a' Bheurla Shasunnach aig (the Czech Republic). riaghladair ionadail adì duine na dheise an Albannach mar a' chànain mhàthaireil. Gun teagamh is e suaicheantas naisein dhubh. agus cha do cËuala e gun robh cànain elle a chhnain! againn------a’ Ghàidhlig. “Se Sasunnach a tha annaibh?” arsa an Naisean gun chhnain... naisean gun duine, a’ coimhead air fhèileadh bheag an Ceart gu leoir. theiridh leughadair. Tha anam. sgriobhaiche. Gàidhlig again agus tha i daonnan a’ dol Summary "Chan e! Carson?” fhreagair an t- am feabhas! Ach chan e sin an fhirinn idir. This tells of a random exchange of Albannach. Fad deich bliadhna chunnaic sinn mar somewhat caustic words on the premise "Bhruidhinnidh sibh a’ Bheurla gun robh adhartas gu leoir a thaobh na that the possession of a distinctive Shasunnach!” Gàidhlig ach tha sinn air ar mealladh. language could bring recognition of “Tha Fraingis agam. Chan eil mi nam Carson? Chan eil sgoil gu tur sa nationhood and although every effort was Fhrangach... Je parle français. Je ne suis Ghàidhlig againn idir! Ach chan eil ach being made to contain and restrict our pas Français... Tha Phortagaiieis agam. aonadan Gàidhlig ann far a bheil na Scottish I Gdidhl ig) there were other Chan eil mi nam Phortagaileach... Falo sgoilearan ag ionnsachadh tre na Gàidhlig. nations which had won through against portugués. Nao sou portugès!: arsa mise. Leis a sin, cha bhith creideas aca agus much greater odds.

air gach staidhre is ürlar, agus thuig iad far Bilhidh doighean eile air airgid a thogail gum hiodh clasaichean Güidhlig, agus an fhcadhuin agaibh a (ha ag iarraidh taisbeanaidhean, céilidhcan, ceól is fiosrachadh chi sibh a-measg aig bonn ‘na bArdachd. büth leabhraichean. leabharlann. litreach ann am Beurla seoladh an eafé/bar. cróileagan, cdmhdhailean. fheadhainn a tha 'na cheann. teagaisg dannsaidh, piobaireachd. clArsaireachd, sgriobhadh leabhraichean. ‘S ann as a bheagan a thig am moran... t f * C 3 agus mar sin air adhart. freagarrach air son Ged nach cuireadh gach duine agaibh ach an cumail ann. not — aig a cheann [hall thigeadh e gu mAran agus bheireadh e misneachd do‘n Ach ge milis am fion. tha e searbh ri flieadhain a tha an ceann a' ghnothaich. phAigheadh!... Ciamar a phaighear am Tha iomradh againn air aon duine as piobair? Mas tcid e an uidheam cosgaidh a aithne dhuinn fhein a thug seachad cdig h-uile call £800.000. Shir an luchd- ceud not agus b’e Gaidhcal e ach duine a stiiiiridh leth mhillean not on Bhórd dh'ionnsaich a‘ GhAidhlig ann am baile ... DunEideann Crannchur NAiseanta. Thog iad da Dhun Eideann fhdin. fhichead mile not cheana, ach bilhidh Chuala a h-uile neach mu "Cothrum na miltean is mlltean not ri fhaotainn Gilleasbuig MacMhuirich F6inne”...mata...tha cothrum na Ghidhlig fhathast! (Gilleasbuig I.achlainn ’Illeasbuig) air lighinn fa-near do Ghaidheil Dhun- Summary Eideann... An cuidich sibh Taigh na GAidhlig ri fhaotainn? Tha iomadh doighean a thaobh The Alba Branch o f the Celtic League Air Di-luain 24 Og-mhios 1996 cuidichidh... mar eisimpleir. tha 500 have organised a 15 mile sponsored walk thadhail ceithir cheud dhuibh GAidheil taidhlichean (tiles) ri fhaighinn. Coisgidh through the Pentland Hills on Sunday 29th DhunEideann aig 24 Drumsheugh Gardens gach aon £25 (no $40) agus ma September in aid o f Taigh Na Gdidlilig. a tha ‘na thaigh alainn mor Victorian ann cheanaieheas duine fear *s urrainn dhA Any enquiries contact Risnidh Mag Aoidh an taobh an iar DhunEideann. Aite grinn sgriobhadh fichead litreachan air (Alba Branch Secretary, addr pg 24) for de'n bhaile. choireigin air. gu h-Araidh ann an canan more details. Donations would also be greatly appreciated. Cheques or P.O. Abair gum bheil e ‘na thaigh m6r mdr Ceilteach sam hith agus cuiridh iad na taidhlichean air baila a’ chafé/bhar. should be made payable to "C.L. Taigh na air sia urlair agus brat-brlar spaideal nuadh Gaidhlig L A N G UAGE M A T T E R S

Gaelic Medium Secondary enrol in Gaelic medium education, the with Comunn na Gaidhlig and the more difficult it will be for "Mental University of Paisley to develop a “Gaelic Education Under Threat Mickey” Forsyth to deny them high school Economy" option as part of the Paisley units. University BA in Business Economics. At the end of April, Michael Forsyth This course is to be taught partly through the Secretary of State for Scotland Write to: Michael Forsyth. Secretary of the medium of Gaelic. In the medium term, published his long awaited response to the State for Scotland. The Scottish Office, St. the college hope to offer a bridging course School Inspectors Report on Gaelic Andrew's House. Edinburgh, between Irish and Scottish Gaelic for Irish Education. The 1994 report to which Alba/Scotland. speakers interested in undertaking the Forsyth was replying praised Gaelic Business Economics course. medium primary education but stated that secondary education through the medium of Gaelic was “neither feasible nor Gaelic Radio Expands desirable". This decision provoked an Official Status uproar amongst speakers and friends of Much of the North-East of Scotland is Gaelic at the time, leading to a large now once again able to receive Radio nan Gaelic promotion groups led by Comunn petition, numerous letters to the Secretary' Gaidheal. This follows a campaign for the na Gaidhlig are to step up their efforts for of State and a demonstration outside the restoration of Gaelic radio which involved official status. At a conference held in Scottish Office. students of the Aberdeen University Celtic Inverness in June it was announced that a department and their professor Donald draft bill aiming to give Gaelic the same After two years of uncertainly, and Meek. As of the first of July the extended legal standing as Welsh is to be prepared despite the opposition of all the Gaelic Radio nan GMdheal service has been before the end of the year. The conference groups which he consulted on the matter, available on 990 medium wave in the also heard that it was vital to gain an Forsyth has decided to accept the Aberdeen area. This service can be important place for Gaelic in the setting up inspectorate’s recommendation against the received within a 20 km radius of the city. of the Scottish Parliament. extension of Gaelic medium education to Large areas of the country including the secondary level. Instead of the teaching of Borders and Dumfries & Galloway are still Alasdair MacCaluim a wide range of subjects through the without any Gaelic broadcasting however. medium of Gaelic, ihere are to be tokenistic Please keep up the pressure for a national and ghettoistic Gaelic medium modules service by writing to: James Boyle. Head of about Gaelic culture - probably only BBC Radio Scotland, Queen Margaret Stop Press... around an hour a week. Forsyth's response Drive. Glasgow G12 8DG. You might also did however provide two welcome write to Rev. Norman Drummond, A couple of excellent books are on the developments: an increase of £200.000 per Chairman of the National Broadcasting market that can teach you our Scottish year in the Government Specific Grant for Council at the same address. language given that you pluck up the Gaelic and the development of a new courage and the unquenchable national Gaelic resource centre. determination to master the language!

Forsyth’s report has been universally Bail’ Ùr Ostaig The most recent is Hugo’s Scottish condemned by the Gaelic movement who Gaelic in Three Months by Roibeard O believe that Gaelic medium secondary Bail’ Or Ostaig the proposed world Maolalaigh with lain MacAonghuis as education is an absolute right which centre for Gaelic and Gaelic culture on the consultant, both of Edinburgh University Forsyth has no right to withhold. While the Isle of Syke (Carn 93) has failed to gain ISBN 0 85285 234 7 Stg£4.95. It is snappy government have said that the decision was funding from the Millennium Commission. and colloquial leading one into so many caused by “significant practical difficulties" Plans for the centre, which is being speech patterns and phrases used by native there can be little doubt that the real reason promoted by Sabhal Mor Ostaig. are to speakers that one's command of the has been the desire to save money. If it was continue however. The college now hope language must be convincing. A pack of not practical to leach through Gaelic then that the Bail’ Or can be funded through the the book and two cassettes is highly Gaelic nursery, primary and further University of the Highlands and Islands recommended. education would not be available. The project of which Sabhal M6r is part. government already supports Welsh high Following hard on its heels is Hodder schools and has recently announced that it & Stoughton’s Teach Yourself Gaelic by is to support the Irish medium high school Boyd Robertson who teachers the language Mednscoil Feirste in the six counties. Ciirsaichean Ura Gaidhlig at Jordanhill and Iain Taylor who made his Gaelic deserves equal treatment. mark at Sabhal M6r Ostaig ISBN 0 340 Several new Gaelic related courses are to 55923 3 Stg£7.99 it is also available in a There are currently around 2.500 start in the 1996/97 session. Clydebank book/cassette pack. Both books and packs children in Gaelic playgroups. 1.500 in college which already offers a course in complement each other. This one gives a primary school units and 130 in high Media Studies & Gaelic is beginning an great insight into placenames and school units. To ensure that Gaelic immersion course this year; the first in the introduces one to the culture of which the secondary education remains available to central belt. Inverness College, which language is part. them it is important that as many people as already offers an immersion course in Fort possible write to MPs, MEPs and to William to establish another in Inverness Gilleashuig Forsyth demanding that he does not slop this session. Sabhal Mor Ostaig are starting Gaelic medium secondary education. More a new HNC in the Gaelic Arts and plan to importantly than this, it is vital that people expand their HNC Gaelic & continue to support the existing playgroups Communication Skills into an HNC/HND and primary units. The more children that course. Sabhal M6r have also been working illustration on the packet of “Scott's Porage Oats”, etc. A pity, but the dour 4 , c * t ( t t u i r t t e ? Che Myth of the ghost of Calvin still seems to haunt the Scottish soul! Jacobite Clans Archy Macpherson (Gilleasbuig Lachlainn ‘llleasbuig) 1 ' wo names for the same thing can have quite different meanings. Take the name Wales which comes from the Old English by Murray G.H. Piltock ISBN 0 7468 0715 word for Land of Strangers, and then 3 Edinburgh University Press £11.95 consider the Celtic version Cymru which Am Bodach Beag means Land of Brothers. Gael, a name for Scotlander and Annasach Irelander derives from the Welsh Gwyddel. T 'h e title is hardly self-evident but latinized Scouts, Englished Raider. Since Pittock sets out the basis of his approach (singing with the wee auld man) by the word Scot is simply a translation of when he says "... the point is not to deny Ellen Jack and Donald R. Macaskill Gdidheul we should not be surprised when that there was extensive Highland support £6.00 plus 50p Gaelic Cassette. Robert De Bruce talks of Alba and Eire as for the Jacobites, that would be folly... 1 being the two Scotias. Rather amusingly seek rather to explain the... falsity of the Lallans enthusiasts using the term "Scots” myth of an almost ubiquitous Highland I would like to express my extreme (the English dialect never spoken in all Jacobitism particularly as it affects the delight on this remarkable cassette. My Scotland) are unaware the wwd in simply a Rising of 1745..." four year old son attends the Gaelic translation of “Gaelic”. In his first chapter he shows the nursery school at Tollcross in Scotland has three names, two of which motivation behind the Whig (i.e. Unionist) Edinburgh. I bought the cassette with the arc Celtic. Apart from Scotia, there is interpretation of the 1745 Rising as being a hope that my son would sit down for two Caledonia named after a tribe who long largely Highland phenomenon and they minutes to actually listen to it. being the daunted the mighty Roman empire. Alba purposely ignore the massive support for active little youngster that he is. On has two possible origins, "White (is)land" Jacobitism from the rest of the Scottish many occasions 1 bought cassettes, put or “Appleland”; it's related to Albion which people. The Whigs knew that to admit to them on only to discover that 1 am the the English have hijacked. the truth, that such support for the Prince only one listening to it as my son has As for England, the Celts saw where came from all parts of Scotland, would veered off to watch Spiderman. This the real power was and named the country demonstrate that the 1745 Rising was a cassette has changed all that. My son after the Saxons (Sasunach. Saesncg). On national uprising, as Pittock convincingly asks me to put the cassette oil and he the other hand the Gaelic tongues shows that it was. But to dwell only on the sings along. The TV and computer have demonstrate their inferiority complex by Highland support for the Prince was the been abandoned to listen to the Gaelic naming English Beurla (the language). way that the Whigs could claim that it was nursery rhymes. In this day and age with Fortunately there were several other words only a peripheral affair by which they technology. I would say that this is a real for "language" in the Gaelics. could reinforce a strong picture of a achievement. Whilst etymology may be the subject of doomed cause with a social organisation arcane, dusty book-shelves 1 hope that I and language unlike that of the rest of I have heard some of the Gaelic have shown that it cart certainly shed some Scotland. nursery rhymes before but 1 have never light on the real meanings of the names we The author further shows that "... Both heard them performed in such a call people. interpretations associated Jacobitism with a spectacular way. The musical Iain C. Uallas strongly demarcated Highland/Lowland accompaniment gives real credit to the d iv id e...” In other words the songs. Jim Gaitens play guitar. Olivia Whig/Unionisi ploy was to divide and Ross plays violin and viola and also Bob conquer. Pegg who plays all the other One might say, though Pittock does not instruments. They all show real talent. I so discuss this point, any tyrants have to would also like to add that they all differentiate a group before they can contributed to the cassette voluntarily C6LX1C ADC CADDS effectively persecute them and few which shows real commitment to the communities on earth have been more Gaelic language and gives us all real persecuted than those Highlanders still inspiration. Celtic Greetings Cards loyal to Scotland's own language. During (Greetings in all the Celtic Languages) the two centuries following 1745 one saw Some of the songs included are: Tha them driven like cattle to the emigrant ships mi ruith ars an rabaid. cuibhlichean to people England's colonies, cleared out a’bhus, Uilleam 6rdag, Tha Domhnall Christmas Cards and at times even burned out of their homes mbr a-staigh and fabhaidh mi le ceuman Beannachtai Cards and lands, having their language extirpated beaga. There are plenty more songs as as the language of leaching from ail this cassette contains 23 songs St Patrick's Day Cards schools and their young men callously used altogether, which is incredibly good as canon fodder in imperial wars. value for money. Historians and others will find this a All greetings are in Irish and English worthwhile book not only for its contents Do not be put off either if you do not but also for the fact that almost a quarter of have children. These songs are excellent £4.50 its length is given over to a wealth of for the Gaelic learner in a very tuneful references showing a massive amount of and addictive way. Very highly research. from recommended. Sadly, the fourth and last chapter appears to be a puritanical attack on all the Contact: Croileagan Inbhir Northampton Connolly Association pretty pleasantries that sweeten Scottish Pheofharain. An Taigh Gaidhlig. Old 5 Woodland Avenue life. There is a "dinging doon” of such Academy Square. Tulloch St., Dingwall, Abington innocent manifestations as tartan, Ross-shire, IVI5 9JZ. shortbread wrappings. "Highlander — the Northampton NN3 2BY Crisp of the Clans" and even the Ladhaoise Nic Leoid England Stone of Destiny Duke of Sutherlands’ to be returned Statue - Update

John Major announced to a puzzled Unlike Mr Major's symbolic gesture Mr House of Commons on the seven hundredth Blair shocked home rulers with his O n ] 0th May [he Sutherland area anniversary of its forcible removal that the insistence that the Scots must first vote yes planning committee of the Highland Stone of Destiny. Lia Fail, is to be returned in a referendum before he would legislate Council rejected Sandy Lindsay’s plans and housed permanently in Scotland. The for devolution in the houses of parliament. to remove the statue of the Black Duke exception being its use at coronations of His plan includes a second question who was responsible for the clearances future monarchs in Westminster Abbey. seeking Scottish views on the tax varying of thousands of Highlanders from their This political gambit came in a week powers for the assembly which the Labour homes. It did however approve leader seems increasingly interested in when the British Labour Party has endured interpretative panels, car-park and seven days of unremitting criticism of its dropping. signage in connection with the 100 fool leader. Tony Blair, who arbitrarily Cynics suggest that he is mirroring high statue and plinth on Ben interfered in its settled policy to deliver a closely the Tories on so many policies that Bhraggie. tax raising Scottish parliament within a he could easily drop devolution which was year of being elected in a British general painstakingly negotiated in the At the same time another application election. Constitutional Convention with Labour's was lodged for an alternative monument partners, the Liberal Democrats, trade The Stone of Destiny was stolen by on a neighbouring hill. Cagar Feosaig, Edward 1 in 1296 along with many Scottish unions and churches. Others believe he has (which overlook Dunrobin Castle, the state archives and relics after his buckled under the "tartan tax” jibe which seat of the Sutherland family) to subjugation of the nation prior to the rising Tory Scottish Office Minister Michael commemorate the victims of the led by William Wallace, Andrew de Moray, Forsyth has been hurling at Labour's plans Clearances and correct the monumental Robert Bruce and Bishop Wishart the for a year. tyranny of the statue erected in 1838 following year. It was the crowning seat of which has been accepted by locals in Scottish kings since Pictish times and nearby Golspie as part of their should have been returned by the Treaty of landscape but hated by anyone sensitive Edinburgh/Northampton in 1328. to the enormity of the Duke’s policies After resting in London for all those on his huge estate. centuries it became a bone of contention when students daringly reclaimed it for A ten minute slot on the July 4th Scotland in 1950. Their plans had not BBC2 TV history series "One Foot in reckoned with the weight of the stone the Past” gave a balanced view of the which had. unbeknown to them, been split spectacular site, the size of the statue in two by a suffragette attack on the and the arguments put on both sides. coronation chair earlier this century in Footage of monster statues of Lenin Westminster Abbey. The repaired stone was crashing to the ground in Albania and returned over 100 days later as King Moscow illustrated the way that other George VI lay dying. For so long it has peoples have made a judgement on the remained as a symbol of London's built heritage of their countries. Book domination of the Scots. of Bhraggie Campaigners are considering an appeal to the Secretary Speaking after Mr Major's offer the man of State for Scotland in order to raise who organised the successful 1950 raid, Ian the issue of guidelines made by Hamilton QC said "Mr Major is giving us SNP Leader. Alex Salmond Historic Scotland, the government back a shadow. What we should be looking quango which advises planners as to for is the substance. What every other the treatment of listed historic nation in Europe, and indeed in the world, SNP leader. Alex Salmond. said of Mr buildings. has is its own parliament to rule itself at Blair: "Tony doesn't give a XXX for a home and to represent itself abroad. Scottish parliament". Meanwhile Labour's The symbolic nature of the Duke's, Without that the symbol of the Stone of Scottish front bench spokesman on the Destiny is so much meaningless masonry." statue highlights the continuing constitution. John MacAUion MP for frustration felt by so many Scots at their Nationalist MPs consider the stone to be Dundee East, has resigned his post. He exclusion from having any rights of only one on a list of Scottish property refuses to back the referendum pledge ownership of their own land. which should be returned to Scotland - insisted on by Mr Blair as he was assured Developments will be reported in due only two days before the Labour leader's other items such as the illuminated Book of course. Deer, which is housed in Cambridge announcement that no such plans existed. University is a case in point. Labour’s nerves are shredding visibly as Rob Gibson, has just launched a book An argument has developed as to where they unveil more and more proposals that put entitled "Toppling the Duke - outrage the Stone should be housed. Its rightful their policies closer to the Tories and Labour on Ben Bhraggie?" published by place is Cone in Perthshire, but Secretary activists grow more and more uneasy about Highland Heritage Books. 8 Culcairn Forsyth suggests Edinburgh Castle. Ian diktat from London. While Labour still Rd.. Evanton. Rosshire. Alba price Hamilton told The Scotsman that it should commands 50% of the Scottish vote (with £6.50 never be overlooked that it is a Celtic the SNP at 2591. Tories 15% and LibDein symbol and he would not like to see it 10%). in England the Tories have climbed Rob Gibson placed in Edinburgh, the most English part above 30% for the first time since Blair of Scotland. succeeded John Smith as Labour leader. dre o c’harterioü. Diskouezet he deus ar bolis RUC ned eo ket gouest pe darev da herzel outo. Ha gwashoc’h. mar deo gwir e oa bet lezet gant pennrener an RUC ar garg da zivizout pe herzel ouzh ar gabaduilherien pe plegan dezho. se a oa u- berzh gouamamam London kement ha reiñ e zilez dirak ur gudenn a leviadur politikel, neket a urzh.

Met e Dulenn e kreder kentoc’h e oa gant aotre London e voe lezet an “Orañjidi" da gerzhet dre ar "Garbhachaf e Portadown hag evit ober hent dezho e voe bazhatet ar re a oa azezet war an hent. Koulskoude e oa bet degaset 4000 soudard Ar vistri oc’h ober o reuz gourdonet-mat da harpañ sevenidigezh an urzh a oa bet roet da gentañ da virout na dremenjent dre eno. Tamallet e vez d’ar Republikaned implij an nerzh evit lakaat o D a heul ar reuz c’hoarvezet a-hed hag framm ar Rouantelezh Unanet. Ouzh ar mennad da drec’hiñ hag en abeg da se ne a-dreuz ar C'Hwec'h Konielezh en eil mennozh-se e sav enebrezh ferv a-berzh an fell ket d’an Unanourien kejañ gant sizhunvezh a viz Gouere ez eo chomet Unanourien evelkent. Ne fell ket dezho e kannaded Sinn Féin. Met into o-unan a ra mantret ar re a hiraezh d'ar peoc'h en vije diazezet ensavadurioü treuz-harzoü kement-all. Iwerzhon, hag a-bell ez int an niverusañ. hag a roje tu da Zulertn da emellout eus ne vern pe Vroadelerien/Kaioliged pe lazoü ar Vroadelourien ha d’o difenn ma Deuet eur en-dro war ribl an islonk evel Unanourien/ Protestanted e ve anezho. Evit vez breset o gwirioü. An emglevioü-sc, a ma oad en hañv 1994. An aozadurioú ar poent eo koulz hag echu gant "an gredonl, zo kammedoü war-du arvilourel pe kevrennoü 'zo anezho o deus argerzh peoc’h". unanidigezh Iwerzhon. Ne fell dezho adkroget en daou du gant o argadoú daoust klevout netra nemet a-zivout ur renkamant ma klask atav renerien o e’hostezennoü E-pad ur bloaz hanter goude d’an IRA diabarzh. politikel delc’her wamo evit ma chomfent bezañ disklériet ar arsav-brezel e tale'has habask. Kalz ez eus da zoujañ e vo ur J. Major da lakaat da rakdiviz da Da briz evit kendelc’her da gaout harp genstokadeg drastus e Doire/Derry d'an berzhiadur Sinn Féin cr c’henbrczegoü e digant an Unanourien e Kambr ar Gumun 10/8 pa “1 ido” an "Apprentice Boys" evel ranke an aozadur kuzh-se dizamiiñ. An en doa ranket Major plegan d'o goulenn bep bloaz trec’h ar Brotestanted digarez pennañ: ar strolladoü unanourien delc'her dilennadegoü er 6-Kontclezh e enkelc’het e 1690 er gér-se rak fellout a ra ne blegjent kei da zivizout gant ur dibenn Mae. Spi o doa e vefent gouest dezho kerzhet war ar ramparzhioü a-wel goslezenn hag a harp ar “spontcrien". An a-drugarez d'o muianiver, er Gendael d'ar Bogside katolik.* Poblañs Doire en tu IRA a nac’he dizarmafi aval kcit ha ne vije (Forum) a vije savet gant an dilennidi. da a'r C Hornóg cus ar stér Feabhal/Foyle. ket graet emglev diwar-benn termenoü ar houezañ war ar c'hendivizoú a dlee iec'h emañ ar gér gozh. zo katolik holl peoc’h. Ar gouarnamant e Dulenn a anzave dernouiñ. gant an Amcrikan G. Mitchcll da war-bouez. ncbcut. Goulenn a ra Pocllgor e oa aner. diwirvoudek. gedal e laskorfe he gadoriad. d’an 10/6/. An daou stroliad an Annezidi ma teuio dileuridi an Orañjidi armoü hep gouzout peseurt disoc’h a vije broadelourien. SF hag SDLP. a oa krenn a- da emguzuliañ ganto a-zivout al lec'hioü d’ar c'henbrezegoü, enep reiñ nep galloud d'ar Forum. Un da dremen pe doareoü ar gerzhadeg. Ret disoc’h a bouez zo bet avat d'an eo en em glevet a-zivout an holl Gouzout a raed e oa kevrennoü zo eus an dilennadegoü: un tamm mat muioc'h a gerzhadegoü pe ne vo fin ebet d’ar IRA o tihabaskteriñ pa ncd ae an argerzh da vouezhioü a voe roet da S.F. (17%) eget na c’habaduilhoü. neblec’h. Ar mestaol er Canary Wharf, oad en gortoz. E c’hall SF lavaret ez eo London, e miz C'Hwevrer '96 a ziskouezas kefridiet da gemer perzh er c'hendivizoit. Pezh zo sklaer n'eo ket mui Sinn Féin pegen bresk e oa an arsav. Daoust da hepken met an SDLP ivez a gred bremañ renerien Sinn Féin bezañ kendrec'hei e oa An daou c’houarnamant a chom start n'eus ket tu da adreizhañ Stadig a reí moni gant hcnl ar politikerezh. ne oant koulskoude en o mennad delc'her ar C’Hwec’h Kontelezh, na da adreizhañ an ket gouest da lakaat darn eus ar strollad-se er-maez keit ha n’en devo ket RUC evit ober anezhi ur bolis diuntuek. stourmerien da ober diouzh o ali. lakaet an IRA da zistreiñ d’an arsav-brezel. Ma ne fell ket d'an d-Trimbled ha d'ar Seúl startoc'h e sav Dulenn a-du gant b-Paisleyed treuzvearc'hata ne vanko ket Grael ez eus bel rageniglevioií etre London er c’heñver-se ma’z eo bet anataet izili nevez d’an IRA. Siwazh. n'o deus ket gouarnamantoü London ha Dulenn da ez eus ur rummad stourmerien prest diskouezet ez int furaet an disterañ abaoe dalvout evit diazezañ ar c'hendivizoú: an bremañ da dagañ polised ar Republik. pezh an distruj graet gant o c’henwallerezh e Emglev Angl-Iwerzhonat. an Teul-Stem, a oa bet difennet ober abaoe pell'zo. O miz Gouere. Bonreoiennoú. Anavezout a ra Dulenn ne lazhañ un igounier e-kichen Limerick o c’haller ket unaniñ ar vro hep asant an dam deus troet a-enep dezho ur bern tud hag a Evit John Major. ne zellez ket nemeur a vrasañ eus poblañs arC ’hwec’h Kontelezh. oa tuet-mat dezho. zoujañs evel stadrener... Ha prest eo da varc'haia a-zivout ar c'hrefen 2 ha 3 eus Bonreizh Iwerzhon. a Koulskoude n’en deus ket torret En Irisli Times e skrive Tim Pat Coogan zisklér ee’h emastenn beli (n’eo ket gouamamani Bruion an darempredoü gant ergentaou e tleje ar Republikaned bezañ lezenn) ar Stad hverzhonat war an enez a- SF. Bez’ez eus atav anezho, dre habask. rak emañ al lanv a-du ganto. Da bezh. Diouzh e du ec’h anavez London e hanterouriezh kargidi. Ne servijfe da netra gentañ en abeg m'emañ ar Stadoü Unanet lie bezañ diogelet ar barelezh-vri d'ar kaout un disrann en IRA. Klask a reer o lakaat o galloud da bouezañ war ar Vroadelourien. eleze e tle bezañ douget degas an aozadur a-bezh da ehanañ da vat Saozon. Da eil, ha se zo pouezusoc'h war kement a vri da hengounioü ar re-mañ da stourm. Se zo deuet da vezan kalz kalz hirdermen. en abeg ma vo. marteze a-barzh (relijion. sevenadur. iwerzhoneg) ha da re diaesoc'h goude m’o deus diskouezet an ugent vloaz. muioc’h a Vroadelourien eget an Unanourien. Ha darev e vefe ivez da Unanourien ne fell ket dezho anavezout ar a unanourien er C'Hwec’h Kontelezh. Ar blediñ gant kudenn an Akt a barelezh-vri d'ar Vroadelourien. met er muianiver eus ar boblañs dindan 20 vloaz C'Houarnamant (1920). a warant d'an c’hontrol ober ar pezh a garont, plijet d’ar zo eus familhoü katolik. Unanourien e chorno ar ó-Kontelezh e re-se pe nann, o kerzhet evel trec'hourien N’ouzon dare. Katolik n'eo kel atav police were more interested in the kenster gant broadelour. Ha da c’hortoz. ar The Menhirs of Carnac association's files and correspondence with goullo polilikel a c'hallfc bezan leuniet , its lawyers than in searching for gas gant ar feulster. mute witnesses to cylinders or explosives. A striking example *Neus ket bet kabaduilh e Doire d'an blind arrests again of the the "law" is imposed in IU/8. Brittany. A. Heusaff Gw.N. w iat does a tourist do when ts)he arrives in Camac for the first time? (S)he Gerioù divoutin hurries to the offices of the Syndicat Lazoù : interests; kefridiet : mandated, d’Initiative and gets a map of all the arvilourel ; paramilitary; Oranjidi (pe megalithic sites of the area. The Oranidi?) : Orangemen. Maeneg/Menec alignment which stretches from Kermario to Kerleskan along the road to An Dreinded/La Trinity has pride of Summary place. It gels rushed straightaway! The implications of the momentous events It is almost three years since, faced with which occurred in July in the Six-Counties the increasing invasion, the Carnac are reviewed here. The supposedly municipality decided to build a belvedere, a constitutional Unionist parties have shown wooden structure made up of fences and that they support the threat of violence and miradors. Needless to say, the menhirs condone its use to maintain their which visitors are so keen to photograph are supremacy, while the London government no longer visible due to the height of the appears unable to exercise its construction. The belvedere however was responsibility to establish the conditions not destined for a long existence. Shortly for a lasting peace in the area. after it was built, slogans appeared on it in black paint: "La Bretagne n’est pas a vendre" (= Brittany is not for sale). Then part of the structure was burnt down. Following this incident a wire fence was put around the whole megalithic site. Turnstiles GWENN-HA-DU, were installed at various points to allow access to the alleys bewecn the menhirs. nationalist bimonthly in French, 28 pp. What was the point then of having a fence? Sub. 150 F but 170 F outside State, go J. Another structure, white and circular, Yann Bouessel du Bourg (Courtesy of le Maho, provisionally at Atelier located within a few meters from the L’Avenir de la Bretagne d’Yzeult. 64 r. Haute St. Maurice, F- alignment on the other side of the road, 37500 Chinon, France. came into being: the archaeoscope. For the Carnac municipality, this was to be Nr 115 continues the publication of provisional, intended to be removed within Yann Bouessel du Bourg A.Y. Denis’ Genealogical History of the eight years. “Promises!" said many of the Breton Monarchy, throwing light here local people. What was it for anyway? To ews of the death of our friend Yann on the rather uninspiring 10th- 11th sell postcards, miniature menhirs, booklets N Bouessei on May 24 reached us too late for century period when feudal interests about Saint Comely the protector of the us to give as full an appreciation of his seem complete to overshadow the cattle who one day. being pursued by the lifelong and active commitment to the national ones. From Edith Perennou we Roman army, turned around and cause of a free Brittany as we would have have the continuation of her study of the transformed all the soldiers into the stones liked in Carn Nr 94 He took part in event of the Wars of Religion (?) at the which are now menhirs. But let us mention founding the Menez Kamm cultural centre end of the 16th century centering around that those “souvenirs” are sold in all the near Gourin. the Unvaniezh Koad Kev to the adventures of the brigand La Camac shops. No more than the belvedere, Fontenelle. the archaeoscope was obviously not to the annually honour the memory of the patriot priest Yann Vari Perrot murdered in 1943, liking of all the population: in the night of also in the work of Koun Breizh. the November 8th to 9th last year, the quietness association founded by Rafig Tullou to of the surrounding countryside was disturbed, the archaeoscope had been commemorate important events of the Breton history. (It is worth mentioning that blown up. The damage, according to the for the first time this year Koun Breizh police, was “considerable". Yet. if you ask the people, they’ll say there is just a hole organised a ceremony in the Rennes-East cemetery in memory of Leon Jasson, a which takes a bit from the value of the Appeal leading member of the Bezen Perrot shot building. on 17.7.'46 together with another member Anyway, it was deemed enough to Jakez Kerjean would like lo obtain Andre Get'froy). Y Bouessel was also one justify the detention of a couple on February information on any/all Breton courses of the voluntary teachers of the association 22. Mme Mary, president of the association being taught outside France - OBER which runs correspondence courses “Menhirs Libres". and her husband were especially in the Celtic Departments in for Breton (5 levels) and also Welsh questioned for two and a half hours by four universities. Please contact him at: 3, learners. He wrote an important thesis members of the Police Judiciaire acting on Allée Jaochim. Du Bellay - 93270 about ARVOR. the bilingual weekly order from a "Parisian" judge. Of course, Sevran. Breizh/Brittany via France. published during the war by Roparz culprits have to be found, but was their Hemon. He W'as a man of strong Christian membership of Menhirs Libres a sufficient convictions. Although he came from an reason for a firming couple to be arrested? aristocratic background, he shared the Their house was searched in their absence, ideal of a Breton nation ruled by a there was no warrant, and nothing was found commitment to social justice. He was a to inenminate them. It would appear that the member of the party POBL French State” is not quite accurate, given that Alsace-Lorraine was immediately in The Sons of the Ermine: 1940 incorporated into the “Reich” and that Hitler refused to answer repeated Vichy requests to say what plans he had for a History of Brittany France before the war was ended However his observations and comments are challenging and well worth pondering by Jean Pierre Le Mat. Publ. by An Clochan. Belfast, 1996. ISBN 1 900 286 017, 100 over. The ten-page chapter “The Texans of pages, Stg£3.50, Frf.60. Europe (1945-1995)" is a compressed version of the supplement which he wrote under the same title to the 1993 re-edition T hanks lo J.P. ar Mat and Diarmaid other nationally minded historians - like of H. Poisson's 494 page “Histore de 6 Breasliin/An Clochi.n it is now possible Henri Poisson and Joseph Chardronnet - as Rretagne”. showing that Brittany is now for the English reading public to acquaint having done all in her limited power to well alive in the economic and cultural field themselves with the history of Brittany in preserve our country’s sovereignty: she - alive and kicking... its essentials without resorting to French failed to back those who attempted to There are unfortunately printing errors in texts. Here is a clear presentation of its continue the fight for independence. He this book and from a language point of view major events and developments down to the adduces more conclusive evidence than the more attention would have had to be given present day with a division in paragraphs of above mentioned authors for the to certain expressions which are influenced 3 lo 5 pages. At the head of each of these independentist positions taken by Bretons by French. However, the readers will succinct indications are given of what was involved in the wars of the "Holy League" generally be able to correct the mistakes. In occurring on the wider world stage and in at the end of the 6th century and by the view of the great qualities of this work they the other Celtic countries around the same “Frères Bretons” in the 1718-19 are really of minor importance. lime. Conspiracy - the latter aiming at "changing A. Heusaff The author does not restrict himself to the province into a Republic”. On those recording the facts, he also assesses them two occasions help was sought from but too Note The ermine, which figured on the coat from the point of view of their importance hesitatingly given by Spain. The leader of of arms of the dukes of Brittany from the for the development of the Breton nation, a the 1675 "Red Bonnets" Revolt, Sebastian early 13th century onwards (but also on nation struggling to assert its freedom ar Balp; meant also to seek an alliance with many others) has come to be seen as a against the interference from powerful the Dutch.* In seeking support from an Breton emblem. It is represented in the top neighbours and to recover it after having external power at the time of World War II left comer of our national flag. been conquered. He does not subscribe to the Breton nationalist leaders were * We learn here that the main leaders were following that tradition. Incidentally J.P Le the usual admiration of Anne, the last rescued by a Dutch ship, after the rising Mat’s statement that "the German Duchess of Brittany who. in spite of her had been crushed. marriage to two French kings is credited by strategists decided not to fragment the National Funeral for Glenmor

1 he popular poet and singer Glenmor died on June 18 aged 65, having been gravely ill since 1992. His burial in his native town of Mael-Karaez was attended by almost 4,000 people, old and young, belonging to the local community as well as to a wide spectrum of cultural and political organisations. Although not a practising Catholic he had "out of respect for his parents” asked to have a funeral mass which was concelebrated by Fr. Yann Talbot and six other priests, though not entirely in Breton as he had wished. Two excellent singers. Andrea ar Gouilh and Anne Aufret sang gwerziou (ballads). The cortege to the cemetery was led hy the At Glenmor’s funeral (courtesy of Bremañ I Kemperle pipe band, with many of the participants carrying Breton flags. The send him to a secondary school, instead he more people than the Breton periodicals. ceremony ended with the singing of “Bro went to a seminary to train for the He has been called a "weakener of gozh ma zadou", the Breton national priesthood but already there he manifested consciences". His concerts in Paris in anthem. The coffin was covered with gorsc his rebellious character by turning 1969-70 were triumphal occasions, rousing and broom flowers in accordance with anticlerical. the public in communion with him. He Glenmor’s wishes. No wreaths. He wanted will best be remembered for his spirited thereby, as with the choice of his bardic- In the late fifties he began his singing songs in Breton, "Nevenoc”, "Kan-Bale an name Glenmor (Glen = Earth as opposite career in Paris, distinguishing himself by A.R.B.", "O Keltia". which Per Denez. in to Heaven. Mor = sea) to express his close the boldness and vehemence with which he Hretnan. considers as treasures of our bond with nature. proclaimed his commitment to the cause of literature. a free Brittany at a time when hardly His real name was Mifig ar Skanv. His anyone dared to proclaim this ideal again But his main output, by far. was in parents were small crofters who brought so openly. For him singing was a political French. This may surprise coming a man him up in Breton. They were too poor to weapon: indeed he claimed he reached who was a native Breton-speaking and who declared in his last interview, with Radio Kreiz. Breizh (Dec. ’95) that for him priority in today’s struggle should be given O f A $ , ¿K w A to our language, although first attention should have previously been given to spreading a knowledge of our history among the people as they would then have O n the occasion of a three day visit in Is it not the same as saying that France been better able to understand why Breton Breton Cornwall at the end of May. cannot adapt itself to new circumstances? is so important. It is a pity that his gift as a President Chirac spoke in favour of Why would the French State's poet (or as a bard as it seems he preferred linguistic diversity in Europe and stated administrators be unable to make measures to be called) and his powerful voice were that he was, in principle, favourable to the which have proved to be practicable in not put primarily in the service of this signing by France of the European Charter other countries effective also in Brittany language as the main means of expressing for Regional and Minority Languages. He and other areas? his ideas but he said he could not earn his took that position at a “republican” dinner living from singing in Breton and he had to in the Kemper prefecture attended by all The UDB urged caution towards the use French to carry the message of Breton the Finistère members of parliament and president’s pronouncement while pointing independence to the multitude. Although he the president of the Rennes-Region (or out that if the government signed, its was acclaimed in big concert halls Brittany-4) Council and again the next day decision would have to be approved by the throughout Europe, he was banned from at another dinner offered by him to 17 Parliament before the Charter could be the French radio and television. "To personalities belonging to economic and implemented in any way. It was the broadcast Glenmor on the national cultural circles. On the 31st when asked at Parliament which decreed that "French is airwaves is a political action prohibited by a press conference about the Charter he the language of the Republic”, this is now the Constitution”, warned the French referred to Jean-Yves Cozan saying that minister of '‘Information” in a circular. enshrined in the Constitution. The terms of this deputy had done a lot tor advancing the the Charter, if referred to the Constitutional Glenmor incarnated the Breton refusal cause of the Breton language and that it Court, by an opponent, could be declared to submit, to toe the line! Four double CDs was he who had brought up the subject. unconstitutional. Combat Breton is quite devoted to his work are to be published definite: even if the signature is given, the shortly. “I have always been favourable to Parliament will not ratify. A.H. maintaining and developing the regional languages as they are the expression of However there is a recognition that in cultures. I invite the other Europeans to the difficult struggle facing the Breton defend energetically our languages against language every opportunity should be used the risk of uniformisation due to the new to pul pressure on the French authorities to networks of information. Each culture is make concessions. The Breton Cultural precious. It expresses itself through the Council has therefore urged all the other medium of a language.. associations concerned to write to President Chirac to ask that there he no further delay Will these fine words be put into in signing the Charter. practice? Is there more here than a personal A.H. view? All energetic promotion of "our regional" languages has so far been totally lacking. On other occasions when French presidents came to Brittany they also had encouraging words for those longing for a change in the State’s assimilation policy. AL L1AMM, De Gaulle in 1969 recited a verse in Breton. Giscard d’Estaing in 1977 spoke of literary magazine in Breton, bimonthly. the Breton (collective) personality and Yann Puillandre, main organiser of Subscription 180 F (Brittany. France), "granted” a cultural charter - not renewed 200 F outside State but 250 F airmail, Gouel ar Brezhoneg (courtesy after 4 years. Mitterand, before his election to P. ar Bihan. 16 r. des Fours & Chaux. Combat Breton) in 1981, acknowledged the "right to be 35400 St. Malo. different" and spoke of reparations. Since The March-April issue. Nr 295. has then concessions won have been repeatedly four poems of which a long one by Per Gouel ar Brezhoneg thwarted or thrown back into question by Denez is dedicated to Lt. Lescalier who the administration, any legal status being was demoted for leading a military denied to the Breton language. band that look place in the 1968 Celtic T 'h e National Festival of the Breton Congress commemoration of the battle Language Gouel ar Brezhoneg held on May Chirac has promised nothing. A few of Saint-Aubin du Cormier. OLher main 25-16 in Speied w'as a success in spite of days before his visit, the minister for contributions are: a story by Alan the cool rainy weather. The concerts were culture told an Occitan paper he did not Dipode about an astronaut. 100 years well attended, the stands displaying Breton think that the Charter was "a good response from now. whose fate is sealed far away publications and publicising the work of to the expectations of Frenchmen who are in space by the inexorability of a associations drew' thousands of visitors and attached to the status of French as the only computer; an account by Paul ar Meur (hopefully) buyers. The organisers were official language". of a journey in Argentine which takes helped by a host of voluntary' workers but him to the Welsh settlement in the were disappointed by making a financial Successive governments have taken the Chubut valley where it seems only few loss due in part to the fact hat dodgers position that France cannot sign because it know Cymraeg; an article about avoided paying entrance fees. The occasion would go counter to the Republican tradition Yiddish by G. Pennaod; a translation by was marred also by the presence of drunken which recognises that individuals have rights S Amos into Kemewek Kymmyn of a teenagers. The festival has nothing to gain only as individuals and not as members of folk tale collected by F. an L'hel: the from such undesirables but the question is an ethnic, linguistic or religious community. end of Y Guehennee's study of the how to keep them away. However it got Moreover the Charter would endanger the 1675 Red Bonnets revolt. good publicity in the media. good working of the administration. feistrolaeth dda o'r iaith ysgrifenedig ond yn fwy fyth o wyrth. Gall 143.000 ddarllen y Llydaweg. a 68.000 ohonynt yn eithaf da. Y Llydawiad hynaf sy’n darllen orau a hwy sydd â'r gyfran uchaf o ddarllenwyr yn eu plith Gall 15% o blith y rhai 45-60 oed ddarllen yr iaith a 30% o blith y rhai sydd dros 60 oed. Yng nghyswllt yr iaith Llydaweg, i'r gwrthwyneb i weddill y byd, anllythrennedd fu ar gynnydd. Dilynir rhaglenni radio a theledu gan 158,000 o Lydawiaid o'r crud. a hynny’n gyson gan 39.000 ohonynt. Ar ben y siaradwyr o r crud. ceir 381.000 o bobl nad ydynt erioed wedi dilyn cwts yn Tynged y Llydawe y Llyadweg ond sydd fwy neu lai’n gyfawydd â’r iaith bob dydd. Y Ffrangeg yw eu prif iaith. ond maent wedi codi'r Llydaweg wedyn. am ei bod yn iaith hawdd m 1936, wedi ymchwiliad Ar J. Demogeot ar hanes Llenyddiaeth ei ehodi. Mae’r bobl hyn yn iau na'r Brczhoneg er Skol cyfrifwyd rhyw 850.000 Ffrangeg. a olygwyd yn gyson rhwng 1851 siaradwyr o'r crud. Mae'r mwyafrif o siaradwyr y Llydaweg yn y dosbarthau. a 1886. ni phetrusa’r awdur rhag neilltuo ohonynt rhwng 25 a 75 oed. Yma cto. nodir Gan I'od bron i draean y Llydawiaid ifainc dwy bennod i'r cyswllt Celtaidd. perfformiadau gwael y rhai iau. Macnl yn wedi gadael Llydaw, gellir aineangyfrif bod deall y Llydaweg, ond nid yn dda. ac ni yn y byd 1,200,0(X) o siaradwyr yr iaith ar Newidiodd popeth yn sgîl y polisi o purdeb ieithyddol a gyflwynwyd yn Ffrainc allant ei siarad. O blith y 381.000 hyn o drolhwy'r Ail Ryfel Byd. Roedd bron i bobl sydd mewn cysylltiad â’r Llydaweg. hanner y Llydawiaid hynny'n gallu darllen ar ddiwedd yr ail Ymerodraeth. yn ei hanfod fel y byddai ffin yr icithoedd nid yw ¡45,000 yn gallu ei siarad ac ni ail eu hiailh, a hynny er nad oeddent wedi’i 306.000 ei darllen. Fodd bynnag. mae chlywed yn yr ysgol. Yn dystion o'r Almaenaidd yn encilio. Talodd y Llydaweg am hyn. Ym 1990, yn ôl yr INSEE 124.000 yn dilyn rhaglenni teledu neu radio cenedlaeihau hyn. ym 1962, ar Gyngor y fwy neu lai’n rheolaidd. Fâtican, roedd 16 o esgobion yn siarad (cyfriafiad?), ni chafwyd yn Llydaw Isel Llydaweg. fwy na 253,000 o siaradwyr y Llydaweg o’r Yn y pen draw, i 40,000 o Lydawiaid. crud, y mwyafrif dros 55 oed. Wedi'i addysgu fu’r prif gyflwyniad i'r iaith. Yn Yn y pedwardegau y peidiwyd â chynnal mewn pedwar rhanbarth. gwnaeth gyffredinol. maent yn liai na 30 oed. Mae throsglwyddo'r Llydaweg i blant, boed yr ymchwiliad i’r ffigwr hwn godi i 6.000 o'u plith yn siarad Llydaweg yn hynny o gywilydd neu drwy waharddiad 268,000. sef I 14.000 o ddynion a 154.000 weddol dda. ac mae 10,000 yn ei ddarllen gan yr addysgwyr. Nid oedd dim yn amlwg o ferched, oherwydd tuedd dynion i farw'n yn w'eddol dda. Hwy yw dyfodol yr iaith. ynglyn â'r gwaharddiad hwnnw. Tan y gynl. Roedd 73% yn byw ar aelwvdydd heb Yn y trafodaethau iled-gyfawyddol a blynyddoedd i860 yn Ffrainc, gel lid fod yn amaeihyddol. a 212.000 wedi gadael gychwynwyd gan INSEE yn Llaydaw isel ystried fod y Llydaweg yn hen iaith yr ysgol yn 14 oed. ac a gyhoeddwyd dan y teitl "Cynigion ar Geltaidd i'w eyn-deidiau. yn ffynhonnell gyfer yr Iaith Lydaweg". sonnir am yr nifer ddi-fesur o dermau Ffrangeg a O’r 268.000 o siaradwyr y Llydaweg o'r crud, dim ond 10,000 a ddywedodd iddynt ychydig gysylltiad sydd rhyngddynt a’r hen Saesneg. ar ôl cael hyd, yn Armorique, i ddilyn cwrs yn y Llydaweg. Nid yw'r si aradwyr. loches o ble na fyddai erlid. Yng nghyfrol

- 50% felt that is was dead or dying in English press subsidies: In contrast the News from their locality English language press in Wales relies - 48% of Welsh speakers who could read even more on subsidies: Welsh had read at least one Welsh book - Poetry Wales - 770 sales - £ 18.260 Wales in the past year - New Welsh Review - 36% of Welsh speakers watched Welsh - 650 sales - £30.030 television regularly - Planet - 1.250 sales - £74.000 Housing Tenure: In 1991 for Wales as a - 21% of Welsh speakers listen to Welsh whole 21.5% of household inhabitants radio programmes regularly Welsh in business: The bilingual crisp were Weish speaking. For social housing packets from “Dragon Crisps" have the figure fell to 18.6%, but was above Welsh language publishing: On a launched their twelve flavours. Alt 230 average at 22.1% for owner occupier and population basis selling 1.000 copies of a 'Spar' shops in Wales are to have bilingual 23.9% for private rented accommodation. Welsh book is equivalent to a best seller in signing within twelve months. The In the most Welsh speaking county - English. The most popular Welsh authors Cheltenham and Gloucester Building Gwynedd - (62% Welsh speaking overall). such as Marion Eames and Islwyn Ffowe Society has also agreed to promote the use 76.5% of social housing tenants spoke Elis sell 15.000-20,000 equivalent to of Welsh. Welsh. Jeffrey Archer’s 1.2 to 1.5 million Copies. Public money support per annum supports Welsh in Westminster: Sixteen of Wales' Welsh are proud: A ‘National Opinion children's educational books at £2 million. elected representatives at Westminster can Poll’ survey for the Welsh Language £200.00 for leisure books and £50.000 for speak Welsh and three are actively Board has revealed that: major products. In adult books there is learning - over half the total. While the -89% think that Welsh should be £200.000 subsidy for leisure books and Welsh language is still barred in London, it available at all levels of education £60.000 for art books. Magazines receive can now be spoken in the Welsh Grand - 88% believe that the language is £335.000 per annum. The Welsh language Committee and Welsh Affairs Select something to be proud about weekly magazine ‘Golwg’ sells 3,500 per Committee when it meets in Wales. Now -71% support its use week with a subsidy of £209.(XX). while the that Rod Richards has had to resign as a - 53% felt that the language had a future weekly newspaper 'Y Gvmro' sells 4.250 government minister, no member of the across Wales with a subsidy of £ 10.000 per annum. government ministerial team can speak 'Barn' receives £45.000 for 1.150 copies. Welsh. Smashing the Morfa Bychan Development

W hat would be the reaction if a It is also interesting to note that Agecrest There is also a Friends of Morfa Bychan company from France intended to have been in Receivership since 1988 and page on the Internet and a rally was held in construct some 800 holiday homes, that have since been administered by a Porthmadog in order to show the strength constituted a serious threat to the culture company of Chartered Accountants, of feeling, both locally and nationally. and environment, in an area of rural Neville Russell from Birmingham. England? Without a doubt, this unfortunate Why therefore would Neville Russell go situation emphasises the need for a Naturally enough the local population to the trouble of employing one of the top Property Act in Wales in order to would be up in arms and resist such a QCs (Queen’s Counsel) and finance a case safeguard local communities and ensure development. in the High Court in London? According to that linguistic and environmental factors a spokesperson on behalf of the company, are of greater importance than the However, this is precisely what is they are under a legal duty to pay off debts rapacious greed of property developers. proposed for one of the strongholds of the accrued by Agecrest. True enough. The present law should also be changed so Welsh language in Morfa Bychan, However, at least two of the Agecrest that it is possible to annul old planning Gwynedd, North Wales. But of course it is creditors are in liquidation themselves. permissions granted when there was less an English company that intends to Therefore, the question remains would public awareness of cultural and undertake this development of unwanted there be any purpose in financing such a environmental considerations. houses. Houses that would undoubtedly court case if there was no prospective represent a lethal blow to the Welsh developer waiting in the wings? It is expected that the Morfa Bychan site language and have serious implications for will soon be for sale. This will signal the the environment. Gwynedd County Council have stated commencement of the real campaign to that they are not able to finance another prevent the development. Cymdeithas yr Somehow or other, this is seen as coun case against Agecrest, being that they laith Gymraeg is committed to ensuring acceptable; after all the forces of the Free have to pay legal costs of something that it never happens. Without a doubt this Market are all important in the present approaching half a million pounds. campaign is relevant to all in Wales, no political climate. Therefore, at the end of the day, only matter where they live or what language protest will be able to prevent the Morfa they speak, as it directly concerns the all This is not the first lime that the fears of Bychan development. important issue that communities have the right to determine their own future in the people in Wales have been raised regarding Morfa Bychan. A similar proposed So far, a number of publ ic meetings have face of the all powerful monetary forces that constitute the Free Market. One thing development was successfully thwarted been held, arranged by local people and some ten years ago. Unfortunately Cymdeithas yr laith. Certainly there is a however is certain. Whatever the outcome of the Morfa Bychan issue the however, history has a tendency to repeat strong united front locally. Cymdeithas has itself, and the present situation is more also stated that this matter is considered a consequences of it will stay with us for many years to come. dangerous than ever before. National Campaign of great importance and launched a national petition against the Agecrest, the owners of the Morfa proposed development during the National For more information contact (01222) Bychan site, in June of this year, won their Eisteddfod in August. 486469 ore (01286) 678020. High Court case in London against Gwynedd County Council to confirm that I must say that, from a personal point of Gareth Kriff the planning permission granted in 1964 view. 1 have never seen such a level of was still valid. The justification for this public awareness and support for any decision? Apparently, the placing of gravel campaign before. I only came across foundations for a path is sufficient to literally a handful of people on the constitute preparatory work on the site in National Eisteddfod field that had not the eyes of the law. As stated by the Judge heard of the campaign and the list of NEWS FROM WALES presiding in the court case: if the same volunteers that are willing to partake in it company had come before the same coun grows every day. contd with the same application today then they Welsh Medium Education: Moves are would undoubtedly be unsuccessful. This Cymdeithas yr laith has done a considerable amount of research on those afoot to provide Welsh medium nursery clearly highlights the dangerous weakness education at Brynmawr in north Gwent. in the present law and emphasises the very companies involved in this development A new Welsh medium primary school is real threat that exists to many communities and have discovered some interesting facts proposed in Cardiff. While the first in Wales where there are literally hundreds indeed In the week prior to the Eisteddfod Welsh medium voluntary nursery if not thousands of dormant planning the Cymdeithas ’artillery' i.e. fax schools were founded in 1943, their permissions that would now be regarded as machines, were once again utilised to great association was not founded until 1971 culturally and environmentally damaging. effect. The 'Fax Attack' commenced on when there were 65 groups. Now there It is not over emphasising the issue to state the Monday against Neville Russell by a are over 1.000 with 15.000 children, and that allowing the Morfa Bychan number of fax machines throughout Wales. receive £500,000 of central government development to go ahead would be By the following Friday Neville Russell grant each year. synonymous to opening the floodgates and had received many hundreds of fax messages (despite the fact that they represent a significant danger to our rural Election Results: Plaid Cymru have changed their number during the week) communities. That is why Cymdeithas yr gained a seat from Labour at Penycroes stating that the people of Wales were laith Gymraeg has decided to put its full in Carmarthenshire and from an energy and resources behind this opposed to any development at Morfa Independent at Aberystwyth in Bychan. campaign. The Morfa Bychan development Ceredigion. cannot be allowed to take place. i______i Briotáinis a bhf á labhairt taobh thiar de line ó chuan Mont St Michel go Dol (beagnach ar theorainn na Fraince) go Raozhon go St Nazaire sa deisceart. Leath an Fhraincis siar diaidh ar ndiaidh go dtf go raibh si in uachlar in oirthear na tire. Faoi 1600 bhf deighilt chultûrtha idir iarthar agus oirthear nô idir an Bhriotâin fochtair agus an Bhriotâin Uachtair. Tuairiscitear gurbh i an Bhriotâinis teanga an tromlaigh sa Bhriotâin fochtair chomh déanach le 1886. Rinne an coinscriobh (mfdhleathach) le linn an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda dochar as cuimse don teanga agus tâ limisteéar na Ô ^áúCuacJuuri yo. *DácÁ¿ui, Briotâinse traidisiûnta cúngaithe go môr anois. Chaill an Bhriotâin a neamhspleâchas jN^a Briotânaigh an t-aon nâisiün gcomhar le Normannaigh agus ba mhinic nuair a ceanglafodh Conradh na Ceilteach a mhaircann ar mhôr-roinn na cilc iad i ngleic leo. Bhf fôrsa Briotânach hAontachta ar2I Mean Fômhair 1532. Mar hEorpa. Ba ó Inis Brcatain a thâinig siaci pâirteach san ionradh Normannach ar sin féin fâgadh ann parlaimint na Briotâine an chcad la, go hâirithe ó Dumonia Shasana i 1066 agus bronnadli taille i Sfr agus de réir Chonradh na hAontachta ni (réamhriocht an Choirn a leaili lhar Devon Eabhrac ar dhuine de uaisle na Briotâine, bheadh sé dleathach cânacha a ghearradh ar Shasana chomh maith le Corn an lae inniu). Breint de Penthiève. an mBriotâin ach le toil na parlaiminte sin. Theich siaci roimh na hionraitheoiri Deinihniodh sa chonradh freisin go mbeadh Sasanacha a bhi ag brìi isteach ar na düichi Pôsadh irnon le Conan II na Briotâine sé de cheart ag an mBriotâin arm dâ cuid Briotanacha Ceiltcacha. Thug na teifigh sin le mac le Anrai 1! Shasana mar bheartas féin a bheith aici. Chomh maith leis sin a dteanga Bhriotanach leo agus ba ôn polaitiuil den chineâl a bhf coitianta sa ré aithniodh an pharlaimint ina hardchüirt dlf sin. Sa bhliain 1166 d’éirigh Conan as a teanga sin a d’eascair an Bhriotâinis. aran mBriotâin. dhiucacht agus thosaigh Anrai ag Is beag eolas a bhfonn ag Éireannaigh caitheamh leis an mBriotâin amhuil agus Mhair an coras riarachâin agus faoi stair na Briotâine. Is beag duine dfnn gur fheod pearsanta dâ chuid a bhf inti. polaitiuil sin sa Bhriotâin go dtf 1789 nuair in Éirinn a bhfuil aon riar den Bhriotâinis Rinne sé iarracht ctiige Angla-Normannach a scoradh na forais náisiúnta Bhriotânacha aige agus ni môr a bheith an-aireach faoi a dhéanamh den tir. uile. Nuair a rinneadh iarracht an léargas ar an mBriotâin a bhfaightear trfd coinscriobh a chur i bhfeidhm sa Bhriotâin an Fhraincis. Is beag ar fad atâ ar fâil sa Nfor ghéill na Briotânaigh go héasca do nf raibh aon dul as ag na Briotânaigh ach Bhéarla niaidir le stair na tire sin. Ni môr riail na Sasanach ach cuireadh iad faoi éiri amach in éadan na bhFrancach. Bhi an faille a chur. mar sin roimh The Sons ofthe chois go brüidiüil faoi réimis Anrai agus a t-éirf amach faoi cheannas an Mharcais de mhic. Risteard (an Leonehrof). Ba é an Ermine: A History of Brittany le Jean- la Rouerie, duine den uasaicme a raibh toradh ba mheasa agus ba bhuaine ar an Pierre Le Mat ata nua fhoilsithe ag An deaicadh daonlaihach aige. Ghlac sé páirt i Clochân, Béal Fëirste (£3.50/ff60). daorsmaeht sin nâ gur thug sé leithscéal do gCogadh Saoire Mheiriceâ in éadan na na Francaigh a ladar a chur i gcursai na Sasanach. Chaith sé tréimhse i bpriosün Ta fianaise ann gur tugadh aitheantas Briotâine. míchlúitcach an Bastille i bPáras i 1788 do na Briotânaigh mur phobal ar leith toise go raibh sé de dhânafocht aige chomh luath leis an gcüigiû céad. On Mheanaois. ar aghaidh bhf an teorainn idir an Bhriotâin agus an Fhrainc achainf a chur chuig an Ri Louis XVI ag Tuairiscitear go raibh Mansuetus, easpag loTg breis saoirse don Bhriotâin. Ba é a na mBriotânach. i lâthair ag sionad chomh deimhnitheach agus a bhf teorainn talaimh ar bith thar thréimhse fhada. Go bhunaigh an Association Bretonne le eaglasta in Tours i 453. Sfnfcidh conradh féinrialtas a bhaint amach don Bhriotâin. idir Briotânaigh agus Fraine i 497. Aeh ba deimhin. bhf trâthanna ann nuair a bhf dli na Briotâine i bhfeidhm nfos faide soir nâ Tar éis bhâs La Rouerie chuaigh Georges é N’ominoe a bhunaigh an chéad rioeht Cadoudal, mac óg feirmeora. i gceannas ar uile-Bhriotânach tar éis na Fraine a teorainn an lae inniu. Is ionann criocha na Briotâine leis na eianta agus an limistéar an ngluaiseacht Bhnotânach. Chuir na bhualadh ag Ballon in 845. Fuair an stât Francaigh an t-éirf amach faoi chois go Briotânach sin aitheantas idimâisiünta on atâ faoi geüig départaient Finistère. Côtes d'Armor, Morbihan. Ille-et-Vilaine agus brúidiúil agus dicheannafodh Cadoudal in bPâpa Leon IV. Ni nach ionadh 1804. breathnailear ar Nominoe mar Athair na Loire Atlantique. Bualadh buille ar aontas Briotâine. na Briotâine i 1941 nuair a scair rialtas Bhi athbheochan chultûrtha sa Vichy an dèpartment a dlugtar Loire- Bhriotâin sa 20Ú haois le leithéidi na hinse Ar nôs muid féîn throid na Briotânaigh Atlantique anois aii aniaeti ù 'réigiün' na Gwalarn a bhunaigh Roparz Hemon agus Lochlannaigh, Normannaigh agus Briotâine. Nuair a rinne rialtas na Fraince na eagraiochta Ar Brezhonag er Skol a Sasanaigh. Ruaigeadh na Lochlannaigh ó atheagm ar réigiüin an heicseagâiri i 1972 thionscain Yann Fouré le Bnotâims a chur dhüiche na Briotâine idir 936 agus 939. Ôs fâgadh Loire-Atlantique taobh amuigh den chun cinn sna seoileanna. Thâinig nul é go raibh an Bhriotâin béai dorais leis Bhriotâin ‘oiligiuil.’ Cuireann an fuinneamh nua sa nâisiûnachas polaitiuil an Normainn ni raibh aon bhearna sa chrfchdheighilt seo gach cineâl pleanâla a chomh maith. Bunaiodh páirtí náisiúnta na teagmhâil leis an bpobal Lochlannach a déantar maidir leis an mBriotâin as rioeht Briotâine agus a hiris Breizh Atao. Sa chuir füthu ansin agus ta sé deacair pointe ar fad. Dâla an scéil ta leagan eile den bhliain 1943 thâinig ann don dforma ama a aithint nuair a thiontaigh chrichdheilghilt seo a dtagtar air i Loire- mileata a ghlac an t-ainm Bezen Perrot air Lochlannaigh ina Normannaigh. Is dócha Atlantique a bheith sa Bhriotâin ach go féin ar bail (i gcuimhne ar shagart. gur féidir Normananigh a thabhairt oruthu bhfâgtar amaeh an limistéar taobh 6 dheas ceannródaí Bnotámise a dúnmharaíodh le de réir mar ar ghlac siad le cunüint den den Loire. Nil buntis leis sin. Baineann an linn feachtas imealga in éadan Fhraincis. düiche theas sin leis an mBriotâin go náisiúnaithe). stairiûii. Tarraingfodh Bhrotânaigh isteach i Tar éis 1945 imriodh géarleanûint ar gcursai na Normainne agus Shasana fiü i ré Is f an Bhriotâinis teanga shinseanha na gach gné den ghluaiseacht Bhriotânach. nu Normannach. Ba mhinic Briotânaigh i Briotâine gan aon agô. Sa deichiü haois gnéùhe glanchuitürtha agus ‘measartha' Westport, which operated without recognition from September 1995. In all Gaelscoileanna - Broken Promises the Minister for Education has granted recognition to eight of the ten new all-Irish Recognition demanded for new Irish-medium schools schools this year.

Broken Government Promises 3. The Minister for Education has now Growth and Development of announced that the 20 new pupils, who had 1. Among our (educational) priorities are: not previously attended school, must all Irish-medium schools *Support for multi-denominational enrol in the same year in the all-Irish schools and Gaelscoileanna including the school seeking recognition. (a) 9 Primary and 6 Post-Primary all-Irish early recognition of new schools;" schools were established in September 1993. Until now the necessary quota of 20 new (cf. page 28 of the document - pupils could be attained by the school's Government of Renewal, Policy Agreement enrolment figures over two years (or (b) 10 Primary and 1 Post-Primary all-Irish between Fine Gael, The Labour Party and more). schools were established in September Democratic Left, December 1994) 1994.

2. In future, full recognition and full (c) 11 new Primary all-Irish schools were entitlement to capital grants will be given established in September 1995. to all schools, including all-Irish and multi- denominational schools, from the date of (d) 10 new Primary all-Irish schools will be their establishment, as soon as the Minister established in September 1996. is satisfied in each case that there will be a continuing need for the school. It would appear that that tremendous rate of expansion is a cause of concern for the This will allow permanent Minister for Education and for her accommodation to be provided at an earlier Department. Instead of trying to stifle that stage, and early recognition of new multi- development the Department of Education denominational and all-Irish schools is should be doing its utmost to cater for it listed as a priority in the Government of and. also, to take the wishes of many Renewal policy document." parents who wish to provide an all-Irish education for their children into account (Cf. pages 32 and 33 of the White Paper when the Department itself is planning new on Education - Charting our Education schools. Future) Gaelscoileanna (co-ordinating body for M. H re nth run: h, Minister jor Education. Irish-medium schools) condemned the Rules for recognition That is now longer to be allowed despite Minister’s decision not to grant recognition the fact that such children would have spent to the three schools that have been in - The Background a year attending a school which was neither operation for one year. recognised nor subvented by the 1. In the Summer of 1986 the Department Department of Education. A fourth school in Maynooth has been of Education announced that new all-Irish refused recognition for spurious reasons, schools would no longer be recognised As a result of this new rule the Minister is without proper foundations, said unless 20 or more pupils were enrolled in Gaelscoileanna. each school. refusing to recognise three all-Irish schools which have been kept open since “We are outraged at the Minister’s 2. In the Summer of 1987 the Department last year through the parent's fund-raising activities. decision" said Jacqueline Nf Fhearghusa. introduced a further sub-rule; new all-Irish "It is not acceptable that the Minister schools would no longer be recognised should change her rules at such short unless 20 or more pupilr who had nor 4. The Minister initially also refused to recognise four all-Irish schools which are notice and without consultation with previously attended school were enrolled in schools or with our organisation. It shows each school. being opened in September and which have more than 20 pupils enrolled who have not an appalling lack of understanding, of previously attended school. However, only proper planning structures and of any three weeks later she announced that three respect for parents or pluralism in of the four schools would be granted education." recognition. The schools refused recognition opened 5. Yet another all-Irish primary school is in September and a major fund raising san direamh. Is scdal £ ann fein mar a being established this year - in campaign is now underway. The schools d'fhds feinics ilghneitheach as an Ballinamore. Co. Leitrim. It was not held an open air 'hedge school' in early düluachair sin. Agus an 20ti aois ag expecting recognition this year us it would September outside the gates of the druidim chun deiridh td döchas ür sa not have 20 pupils enrolled who had not Department of Education in protest and Bhriotain. attended school before. The Minister’s new demanded that recognition be granted to Micheál Mac Aonghusa rule will make it extremely difficult for them. parents of that school to qualify for Summary recognition next year, which they have For further information please contact: Brittany has had to defend itself from been counting on. Jacqueline Ni Fhearghusa. Feidhmearinach. Vikings, Normans and English as well as Gaelscoileanna. (01 >6763222 French. The boundaries o f the country 6. The Minister for Education has granted have been well-defined since the Middle recognition go Gaelscoil na Cruaiche. Ages Teilifis na Gaeilge 'Jifio ‘RfU.C L eader

X h e appointment of Ronnie Flannigan as incredible time warp back to 1969. Even A Press Conference was organised by new Chief Constable of the RUC will do the moderate voices in the nationalist Conradh na Gaeilge on the 18th September little to reverse the fortunes of what is community could not now fail to appreciate in Dublin, the theme of the conference was surely the most unpopular police force in that what limited credibility the RUC had I he Importance of Teilifis na Gaeilge for Western Europe. striven lo present was gone. the future of Irish' - drawing on the With the marching season across the experience of other nations in the Despite reorganisation and reviews North having taken its predictable course European Union who had a television spanning the past thirty years the British the UK media homed in on the RUC, its service in their own native language. government has been unable to create a system of policing that enjoys cross role and in particular its prospective new The meeting was opened by Geardid 6 community support in the North of leader. Sir Hugh Annesley’s successor Cairealliin, President of Conradh na Ireland. would, we were told, inherit a force hit by Gaeilge. Michael D. Higgins, TD, loss of credibility. The short listed Minister for Arts. Culture and the The problems of the RUC are contenders Flannigan, Taylor and Wallace Gaeltacht was the main guest speaker fundamental. It was born as a sectarian were described as men vying for the from Ireland. Other guest-speakers militia designed to protect the poisoned chalice of leader of the RUC. It is included: Basque Country - Mikel predominately Protestant community in the the RUC itself which is the poisoned Echaguibel. Head of Programming, artificially created statelet of Northern chalice however, not the role of Chief Foreign Productions, Euskal Telebista - Ireland. The regular force, complemented Constable! for many years by special constabulary, ETB; Catalonia ■ Imma Tubella, Director Nothing, it seems has been learned, it is of international Relations, Corporacib brutally enforced the dominance of one not a new leader the RUC needs, indeed Catalona de Radio i Televisid - CCRTV; section of the community on the other. the same false dawn accompanied the Scotland - John Angus MacKay, Director, Attempts by the British government, appointment of Hugh Annesley to take Comataidh Telebhiseain Gaidhlig - CTG; since the imposition of direct rule in the over from predecessor Sir John Hermon. Wales - Huw Jones. Chief Executive, S4C; North, to broaden the base and The force enjoys no cross community Teilifis na Gaeilge - Brian Mac Aongusa, acceptability of the RUC have been a support and its sectarian base, exposed by Chairperson, Comhairie Theiliffs na pathetic failure. Periodic scandals have this summer’s violence, corrups by Gaeilge - TnaG. seen the force revert to the type with many associaton even those within it who favour Sedn Mac Mathiina, General-Secretary accusations of brutality, corruption, reform. The ultimate unification of Ireland of Conradh na Gaeilge, said in a statement violence and toiluie. Only leeeutly is a goal sought by republicans and allegations in a London court not only that the founding of Teilifis na Gaeilge nationalists. Realistically such a goal if will prove to be the single most important alluded to the back side of the forces achieved, in the face of continued Unionist boast for Irish since the early days of the character but also sharply illustrated the opposition, will not materialise in the state. mistrust which exists between it and British short-term. In the interim therefore a force Army Intellegence. to police the North is needed so that a ‘Teilifis na Gaeilge will start stable base for democratic transition can be broadcasting on Hallowe’en night and it In recent years a limited degree of established. The people in the North will be of great benefit to Irish speakers integrity was carefully nurtured, as deputy deserve a Police force which will inspire and those learning Irish at school,' he to Hugh Annesley, Ronnie Flannigan (that confidence in both sides of the divided said. rarity in the RIJC a Catholic) developed a community. A Police force founded on, or careful media image for the force which out of the ashes of the RUC, is not an The main purpose of the meeting was appeared to indicate a move towards more option. Too many people have suffered at to highlight the benefits which would balanced policing. A skilled PR man he the hands of the RUC for it to enjoy the accrue from TnaG. based on the was comfortable in dealings with the media confidence of cither community in the Six experience of other countries. The large and politicians. The Flannigan facade was Counties. attendance demonstrated the widespread predictably vilified by the Republican support for the TnaG. movement, they asserted that the ‘new A new leader will make no difference to RUC’. developing a more even handed the present malaise attendant on the force. image, was a charade and that at the first There will be great play in the next few test the organisation would revert to type. months of his task in rebuilding the RUC's More moderate Nationalists were not so relations with both Catholic and with large Clio Celtic Pen disdainful. sections of the Protestant community. This is just so much empty rhetoric as the A quorterh journal., m ainh in Not even the Republicans however could events of this summer have exposed the have anticipated the extent to which their english, dealing v, ith Celtic language forces narrow sectarian base. It is past time warnings would bear fruit. At Drumcree the it went the same way as its Auxilary literature. Available from all good naked sectarian base of the RUC wras counterpart, the B-Specials. bookshops or direct from: exposed when after a reluctant stand-off Che Celtic Pen, 36 Fniithille Park, with the Protestant Orange order the force, There is a place for the RUC - in Irish Belfast BCl 8GC, Ireland. in an amazing about face, fell upon the history! nationalist communities, first at Garvaghy Cel: 0232 -232608 Road and then in Belfast and Derry and J.B. Moffatt £ I per issue + 25p p&p. across the Province. Scenes of brutality Annual subscription (four issues filled television screens across the world as £5 (include p&p). the Six Counties went through an seil vouy iggans a keel andelha, tha belha iggan'gye athor an gullow. Trone heer ew!

Lebmen me vedn laull thewh nap pcth orol: nebun vendvaze ew cooth them gealh tha wellas sertayne rag malga hye desky nebas an tavas nye. Gennez en Penweth. ha merth an gweras, mor pethama kibmiez tha laull andelha. ha e guthmens teez pleaw ha poscaders, ma than kethe bennenma ganaw ew cumpas gen an pow a leb ew hye genesack. an pow a roze tha nye gon tavas. ha desky thene fatla e clappia leall; an pow a throze thene gove ha gouv. ha thor hedna reeg desky tha nye fatla cowz goff tha reemia gen stove ni P ^ U a Ií Z f A gen cough. Dar. an marchant onketh tha leb hye reeg moaz. er e gew. tha thesky tacklaw nango deskez goshy e hunnen thea pa ve hye /% JVece a c c we ^ i « ¿ ? gennez. e a lavarras dothy. “ Me a ve deskez en scoll rammatek, ha tho ve deskez daa, po tho che powhalla. Nag o che whathe deskez en rammatek Sowsnack. buz ma theeze ganaw hagar ma ew gwrez drevan suppoga pelha jA lIi gwreanath ew an gwelha, en pub lea, Cumoack; alena na ra che nevra desky an drellen nye adgan ganaw an trea po pelha: Per efan, an gwreanath ell Curnoack!” gon nea, buz en ednack po nye goack; screefa-compustar coath dreth e gurra andelha. rag fra eze mar leeas ew ownack warbarha gen gerria Sowsnack; whathe an Nena, rag preva an poynt vengava gweel. wos hedna? rowlez screffa o kene nenna. ha FF o e doknas tcdn plus an drea edn bargenteer. usyez meno rag disquethas an ganaw V. ha totchya gen e veaz pycture edn bowgy. Alerh nebun yunkar a gawas fowt itta ve Nye ell gweilas pecare en Curnoack "Drew hedna?” anteth e. "Bowgy!” ameth drevan me tha weetha mar dubm an Nowedga leb ma screffez keveris dreffen. hye. Cumoack nowedga. En kettermen e reeg drefen. drefan ha drevan. Kene kesky kenevrah sort Cumoack. sendgez an screefa-compustar rag gove ew kevez avel "Pewa!" ameth an dean. "Eze deskez Curnoack Uniez han Curnoack Kymmyn. gouv. buz nangew gove cooth tha nye oil genez nebas Cumoack kenz lebmen. than?” "Thera why oil keel droag than tavas dreth an leshan Angove. ha hanaw an plus Rag e a gomeras marth dressa hye adgan Cumoack!" ameth e. “Na ore deneth falla e Trengove. kenzenna gere an tavas heb e thesky. Hye a gowz noniel. andelha rag fra na vcdno why worebas. ry aman?” Peleah era ve a ledia? Termen me reeg desky an gawle a thyskar, mekyez eve per "Bowgy ew an gere leeas era nye usya en Nena e reeg treegas en fatel o nye ree greav an la dreth leb na reze nevra tha Penweth rag hedna.” denty dro tha valews an Curnoack thyskar screffa fowt war an bord due. na enwedgack nye, lavarall dro hebma gwage laull onen; rag discabells vedn desky "Ca!” ameth eve. "Na ore teez traveeth po nag o guthvethez lowar gena nye urt an fowtow mar scoen dre vedn angye desky hunz enna!" tavas gweer. compustar. ha ethewa guthvethez per thaa ha mar gallish ewa rittia tha veaze cabnt ve Ew reze them agery an matter pelha? Soweth! Hebma ew avel an dean reeg argrafez en pidnian edn discabell. Mero, merkya car dotha yrth warnotha. "Dar!" ma Mehall Joseph mere gowsez enurma. meth e. "Fatel ell hedna boaz? Na reeg hye heb mar, ha urt an television per efan; han Richard Gendall gweel yrth hunz ubma!" niel a suya e gilla, ma oil an beaze laull dro hedna aswonez aweeth avel 'An Goff’. Summary Rag ethewa reze purreze dressa an Hagenzol. keth ellen nye libias drova termen passhez boaz cooth thene. ha henwez an goff po gof en Cumoack. nag Where are we going ? dressa nye gothas poran fatel o tacklaw eze malbew dabm destinye rag an dra; buz gwrez nenna, ha cowsez, ha screffez. En teez vedn nevra usya an lavar ma, ha. car Truth is best, though liars find this cowz adro than Curnoack. kellez one heb dre hcvall. c cabmlavarall tha reemia gen painful. Ignoring truth, some people learn medra per glose gwrevthow ha gwra an cough. lies from those who have learnt lies before tavas; ha en gweer eta ma kebrnys dreth them. It is essential ire should not ignore leb nye ell desky. Whathe. ma teez ew Pothew Mehall Joseph a niel hero leall the lessons to be learnt from studying our parrez tha suya e gillez heb gothas pelle dreze tha nye. nye a gothe thene gweel language as it was actually used. If only to iggans a moaz na thor pelle iggans mere notha. thyogall, an mouyha pure avoid mispronouncing the name of our devethez: alena, pe ra an ledarcotha en tol. weer. Anna, rag fra na vedn nye accordya only hero, Michael Joseph, as 'an goff' to ma an rerol wor e suya, lavarall. “Hebma a dotha e hanaw leall. than? Me ell agery rhyme with cough when it should rhyme dale boaz an vor owne!" thewh rag fra: ma nebas mesk nye reeg with stove. And why mock the old lady with gurra meaze alebnia nebas blethidniow nag a rich Penwith accent who, never having Ma mere a gowz hethow urt Mehall eze than dialek Cumoack negys veeth wor learnt Cornish as such, knows and uses the Joseph, rag nessa vlethan veth gool pentp an Curnoack vel tavas. ew breaz mar zawk cans bluth an rebellyans o lediez gen word bowgy, cowshed, as part of her ha drazzack uz na euama scantlowar e normal vocabulary, while some clown who hebma en 1497. Car droren nye oil. gredgy; buz pothew an dra cowsez. an Mehall Joseph o gove. Dar. en Cumoack lias had to learn this word from a book kethe teez reeg draffa aman an ornick calls her ignorant to her face ? creis an gerc gove o screffez vel gof ha smale ma na ell naha enurma pcih rigans goff. ha thor hebma ma leeas gellez tha laull kenz. ha thurt hedna ma angye moaz Just which road are ire taking 1 strays, dreth suppoga drigge an germa raage pelha ha pelha abera than tulgow. ha reemia gen an Sowsnack cough. An cabnt Yndella y hwra ‘Servij ar Bretonek' Cyvetr-^Cennyn hag a dhiswedh dhyn bos an rosweyth Newodhow ynter an hwegh bro geltek krev ha Gwydhalek Alban y w d a y bywek. Synsys meur yth on dhe’n re a’n Dhegemmeres dhyllo ma ha gwaytya a wiei y hyllons spedya gansa. ^ 'ia rte s e n y fydh dhe les dhe eseli an Wella Brown Kesunyans Keltek godhvos yn kever P u b mis y teu dhe Gernow lyver- dyllans deryvadow nowydh diworth termyn yn dann hanow ‘Keleier Servi} ar The monthly publication Keleier Alban yn kever dassergyans an Brezhoneg' (Nowodhow Gonis Bretonek) Senuj ar Brezhonek is well received in wonisogeth wydhalek. Gelwys yn Faille dyllys dell yw gans Skol Uhel ar Vro. Ny Cornwall consisting as it does of extracts 96 (Dynnargh 96) ha dyllys yw gans yllir leverei re a-dro dhe les ha dader an from newspapers and other sources, all Commun na oaidniig. Uwrys yw yn teg keth dyllans ma. Yn Frynkeg kyn fe an of them dealing with aspects of the ha pryntys yn liesliw ow ri istori an yeth yeth. drefenn y vos gwrys a dhevynnow Breton language as they are reported. bys y’n jydh hedhyw. ha skeusennow treghys ny-mes a It is particularly interesting to read Derivadow yma yn kever dyski baperyow-nowodhow. byttegyns an of the activities of people from other Gwydhalek keffrys ha studh an yeth y'n nowodhow aga honan a vydh yn kever an Celtic countries who are working in eur ma. Ynno y hwelir bos 8000 tevysek henyeth, Bretonek. Brittany or who are concerned in some yn Alban ow tyski an yeth a-lemmyn, Rynnys yw yndella:- aspect of Breton Culture. bos 150 bagas-gwari gwydhalek ha 50 We are grateful to Servij ar 1. Bretonek y’n bywnans poblek. unsys gwydhalek yn skolyow kynsa. Brezhonek for producing and distributing Milvil a dus a lever y Fra da dhedhi dyski 2. Media. this publication. an yeth. 3. Skolyow ha dyskans. Yma mappa ow tyskuedhes 4. Lesans an yeth. tylleryow may kevi ha may kevir hedhyw an yethow keltek (Kernow yw 5. Hynwyns tylleryow. merkys yn ewn) sywys gans istori trist 6. Gerlyvrow hag oberennow war an Mebyon Kernow to un ugheldiryow. Mappa arall a yeth. dhiskwedh henwyn tyllerow ann vro Dre redya an lyver-termyn ma y Fight General y'ga furv wir gwydhalek keffrys y’ga gis hwodhor a’n traow usi ow hwarvos yn sowsnekhes. an kedh kudynn re Breten Vyghan yn kever henyeth an keth wodhevsyn yn Kernow. Election bro geltek na. Fest lowen on pan redyn Derivadow erell a wra diskwedhes ynno erthyglow a dhiskwedh bos stagell 1997 looks like being an important troyow a-dro keffrys dhe'n re yw divroys gwrys ynter an broyow keltek oli. Yma year for Cornwall. Not only will it be the tramor chons dhe drcsya gwrcydh aga ynno, omma hag omma, iavarow yn 500th anniversary of the uprising of An theylu. kever Kernow ha'n Gernowyon. Yn Gof and Flamank; it will also be the year Yma derivadow yn kever goelvow. sompel a honna war fnlenn 12 an riv rag of the British General Election and the dyllansow, boes ha diwes, ostelyow dhe mis Genver y kevir erthegyl ow terivas Cornwall Council elections. dryga ynna, fordhow dhe dhyski an yeth bos dyllys an peswara lyver a Cantiques One of the main campaign (yntredha Gwydhalek der Sowsnek, Bretonek may ma ynno unn gan orth an coordinators Cllr. Colin Lawry, who Frvnkek. hag Almaynek). hanow 'Cantique de Tro-Breizh’ po represents MK on both Cornwall County Da via dhe Gernow askorr lyvrik ■(’antique au Scpt Saints’. I yw Malo, Council and Penwith District Council, diwyethek a n par ma yn kever Kernow. Briec, Tudwal. Paol. Samson. Paterne, announced that "in 1997 Mebyon hy yeth ha hengovyow. Corentin. Fenten an gan ma yw Kernow Kernow wall have our strongest ever Redyoryon a garsa gweles dasskrif a wosa bos ena ow tryga pois dyller an slate of Cornwall Council election yll skrifa rag onan heb kost dhe: lyver ma ha devedhys dhe glywes an gan candidates and we will be fielding kenys yn Kernewek ha hi selys war an candidates in 4 of the 5 Cornish seats at Comunn na Gaidhlig keth patron na. Pella hw'ath ni a woer bos the next General Election. This is the 5 Caolshraid Mhicheil an gan onan Gembrek yn hwir. Yndella largest number of candidates we have Inbhir Nis an has yw lesys yntredhon. ever selected to fight a General ALBA IV2 3HQ Yma ynwedh erthygel a-dro dhe Election.” MK last stood in these Rhisiart Hincks. Kembro dell ywa neb a elections in 1983. Summary dryg yn Aberystwyth ow tyski Bretonek At the campaign launch. Cllr. Cohn It may be of interest to members to yn hy Fennskol. Ev re skrifas Istori Lawry said "we will be fighting the know about a new information pamphlet Lvenn Bretonek yn Kembrek. coming General Election on a unique from Alba about the revival of Gaelic War t’olenn 79 ni a wel skeuscnn a platform, that is Cornish. Green. Left-of- culture. It's called "Failte 96" (Welcome dhiskwedh bagas donsorvon re beu yn Centre and Decentralist." 96) and published by Comunn na Kernow dhe’n Goel Yniergeliek ha gansa He said “Mebyon Kernow is Gaidhlig. Printed in full colour it gives a Morwenna Jenkin. Kemowes aswonnys committed to the self-determination of history of the language to the present fest yn ta. Cornwall and our platform is strongly day. based around those open and caring Information includes festivals, food Pella hwath ni a wel war folenn 69 Cornish vales of community, social <£ drink. Hotels, ways to learn the erthygel ha skeusenn may hw'elir ynni justice and internationalism.” language (through English. French & pymp flogh yowynk lowenek devedhys German), a map showing where the bys dhe S. Brieuc a Gembra dhe'n Skol "We want a Cornwall that makes its Celtic languages are spoken today Diwan yn unn gavoes le pymp flogh own way in the world; a Cornwall where (Kernow is correctly shown) and a map yowynk gyllys dhe Aberystwydh. its inhabitants do not play down their showing the true Gaelic place names. own identity and looks to its geography Ena yma pennlavar '.Multilang' hag and history as strengths not weaknesses." Copies are available free by writing to ynn danno hanow’ Colette Griffin. Comunn na Gaidhlig. dyskador yn Gwydhelek yn kresenn "Our Green commitments also set us G.M.S. yethek yn Kemper. apart from the London-based parties. We Regional Assembly Promised

XXeccnt local newspaper repons state that the Labour Party is prepared to give Kemow its own regional assembly, after radically revising its regional policy by dumping the previous commitment to the 10 existing government 'Economic Regions'. Plymouth Labour MP David Jamieson said that smaller regional assemblies L-R John Bolitho, Ruth Lewarne, Paul Dunbar. Davyth Hicks. would give distinctive areas a louder voice in central government and would understand that radical changes to our broadcasts, even though Mebyon Kemow help in competing for European grants. lifestyles must be made now, to protect will be fighting 80% of the seats in Although no details were available of our environment. Conventional politics, Cornwall." how a Cornish assembly would work, rooted in the addiction to constant “If a political party fights 50 seats out or if it would ever come about, the idea economic growth is not acceptable. Nor is of the UK total of 651 they are granted was broadly welcomed within Kernow. the ‘business as usual, but paint it green’ television air-time. For a Britain-wide The Liberal Democrats were split with approach." political party such as the Green Party, the grass roots and the MPs in favour of “And while there is a discernible drift they therefore only have to contest 8% of a Cornish assembly, but as usual they to the right in British political parties the available seats." said that it was their idea first and today, Mebyon Kemow refuses to follow "Mebyon Kemow will be fighting lour accused the Labour party of stealing this line and is proud to proclaim that it is Cornish seats at the next election - or in their policies (forgetting that it has been still unashamedly Left-of-Centre and other words 80% of the seats available to Mebyon Kernow policy for some 45 believes that government has a a Cornish party. And yet we will not get a years). Several Cornwall Councillors responsibility to intervene to tackle broadcast. We have been informed that to were luke warm on the idea (many of poverty and inequality in our society gain a broadcast Mebyon Kernow will whom are known to prefer a whenever and wherever it can." need to fight all Cornish seals plus another "Devonwall" region, some actively involved in “Devonwall" Quangos). "Mebyon Kernow is committed to a 45 outside of Cornwall." MK’s Colin Lawry said that Cornwall’s just and fair society. We will never accept "Mebyon Kernow are hoping the case for an elected assembly was the cunent trend of blaming the poor for many people both in Cornwall and strong, as something had to be done to their poverty, condemning the sick for the sympathisers throughout the Celtic World tackle the problems of high strain on the under-funded health service, such as Celtic League members will unemployment, low wages and high and punishing the unemployed and small support our campaign for Cornwall." housing costs, but expressed concern businesses for the incompetence of the about the political will to provide a government." Selected to fight North Cornwall is proper Cornish assembly. "And fundamental to Mebyon John Bolitho. a retired shopkeeper and Kernow’s plan for Cornwall is the well-known local singer, who performed The Western Morning News, the decentralisation of power to Cornwall in the theatre for 15 years. A Cornish local daily newspaper which has an as a political and economic unit. We, as speaker and a Cornish Bard; he is also a editorial opinion that normally supports Cornish people, should be having a member of Bude-Stratton Town Council. "Devonwall" had the front page greater say in how Cornwall is headline “‘Home Rule' for Cornwall governed.” Paul Dunbar will be fighting South- East Cornwall. A vineyard owner. Paul is a Hope". They also ran a telephone poll "Power must be given to Cornwall as Cornish bard and a language activist. He is in the Cornish editions of the paper a national community and to all our local a member of the Cornish Language Board which resulted in a 71% YES vote, “in communities, so that local people can be and the Cornish Language Fellowship. favour of Cornwall going it alone", empowered to lake more responsibility for with only 29% voting, “for Cornwall to the quality of life in their communities - a 32 year old Davyth Hicks will be remain part of the South West region". "bottom-up" approach to government lighting Truro and St. Austell. Davyth has This did not prevent a number of rather than the present top-down been a professional musician for the last 8 articles which attempted to promote a approach." years. He is also studying for a PhD in "Devonwall" region, these however Celtic Studies at Edinburgh University. He added "Mebyon Kernow will be seemed to point out reasons for a giving the people of Cornwall something Ruth Lewarne is the party's candidate Cornish assembly, by highlighting the really worth voting for.'1 in Falmouth and Camborne. She is a benefits to Devon of "Devonwall" mother of two, a committed Fellow campaign organiser Dick Cole, region. environmentalist and already represents MK's Press Officer, said "this will be an MK on Penwith District Council and important campaign for Cornwall, but we The people of Cornwall are it seems Penzance Town Council. know that it will be a hard fight ahead." fed up with being told what to do by- Anyone wishing to know more about London, and how marvellous the South­ “As a Cornish-based party, we are Mebyon Kemow, to join of offer support, west [sic] economy is doing, when they badly disadvantaged against the London can write to MK Press Office. Shell can see the truth with their own eyes. parties. Access to the London-based Cottage. Moorland Rd„ Indian Queens. media will be less than minimal and we Cornwall. Martyn Miller will be denied parliamentary television scoillyn ard. as cha nel shen lowit ayns Nalbin. Ta ymmodee Albinee smooinaghtyn dy vel Lunnin gimraa genney stoo-ynsee ayns scoillyn ard myr leshtal. Ta'n red cheddin ry-gheddyn ayns Mannin. Ta kuse dy h-olteynyn jeh'n Chiare as Feed lane shickyr dy vel yn Ghaelg myr cooish Ihiannooagh ny lomarcan, cooish ta cooie da paitchyn aegey as toolyn aasit (‘Cha row yn Ghaelg rieau ny chengey chiart’). As shegin dooin goaill rish dy vel sleih ayn ta slane ayns foayr jeh'n Ghaelg agh t'ad smooinaghtyn nagh vod ee dellal rish cooishyn ayns scoillyn ard. Son shickyrys, s’beg y stoo-ynsee Gaelgagh ry-hoi scoillyn ard ta ry-gheddyn AllHWA^k AljMé ec y traa t'ayn. Agh foddee ny Gaelgeyryn croo stoo-ynsee chammah as focklyn noa er yn aght cheddin as ta goll er jannoo ayns cheeraghyn elley. Foddee Gaelgeyryn cheet dy ve cliaghtey loayrt mychione tooilley 6coitUw Ard cooishyn ayns Gaelg. Mannagh vees ny Gaelgeyryn prowal jannoo shen. hig yn ghleashaght Ghaelgagh dy ve ny gieashaght-shennaghys ny lomarcan. Myr shen. ga dy vel yn Ghaelg Albinagh C dia nel reiltys Lunnin arryltagh dy stiureyder y cholleish shen, er y fa dy bee foddey ny stroshey na’n Ghaelg, ta Ihiggey da scoillyn ard ayns Nalbin eh ny sassey geddyn argid veih un oik na cosoylaghtyn eddyr staydyn yn daa hengey. gynsaghey cooishyn-scoill trocid Gaelg veih hoght oikyn. Ta sleih dy liooar ayns yn daa heer Albinagh kyndagh rish 'doilleeid obbree’. Goll erash dys Albinish ayns scoillyn ard, smooinaghtyn dy vel red beg jeh'n chengey Ta'n Scrudeyr-Steat son Nalbin er ghra dy ayns 1994 ren seruteyryn-scoill cur magh cooie da paitchyn, agh s'liooar shen. vel eh ymmyrfhagh dy smooinaghtyn dy imraa va noi sheeyney ynsagh trooid Sleih ta smooinaghtyn myr shen, ta kuse dowin er aghtyn dy ve speeideilagh sy traa Albinish veih bunscoiilyn dys scoillyn ard. jeu credjal dy vel ny chengaghyn Gaelagh ry-heet. Ta'n Scrudeyr-Steat gra dy vel Va sleih goaill yindys jch briwnys ny jeh beggan scansh as nagh vel ad baggyrt er reiltys Lunnin goaill ayns laue shaleeyn dy scruteyryn. Kyndagh rish shen. ta 123 dy gheddyn tooilley ynscydcryn oddys heshaghtyn as persoonyn cr chur ny peiagh erbee. Agh t’eli baghtal ry-akin dy gynsaghey trooid Albinish. Keimeeyn barellyn oc mysh imraa ny scruteyryn. Ga vel sleih elley coontey dy vel gaue ennagh ayns ny chengaghyn shoh. Red scarree (graduates) as Allbimsh oe la gobbraghey dy beagh bunnys gagh nane jeh ny ayns bunscoiilyn, bee toyrtyssyn h-aghinyn noi briwnys ny scruteyryn. ta’n t’ayn. er-lhieu, dy ve loayrt chengey elley ta soilshaghey magh nagh vel oo goll rish eear-eheimagh (postgraduate grants) Scrudeyr-Steat er nobbal sheeyney ynsagh sleih elley ta slane biallagh da'n steal. Cha ry-gheddyn oc. Bee coonseilyn ynnydagh trooid Gaelg Albinagh dys scoillyn ard. goil er greinnaghey dy yannoo ny smoo son Yn MP son ny h-Ellanyn Heear. Calum nel y beoyn shen cho lajer as v’eh. agh t’eh possanyrt roie-scoill ta cur Gtiidhlig er e Mac Donald, dooyrt eshyn dy row trimshey foast ayn. Shegin dooin streeu dy hoshiaght. As Ihisagh coonseilyn ynnydagh ersyn er yn oyr nagh dug yn Scrudeyr-Stcat hoilshaghey magh nagh vel eh ny red as sheshaghtyn Albinish co-obbraghey ny as Oik Nalbin geill da ny barellyn ta noi quaagh dy ve loayrt ass chengey erbee sailt. share. briwnys ny scruteyryn. as dy vel eh ny red dooghyssagh dy Ec y traa t’ayn, ta lieh-cheead unnid Cha nel Comunn na Gilidhlig ny Comunn veaghey trooid y chengey shen chammah as oddys oo. Albinish ayns Nalbin lesh thousane dy lieh nan Parant jeant bwooiagh noadyr. Shenn dy h-ynseydce ayndaue ooilley cooidjagh. chrout politickagh t’ayn, fockley drogh Orree Crennell Paitchyn ayns ny h-unnidyn shoh. t’ad goll naighi fo cloagey meer veg dy naight vie as Summary er ynsaghey trooid Albinish ayns guee nagh jean y theay cur monney geill bunscoiilyn raad la ny paitchyn elley goll er da'n drogh naight. Dy lirrinagh. she drogh Efforts to extend Gaelic medium education ynsaghey trooid Baarie. Ta ny h-unnidyn naighi t’ayn nagh vod ny h-Albinee cur to secondary schools in Scotland have been slioh feer speeideilagh. as sleih la ynsagh trooid Gaelg Albinagh er e stalled. Many people do not believ e the gobbraghey son Albinish. v'ad jerkal dy hoshiaght ec y traa t’ayn. Son shickyrys, real reason for this is the shortage of beagh unnidyn Albinish currit er bun ayns bee reiltys Lunnin ceau tooilley argid er yn suitable leaching material. scoillyn ard Albinagh. Ta imnea mooar er chengey ayns ny scoillyn. agh s’beg yn ram jeh’n sleih shen nish kyndagh rish argid t’ayn - ommidjagh. yiarragh ram mee-arryltys reiltys Lunnin dy chur sleih. Teh jeeaghyn dy vel reiltys Lunnin ynsaghey trooid Albinish ere hoshiaght. arryltagh dy cheau paart dy h-argid er Agh ta leshtal ec reiltys Lunnin sy Albinish ayns bunscoiilyn. agh cha mie ceLcic HistoDY Review chooish shoh. Foddee ad gra: 'Cur-shiu my lesh yn reiltys shen yn chengey y ve myr ner: ta shin cur yn chengey er e hoshiaght chengey vio as ymmyd jeant jee son er aght keeallagh as fondagh. Cha cooishyn y laa t’ayn jiu, goll rish co- A biannual magazine dealing with jeanmayd goll ro happee as milley y slane earrooderyn as keintys. Ta Lunnin gialdyn the histories of the si\ Celtic countries shalee' Son shickyrys, ta ny toyrtyssyn son dy bee tooilley coorsyn 'Gaelagh' ry- trom a notional and inter-Celtic Albinish goll seose dys £2.1 miilioon gheddyn. agh she 'Studeyrys Celtiagh' vees (bishaghey jeih sy cheead), bee coorsyn ayn, cha nee coorsyn-chengey kiart. Surrys v iew point. noa ry-gheddyn ayns scoillyn ard. as bee ad enn dy vel Gaelg Albinagh (goll rish ny cur er bun ynnyd ry-hoi jannoo stoo-ynsee myn-chengaghyn ooilliu) sauchey choud’s Price f 1.50 per issue. as dy chur magh eh. t’ee dooint ayns ghetto, loayrt ree hene. Ta Yn argid ta colleish Sabhal Mor Ostaig Albinee corree er y lion dy vel ynsagh Annual Subscription £3.50 from 2 16 geddyn veih coonseilyn ynndyagh. hig shen trooid ny chengaghyn dooghyssagh dy ve fo smaght Oik Nalbin. S'taittin lesh ry-gheddyn ayns Brctin as Nerin ayns Falls Road. Belfast 12 6AH, Ireland. Fynnodderee makes JeaiUey Qaelgagh home with them, providing some Gaelic in come back in Manx their home environment and showing that H e d shoh er cummal yn shiaghtin Gaelic is not just found at the playgroup". s’jerree jeh Mee Houney. S'treisht llnam Gaelic Film dy bee claare yn ‘cailley feer ghollrish yn Manx Gaelic speaking actors and claare v'ayn nurree. S'treisht Ihiam neesht anyone willing to help translate Scottish dy bee tooilley argid cheet stiagh as myr he Fynnodderees were an integral part Gaelic scripts into Manx are asked to shen bee yn chaghteraght ain currit roish Tof Manx rural life in years gone by, contact Phil Gawne at Cooil Bane, yn theay ayns aght share. Ta’n ving ayns however, due to the hustle and bustle of Cregneash. Mannin. feme jeh cooney voish dy chooilley Gaelgeyr er yn ‘eailley. G'insh da Phil modern live and the loss of their native Phil Gawne Gaelic speech they packed their bags and Gawne (834844) my loddee oo cooney left for the Western Isles of Scotland. A lhien. Ta shin geearree eieyn noa son y joint initiative from Gaelic speakers in the chiaghtin. argid voish co-lughtyn as Isle of Man and Scotland has helped sheshaghiyn as dy chooilley pheiagh ayns entice some of them back here with a Mmx D ances Mannin loayrt paart dy Ghaelg er y lucrative recording contract for a Manx chiaghtin. Gaelic film! in the National Ny jarrood 23-30 Mee Houney! A high powered delegation from the Summary Scottish Gaelic Television Committee C n m c e le m Feailley Gaelgagh I Manx Gaelic Weekl (CTG) visited the Island to discuss the will be held this year on 23rd-30th options available for dubbing Scottish November. The event is to be similar to last Gaelic programmes into Manx. They met A working party of teachers, with the year, with the main emphasis on promoting with representatives of the main Manx approval and backing of the Department the Manx language. Gaelic groups and the Manx Heritage of Education, is busy preparing a booklet Foundation, and as a result of this of Manx Dances, for use in Manx meeting, high quality Manx Gaelic Schools, as part of the National children's videos are expected to be Curriculum in PE. They are also available by the autumn of this year. arranging for an accompanying set of Among the first Scottish Gaelic cassette tapes and hopefully a video. programmes to be dubbed into Manx is one about an ‘Uruisg’, the Scottish name The working party has spent about a for a Fynnodderee. Other programmes on year discussing the needs of schools and deciding on a set of four suitable dances the initial list for dubbing are 'Mire Mara’ and 'An Taigh Tapaidh’, both of which for each of Key Stage 1. Key Stage 2 and may be familiar to TV viewers in the north Key Stage 3. These dances have been written out in a simple form to be made of the Island who receive Scottish into an A5 size booklet. television. The CTG delegation included John The music group Phynnodderee has Short History Angus McKay. Chairman, Margaret been asked to produce a short cassette McKelvie. Business Manager, and tape for each dance, with performance of the independent producer Mairead Ross. CTG speed music on one side and slightly has a grant of some ten million pounds per slower, learning speed music on the Manx Language annum to spend on Gaelic broadcasting other, or if there is more than one version and has played a major roie in stimulating of a dance, then a different version on each side. the resurgence of interest in Scottish Brian Stowell and Gaelic. John Angus McKay was the prime Different schools in each Key Stage Diarmuid ô Breaalâin mover in initially persuading the British have been asked to prepare the chosen ISBN 1-900286-02-5 available from An Government of the importance both dances and for their performance to be Clochdn. 36 Fruithill Park. Béal Feirste, culturally and economically of supporting recorded on video. The idea being to Ireland price Stg.£2.50 Gaelic broadcasting. show not only the whole dance, but also The CTG members felt that it should to show separately, the steps and more difficult figures. One video covering all be relatively simple to provide many hours New Manx Language three Key Stages will be produced. It is of Scottish Gaelic programmes for dubbing into Manx; programmes for not planned to produce a video of Officer experts giving a polished performance, adults and children alike. The videos when but rather of children, in the appropriate produced will be made available to all P h il Kelly has been appointed the age range, enjoying dancing - wans and Manx Gaelic groups and educational Department of Education’s new Manx establishments. However, due to the high all! Language. He w ill take over from Dr Brian cost of royalties, charged for commercial it is hoped that the non-specialist Stowell. who is retiring in September. production, they will not be on sale to the teachers in schools will be prepared to Mr Kelly is currently one of two full general public. 'have a go’ at teaching these Manx time, peripatetic Manx teachers working dances. They may feel the need to attend under Dr Stowell. The news of this considerable Inset. Twilight or Coordinated Teacher Mr Kelly didn't learn Manx at school breakthrough is seen as a significant boost as the opportunity wasn't available to him. to the new Gaelic medium nursery/ Release courses to gain more knowledge and confidence. A few of the more eager He learned by speaking to fluent speakers playgroup 'Mooinjer Veggey' by its like Doug Faragher. author of the Manx chairman Phil Gawne. “The children who and enthusiastic teachers may even decide to take things further and join one Dictionary. attend ‘Mooinjer Veggey' will come Between 800 and 1.000 children, most primarily from English speaking homes. of the many Manx Dance groups based on the Island - we can but hope! of them seven to 1 1 year old primary These new videos will be available to the school pupils, are learning Manx under a ‘Mooinjer Veggey' (little people) to take scheme the DoE started in 1992. Cymru and Breizh. Unfortunately Kemow is still a cause for concern. Our other branches have maintained their level of activity. We are only three years away from the Millennium (and only four from our 40th anniversary). The one hundredth issue of CARN wilt be published soon (Winter 1997). We should reflect on strategies to progress our political aims in the context of the continued change in Europe.” Cathal O Luain Convenor/Cathaoirleach *** CeCtic League A Q M Resolutions The following resolutions were and adopted at the Annual General Meeting. Resolutions were considered from each 1 his year’s AGM took place in Plomeur, Breizh on 10 August. Delegates from all six country on rotational basis. In addition Celtic countries attended, with strong support from Alba, Breizh, Eire and Mannin. some resolutions were proposed by General Along with delegates came observers and friends, making this one of our best ever Council Officers. Due to the number of AGiMs. Business aside, members were able to enjoy the particular heauty of Briezh - its motions proposed not ail were considered music, scenery, crepes and cider. in the allotted time and those still Our very special thanks goes to Youenn Craff, secretary of the branch, who not only outstanding will be referred to the General gave his house over to visiting Celts, but also arranged some outstanding gastronomic Council of the League to determine what delights. action should be taken. The AGM raised some good interest from the media and members were able to meet * Considering that the Parliament of a number of people working to further the Breton cause. Brittany building in Rennes, deslroyed by arson during the night of 4th to 5th ot On a sadder note, the AGM observed a minute’s silence to honour fellow Celt, Yann February 1994. has since been the Boussell de Bourg, who passed away on 24 May this year. subject, in spite of complaints lodged **** with the authorities, of a series of impostures and falsifications, Below we set out extracts from the that the Insuring State, which has not Convenor's Report, which gives a good contributed a cent, has organised as part overview of the ongoing work and show's of a deceitful publicity a shameless clearly the growing strength of the Celtic collection for the alleged purpose of League. rebuilding the Parliament as it was, "It is a source of satisfaction to me that that the 28 Million Francs thus collected we are meeting here in Breizh for our - which include 10MF granted without consultation by the Regional Council AGM this year and I am happy to have been able to assist in ensuring that we met within a short time after the attack here this year. I attended my first AGM in (although the same council announced Breizh in 1974 and made contact with subsequently that the setting up of a many Breton Branch members and people Commission of Enquiry was "no concern in the Breton political and cultural of theirs”) - will also be used to add movements. This is one of the real benefits another floor to the building so as to of rotating our AGMs. and we should extend its use as Law courts, ensure that this is maintained. this AGM asks The General Secretary and other that after wasting two and a half years Officers have provided detailed reports this illegal project be cancelled and that which indicate that at Central level our Cathal 6 l.uain the lawful work of reconstruction be at w'ork is going w'ell and much effort has last undertaken and carried out speedily, been expended in ensuring this is so. The only delegates from an organisation active that our Parliament be rebuilt as General Officers deserve our thanks for in the Celtic countries. In the coming year proclaimed identically and not with an their efforts. we in the League must ensure support for additional floor (which would constitute As can be seen much publicity was the Declaration during the implementation an abuse of authority, a swindle and an generated by the General Secretary for our phase with UNESCO. insult to the Breton people), campaigns and in progressing our CARN has continued to improve in also solemnly asks that the French resolutions. many aspects and our finances have been government institute an investigation of The Assistant General Secretary has carefully managed by the Treasurer. This is the motives for this attack and of the established the Celtic League site on the an area we must always focus on. as complicities involved. Internet, providing us with the benefits of without sufficient funds many of our efforts A note of explanation: The Parliament of modem communication. He also helped in and campaigns would not be possible. Brittany was the highest court of justice the arrangements for his and my attendance It is good to see that the general during the period of self-government from at the World Conference on Linguistic situation in National branches has improved. 1532 to 1789. It is not to be confused with Rights in Barcelona. June 6-9th. At this A new' secretary has been appointed in Alba. the Breton assembly of the Estates-General. conference we became signatories to the The Irish Branch, after a period in the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights. doldrums, is being reactivated by Pat * This AGM protests against the repressive I think il was significant that we were the Bridson. The position has improved in measures taken against those Breton people who provided humanitarian Calls on the Irish government to strive to Britain” what in reality was Celtic assistance and support to Basque bring about a review of the Common Britain. refugees who had sought refuge from Fisheries Policy during the Irish EU Spanish oppression. Presidency so as to enable Ireland and the * This AGM, alarmed by the repetition of Believes this action, directed at the other Celtic countries, disadvantaged as catastrophic oil-spills from tankers which national aspirations of the Breton people they are on account of their peripheral have caused widespread destruction of as much as against the Basques, situation, to develop or build their fishing marine life and so severely affected the contravenes International conventions on industry, in particular calls upon the economic life of coastal areas of at least the treatment of victims of oppression. European Union to apply subsidiarity, in five of the six Celtic countries in the past the Common Fishing Policy (CEP), to the twenty years; This conference totally condemns the Celtic countries to control their own fish Urges the governments responsible for harassment of Bretons by the French and stocks. calls for an investigation into the methods the protection of the environment in these used. ICymru resolution Composite with Expresses satisfaction at the Irish countries as well as the European Union ci Breton branch resolution) government’s support for the UK to adopt strictly binding measures to government in its opposition to the avoid such accidents, in particular * This AGM condemns the policies of the practice of ’flagships' using other EU enforcing double hulling for all tankers, Irish Minister of Education. Niamh member-states registers to catch fish. prohibiting them from sailing through Breathnach. and the Department of narrow sea channels or within given Education in Ireland which have resulted * This AGM. noting with keen interest the distances from shore, use of pilots in the refusal of recognition to six declaration by President Jacques Chirac familiar with the approaches to storage gaelscoileanna without any forewarning, that he is, in principle, favourable to the facilities. just weeks before the beginning of the signing by France of the European school term. Charter for Regional and Minority * This AGM rejects as ineffectual the Languages, asks the President 10 use his recently announced enquiry into the use We urge immediate recognition be supreme authority so as to ensure that the by the RUC and British Army of plastic granted to these schools and, furthermore French government signs the Charter baton rounds during riots sparked by the that the Minister, as part of the without delay, thus fulfilling the wishes British governments decision to allow introduction of Education Boards of the peoples concerned. Orange marches, previously banned, to establish a separate board for Irish be routed via Nationalist areas. Medium and Gaeltacht schools. * This AGM. whilst accepting English and French as necessary means of common * This AGM calls upon the UK expression, ask for every effort to be government to recognise Cornwall's right made to promote the Celtic languages to independence as a Celtic nation in any visually as powerful symbols of moves to return independent power to nationality. Wales and Scotland. Cornwall should not be joined in a region including parts of Recommendations: South West England. (a) As the CL has several gifted linguists, * This AGM, whilst welcoming the steps they should be given responsibility as taken to consolidate the teaching of Manx translators to the National Executive to in schools, calls upon the General ensure each branch produces Council of the Celtic League to seek membership forms, renewal forms and further action from the Manx government information sheets in its language. to enhance the opportunities for the (b) Each branch should critically look at its teaching of Gaelic in Manx schools and literature apropos positively promoting also to provide support for the Gaelic the national language. Medium Education. This should in long-term ensure that each branch in totally bilingual and the * This Ard-Fheis states it shall be a general executive conferences multi-lingual. policy of the League to use the term Youcnn CralT. Breizh Secretary "English" rather than "British" to refer to * This AGM. deplores the tactics of the the occupation of Six Counties (present) Westminster government during the Noting, that the use of plastic baton and of Ireland (in the past). Peace Process, which led to the loss of a rounds and rubber bullets have to date unique window of opportunity. been the cause of 17 deaths (eight * This AGM. recognising the devastation children and nine adults) in N. Ireland being wrought upon city and rural areas We call on them to remedy this by when used by the security forces, cails of the Celtic countries by drug related admitting Sinn F6in to the All Parly Talks for an end to the deployment of these and to relinquish their demands for the crime calls for action to investigate the weapons. decommissioning of arms which can only illegal laundering of drug related profits be realistically attained when a full of narco-terrorism via off-shore finance The Following Officers were elected to settlement is negotiated. centres in Dublin, the Isle of Man and the the General Council: Channel Isles. * This AGM condemns without reservation Convenor: Cathal 6 Luain. General Calls for European cooperation to the Isle of Man government lor operating Secretary & PRO: Bernard Moffatt, establish a Police Task Force to a prison regime and system which holds Assistant General Secretary: Mark investigate laundering in all European persons in squalid, overcrowded, Kermode, Editor: Patricia Bridson, financial services centres including the inhumane and degrading circumstances. Treasurer: Paul Kelly. City of London. Calls for a report on the situation to be The AGM was also notified of the prepared by the Celtic League General election of a new secretary to the Alba * This AGM urges the EU to press for the branch. Risnidh Magaoidh (Richard adoption of a stringent policy binding on Council and forwarded to the United Nations Human rights agency in Geneva. Magee), and thanks were duly extended to all States to ensure conservation of fish the outgoing Secretary Maire Denovan by and whale stocks; *This Ard-Fheis believes that it is the Convenor who paid tribute to her good unsatisfactory to refer to as "Roman work over many years for the Alba branch. About the painter René Yves Creston

The following article was inspired to in a bombardment. I was fortunate to be Yann Bouessel du Bourg by the catalogue able to see its proofs in the Spring of of an exhibition of R.Y. Creston’s work 1944. It is a great pity that it is now which has been held in the Saint-Bricuc forgotten even though objections could be Museum since the beginning of 1995 and raised to the plate representing the 14th is due to end in November 1996. This century duke Jean Le Roux which I also catalogue of 50 pp. is available for 50 F found surprising - but it could easily have from the museum We publish the article been amended or replaced. (?A.H.) as it expresses well our departed friend's way of thinking. No artist has perhaps incarnated so A.H. truly that new youthfulness, mythical fervour and heroic conception of life ********** which pertained to Breiz Atao although he never got really involved in the political side of things. According to the John Lome Campbell The catalogue includes a study of the (courtesy The Times) work of R.Y. Creston ( 1890-1964). It militant Denise Guieysse for whom he bnngs new elements to our knowledge of was in the twenties like an elder brother this talented artist and ethnologist. I he frequently attended meetings of the became particularly interested in it on Paris branch of the Breton party, one of J o h n Lome Campbell, an outstanding seeing that my premises and conclusions the most active, but he did not join it. Scottish scholar about whom we had an differed in some aspects from those of its It seems to me however - that it is to article in Breton in Carn Nr 90. died in author, M.C. (presumably Michel betray Creston to try and always place his April 1996, aged 89. He become interested Clément). And why not? There is nothing work within a French framework, that in Scottish (Gaelic) at the age of 25 and more detestable and stultifying than certainly was not his view. He is well devoted himself from then on. together uniformity! known for his representations of the with his American wife Margaret Fay Shaw (alter their marriage in 1935 with a service For me the outstanding event of this various Breton costumes. Too much importance is perhaps given to these in Ghidhlig), to collecting the songs and century in Brittany was the emergence folktales of the Hebrides, particularly in around 1920 of the movement which things: like all (he other regional costumes in Europe they now belong to the past and Barra and S. Uist. They also collected in centred around the periodical Breiz Atao Nova Scotia. They settled as farmers in and what came indeed to be named after can at best survive if adapted or used for special occasions. 1938 on the beautiful island of Canna, S. of it. Breiz Atao was at the origin of the Skye, the economy of which they tried to political, linguistic and artistic rebirth of Breiz Atao was based essentially on reinvigorate. They later bequeathed it to the Brittany. It gave it back its pride as a our history, our Celtic language, our art. National Trust of Scotland under whose people and as a nation in its own right. They determined a policy which was in care their priceless collection of books, The Creston exhibition is all the more fact much more flexible than that which papers, recordings and photographs timely that an attempt is again being made has since been presented to the public. remains in Canna House. There are plans to to foist on the public the humiliating You know the French proverb which says: establish a Gaelic resource centre there. "Bécassine” image of the Breton woman "Whoever wants to kill his dog accuses it as a kind of idiot with no mouth - she has ot having rabies”. However, after the long no French, which is apparently the same. period of servility, a strong reaction was This resurrection of the thus named strip necessary and salutary. cartoon shows that the... Parisian (I must not say French) bourgeois have not lost 1 confess that the accusations of D esm iefion by their contempt for other peoples, their "collaboration" with the German arrogance and superiority complex, which occupying forces irritate me as only a small number were in contact with them H h ® A r m y is quite amazing in view of the talk of European unity and world while that of the communists up to 1941, communication. though much more effective, is passed over in silence. 1 know that some of the. S o m e 900 heelers of heath and peal Creston was one of the first Breiz free of mind, refused to submit to those bogs in the Arre hills between Morlaix Atao activists or was at least very close to recantations, but the rest toed the party and Brasparzh were destroyed by fire in them. He wrote occasionally in L’Heure line! June following exercises by units of the Bretonne, the weekly organ of the Breton French army in the area. Extensive and National Party ( 1940-44), He contributed I don't think that Creston ever ceased in some cases possibly irreparable forceful illustrations to the second edition to love Brittany. Perhaps his convictions damage was caused to flora and fauna. of the “Histoire de notre Bretagne" by the were severely put to the test when he saw EMGANN organised a protest to staunch Jeanne du Guerny (alias C. all around him the advance of the culture denounce the use of that part of the Danio). also to the majestuous long poem of nothingness in which we are caught Regional Armorica Park by (he military. “Kan da Gornôg" (Hymn to the Occident) like the fly in a cobweb but which we They called for the demilitarisation of from his inseparable pal Youenn Drezen. I must reject and bring to an end for the Brittany. The 41st Infantry Regiment must also mention the 20 plates sake of our peoples’ survival and the based in nearby Kastellin is to be expressing a similar dynamism which he honour of mankind. I believe that at heart dissolved in 1999. had completed for Ronan Pichery's Creston was never one of those who At a meeting in Fougères organised “Grandes Heures de l’Histoire de would embalm Brittany but that until his by EMGANN two young Bretons. G.S. Bretagne" (Highlights of Brittany’s last breath he expected the Sleeping Valles and M. Le Lann explained their History). This work, which had been Beauty of which he dreamed to rise again. refusal to serve in the French army, opened to subscription, unfortunately indeed in any army. Conscription, they remained on the shelf after the printing Yann Bouessel du Bourg said, is used by the French State to house that was to publish it was destroyed 18-02-95 destroy the sense of Breton identity. C elts in A u s tr a lie

I revious reports have told readers about the societies of Celts in Australia who promote and protect the cultures and languages of the old Celtic lands in Europe. They have told about the regular broadcasting all round Australia in Scots Gaelic. Irish and Welsh. They have told about regular and enthusiastic Gatherings. Pipe Competitions. (We haven’t the figures but there could be as many Pipe Bands in Australia — all kilted — as there are in Alba). There are papers and newsletters in the Celtic languages.

All these activities have continued. There are now Pan-Celtic Gatherings in Standing Stones, Glenn Innes several cities where all the Celtic communities participate. There is a Cellie- Australian Day Gathering in North Sydney, on Australia’s National Day; similarly in Geelong, Victoria, in Hobart, Tasmania and Interceltic Cooperation in Eurovision | particularly at the great Celtic Centre — around the magnificent Standing Stones built recently as a memorial to the contribution of the Celts to Australia over I would not presume to write an because there is a dearth of excellent I 200 years — at Glen Innes in New South informed review of Eurovision Song singers in Irish in this country who would I Wales in the first weekend in May each Contests. 1 normally don't spend much be able to put up a good display and all. i year. time watching them. This year the Irish Regarding Dan ar Braz, win or not, : entry won again, which is good for representing France or in his own mind i For the Gàidhlig language the struggle Ireland’s reputation as a land of excellent just Brittany, he and his team struck a j continues. A new body - Comunn singers and musicians. It means also that good blow for the Breton language by ; Gàidhlig Australia is publishing Litir RTE will have (again) to organise next bringing it before countless millions of j Ghàidhlig in both Gàidhlig and English. year's show and that is a costly honour listeners throughout the world. And i Teaching continues in small classes. A new Perhaps the tourist industry helps to cover equally important, they gave a marvellous I broadcaster - Donald MacLeod of Skye - most of the expenses since it gets a example of interceltic cooperation as the j has taken over the Scots Gàidhlig wonderful opportunity to vaunt the beauty group included not only the singers Karen j broadcasting following the death of of the Irish scenery worldwide... or Matheson from Scotland and Elaine i Duncan MacLeod also of Skye. We had to almost. Morgan from Cymru but also Donal ; fight for that! Lunny and other Irish musicians. They I The Bretons had reason this year to had also taken a prominent part in the ! The University of Sydney continues take a special interest in the contest in magnificent Dan ar Braz concert j most successfully to teach Celtic Studies Oslo. Amazingly their compatriot Dan ar "L'Héritage des Celtes" which involved j in the Arts Degree: two academic years, Braz was selected - by a television 50 musicians, an album of which was ; honours, masters and ever several channel or am I mistaken? - to represent published two years ago. Doctoral candidates - with an ever France with a song in Breton. It could be enthusiastic intake of excellent a straw in the wind, an attempt to mollify. The decision to have France j undergraduates. Most are Australian-born. The song “Diwanil, bugale!" (Grow, represented by “Diwanit. bugale" drew ; But Celtic memories endure for many children is an approximate translation) sharp criticism from Député Monique j generations. (We have fifth generation w7as dedicated to the DIWAN nursery Rousseau from Chirac’s RPF party. She : Australians who wear kilts and play the schools, and Dan would donate to requested an explanation from the Culture j pipes). At one stage five Celtic languages DIWAN a substantial part of the prize minister. "It is shocking to see that while j were taught at that University by a gifted money if he won. Unfortunately, for the French language is threatened France : lecturer. Politically there is a surge in DIWAN in particular, he didn't. Listening is represented by Breton. One is not j activity for the local branch of the Scottish to the song. 1 sensed that it was not ihe Breton and French. One is French and i National Party. sort that would command high Breton. I am for a Europe of the States j appreciation from most of the various not of the Regions". The minister was j This writer who, this year and for some juries, there was not enough glittering conciliatory. years past, chairs or has chaired the Celtic about the singers, the two women who Council, the Scottish Heritage Council, sang with Dan did not expose their The independentist COMBAT j Comunn G&idhlig. and the local SNP. is physical charms like, e.g.. their English BRETON concedes however that the j pleased with progress - but very conscious competitors. It was gratifying to see woman has a point since French is I that more is needed and that the struggle Estonia giving good marks to them but constitutionally “the" language of the j must endure in younger hands yet to take disappointing that they did not get even Republic. Her Brest colleague. Cousin, j over. one point from the Irish jury. But then, remarked that Eurovision was not the I from the Irish side, only one song in Irish U.N. assembly. But why should Breton j Padruig Mac Alasdair was ever selected for that international not be spoken there too? says C.B. competition and that is certainly not A.H. i Military's Eraviraemeinilt Record Membership and Subscriptions All those who agree with the constitution tfadeir Scratmy and aims of the Celtic League are eligible lor membership. The membership fee (including Corn) and subscription rates A five year campaign, by the Celtic Three months ago Labour MP George are IR£10; Stg£10; 90FF or US$20.00 League, to have environmental assessments Foulkes sought to elicit for us the (US funds, cheques drawn on a US undertaken at UK military installations has information the MoD were withholding. bank). Europe Stg.£10 and airmail been vindicated. The Ministry of Defence Mr Foulkes’ approach was rebutted by outside Europe Stg.£13.00 airmail. are to conduct ‘land quality surveys’ at 600 Under Secretary Nicholas Soames. In a sites throughout the UK. reply on 24th of June Soames said For information about the Celtic In 1991 the Celtic League contacted evasively “My Department does not League, applications for membership, the MoD addressing specific questions normally undertake surveys of land subscriptions, etc. write to any of the the about the storage of fuel at missile testing beyond the perimeter of sites it occupies." following secretaries: establishments and the carcinogenic However Foulkes pressed and on 8/8/96 dangers of any contamination from this advised us “I enclose a PQ (Parliamentary ALBA Mairi Denovan, Risnidh Mac source. The MoD rebutted the concerns, answer from Soames) from the MoD Aoidh. 14 Restalrig Road, Edinburgh, but the campaign was reactivated when in which indicates they are hiding something. EH6 8BN. 1993 we learned two surveys, conducted I have written to Michael Portillo BREIZH Youenn Craff, 145 Straed by the Army and RAF had found serious enclosing the article you sent me Talbodek, 29300 BEI/B AYE. levels of contamination at a wide range of ("Britain’s Military - Not So Green’’) Brittany. bases and airfields. asking him for a fuller explanation. CY'MRU Jina Gwyrfai, 3 Croes Y Attempts to gain access to the reports The MoD has now decided to come Waen, Waenfawr, Caernarfon, were frustrated by the Ministry. Even when clean and not only should an apology be Gwynedd. details of the Army report compiled by on its way to George Foulkes, for their Sec. Lt. Verity Orrell Jones and quoted in previous evasion, the information sought EIRE Subscriptions: c/o 33 Ceide An an Army Journal was supplied. Curiously should be released. More pertinently a Ghriandg. Rdth Cuil, Co. Atha the MoD still prevaricated advising they thorough land quality survey of MoD Cliath. (the Army) 'are unaware o f such a report'. bases is to take place. Once and for all the KERNOW Martyn Miller. 10 Astonishingly it transpires that the reports legacy of years of environmental neglect Trewartha Court, Pound Street. author (now promoted Colonel) received can be assessed and rectified. Liskeard. an award from the publication for the The Celtic League will be continuing MANNIN Cristl Jerry. 6 Glenfaba report the MoD could not locate! to monitor matters with a keen interest in Road. Peel. In 1995 in the face of continued MoD seeing that the broad range of bases in LONDON BRANCH Robat ap Tomos. intransigence and having gathered the Wales, Scotland and Cornwall are assessed. "Dyffryn”, Gretton Fields, Gretlon. We also are keen that any assessment information elsewhere we published Cheltenham, Glos. GL54 5HH, detailed accusations about the military should also include bases in Ulster - left England. pollution record ("Britain’s Military - Not out of previous random samples. So Green") USA Stephen Paul de Villo, 313 East J.B. Moffatt 201 Street. Bronx. New York 10458. INTERNATIONAL BRANCH Alan Heusaff, Seana Gharrdin, An Spiddal, Co. na Gaillimhe, Eire CEAP BREATAINN Frangag Nic Eachainn, Box 179, Mabou. Cape ^ ft' cù 0 £ OC Î' C? & Breton. Nova Scotia. Canada BOE 2WO.

* J.'he English Parliament’s Procedures Opposition calls for a Grand Meeting The General Secretary and PRO of the Committee has decided to recommend to be held in Caerfyrddin to discuss the Celtic League is Bernard Moffatt. 11 that Welsh MPs should be able to use their BSE crisis are being complicated by Miilfop—View, Farmhill. Braddan. own language at meetings in Wales of the William Hague, the English Secretary for Mannin. Welsh Grand Committee. Parliament has Wales who is insisting that there be an The Editor is Ms P. Bridson, open Question Time included in the accepted the Procedures Committee's 33 Ceide An Ghriandg. Rath Cuil. Co. recommendations. proceedings. Labour are opposed to this Atha Cliath, Eire. The decision however, is not a lifting fearing that the Tory MPs will hijack the of the parliamentary ban on Welsh hut a meeting so there is stalemate and, as yet. Our next deadline for material for relaxation of it. MPs will have to give no historic first bilingual Grand Meeting Carn is 1st November 1996. Materials notice of their intentions to speak Welsh, been held - surprise! surprise! sent for publication in Carn must relate should only address the chairman in But short of our own Parliament w here to our aims, and should be typed. Ail English and only English language we can set our own agenda, the Procedures materials copyright © Carn unless versions of transcripts of proceedings will Committee’s decision is at least another otherwise stated. The views expressed in be published. The English only rule still step towards equal legal status with the Carn are not necessarily those of the applies tn Westminster. present system for our language. On a editor nor of the Celtic League. The only opposition to the move came more positive note, this concession was E-Mail: [email protected] from Englishman Walter Sweeney - Tory achieved with very little pressure being Leagan amadr Peanntrrinaic Teo.. 12 MP for the Vale of Glamorgan - who exerted on the government and the cross Radharc na bhFcd, BAC 16. Eire. believes the move is a “sop to the party support for this move was further Printers: Elo Press. 49 Reuben Avenue, Nationalists" (Welsh Nationalists that is, illustrated by the commitments from both as opposed to English colonial Nats like Plaid Cymru and Labour members to Rialto, Dublin 8. Mr. Sweeney). pursue full language rights. R. Jones ISSN 0257-7860 Alba • Dounreay Nuclear Hazard Exposed

• Theatre in Breton

• Welsh - Easy or Difficult?

• St Kitts Irish Slavery Monument

• Teanga na Mathar Mannin

• Mil-Tec the Manx Connection

• Prospects for a Pan- Celtic Language

ALBA: COMUNN CEILTEACH • BREIZH: KEVRE KELTIEK • CYMRU: UNDEB CELTAIDD • ÉIRE: CONRADH CEILTEACH • KERNOW: KESUNYANS KELTEK • MANNIN: QQDC 1£AGU€ COMMEEYS CELTIAGH is TV... feumaidh sinn brosnachadh teagaisg tre na Gáidhlig... seadh... agus deagh chosnadh sa Gháidhlig ann an t-Seirbheis Shiobhalta na Stáite, sna üghdarrasan ionadail agus sna companaidhean priobhaideach a bhiodh a' nisle cleachdadh na Gháidhlig... Far nach eil taisbeanadh. theid an sluagli a dhith...

Gilleasbuig Lachlainn ‘üleasbuig (Gilleasbuig MacMhuirich)

Bheurla Shasunnach a' bagairt oirnn an $áipear Da- F a d bhliadhnachan, nuair nach robh diugh. A reir aithris ma tha eadhoin aon s dochas ann gum biodh Israel Higher agaibh ann an Israel feumaidh neo-eisimealach a chauidh. bha buidheann duine Eabhra ionnsachadh gu inbhe na elicmanach cUr ann, ann an Tel Aviv d'am b'ainm The Highers. Nach biodh an riaghailt seo Jewish Agency agus bha e daonnan a' freagarrach a thaobh na Gáidhlig? smaoineachadh air cunnartan agus T h a an Comunn Gaidhealach air cothroman a bhiodh a’ bagain air Israel ma páipear naidheachd ár a thóiseachadh. Eadar-Theangachadh ‘S e "An Gaidheal Ür" an t-ainm a th’ bha i idir neo-eisimealach. Agus bha ciste- Thionndamaid a h-uile cail gu Gáidhlig lasgaidh (safe) anns an oifis aca. Chuir ann air agus bidh e air fhoillseachadh ceilhir as fliiach on Bheurla Gallda... direach mar tursan gach bliadhna. Airson tuilleadh a sin na paipearan is lcabhran far an do a thionndaidh Ruairidh MacDomhnaill a chuir iad si os a h-uile sgeam is riin a bha fiosrachaidh, sgrlobhaibh gus: An bhardachd aig Bums gu Gáidhlig... le sin Comunn Gaidhealach. 10 Iomair aca. eadhon inbbc is foghlum na cánain aca cha bhiodh na Goill a' faireachdan air chalí (an Eabhra). Sligeach, Steornabhagh. Eilean nuair a theagasgadh a h-uile cail tre na Lcbdhais, HS1 2EA. Latha air choireigin có tháinig air chuain Gáidhlig! Chuala sinn cuideachd gun robh ach Sasunnach. an t-Aonadh Eorpach a- tairgse airgid air “Seo, sa chiste-tasgaidh. far a bheil a son eadar-theangaidh o cáinanan eile gu h-uile beachd freagarrach a tha againn Gáidhlig! nuair a bhios Israel na rioghachd a risd,” Bhon a tha TV cudlhromach an diugh arsa fear na buidhne (The Jewish Agency). feumaidh sinn tuilleadh TV a sgriobhadh “Pigs might fly... theagamh itealaichidh agus TV dhuthchannan eeine a thionndadh mucan... Ihreagair an t-Sasunnach. oir bha gu Gáidhlig mar a tha iomadh CLI Update an Impireachd Bhreatannach anabarrach duthchannan Eorpach cilc a' dcanamh gus liidir sna láithean ud. oir. an uair sin. bha a’ chainnt aca fhin. Feumaidh sinn a h-uilc duine cinnteach gum mhaireadh tuilleadh cáineanan Eorpach... agus a' T h e membership of Comann an Luchd- an Impireachd seo fad mile bliadhna agus Bheurla... a theagasg. Ach teagaisgidh Ionnsachaidh (CLI), the society for cha robh dochas sam bith ann gum biodh sinn gach canain tre na Gáidhlig learners and supporters of Gaelic, has Israel (no Alba) neo-eisimeileach a a-mháin...'a h-uile facal. Tionndaidh sinn increased by 15% during the past year chaoidh. na cüirtean-lagha agus an lagh gu according to the CLI annual report for Mata, an deidh sin fhuair Israel a saorsa Gáidhlig cuideachd... abair gum bheil na 1996. CLI aims to act as the voice of agus tha fios againn gum bi Alba smuaintean seo a' ruith cho luath ri each Gaelic learners, to disseminate neo-eisimileach fhathast! coidse tre na h-inntinn againn! information on Gaelic affairs, to promote Bha aiseirigh na h-Eabhra soirbheachail Seall timcheall ort agus chan fhaic thu improved Gaelic learning facilities and to gu léir. bhon a bha tad cinnteach na bhiodh ach a ‘ Bheurla... tha bamachd sa chanain promote the participation of learners in feumail bhon a’ chiad latha a bha an Shineach ri fhaicinn na sa Gháidhlig! Gaelic affairs. CLI also publishes rioghachd aca Méidhichte Theagaisgeadb Ach. *s chi smn a h-uile comharradh "Gathroro", the bilingual quarterLy- iad anns a h-uile sgoil. colaiste is oilthigh feadh Alba uile ge léir sa Gháidhlig is sa magazine which is free to members. Why tre na h-Eabhra gun ¡die sam bith fhágail Bheurla fhathast. Chi sinn dá-chánanachas not join the growing band of CLI a-mach. san Eilean Sgitheanach. Chunnaic sinn supporters? Mo ihruaighe! Bithidh ar canain fhin a' Gáidhlig gu leoir ann ám Blár A recent and much needed innovation by do) a dholaidh mur eil sinn a’ Ghobharaidh feadh ám a' Mhoid am CLI has been the production of enamel smuaineachadh mar sin cuideachd! Tha bliadhna cuideachd. Dh'fhalbh moran ach badges with the CLI logo. The new badge sinn a' creidsinn gum bheil foghlam tre na mairidh ar cánain gu brath an sin an deidh will enable you to see and be seen by other Gáidhlig an diugh gar mealladh, bhon a tha a’ Mhoid anns gach sráid far a bheil an friends of Gaelic. The badge measures an t-ultach air guailnean nam parant agus t-ainm sa Gháidhlig is a' Bheurla. 12mm in diameter and costs £1 (+ postage tha an Riaghaltas is Seirbheis na Stáite neo- Bhiodh an dá-chánanachas aiT 25p l!K. 30p EU. 50p other). Buy one and phaineil eadhon coma-co-aca... Seadh. tha comharraidhean gu bheag mar bileag- you’ll probably be surprised by how many ntthean fada ñas fheárr na bha iad fichead phris. no mar bhileagan a' nochdadh Gaelic speakers you find! no deich air fhichead bliadhna air ais, ach nithean ann an taigh-tasgaidh no dealbhan CLI have recently moved to new chan eil an riaghailt an diugh ach ann an gailearaidh-ealdhain... agus an premises in invergordon. Their new cunnartach bhon a tha moran dhaoine a’ fas dcich ftchead no da fhichcad no tri fichead address is 62 Priomhshrhid. Inbhir caran somalta. bliadhna bhiodh a h-uile comharradh sa Ghbrdain. Siorrachd Rois. IV18 ODH and Tita feum againn a bhi cho déine ri ridirean Gháidhlig a-mhain! they can be reached by phone/fax on nan cogaidh-croise nuair a bha na Chitheamaid cosnadh air son nan 01349 854848. Moslamaich a' hagairt air an Roinn Eorpa Gaidheal - siubhlach is tileanta - air radio sna Meadhan Aoisean direach mar a tha a' CAND's backers. So the light is dawning that a future for Caithness’s fragile Dounreay Nuclear Hazard exposed economy will never be built on a dirty nuclear plant. plant. Undoubtedly a skilled and dedicated The European implications are C arn readers are kept well informed workforce with high engineering ability enormous. La Hague in Normandy is about the threat of pollution and emissions have been employed. But the dead end spilling waste into the Channel Islands, from Sellafield. the Atomic Energy nature of the project was finally sunk by and possibly Breton beaches. Sellafield is Agency super-plant in Cumbria. NW Michael Parkinson. Tory Energy Minister using the Irish Sea as a nuclear sewer, England. Man, Ireland and Scotland who pulled the plug in the midSOs on the while Dounreay spews nuclear effluent receive sea-borne radiation on the currents whole fast breeder project. Ironically the into the tides which flow down the east which lap our western shores. unacceptable and escalating costs were his side of Scotland and England and round On a much smaller scale but gripe. nevertheless potentially disastrous is the However in an attempt to create new 45 year old plant at Dounreay, Caithness income AEA have touted for reprocessing which uses the Pentland Firth as its business for spent fuel from around the outfall. The former remote test bed for fast world. This is a new source of increased breeder nuclear power technology is now- emissions and radiation hazards which is in a hundred year circle of absolutely unnecessary. Storage of waste decommissioning and the mistakes and lax till it cools sufficiently for twenty-five management practices of these forty years years would in theory lead to its has been revealed in graphic detail. Long repatriation to the country of use. The condemned by the SNP, the Scottish business generated isn't from the likes of Green Party and many environmentalists Russia and similar unstable sources but as a potential time bomb, now- BBC Australia, Germany and the like who have Scotland’s investigative Frontline Scotland endangered the sea and land routes. programme "A Nuclear Dustbin" along Because road convoys were stopped by with the Scotsman newspaper in early demonstrators at the Kessock Bridge, October this year revealed the stark Inverness some years back, air flights catalogue of nuclear accidents down the with nuclear fuel rods have flown direct years. to Wick airport thirty miles from Dounreay. An independent Scotland would continue the careful decommissioning of the plant and move the skills to clean energy onto Belgian, Dutch and Danish shores. It production such as wave and wind power is high time the clean reputation of the which have been stymied up till now in the Atlantic Arc whose lands are reliant on UK by being placed by successive independent Ireland for an anti-nuclear governments into the tender care of the voice at the European top table sought a AEA itself! Indeed Tony Benn, former careful, phased end to the dangerous era of Labour Energy Minister admitted that the nuclear power, whether military or civil. AEA had fiddled the figure to ditch the The spotlight must be turned on Salter’s Ducks proposal for wave power in EURATOM one of the founding European their zeal to boost a nuclear future. Treaties to turn off the tap from the nuclear Questions must be answered under-oath pollution which targets the near about the knowledge of successive Labour defenceless "Green Islands" of the Celtic and Tory governments of the conduct of west. Dounreay and its effects on the surrounding land and sea areas. Several Rob Gibson countries such as Norway, Faeroe and Iceland have stated their concerns, the time is ripe for change. What the SNP and others now want is a These include a potential nuclear European scale investigation, if possible explosion in 1962 in a fast reactor overheat under oath, so as to reach the truth about New Radical where bent nuclear fuel pins are still in the complicity of governments in this eco- place and the real effects of a waste shaft disaster. packed with a nuclear cocktail which Caithness citizens have had two Bookshop exploded in 1977 and whose real referendums in the past decade which proportions were not disclosed to show their underlying concern despite the COMARE the medical research team jobs implications. In 1986 an official A l new radical bookshop, namely investigating leukemia clusters in the West District Council postal ballot came out "Alba Publications” has been opened in Caithness area. Now the medical team will overwhelmingly against Caithness Glasgow by republican socialists. The re-open its file to ponder new and damning becoming a possible site for a permanent shop which is situated close to the information about hot spots on local nuclear high level waste dump under Barras sells nationalist, socialist, green, beaches which could be affected the child N1REX proposals. In autumn 1995, anti-nuclear and other radical victims in the 70s and 80s. Caithness Against Nuclear Dumping publications. Alba Publications also Radiological incidents recorded at (CAN'D) backed by Greenpeace gained a specialise in photocopying, printing, Dounreay from 1974 to 1991 amount to a two-to-one majority in a postal ballot to second hand books and t-shirts. The total of 2.927, of which 10 were condemn the import of US origin nuclear address of the shop is: 135 London considered serious, 72 significant and 823 spent fuel for reprocessing. The turnout Road. Glasgow Gl 5BU. Tel: 0141 552 minor and 2.022 others. However the was above the level of voting in recent 7304. Fax: 0141 357 3690. vastly increased population of the area has local council elections and was achieved in gained well-paid employment over forty the face of a campaign of vilification of years and has been very protective of their psychology and helps to ground, define GALLOWAY: A CELTIC COUNTRY and protest a culture, and helps people to define and identify themselves with it and to make use of both, and the rest, with REDISCOVERED attendant benefits to those who are the culture and therefore the society, could follow under that stimulus. Special dying in 1758. Gaelic today has a vestigial experimental charities and cultural bodies I I is probably John Knox’s Reformation, and decreasing spoken presence in could be set up to work primarily at that second great success for English disguise in the local Scots dialect, an community level to enable people who imperialism in Scotland after the abundant but grammatically limited contain their world in their character in imposition of Margaret the Curse as representation in placenames. and a this way to play the full role that linkage, Malcolm Canmore’s queen, that is to be probable pretender to membership of its which is both subjective and objective, and blamed for the role Galloway once played lost corpus of song in the dubiously the abilities education working to the same in Celtic Scotland being all but forgotten. generated O ran Bagraidh. Most of the principle will enhance, will allow them to If we want to reclaim and re-empower our population is totally unaware of their play in building that world, in their own Celtic heritage as a whole, we cannot region’s Celtic history, and would find that image. afford to leave any single part of it out, and history irrelevant to the lives and concerns A bicultural approach one’s role in life Galloway’s up till now unrecognized that absorb their energies now. would make that strategy even more potential for contributing to that goal’s Why then would they want to reclaim it, important, with the benefits flowing achievement must now be considered. and how could they? What need or purpose through a pragmatic, self-preservingly Virtually independent until the lime of of theirs would be served, what benefit necessary bicommunalism into the wider Robert the Bruce, and retaining a strongly would they derive? These are the basic world allowing Gaelic culture to stand any and sometimes troublesomely independent questions Celtic revivalists everywhere companson. In a Europe not just of regions streak for a tong time after that, Galloway must face, and Galloway must help to but even more importantly of cultures, has an epic, barely known history of its answer if it’s to be part of their cause. In such ideas can be contributed to the own which popular historians like Innes addition. Galloway Gaelic has no recent European pool by Gaeldom. stimulating MacLeod and Daphne Brooke are only history of being a living speech, unlike the the adoption and practicalisation of a now beginning to stimulate a new and Celtic tongues being revived or sustained continental strategy of sharing each other’s long-deserved interest in. Galloway was in other areas. Galloway has been steadily cultural strength to minimise each other’s once central in the surrounding community losing its native population and character weaknesses, enhancing a common identity of territories linked with each other and for over 300 years, and the present-day and so a common strength for the right with the Continent by seaborne trade: it’s natives, while still just about a majority, reasons. not beyond it to occupy a useful centrality are like their culture increasingly on the To do this, a special sort of community in Celtic affairs again. defensive in the face of an aggressive economy, treating economics as a branch One foundation of its autonomy was inpouring of English colonists into the and tool of culture, could be set up to give cultural: its post-7th century Gaelic most native areas and the most influential it roots based on the old local “lair” language and customs. Gaelic in fact roles. economy, a set of co-operatives the represented a second political and cultural However, although a native language special constitutions of which would transference from Ulster distinct from its can be destroyed, it’s much harder to demand they formed a ciosed market, but ultimately more successful and so better destroy a native psychology. Even an also linked to the modern open market remembered sibling colony in Argyll, imposed English must carry something of and providing it through the essential and Dalriada. Connection between the two is its stamp, as it has in recent years in legal medium of the right kind of cultural exemplified and was perhaps partly Scotland when instinctual revulsion in the charities with a way of turning money founded by its reception of Gaelic bearers of what might be termed otherwise lost in tax into extra sales - refugees from Argyll in the inid-8th "commonality" neutralised the invasion of even in low volume, thanks to the closed century after Dalriada had been dealt a Margaret Thatcher’s very English economy’s special elasticity of demand, "smiting" by its enemies the Cruithnich. ultra-individualism, which had even been capable of returning vast profits for use who were racially more akin to the Britons socialised by an English working class elsewhere during the tax year - and were only properly called Piets in which exposed itself as always having redistribution of wealth the established northern Scotland. In Galloway the Gaels seen social improvement as personal, even enterprise class can't complain about, and were at first vassals of the Piets’ British when advanced by collective means, by which can only come about through a kin; after the latter migrated to Gwynedd embracing individualist, Tory means to the Celtic symbiosis with the re-empowered in the mid-9lh century, their remnant, the same private gain, showing an inbuilt, people, who would make sure hospitals "Kreenies” (Cruithnich, Cruthin) were to permanent cultural affinity with the Tories etc. didn't lose out on funds. be accounted "foreigners” by the new which must have left them much more There are particular problems with Gaelic population. relaxed about their long-term future as Europe a two-economy system like this As Gaelic power rose in western England's natural leaders: an insight not could solve: in Russia, too. Europe-wide, Scotland, the name Gall-Ghaidhealaibh. lost on Tony Blair. thinking like this, created by functioning the Irish annalists' “land of the stranger Psychology creates culture. Given the Celtic culture, could make possible Gael" (i.e. of Gaelic Scots with Norse same free rein, Anglo-Saxon traits and Europe's third Celtic foundation, the admixture), came to mean much more tendencies would produce a society built second since Rome fell - and three is the than the rump which is called "Galloway” by and for socialised individualism, the Celtic number of balance, harmony and today. The term embraced parts of the Celtic equivalent one of truer perfection. It might be the only thing that southern Hebrides and Ulster, and commonality, with each society's can save future "uneconomic” human included Man and on the mainland, the components - economics, education, law. beings from being disenfranchised by a east central Lowlands. By the time power social values, everything right down to multinational-serving "Richtag”. distribution stabilised, however, it was interpersonal behaviour manifesting and This kind of dynamism would be made restricted to modern Galloway and serving either common being and interest easier by Galloway's being much closer to Carrick. where its isolated vulnerability to or enemythink, with both systems Glasgow, Edinburgh and Belfast than, say. the expansionist and by then Anglian east representing a moral sense particular to the Isle of Skye. The proposed new had by the mid-17th century effectively their creators. The Celtic psychology of university at Dumfries could prove an put survival beyond Gaelic, though the common being is still exhibited: add important catalyst if active enough Gaelic poet William Neill notes a reference to the language, which contains and focuses the interests could win priority for links being last recorded speaker of Galloway Gaelic established through it with Celtic, Education and possibly Sociology Departments of the universities in the three cities mentioned for Galloway Gaelic Cowsll-kd-low Ce,w\re, Diy ? r c -i\e o \\o w projects to have their importance enhanced. Links with the Isle of Man 6coW\$V k<*WU^rouw^( could be made more solid. Galloway, far from being marginal, could well regain much of its old centrality, along with Ulster. Many of today’s Gall-Ghaidheil have an T h e summer's chaos in the Labour Party Another issue which has the UK affinity and some measure of sympathy in which leader, Tony Blair, imposed a two metaphorically in a stew is the continuing with mainstream Protestant Ulster, sharing question referendum on Scotland and crisis over BSE. With a blanket ban on as they do the same (whatever Ian Wales as a precursor to legislating in exports of UK beef. Scots in particular Adamson thinks) Gaelic ancestors. If London for proposed devolved assemblies w'ith low incidences of BSE want to see a Galloway's people were to reassert their has been accepted reluctantly by its badly regional and sectoral solution alongside own Gaelic credentials, these could be let down allies. The LibDems, Scottish Northern Ireland. They could lead the way- incorporated in the Ulster Protestant Trades Union Congress and Scottish out of the crisis w'ith selective beef culls identity too. giving that culture the same churches who were Labour assiduously and computerised data tracing of herds. right to be there in one of its own ancestral cultivated during the six long years of While the Tories dither and pander to the lands as the people alien forces have made negotiation in the Scottish Constitutional much larger dairy interests in England. them oppose. By giving Protestants roots Convention recognise that if Labour were Scots prime beef farmers are hung out to there that far antedate the 1640's, in fact, to be returned as the government of the dry. Even the staunchly pro-Tory National the conflict might be reduced to the sort of UK with an absolute majority that they Farmers Union for Scotland has begun to intercommunal economic competition, would have little leverage over its recognise a constitutional crisis when they using the closed market while opening up, expedient behaviour. see it. Their members and the public in not reinforcing, the ghettoes, which is Meanwhile the tartan tax jibes of general see Tory and Labour parties thirled integral to and characteristic of peaceful Michael Forsyth, the hyper-active Tory to UK solutions. These Westminster democracies being used to demonstrate Secretary of State for Scotland has been worshippers can’t admit there must a which religious tradition is of more benefit blunted but not buried. This was claiming selective cull strategy. The hardening to the whole. We might even see the two that Labour would impose higher taxes in arteries of the Union of Parliaments should religions also being intertwined by a Scotland through a power to vary UK taxes affect the long overdue general election "relational" theology which is radically by 3% up or down. Hence the cynicism results. different from adversariallv individualist amongst Labour's pro-devolutionisis and denominaiionalism, Vicarianism. many others sympathetic to a devolved Rob Gibson These suggestions could almost form parliament inside the UK. part of the methodology for restoring the language, at least as far as the social dimension of that task goes, but we still need a language to occupy it. Professors John MacQueen and W.J. Watson, and one or two others, have begun us description Scotvec’s minds to have Gaelic based on what we have left, but this needs translations on certificates. We do not see SCOW EC any reasons why they should not he able to be built on. applying the science of dialectology seriously to identify affinities to do this”. with the Gaelic of other areas, aided by T h e Scottish Vocational Education Although Scotvec’s treatment of Gaelic their development and by history, and to Council (SCOTVEC) has recently found is a relatively minor incident in itself, it is add the influences and affinities together to itself on the wrong side of Gaelic activists all loo typical of major public bodies and arrive at the closest approximation the due to its refusal to produce is yet another reminder of how much language's truncated history allows us to diplomas/certificatcs of achievement in Gaelic needs legal status. Until we gain the form it would have if it were alive Gaelic for courses taught entirely through official status however, why not write to today, or more recently deceased. A full­ the medium of Gaelic. Students Scotvec and demand that Gaelic/bilingual blown dialect with all the dimensions of graduating from Sabhal Mor Ostaig in certificates are made available to those those still alive in the Highlands would be September received certificates entirely in wanting them - particularly those who an achievement comparable to producing a English which led many of them 10 have attended courses taught through new-born dinosaur, but gaps could be filled complain. Unfortunately. Scotvec seem Gaelic. As Scotvec is to be merged with in legitimately, if we accept that promoting extremely unwilling to rectify the the Scottish Examination Board in April the Ulster interest, and this providing an situation and in a letter told Celtic League 1997 to form the Scottish Qualifications indispensable motivation for Galloway- member and Sabhal Mor graduate Authority (SQ). it would be most useful to people to re-adopt their Gaelic, dictates Alasdair MacCaluim that although they ask that the new authority adopt a more that Ulster forms, probably the chief would feed his comments into the review enlightened position on Gaelic historical influence anyway, be used as the system “it is very unlikety that our policy certification. most suitable lit. perhaps in what research will change in the near future". The battle Write to: Mr Tom McCool. Chief will suggest are appropriately variant is not yet over however and both CLI and Executive. SCOTVEC. Hanover House. 24 forms. As long as we end up with a the Celtic League (Alba Branch) have Douglas Street. Glaschu G2 7NQ. The language which is particularly, even if written to Scotvec in support of Gaelic Scottish Branch of the League would be barely, Galloway's, one its people can certification. The director of Sabhal MOr interested to see any replies that you identify with, and use to identify Ostaig. Norman Gillies, told the West receive. themselves with others on different levels Highland Free Press newspaper that "We of culture. The very thoroughness and have been and are still trying to change Alasdair MacCaluim efficiency of the Anglian effacement of Galloway Gaelic may have left us with a blank page on which we can write any Anyone who thinks they can help with 48 Lewars Avenue. Lochside. Dumfries future wc like. the Galloway Gaelic project should write DG2 OLS). Iain Mac Shuibhne to me at: muianiver evit lakaat hoc’h enebour da seveniñ ho koulenn... Betek-henn n'eo ket deuet ar strolladoü breizhat a-benn da gaout well-wazh muioc’h eget 2% bennak eus ar mouezhioü evit ar vro a-bezh. Koulskoude ez eus war-dro 20% eus an dud a lavar bezañ "Breizhiz da gentañ” (pezh n’eo ket a- walc'h na tost). Meur a abeg zo d’ar c'hwitadennoü. Unan eus ar re ziabarzh: an dispartioü ha zoken an disrannoü kealiadurel etre ar strolladoü, a vir ouzh an hanter eus an dud a vije a-du gant an emrcnerezh da votiñ evito. Emrenerezh a lavaran rak daoust ma kredan he deus ezhomm Breizh da vezan dizalc'h. ken dizalc'h ha ma eo gouest ur vro vihan evelti da vezañ hiziv an deiz (ha Efedusaat hor stourm ret eo kendelc’her d'en embann) n'eo ket prest an darn vrasañ a-bell eus ar Vretoned da zegemer ar mennozh-se. Evit abegoü geodedourien da zelc’her kont anezhañ pa pleustrek e rank un emsav hag a zibab mont skrivan ar wezh-mañ a-zivout Breizh zeuint en-dro da glask mouezhioü. gant hent an dilennadegoü kinnig ur e-lec'h a-zivout ur vro all, evel ma rajen Pouezus-bras eo labour ar re a aoz hag a programm "kerreizh". hervez ur reolenn bet degemeret evit ar laka da vont en-dro ar skolioü-hañv, stajoü. Breutaet em eus bet c’hoazh er Peuple pennadoü e yezhoü keltiek. ez eo en arbenn kampoü brezhonegerien, klasoü abardaez, Bretón - hag e Carn - a-du gant ur srrollad ma karfen ober un nebeut goulennoü pe h.a. N’ouzon ket pet den a denn splet eus an breizhat eus ar scurt-se hag a vije harpet evezhiadennoü diwar-benn an emdroadur a holl gentelioü, dougen a reont da greñvaat gant an holl vroadelourien da geñver verzan em Emsav breizhat, e-keñver ar saviad ar brezhoneg e-touez ar bobl. Met dilennadegoü. da vihanañ ar re lec'hel ha brezhoneg diouzh un tu hag e-keñver ar daoust hag o devez an dud a zarempred ar “rannvroel". An UDB a seblante un nebeut stourm politikel diouzh an tu all. c’hlasoü pe ar skolioü-se tro da ober gant ar bloavezhioü 'zo bezañ tuet da dostaat ouzh A dra sur ez eus bet gract kammedoü mat brezhoneg er-maez anezho. elese er vuhez "ar c’hreiz”, pezh en dije roet tu dezhi da war-raok abaoe 15 pe 20 vloaz war dachenn pemdeziek? Miliadoü ha miliadoü zo c’hoari roll ur strollad "broadel’’, hep an ar yezh. er skolioü ha dre ar c’hentelioü a c’hoazh en-dro dezho hag a vete laouen ma anv, met e-devoud. Ur skoilh a oa: hec’h vez roet d'an dud-deuet dre ar vro. Met pet ’z afed dezho e brezhoneg gant ma ne vefe emglev gant strolladoü gall. a gave spletus eus an tri mil skoliad bennak a zesk anezhi ket re zisheñvel diouzh ar rannyezh a evit kaout dilennidi. Bremañ he deus divizet er skolioíi zo gouest da ober ganti hep re a anavezont. Arabat ober fae war o stumm vat en em glevet gant strolladoü all un tamm e ziaester? Gant Diwan e vez strivet d’o met kentoc’h en em lakaat a rez ganto. Er pep lec’h e diabarzh ar C’hwec'hkogn. gant "soubañ" enni er-maez eus ar c'hlasoü met c’heñver-sc ne gav ket din en deus roet an ar spi da gemmañ ar frammadur politikel gant ar skolioü-Stad divyezhek ne vez ket. Emsav a-walc’h a breder da implij un arouez gall. Lavaret a ra ez eo deuet ar n’eus ket aotre na tu d'en ober. war am eus evel ar "Fáinne" (ar walenn). En Iwerzhon e rannvroelouriezh da vezañ ur meizad lennet. Heñvel eo nioai vai et skuiiuü meret talvez da reiñ da c’houzout e c’hall an hini araokaus. en Europa nevez. Hag-eñ eo gant an lliz. Deskiñ ur yezh er skol hep en doug war vruched e wiskamant komz kreñv a-walc'h al luskadoü rannvroel-se, kaout tu d'he tleustriñ er-macz ne varreka iwerzhoneg hag e vo deuet-mat gantañ ma 'z peurgctket e-mesk ar gwir C'Hailaoued. er ket an deskerien d'he c'homz mat a-walc'h eer dezhañ er yezh-se. Daou seurt zo: unan Pikardi. ar Franche-Comté h.a. evit ober hep bezañ techei da implij diouzhtu ar yezh aour evit ar re zo gouest d'he c’homz mat d’ar Jakobincd dilezel o c’helermadurezh ha ma 'z int boas outi. Se zo bet anataet gant ar hag unan arc’hant evit ar re o deus treuz-furmiñ Bro-C'Hall en ur Stad skol i oñ iwerzhonat: n’eus nemet ar boulc'het-mat ar studi anezhi. Lod e Breizh kevreadel? Souezhet-bras e veten. Evit a grennarded donezonet a vez gouest da o deus bet e’hoant da ober diouzh ar skouer- sell ouzh Breizh. emeur aze o treiñ kein d’ar iwerzhonegañ en o aez e dibenn o studioii se met n'eo ket bet kaset ar mennad da benn. pal broadel evit foraniñ nerzhioü ar eil derez. Ne gomzan ket eus ar skolioü Koulskoude e vefe talvoudus-bras e seveniñ vrogarourien. ’m eus aon, gant ur gudenn holliwerzhonek hag a ya bremañ war evit reiñ atiz ha tro da implij ar brezhoneg c’hall. Mantrus e kavan an disrann binimus baotaat. Ar re all eo ne voe ket lakaet a- er-maez eus metoü an Emsav, dreist-hol! pa zo savet etre an UDB hag EMGANN, seul walc'h a bóuez ganto war ar yezh kornzet. ’z eo deuet e gomzerien da vezan evel vui ma hañvalent bezañ prest da Sañset c vez gract bremañ. enezennoü bihan e mor ar galleg. Ezhomm a genlabourat un nebeut bloavezhioü ’zo. Ne A-walc’h a arouezioñ zo o tiskouez emañ vefe koulskoude da ober bruderezh evit ma welan ket a-du arall penaos e e’haiife ar pennadurezhioii gall oc’h enebargadiñ ouefe an dud peseurt ster a vefe d an arouez. EMGANN en em glevet gant POBL: re vras ouzli al luskad diwartet a-du gant ar Perak ne sammfe ket Servij ar Brezhoneg ar eo an diíorchoü mennozhioü kevredigezhel brezhoneg, deuet nec’h dezho e c'hallfe kas gefridi-se? Diskouezet o deus e renerien an etrezo. A-zivout implij an nerzh evit gounit war gil ar gallekadur d'ar poenl ma seblante inirudu. ar poell hag ar gendalc'husted rekis he frankiz da Vrelzh. sur a-walc'h e vag ar bout peursevenet. Ne vijent ket chalet keit ha evit ma teufe da vat stourmerien ar spi e kresko d’e heul e-touez ne vije nemet un touiladig skolioü Padal, bevennoü zo d'ar pezh a c’hall ar bobl ul luskad a zieubidigezh vroadel. divyezhek. ret-mat asantiñ dezho da c'hortoz bezañ graet evit ar brezhoneg gant Ken gwirheñvel all, ma n’eo ket muioc'h. ma c ’halljent lavaret e oa marv an holl aozadurioü an Emsav. Gant ar Stad c’hall eo e lakay an darn vrasañ eus hor vrezhonegerien "hengounel". Padal, setu ma emañ ar yalc’h. Keit ha ma vo evel-se e vo c’henvroiz da enebiñ n’eo ket hepken ouzh recr darbaroü evit lakaat ar brezhoneg da tonket hor yezh d'ar muiañ da vevañ-bevaik. o doareoü-ober met ouzh an Emsav a-bezh, gemer e blas er vuhez foran. Klasket e vo N'hallo ket adkavout he nerzh hep harp ur hag int iset gant ar C'Hailaoued evel-just. mirout outañ d ’en ober. Bremañ eo d'an Stad vreizhat. Kement eo ha lavaret hon eus Er c’heñver-se e tleer evezhiañ ez eo gouest Emsav ober diarbennoü evit diwall an ezhomm da gentañ eus un emsav politikel Stadoü bras Komogeuropa da badout ouzh dachenn zo bet gounezet ha prientiñ ar kreñv. gouest da ziskouez ur pal sklaer hag a argadoü kalz drastusoe'h eget ar re a c’hentañ lamm all war-raok. War ar braz eus c’hallo kaout skoazell an darn vrasañ eus c’hoarvez e Breizh abaoe 30 vloaz. hag ez dilennidi vreizhat ar c’hostezennoü gall ne hor c’henvroiz. Hentoü diseurt zo bet eo gwall zister ar pezh zo bet gounezet en vo gallet kontañ nemet e teufe aon dezho da kemerei gant pobloü all evit en em zieubiñ. Iwerzhon. e Korsika hag en Euskadi gant ar goll o sezioü en abeg d’o gwallegezh pe d’o An hini didrubuilhusañ eo hini an C’houvrezelerien. eneberezh. Mat e vo evezhiañ ouzh o dilennadegoü hag a c’houlaka ez eo Ar re a zibab hent ar gwallnerzh a vez emzalC’h e-keñver ar brezhoneg ha lakaat ar a-walc’h diskouez ez eur harpet gant ar prest moarvat da c'houzañv ha da aberzhañ The company was founded in 1973 by Goulc'han Kervella with the cooperation of amateur actors in the coastal area West of Roscoff but since 1982 they are working full time, producing plays by the best Breton and foreign writers and themselves writing for old people and children in particular. They have risen to a high level of professionalism, making very imaginative use of sound and light, dunce and mimicry. For some of the plays like "Ar Basion Vras" they use large numbers of occasional actors. The themes of their plays generally relate to Brittany, but they have also staged works from other Celtic countries. Popular theatre for Brittany, dealing with present day conditions in this country and drawing also on the culture of the other Celtic people is what Ar Vro Bagan is about. They have had to adapt their productions to the situation where the majority of the population has little or no Breton. 'Ar Mestr' is to 90% in Breton, the recent "Amoko 2" (inspired by the struggle to gel compensation Gotti 'chan Kervella, Naig Rozmor, Bob Simon fo r'th e damage caused by the 1978 catastrophic Amoko Cadiz oil spill ) is to 70%, Roue Marc'h based on the myth of the o frankiz pcrsonel ha marteze o buhez evit horse-eared king is to various percentages dieubin Breizh. Daoust ha ne vije ket Theatre in Breton bilingual (depending on the spectators). For efedusoc'h o stourm ma 'z afent gant hent one performance of “Ar Mestr" (hey had 500. an harzerezh gouziviat, o nac’h sentin ouzh T h e company "Strollad ar Vro Bagan" is for one of "Ar Basion Vras" (based on the al lezennoù gall ha paean tailhoii. oc'h presenting six performances of a play by Breton Mystery plays) they had 800. They aloubin burevioù ar mererezh. h.a.7 Stourm Naig Rozmor "Ar Mestr" (The Master) have staged plays in Eastern parts of ar Brezhoneg en deus diskouezet e toug an during the present season (Nov.-Jan.). Apan Brittany, in Ireland. Scotland. Wales. doareoit-ober-se frouezh. N’ini ket bet from one in Lorient, they are being given in Cornwall, etc. They are self-financing to implijet c’hoazh gant ur youl start a-walc'h the area around Brest. Ar Mestr deals with 70%. the rest comes from subsidies from the ha gant tud a-walc'h evit kaout ur servij an event which deeply affected Naig Regional. Finistère and Plougeme Councils, skinwel brezhonek. Kastizoù a vefe Rozmor and her family in the 30s. Her for some plays also from "Europe" or the diwamo, met ne vefenl ket gwashoc’h eget father, who ran a small farm to which he had Breton Cultural Institute. ma vefed tapet o lakaat bombez da darzhan. brought many improvements, was told by In view of the differences in dialect and of Hag o vezafi na lakafe ar stourmerien-se the owner, a priest, to leave as he needed to the fact that most native speakers are not buhez den ebet en arvar e vefent gouest da sell his property. Although the local parish schooled in standard Breton, the actors have zegas un darn vat eus ar bobl a-du ganto. priest sided with the farmer, he had to leave to be careful to adapt their pronunciation or Ret e vije avat da gement emsaver all o without any compensation. One of the vocabulary to local usage unless playing in the Leon area around Brest or before people harpan a-zevri. ha kement-se a vije da ober characters in the play represents Tanguy belonging to the language movement. They en un doare kendalc’hus. Kembreiz o deus Prigent who was himself a farmer until have often to rely on gestures and diskouezet an hent-se hag o deus gounezet 1935. Having been elected a deputy, he audiovisual effects The language has kalz. Perak tie rate ket Breizhiz diouzh o became minister of agriculture in 1946 and greatly declined but many understand it skouer? Daoust ha ne zellez ket frankiz got the government to adopt a law to protest well even if they don't speak it. so it is not Breizh e risklfe an emsaverien ur bloaz pe farm tenants and sharecroppers. Prigent (the loo much of a problem. There are four other zaou eus o yaouankiz eviti? name, by the way, means Brit(ish) bom) was theatre groups which stage plays in Breton, A. Heusaff a socialist who supported the demand for the teaching of Breton. One of his conservative though less frequently (Teatr Penn ar Bed. opponents, De Guebriant. headed the rather Charivari. Strollad Speied. Strollad Plougin Gerioù divoutin - these two doing mainly sketches). Here kealiadurel: ideological', e-devoud: in facr. paternalistic Landemeau Cooperative which served well the interests of the bigger farm and there small groups do also pieces kevreadel: federal', harzerezh gouziviat: occasionally. Ar Vro Bagan is willing and passive resistance (diwar "gouzafiv”). owners, but he also advocated the adoption of a tenant farmers' bill. The play reflects preparing to give them a greater impulsion. the different positions. It thus concerns an As regards the professional companies Summary playing only in French, in Brittany, only 3 With the increase in the number of learners important social problem of that time. Naig Rozmor. born in 1923, is a native or 4 appear to use Breton material: Tuchenn of Breton, young and adult, the question in Rennes. La Folle Pensée in St. Bneg. the arises as to how well they learn to speak it Breton speaker who became interested in Breton literature in 1970 and worked for Kemper and Lorient Theatres. They are and how frequently they can use it in a successful only In the larger towns. In the French-speaking environment. The wearing two years broadcasting in Breton on Radio Armorique. Having noted how little was country, in Lower Brittany, the theatre in o f a badge similar to the Irish Faillite Breton or bilingual is doing better. would enable people to recognise others written in our language about love, she wrote poems which were published as a Strollad ar Vro Bagan is considering how willing to use Breton and thus multiply the to give such an impetus to the theatre in opportunities to strengthen its position in collection under the title 'Karantez ha Karantez’ (= Love and Love). She has also Breton, adapted to the dialects that there society. But its full recovery requires would be performances throughout the Brittany's control of its own affairs. Is the written short stories including humorous ones, and several plays. She is now whole country: that is how they would present political movement, divided as it is. visualize the development of a National geared up to secure that? Non-violent working, with the help of a Polish linguist, on the translation of an anthology of poetry Theatre in Brittany, for the people, close to action has proved capable of achieving the people. positive results: ir is likely to win more in minority languages. She is a gifted story popular support than other means... teller, has played for Ar Vro Bagan as well as in films and TV. A.H. OBSTACLES TO A M a s t e r ’s D eg r ee fo r OVERCOME

BILINGUAL TEACHING Thanks to the determined efforts of parents and teachers, 5 additional bilingual Breton-French classes were set up in State schools this year, bringing the total of pupils attending such classes at primary 15-12-95 after considerable canvassing and level to 1,014. In State secondary schools, I t is in education that most of the students modifications, and it was only towards the who qualify in Breton find employment. Breton is taught under the heading of end of June 1996 that Prof. Kergoat was "regional language and culture”, only one But knowing the language however well notified that the university was authorised does not mean being able to teach it or to hour a week is allowed instead of two to award a "Master’s Degree in Regional previously. Its teaching is now threatened teach other subjects through it. The Language and Civilisation, bilingual by competition with a newly introduced University Celtic departments don’t train in Breton-French teaching’’. It will thus be for teaching skills. The bilingual schools or Latin course. The Union of Breton teachers professional purposes, not for research is fighting for it to be given the same status classes, like all the others, need teachers work. It comprises a great deal more formed in other disciplines than languages. lectures than there are normally for a That applies particularly to the secondary Master’s Degree, totalling 16 hours a week schools in which science subjects and instead of a maximum of 4 as for MA’s mathematics for instance are to be taught in involving research. It has two aims: to Breton. improve the students linguistic competence While the number of bilingual schools for teaching in bilingual schools or classes and streams goes on increasing, there are at primary level and to enable them to teach more and more difficulties in getting various subjects bilingually at secondary enough competent teachers for them The level. It is also open to teachers already in State-run IUFM (training college) in Sant- employment so to enable them to take posts Brieg reserves only a few places for in bilingual schools. The training will candidates wishing to teach Breton. The include bringing up their knowledge of Catholic education authorities have taken Breton to the appropriate level, giving them more favourable steps in that direction in a sound grasp of its grammar and of its the past year. The DIWAN Association, scientificAechnical terminology, studying however great its determination to offer an the interferences between Breton and excellent service, is hampered by the lack French, acquainting them with the of proper facilities, - money in the last principles of pedagogy and teaching analysis. - to undertake a thorough training practices. for its posts. In-service courses are not This work is being shared by the seven sufficient. The State inspectors have to be senior lectures of the Breton section of the satisfied regarding the educational University's Celtic Department. They are to standards, and the parents too, of course. be congratulated for not confining So far, the DIWAN schools are very themselves to "pure” scholarly pursuits but successful in that respect, so successful that for taking their part in the task of the results of an investigation carried out in "atrig ar Goarnig, sculpting for DIWAN. transmitting our language to the younger He is refusing to pay liis television licence September 1995, on the instruction of the generations, something which also behoves chief inspector in charge of Breton in the because o f French hostility to the Breton the universities in countries where minority language and culture. (Courtesy of Rennes Education Offices, to assess the languages are striving to survive. It is not Combat Breton) achievements of pupils in the bilingual new for Rennes 11 to undertake this task in state and DIWAN primary schools have not Brittany. The now retired Professor Per been released. This can only be explained Denez opened the way in the sixties, of First Living Language as enjoyed by by a fear that they would clearly show attracting hundreds of students to the study Corsican (guess why the difference!) The publicly that the immersion methods used of Breton. Many of them are now active in total number of pupils in DIWAN schools by DIWAN and ruled out in the State promoting it. It was also due to Per Denez's is now 15.20; there is a slight drop in pre­ schools are the only ones capable of untiring efforts that the status of Breton- primary schools, in increase of 1% in making fluent speakers of both Breton and Celtic studies was raised by his prevailing primary and of 20% in the two secondary' French on the French educational authorities to schools compared to the previous year. No To remedy the iack of trained bilingual institute four degrees in this subject (BA, new school could be opened due to the teachers, the Department of Celtic of MA. DEUG. CAPES). restraints put by State supervision of their Rennes University II is now providing a budgeting. A third secondary school is new course for post-graduates interested in needed to take in pupils coming from taking employment in bilingual Breton- STUMDI. an organisation for adult primary schools in the south of Brittany. French schools, either as multi-disciplinary education, is offering this year 3 ways to All the associations concerned (APEEB for teachers tin pre-primary and primary learn Breton: State schools, DIHUN for the private- schools) or as specialised teachers (say in One day each month in Brest from Catholic schools and DIWAN) had agreed physics, maths or biology) in secondary Nov. '96 to June ’97; intensive 5-day to have a common college but this proposal schools. The course is open to graduates in courses in seven different locations in was unacceptable to the State as contrary' to any of the school subjects but they must Brittany; a year’s intensive course (Oct. Republican principles! DIWAN intends to have some preliminary knowledge of '96 to June *97), suitable in particular proceed on its own. Where will the money Breton. for those wishing to work as bilingual come from? 51 teachers were to be paid The proposal for it came from Lukian teachers. this year from the public purse, but in fact Kergoat. head of the Rennes Celtic Information from Stumdi, BP 2. 29450 it will be only 42. Donations are needed as Department. It was adopted by the Sant-Kadou Sizhun, Phone 02 98 24 10 urgently as ever. DIWAN, z.a. sant-Ernel. University's Administrative Council on 17, Fax. 02 98 24 10 19. BP 156, 29411 Landerne Cedex. The Ermine Collar

T h e Ermine Collar distinction, which is conferred annually by the Breton Cultural Institute, was bestowed on 28-09-96 on three Bretons and a Welsh woman, for their work on behalf of our language and culture. They were: Pierre Le Trcut, president of the B.C.I., Job Lec’hvicn. translator of the Bible in Breton. André Lavanant, president of DIWAN and Rita Williams, lecturer in Aberystwyth and author of several works in Welsh and Breton. Alan Stivell. proposing A. Lavanant. praised DIWAN as a bridge between militants and the mass of the people, having set itself immediately realisable aims, but he pointed out that this in no way invalidated the need for parties which proclaimed the Breton nation and radical (From left to right) Pierre Le Trent, Rita Williams, Job Lec’hvien and André ¡Mvanant changes in its (lack of) status. (Courtesy o f Combat Breton)

had to be made redundant, the association highest rating. For the past 3 years the Several years ago the French State which has done excellent work for 25 stationV director has continuously put undertook to refund the Breton (and years now will have to depend exclusively obstacles to the conlinuity of the broadcasts presumably other “minority”) cultural on voluntary help and thus to curtail in Provençal. associations of the costs resulting from the drastically its activities: information In May a decree Nr 96-410 was issued to part-time employment of conscientious concerning the Breton language, evening provide financial aid to regional weeklies objectors, i.e. young people who refused to language and history classes, crash on condition of being written in French. do military service. It was arranged that courses, publication of the monthly The Occitan La Setmana was hit by this the associations would pay them, also their Breman and of textbooks, bilingual measure. Answering a question by an MP. health bills and travel expenses, and would minitel service, conferences, etc. It would the minister for culture said that very few then get a refund from a State agency, the be a terrible blow to the Breton language publications in regional languages would D.R.A.C. This worked out well at first but movement. anyway have satisfied other criteria the reimbursements were more and more We ask Celtic League members/readers (relating to circulation/salcs) and that all delayed in the past three years. This left of Cam to write to M. Philippe Douste- periodicals including those already the Breton associations with growing Blazy, Minister for Culture, asking him benefitted from fiscal and postage debts. Last Summer, total arrears due by strongly to see that refunds be made alleviations to a total of 7.5 billion Francs. the D.R.A.C. were exceeding one million immediately. Address: 3 rue de Valois. How much of this is shared by minority francs. The matter was brought to the 75042 Paris Cedex 01. language periodicals was not said. The faci attention of the Breton Cultural Council This can hardly be a case of neglect or is that the decree precludes the possibility which appealed to the senators and procrastination. Many signs indicate that of founding any new weekly of that kind*. deputies of "Region Brittany”. They the French authorities want to stem the It is not going to facilitate (he intervened with four ministers whose growing movement of support for the transformation of the monthly Bremaii into departments were involved but received no minority languages which some call a weekly as had been hoped. guarantee of reimbursement. The burden euphemistically "les langues de France". Decrees are the preferred instruments of on the associations is now so great that Two yeais ago the Constitution was dictatorial regimes. They need no public they face having to lay-off not only the amended to include an article staling that accounting. objectors but also their permanent "French is the language of the Republic”, * There is a new weekly “Bretagne-Breizh employees. They will then be unable to another amendment proposing some Info".which started publication in October, carry on their activities. recognition of the other was pointedly its aims being to provide information On October 22 an open letter was rejected. New obstacles are being mainly in French about what is happening addressed by the association Skol an repeatedly placed in the way their teaching, in the whole of Brittany - unlike the dailies Emsav to the same elected representatives broadcasting, periodicals. On Aug. 26 a and Radio/Television which with their pointing out that it had got no refund for journalist. Miguela Bramerie. who had for compartmentalized editions weaken the the past two years in spite of having the past ten years at least produced and awareness of our country’s unity. BBI submitted quarterly claims, which by presented a 35mm magazine in Provençal would certainly not quality for State aid: it October 15 totalled almosl 165,000 F. SAE Occitan on France 3 TV Marseille was is too independently minded. had twice to ask the bank for unsecured dismissed without given the reason. Yet she credit in order to remunerate its two half- was very popular, got an award for the time employees and two objectors. If these quality of her work, her program had the Gwleidyddiaeth Cyn diwedd y flwyddyn bydd mesur drafft yn cael e¡ baratoi i’w gyflwyno yn Senedd San Steffan i roi statws swyddogol i’r Gaeleg yn yr Alban. Bu dadl am arwyddion dwyieithog yng nghyngor newydd yr Ucheldir; ac aelodau o rai ardaloedd yn erbyn defnyddio’r iaith. Fodd bynnag, bydd enwau lleoedd a cherbydau yn parhau’n ddw'yieithog yn ardaloedd "traddodiadol” yr iaith. Bydd y Cyngor hefyd yn ceisio creu cysylltiadau cryfach gydag asiantaethau datblygu’r iaith, fel sy’n digwydd yn barod ar yr Ynys Hir. Forbairt Feirste Yn wahanol i benderfyniad Cyngor yr PIGION Mae Cadeiry'dd Bwrdd yr faith Gymraeg Ucheldir i ffurfto is-bwyllgor Gaeleg, ni wedi cefnogi gwaith Forbairt Feirste - fydd un gan Gyngor Earra-Ghaidheal a asiantiaeth datblgu economaidd ar gyfer yr Bód/Argyll-Bute. ond gadewir y iaith Wyddeleg wedi’i lleoli yng cyfrifoldeb i’r is-bwyllgorau ardal lleol. CELTAIDD Ngorllewin Belfast. Yn ddiweddar bu aelodau’r asiantiaeth ar daiili astudio yng Ngogledd Cymru. Manifiesto SNP IWERDDON Pe bai llwywodraeth SNP yn yr Alban ar 61 yr etholiad nesaf, mae'r Blaid wedi addo Addysg Gwyddeleg Y Gogledd creu 116,000 o swyddi newydd, cyflogi Teilifis na Gaeilge Gan fod disgwyl bydd unrhyw ysgol 700 o athrawon ychwanegol ac adeiladu newydd tyfu i dros 200 a blant o dan polisi 20.000 o dai newydd. Mae gan y SNP Dechreuodd yr orsaf teledn Gwyddeleg newydd yn y Gogledd. bydd broil yn darlledu i 90% o gartreffr Weriniaeth ar 31 cynllun am Senedd o 200 aelod efo prif amhosibl sefydlu ysgolion Gwyddeleg y tu weinidog, 15 gweinidog adrannol - Hydref a disgwylir bydd 95% o gartrefi yn allan i’r prif dinasoedd y Gogledd. medru derbyn y gwasanaeth ynihen dwy trysorlys. diwydiant. addysg, iechyd a flynedd. Lleolir pencadlys yr orsaf yng pholisi cymdeithasol. tai, Ewrop. ynni. Nghonncmara. Darlledir 360 awr y Pedwerydd Sianel? amddiffyn, cyfiawnder, trafnidiaeth, fiwyddyn o raglenni Gwyddeleg RTE a Gan fod Teledu “Ulster" wedi tynnu allan materion gwledig. amgvlchedd. morwo!. bydd £10 miliwn y flwyddyn ar gael er o’r consortiwm y tu 61 i'r sianel Saesneg celfyddydau. a 17 gweinidog iau. mwyn comisiynu rhaglenni o gynhyrchwyr newydd. bydd oedi pellach cyn dechrau annibynnol. Un o brif rhaglenni bydd opera darlledu. sebon dyddiol. Disgwylir bydd y sianel newydd yn trosieisio iiawer iawn o raglenni LLYDAW o wledydd Ewrop. Siaradwyr Y Wyddeleg Yn 61 cyfrifiad 1991 mae’r nifer o bobl dros 3 oed sy’n medru’r Wyddeleg wedi Lhvyddiant Economaidd codi i 1.095.000 - 32.5% o'r boblogaeth. Anrhvdedd Mae pobol yn byw yn well yng Ceir y canranau canlynol yn y taleithiau - Mae Rita Williams, cyn darlithydd yn y Ngweriniaeth Iwerddon nag yng Nghymru, Laighean/Leinster - 28.8%, Mumhan/ Llydaweg yng Ngholeg Prifysgo! Cymru, er gwaethaf y ddelwedd draddodiadol. ond Munster - 36.5%, Connacht - 40,2% ac Aberystwyth, wedi derbyn anrhvdedd ffug, o ’t Gwyddel fel tlotyn. Erbyn hyn Ulaidh/Ulster (rhan) - 31.3%. uchaf yr iaith a diwylliant Llydaweg mae cynnyrch domestig y pen yn Iwerddon eleni. wedi codi i £10,513, sy'n uwch na’r ffigwr o £9,91 1 ar gyfer Cymru. Ers 1988 mae incwm y pen yr Iwerddon rydd wedi codi Prinder Athrawon 62.4% o’i gymharu ag 11.4% yng YR ALBAN Erbyn rwan prinder athrawon cymwys Nghymru. sy ’n llesteirio twf y Llydaweg yn yr ysgolion. Er mwyn ceisio cyflenwi Addysg athrawon setydlir cwrs cydnabyddedig yn Cyfrifiad 1991 Ar 61 amser hir mae'r Ysgrifennydd Mhrifysgol Rennes, yn arbennig ar gyfer y Yn 61 cyfrifiad yr Weriniaeth roedd Gwladol dros yr Alban wedi ymateb i rhai sydd am ddysgu pwnc trwy gyfrwng yr canran y poblogaeth a oedd yn medru'r adroddiad Arolygwyr ei Mawrhydi am iaith. Wyddeleg mewn rhai o’r prif irefi fel y addysg trwy gvfrwng yr Albaneg. Fel yr ganlyn: Dulyn 28%. Core 33%. Limerick arolwg. mae'r Gweinidog yn erbyn addysg Cyfrwng Arhoii 31%. Waterford 30%, Galway 43%. uwehradd ddwyieithog! Beth fydd dyfodol Kilkenny 29%, Drogheda 22%. Dundalk O hyn ymlaen bydd posibl sefyll y ffrydiau dwyieithog mewn hanner dwsin arhoiidau ysgolion uwchradd yn Llydaw 29%. Athlone 28%. Wexford 22%. Ennis o ysgolion uwehradd yr Alban, gan trwy gyfrwng y Llydaweg. 43%. Killarney 40%. Tralee 35%. gynnwys Inbhir Nis, Portrigh a Glaschu? Westport 38%, Sligo 31%, Letterkenny Yn ysgolion uwehradd Portrigh ac Am Ploc 32%. mae rhaid i bob plentyn astudio’r Gaeleg Campau yn y ddwv flynedd gyntaf. Faint o'n darllenwyr sy’n gwybod fod Arian o Ewrop Ar lefef gynradd bu rhaid recriwtio athro clwb pel-droed Gwengamp/Guingamp. tref ychwanegol ar gyfer y ffrwd Albaneg yn a phoblogaeth o 12.500. yn un o brif O dan cynluniau newydd bydd dros 240 Mheairt/Perth. Fel canlyniad i ad-drefnu miliwn ECU ar gael o dan Rhaglen glybiau adran gyntaf pel-droed Ffrainc? llywodraeth leol bydd cyfarwyddwr addysg Heddwch a ChymodiT Undeb Ewropeiaidd Cyngor Lannrcg/Lanark. broder o Ynys yn y Gogledd a 60 miliwn ECU ar gyfer Leodhas/Lewis sy'r rhugl yr yr Albaneg. yn cynlluniau traws ffiniau. gyfrifol am gyd-lynu addysg ddwyieilhog ar draws ardal ben ranbarth Ystrad Clud. CERNYW

Gwlad Difreintedig NEWS FROM WALES Allan o’r holt ardaloedd cyngor dosbarth yn Lloegr a Chernyw. mae ardaloedd Kerrier, Penwith a Carrick gyda'r gwaethaf o safbwynt oriau gwaith hir. lefel diweithdra, diweithdra i ddynion dros 5 Elections Papurau Bro oed. pobl ifanc yn dibynnu ar gynlluniau In Prestatyn South West Ward of Hailed as one of the saviours of the hyfforddi'r llywodraeth, diweithdra 16-24 Denbighshire Labour held the seat with Welsh language, there are signs that these oed, salwch amser hir. difreintedig o 10% over the Independent candidate. Welsh language community newspapers safbwynt nwyddau masnachol a ehanran y Nearby in the Rhiw Ward of Conwy are loosing readers and failing to attract poblogaeth dros 75 oed. Council the Conservative candidate came young volunteers. lop with the defending Liberal in founh place - the Council has no overall Opinion Poll Cyngor Cernyw control. Labour has gained In a survey of Welsh speakers, 45% Mae’r Cyngor yn cyfogi 7.250 o bobl Penrhiwceiber Ward in Rhondda Cynon were in favour of an Assembly and 23% amser Ilawn a 7.650 rhan amser er mwyn Taff from Plaid Cymru with a 2% switch. undecided, 63% of those not against were gwasanaethau poblogaeth o 477.000 a However Plaid Cymru won a seat from in favour of PR voting. 44% wanting 3.222,000 o ymwelwyr. Ceir gwariant net Labour on the Cwm Nedd community taxation powers and 70% legislative y pen o £630. Mae 16% o ddisgybiion council. powers. 88% supported a referendum. ysgol yn derbyn prydau am ddim. Lefel Regarding the National Eisteddfod. 45% cyflogau dynion mewn gwaith amser llawn Nursery Groups followed it in the press and media, 38% yn 20% o dan lefel Lloegr gyda 20% o The Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin now had visited it in the last 5 years. 25% ddynion yn ardal Redruth a Cambourne yn has 632 nursery groups with 10,230 were in favour of a bar on the Maes and ddiwaith. children. Of these 40% are first language 37% in favour of relaxing the all Welsh Welsh. In addition there are 395 "Ti a Fi" rule. As regards Radio Cymru 45% groups for the youngest children, listened to it, 27% in the past week. 44% Etholiad totalling 4.792. half of whom are first supported the revamped format and 48% Yn Ward Gogledd Launceston, Gogledd language Welsh. thought there were too many English Cernyw bu’r Rhyddfrydwyr yn records. The playing of English music llwyddiannus cadw sedd yn erbyn New Welsh Secondary School varies from only 11% during daytime in ymgeisydd annibynnol. Cardiff Council proposes to create the week to 50% during weekday Clive James 1,000 new Welsh Medium secondary evenings. school places in the capital city by splitting the exiting split site school into S4C Audiences two separate schools and extending the These now stand at 20% of all Welsh buildings. The larger school will have speakers during peak Welsh broadcasting 1,400 pupils from six feeder primary hours, with the weekly reach of all Welsh Obituary schools, the smaller 1,000 pupils from spcakeis at 85%. The most popular eight schools. programmes remains the daily soap opera "Popol y Cwm”. A .fte r a serious illness, the death Quango Kings has occurred of C Hr. Dafydd Orwig, The 350 quangos in Wales have 1,400 End of an Era Chairman of the new Gwynedd members - more than the 1.273 elected In a referendum in November, the last Council and Plaid Cymru councillor councillors. David Rowe-Beddoe ever to be held, the hundred year old for Bethesde. He was 68 years old. receives £73.320 a year for chairing the "Dry Welsh Sunday" came to an end Born in Wales, educated at primary Welsh Development Agency and the when the new local council area, level in Co. Arklow, he pioneered Development Board for Rural Wales. Sir Gwynedd, which contained the only teaching geography through Welsh Geoffrey Inkin receives £67,335 for remaining "dry" district. Dwyfor. voted at secondary school and at Y Coleg Cardiff Bay Development Corporation for Sunday opening of licensed Normd in Bangor. In local and the Land Authority for Wales. premises. In favour of opening were government lie was the champion of 24,325 and against 9.829. a majority in bilingualism and simultaneous Bank Speak favour of 14.496. In 1989 Dwyfor had translation in meetings of all kinds. Barclay’s Bank is to encourage its 450 remained dry by 5.951 votes to 4.563. In He has been a member of Cyngor non-Welsh speaking staff to learn the the only other area where an referendum Llyfrau Cymraeg/Welsh Books language and join the 500 who already was held, Rhondda Cynon Taff in the Council since its inception in 1961 do so. south Wales valleys. 24.863 were in and was its current chairman. He favour of remaining open and only 3.427 took the Welsh language in north against, a majority of 21.436 in a 16% Wales above the political arena and turnout. ensured all party consensus from Clive James Welsh speakers and non Welsh speakers alike. To him the Welsh language was the natural medium of communication for all New bilingual Catalogue now available. communication. We miss him and Stocks a wide range of items of the contributions he had yet to Celtic/Gaelic interest, including ornaments, make." wall-hangings, games, books, calendars, cards and clothes etc.

Muileann Dubh, Woodholme, Culbokie, Dingwall. Scotland IV7 8JH sound changes, such as dangos, dengys; car. ceir. when these are combined with Welsh - Easy or Difficult? suffix changes it becomes a matter of much practice to get control of them - then a pattern emerges. Many are unnecessary, replacing Welsh So how do you start? You may like to ( jiv e n ihal some people have a greater words because they have become more aptitude for languages than others it may be begin with the ‘lite’ or cut-down version, familiar through books, television, called Living Welsh by T.J. Rhys Jones inadvisable to describe the learning of officialdom and schools. The end result of Welsh as easy or difficult, but it should be (Teach Yourself Books) or Cwrs Carlam by this process is that the whole language Dan L. James (Christopher Davies). For possible to compare it with other European becomes more familiar, one reason for the languages. spoken Welsh, Gareth King's Modern decline in Welsh this century. In 1960, Welsh (Routledge) is helpful, particularly There is no point in trying to convince inspection of a rural school revealed that on mutations. (I think he makes too much those who take pride in their ignorance pupils of a Welsh speaking family of the differences between spoken and that, after a lifetime spent in Waies, they background did better work in English than ought to be able to pronounce it correctly. written Welsh). For literary Welsh. David in Welsh. Perhaps the cultural imperialism A. Thorne’s A Comprehensive Welsh But the more open-minded may be glad to which leads to this situation is one Grammar (Blackweil) or Stephen J. know that the language is not a jumble of explanation for the perception that Welsh is consonants or impossible sounds. These Williams' A Welsh Grammar (UWP) would difficult. be invaluable. Teach Yourself Books also are myths encouraged by those who like a Borrowings are easily assimilated by little mystery in their lives. Enunciating the have Welsh by Bowen & Rhys Jones, which Welsh and subtly modified to suit its own shows the two pronunciations of ’y’ sounds may require a little more effort than purposes. The noun 'business’ has resulted speakers of English (‘the thin language’) A handy small dictionary is The New in a Welsh verb-noun ‘busnesa’ which Welsh Dictionary by E. Meurig Evans & arc used to. As in Italian, full value is means snooping or interfering. One cannot given to vowels; also V is rolled, nasals W.O. Thomas (Christopher Davies). Teach assume that loan words mean the same as Yourself have a dictionary which cross- are used. the original. So let’s look at the ‘easy’ part. Welsh is references mutated words with their If spelling, pronunciation and vocabulary standard forms, and includes irregular written phonetically. In that respect it is are easv-to-medium. what about grammar? simpler than English or French and plurals. It is specifically for learners, as you It can be as easy or as hard as you want to might expect. comparable to Dutch. The only difficulty make it. Like English, it is easy to learn but There is no convenient comprehensive would be ‘y’, which has two sounds, as in difficult to master. The grammar is ‘diffyg’ and ‘dyma’. Knowing that ‘w’ and W-E dictionary of the stature of the Welsh remarkably flexible, using inflected verbs Academy E-W dictionary. That tome (1710 ‘y’ are vowels resolves the visual or roundabout ways of saying the same impression of an excess of consonants. pages) is a grammar in itself and will soon thing. By using a few auxiliary verbs a dispel any idea that there is a word-for- The sounds correspond to sounds found learner can cover a lot of ground. Indeed, it in various other European languages. (‘LI’ word correspondence between languages. is thought that English lost some of its There are several grammars and is simply a breathed ‘L\ That is. the sound Germanic rigidity by adopting the Welsh is easily produced by placing the tongue in dictionaries which I have not mentioned. form of speech. That is, “W’e speak" is The ideal is to collect as many as you can, the position for ‘L’ and voicelessly blowing supplemented by "We are speaking”. air past it. There is no excuse for saying as they all have different strengths and The biggest bugbear for learners is the some explain points missed by others. ‘Langolcn’). mutation of initial letters of words under Welsh is similar to most European the influence of preceding words, or for Peter H. Edwards languages in putting the adjective (usually) grammatical reasons (e.g.. to distinguish after the noun and in having grammatical his from her - ei ben, ei phen). This helps gender. It is the opposite of German in to make sentences clearer than. say. a putting the verb at the beginning of French sentence where grammatical gender sentences. is dominant: "se dirigeant vers sa porte” Although it has a substantial ‘native’ could be her or his door. D ALDI ADA vocabulary which requires the usual hard While mutations may convey information, Celtic Crafts Directory work to memorise, there arc categories of they cause difficulties when trying to find words which relate to other (non-Celtic) words in a dictionary. They have to be ‘de- languages. First, there are many words of mutated' first. This is not a complicated Latin origin, such as credu (believe), esgus process, but is a trap for beginners. (excuse), ffenester (window), Hadron Another cause of confusion is that the (thieves), meddyg (medic). Welsh dictionary order of words and letters These are often ecclesiastic: eglwys w'ithin words follows the convention that (church), mynach (monk), and can be Dd follow's D. and Ng follows G (for The 1996/7 Directory of Celtic recognised in other contemporary example). So we find ‘addas’ after ‘adyn’ languages. However, many have changed Resources is now available - a guide to and 'tynged' before ‘tyle’. 1 have suggested Celtic craftworkcrs. instrument makers, over two millenia and are not immediately that these double letter sounds should be obvious. bookshops, music suppliers, alphabetically treated as separate letters, publications, language resources and Second, there are modem technical words and Dr. Bruce Griffiths, editor of the Welsh heritage centres within the six Celtic which have been adopted world-wide. They Academy English-Welsh Dictionary, nations and Europe. are written according to the Welsh scheme. agrees. There is no need for this A5 48 pp £2.00 per copy UK For example, teleffon. technoleg, ffacs, complication. £2.50 rest of Europe newtron. Then *allan’ would come before N. America $6.00 / Australia S8.00 Third, there are a large number of ‘Almaen’ not after ‘alsoddeg’. Cheques/Postal Orders payable to: borrowings. Naturally, the vast majority are I would guess that after mutations, most Clan Dalriada. Dun na Beatha, 2 from the geographically closest language, difficulty would be found in distinguishing Brathwic Place English, even though they may have been between ‘sydd’ and ‘mae’, or in Brodick. Isle of Arran KA27 8BN English borrowings from French or Italian recognising words which have had internal Scotland in the first instance. Bharrow a chur 6 mhaith. Nf nach ionadh. mar sin. nior éirigh go ro-mhaith le seift Bharrow agus. sa bhliain 1764. d'fhôgair Cumann Chraobhscaoileadh an Phrotastünachais gur bheag den 20.000 duine san oiledn a raibh Béarla acu. Bhi traidisiun na mbailéad faoi bhldth i gcônai. ar ndôigh - cruihtinas eile ar bheocht na teanga - agus td roinnt de na bailéid fhiordille a cumadh sa tréimhse seo f6s d gcanadh - Baase llliam Dhone (Bds Liam Donn) agus Ny Kirree fo Niaghtey (Na Caoirigh faoi Shneachta), mar shamplai. Bhi an creideamh Wesleyach laidir san oileân san ochtü haois déag ach nior léirigh Wesley aon bhd leis an teanga. Sa bhliain 1789, dtiirt sé le searménai dâ chuid "I

to 2,455 in 1851. Was therefore the parish R oger David Casement, who died lor becoming over-populated and the land Ireland in Pentonville on 3rd August 1916, more crowded, supporting larger families? Gns©m@int had always been proud of his Celtic This could have been a prime motive for origins. Bulmer Hobson wrote that “he William Casement’s emigration to the literally gave away everything he had to sparsely populated Antrim. After 1851. the help the national movement. He raised population of Lezayre declined until by ,A .s one who has for several years been money to defend prisoners, to feed children 1881 it was down to 1.478, so it is apparent engaged in vindicating Roger Casement. in the Gaeltacht. to finance Gaelic colleges that the parishioners had moved away to Yeats' “Most Gallant Gentleman", may I and to keep our small and insolvent other parts of Man or had emigrated. suggest that Michael Cashman has failed to newspapers in existence.” grasp the main point of the article in the After his father’s death, Roger was raised spring edition of Carn 1 suggest he reads by his Uncle John at Margherintemple, the published work of E. 6 Maille and his Ballvcastle, Co. Antrim. Here, if not from colleagues Uf Callanan and Payne and he his father, he undoubtedly heard of the will discover that by use of the now Manx origins of the family. accepted methods used in linguistic In 1710 a William Casement from fingerprinting in criminal cases and in Lezayre in the Isle of Man emigrated and literary controversy (e.g. the bought a farm in the parish of Andreas ShakespeareJBacon/Marlowe argument), it (Ballyeorry?). We hear of an Alice is now clear that the 1910 Casement diary Casement, possibly the grand-mother of the in the National Library. Dublin, fails to emigrant, for her husband's name was also correlate to the "Black Diaries" held in William and their home was Lezayre, London. where Alice died in 1642. the year In my recent talk "I Accuse” - A Cromwell ordered the killing and vindication of Roger Casement - given destruction of all Irishmen able to bear under the auspices of the London Branch of arms. Alice’s husband died in 1649. These the Celtic League and the London ancestors of the Casements then spelt the Association for Celtic Education, at the name Caisment and some have assumed a Roger Casement Centre, Archway. I French origin for the family; this is endeavoured to show that the diaries were possible. However. P.H. Reaney in a A forged and the reasons for which they were Dictionary of British Surnames derives the forged. I have offered to give my paper to name from Mac Asmundr from the Celtic Amuch Linn at any time and am convinced Mac "son" and the old Norse Asmundr. that Michael Cashman would find nothing "god protector’’, citing as his source A.W. homophobic in it. 1 was not originally concerned in my research with whether or Moore, whose Manx Names was published Roger Casement in London in 1903. Reaney refers to a Mac not Casement was homosexual, but the fact Casmonde of 1429. a Casymound and a is that there is no evidence that he was apart from the Black Diaries and he himself Casmyn of 1540 and a Casement of 1612. Any opinions or knowledge of why the The old Norse origin of the name was denied it. Casements emigrated would be greatly May 1 suggest that the homophobes certainly accepted by Roger Casement appreciated. since when he wrote Alsace, Ireland and a whom Michael Cashman should attack are There is yet another family connection those Americans and influential British Poet, it was accredited to Ruari with Man. Roger Casement’s great­ Macasmund. He sometimes used this form who withdrew support from Casement grandfather. Roger Casement of Harryville. when the forgeries disseminated by of his name in his diaries and the Vice Ballymena, married in 1756. Catherine, the Consul in Rio had to pass on a postal item Reginald Hall. Basil Thomson and their daughter of Julius Cosnahan of Peel. Isle of hirelings were carefully leaked by the to Mr Mac-Asmund. British Consul- Man. Catherine died in Ballymena on 10th General (see Ernest Hamblock, British Home Office - and for that. Asquith must October 1809. It is desirable to know more carry a large share of responsibility. Consul; Memories of Thirty Years Sen-ice of the Cosnahans and particularly of Roger in Europe and Brazil - 1938). If a man’s sexuality is used against him. David Casement's great-grandmother. I assure Michael Cashman I shall be on But why did the Casements leave Man? I am preparing an extensive account of Possibly because the Cromwellian troops the side of his defenders but if a false Roger Casement's family since I believe it sexuality has been created by his enemies had left much land for the taking in Antrim is most interesting to look at the origins of and other pans of Ireland. Did they farm in to destroy him. must we not condemn this international hero and patriot, who has those enemies? Ulster as they had perhaps in Man or did been deliberately vilified in the forged they carry with them mining skills? Black Diaries, extracts of which were John Garton The great wheel known as "Lady Isabella" circulated in 1916 to ensure that the or the Laxy Wheel was constructed under 115 Woodlands Avenue demands for his reprieve were diminished Wanstead the direction of a Robert Casement and was to such an extent that he could safely be completed in 1854. This suggests that the London El 1 3RB hanged and America not dissuaded from family had interests in mining. Common entering the war on England's side. factors linking Ballycastle. where the Note: Mr Garton supplied a copy of his Casements eventually settled, and Lezayre. paper which is unfortunately too long to John Garton publish in Carn. To only publish parts are farming and lead mining. 115 Woodlands Avenue In 1726 the parish of Lezayre had the would not do justice to an excellent paper. Wanstead Mr Garton can be contacted at the above highest population of all the towns and London El I 3RB parishes of Man. 1,309. and this increased address. Support for Teilifís na Gaeilge Arrives at Last Unrecognised Gaelscolleanno

presenting their wares 'as Gaeilge'. Many T h e campaign to win recognition for those T h e long overdue Irish language programmes have English language schools refused Dept, of Education sanction television channel finally opened on subtitles available for those with little or in the Republic continued throughout the Hallowe'en night. The special opening no Irish. Autumn and Winter. It focussed mainly on show featured many wishing the new The main evening news is at 10 p.m. fund raising activities with appeals being station well, provided samples of and has achieved a good standard in made for donations and at the end of programme types to be broadcast in the diversity, outside reporting and coverage. November a big concert ‘An Gig Gaelach’ following months and included many Viewers of TnaG can see Spanish premier was held in the Olympia Theatre in Dublin. groups and bands partaking in the launch league soccer while the principal soap The well attended function heard music and festivities. Amongst the well-wishers 'Ros na Run', with a storyline involving a songs from groups and individual artists were the Celtic language TV services in Dublin family returning to Conamara who gave their services free, including Na Scotland and Wales. The service was well seems to be scripted virtually bilingually Casaidigh, Kila. Délos. Einniú. Máirtín Tom received in the media and of course w'ith even Gaeltacht characters regularly Sheáinfn. Tadhg Mac Dhonnagáin, Áine Ni welcomed by Irish speakers. throwing in sentences and phrases in Cheallaigh and Mairéad Ni Uistín. The it broadcasts from 5 p.m. 16 p.m. on English, or is this to show us what is now proceeds will help unrecognised weekends) to 10.30 p.m. each evening the reality of the situation in the Gaeltacht Gaelscoileanna in the Republic and the and on weekdays, also broadcasts a half today? North. (The case of the multi- hour of cartoons between 12.30 p.m. and All the main Irish language dialects denominational Gaelscoil in Newry, Co. 1 p.m. The programmes cover the usual seem to have a share linguistically in both Down (founded in 1988) and other TV fare, drama, soaps, cartoons, sport, programming and presenters. Why is difficulties was reported in Cam previously. current affairs and news and music ‘Etironews’ a review of news from Happily this school will be granted official programmes. The service seems to be European countries (on weekdays) status by the Northern Dept, of Education well supported with advertising, with a screened with a commentary in English from August 1997). range of manufacturers and products only? Two of the schools refused recognition in the Republic, Ballybrack in Co. Dublin and Cluain Eois. Co. Monaghan intend to initiate Court action against the Dept, of Irish and Manx Governments claiming the issues had already been dealt Education for a judicial review. While the with by the High Court in London, but the schools are succeeding well at present back Anti Thorp Case case is not expected to be heard until next finances will be the difficulty in the future. year. Celtic League General Secretary Bernard If successful, it will set a European and Moffat received a reply from the Minister T h e action taken by tour Louth residents international law precedent. of Education to the letter he had sent. Apart against British Nuclear Fuels has been from indicating the number of schools she guaranteed financial support by the Irish had recognised over her tenure as Minister, Government initially to the tune of £30.000. Niamh Breathnach had little to say which The Manx Government is also backing would give hope to the unrecognised (morally only?) the residents in their light to ANOTHER CEASEFIRE? schools. More pressure is needed now from close down the nuclear reprocessing plant at all sources to try to ensure that these the Sellafteld complex in Cumbria. the time of going to press it is schools will be given the official sanction The four claim the Thorp plant is A. they deserve, if not immediately certainly a endangering Irish people and are seeking difficult to be optim istic about the possibilities of a second IRA Ceasefire guaranteed recognition for the next school an injunction from the Irish courts to close year. the plant, which is owned by British and. even were it to come, about the Nuclear Fuels Ltd. possibility of real progress in the The campaigners say Thorp contravenes interparty talks. While there appears to the Euratom treaty, which governs aspects be substance to reports of strenuous such as pollution discharges and the efforts being made by Gerry Adams and transport of radioactive matter, and a 1985 John Hume to bring about a ceasefire, European Commission directive which whether the clarifications being sought requires that an environmental impact and seen as necessary by the IRA on how assessment be carried out before the long Sinn Féin must then wail for entry disposal of radioactive waste. into the talks will be given or not by the The four campaigners - all residents of British and Irish Governments remains Dundalk - are company director Ollan the key question. Decommissioning (of Herr, artist Constance Short, organic arms) is still being used by the main Universal Declaration vegetable grower Mark Dearey and their Unionist panies to block progress. They spokesperson, an teacher Mary Kavanagh. had called for it to start previously as a of Linguistic Bights They claim that the plant’s owners. precondition for entry of Sinn Féin into BNFL is answerable to the Irish people and talks and now with nimours of a second T h e Congress of Deputies of the Spanish the Irish courts, ceasefire have upped the ante by State has approved on the 18th September. Ms Kavanagh says Dundalk is 112 miles demanding that not only must it have 1996. unanimously, a resolution of away from Sellafield. much closer than begun but that substantial armaments adhesion to the UDLR. most people in England, yet Irish people must be handed up before Sinn Féin Work continued to canvass the Executive are supposed to live with the dangers would have access to the interparty talks. Council of UNESCO as its General without a say. Are the hopes of a ceasefire and real Director. Mr Frederic Mayor Zaragoza The four won the right to sue BNFL. progress in talks to founder once again indicated he hoped to introduce the UDLR despite the company trying to stop it by on the rock of Unionist intransigence? to the Council at its meeting in Oct. Keltack a treegas en dew ennis ew henwez Worthen (leb rigan.s clappia Gothalaek) ha Bretten (leb rigans clappia Brethonaek lerebah an Scottez tha anneza en Alban en 5as cansblethan. en dry barha angye go thavas Gothalaek, han Sausen tha anneza en sooth-east, en dry barha angye go thavas Sowsnack). Per thehogall, na reeg an Gothalas nan Brittez adgan go hunnen avel 'Keltean' nena. ha pereeg leeas thor an dehow-orlewan moaz drez moar tha anneza en Arvorica en 4a ha 5as cansblethan. gye a ovah go hunnen avel Brittez. Per efan, riag ewa buz adewethas dreeg an deffrans teez teithiack an thew ennis nye Keltean? Brittez? dalla tha adgan e gillez vcl devethez a lydnyath commyn. ha hedna ew en termen deskez prest a progath thene na dale (ha leb o kellez gongans kebmys a go heynes W a r livan raage an kensa levar an levar- nye nevra crya onen 'Kelt’; rag. angye drova kellez rag nevra perogas; buz termen Hean Cernow. never deag. ma methan'gye, an gear na dale boaz usyez meero! thosympyas thera kenevrah wonnen havalder Wella Bocterel a usya crya c lebn rag refcrrya than lavas, than ari. po tha an poblow ma adgan e hunnen avel hunnen ‘Kelt Coath’. kene enapp an heynes an "Kellean'. Why Keltack. ha grase than Greckians, keveris An gearma. 'Kelt'. ew talvez than ell gwellas kenz lebmen assewa callisti tha Edward Lhuyd! Greckians reeg e usya en pempas po omwctba rag usya an gear ‘Kelt’ ! Whaihe. mor ce nebun Sows ihort whelhas cansblethan ken Creste, bui ouga Dar, pe na dale tha nye omhanwall Loundres. Manchester ampassy. cavaz hedna e ve kellez.. Na reeg 'Keltean' Gaul ’Keltean'. pewa o nye, than, eze a longia droag tabm drez moar. pokeean boaz na Breuen omhanwall andelna, ha en gweer than deez eze a Ireegas cn Alban. Worthen. comerez ha towlez en pressen wos muyglen na oren nye henwyn rima buz drethe Ennis Mann. Knnbra, Kernow ha Bretten suganaw po gweel neb droag obar orol. ma skreftow an Romans reeg o crya angye Vean, ha tha leb ma tavossow ew henwez. an nawothow pub preze referrya dotha avel Galli ha Briioni. E ve Edward Lhuyd reeg ha en cumpas. Keltack? Mor kressa nye Bretten! Avel, “Deaw Vrelten reeg kelly an deskyvra an gear anoweth ha e dry deraage nakevy Gallia rag an termen, rag e reeg bownas pe reeg ari kmareen angye skeetia nye adro iha vlethan an Arleih 1700 pereeg clamdera ha peryssya per scoen ouga ooz nteaze an voren Mynncu Frenk de." e screefa e Archaeologia Britannica. an Romans, thcra an bobell leb reeg clappia Pewa reeg lavarall dro angye Brittez? Whaihe, ma an deez mear lettrcz ha Drez licklaud tho angye Sausen! Ez iggez a cowz dro than Govemans Brethonaek. car dre gowsez kenz dro than Empire Brethonaek ew fylLez lebmen. ha besyn an 'luck Brethonaek’. ha 'Gwrcw perna Brethonaek!' Car dre hevol, na ellen nye namouy hanwall gon hunnen Brethonaek nebes broyow kudhys yn-dann an heb boaz judge/ en kcitermen tha voaz t í a ni yn Kernow owth assaya dasserghi niverennow: rag ensampel ny welir y' ga Sowsnack! Pell thurt boaz contentez gen agan yeth ha previ agan bos onan an mysk Y nysow an Chanel na Manow' v’ n rol ladra eker an pow nye. an Sausen venga kenedhlow hyghan a dal kavoes agan - yns y gorrys yn-dann an Rewvaneth Unys? ladra ker aweath agon hanaw nye! galloes bobel agan honan. mires a wren yn Meur dhe les yw ynwedh rekna an niver Dar. pandra ellen nye omhanwall gun fenowgh orth kornellow crell an norvys a vroyow byghan a wra omrewlya, dell hunnen. than, mor medn nye menegas oil may hyllir gweles savleow haval. hevel, heb kaletter. Yn-mes a'n 261 powr dro nye idn bobell? An deez fecre reeg gon Bagas henwys Population Concern yn y'n rol. 33 a'n jeves le a 500,000 (hantor defendya nye rag usya an gear Keltean'. an Loundres (koden host WIN 5TB) a wra milvil) a duo, honn yw dho leverel Sausen reeg ladra ker con hanaw eumpas! meur a ober yn unn dhyllo meur a byghanna ages Kernow. Res yw aswonn Ca! dherivadow ha data yn kever pobians an bos lies anedha ynysow byghan diberthys Bctha why shonick, an deez mear lettrez broyow, kevradh ynkressyans aga foblans. pell diworth broyow erell. Lies moy yma ha deskez. ha gero nye tha usya ra' gon study aga yeghes, aga boghosogneth po gans le es milvil dhen). hunnen an hanaw a Keltean! Rag nag eze sewena hag erell. Yn Kernow res yw dhyn ni pesya agan kene hanaw ell gon deskreef'a nye. ha. eah! Herwydh an rol a dherivadow rag 1996 gorholeth a vos aswonnys avel pow Keltean o nye ha Keltean one nye Stella; pobians an norvys yw 5.771.000.000 a dus diblans. gans unnikter y honan ha gans pewa a veth c naha? Magata es drell an hag owth ynkressya y'n eur ma der 1.5% gwiryow arbennik awos henna. Ny vern Sausen erya go hunnen Sowsnack. kethens pub blydhen may lyv pobians an bvs braster po byghander y’n dhadhel ma. gwrez anian a pub sorrow lecz. en kethe yndellma: delna nye ell hanwall gon hunnen Keltean. Blvdhen Pobians An Bvs Summary Nangew usyez an term Keltia rag refeirya Í996 5.771.000,000 .4 group called Population Concern in tha hole an powiow nye. Preze ew tha 2010 6.974,000.000 London do a lot of work publishing data regardya gon hunnen avel idn deez. an 2025 8.193,000.000 about world population. Keltean. Hemm yw awos bos an kevradh In the latest list there are 261 different Richard Gendall genesigans 24 yn 1000 erbynn an kevradh states. Many are ‘new’ to the world map - Precis: Ur can thank the ancient Greeks mernans 9 yn 1000. Y'n powyow le mostly from the former Soviet Union and for the name 'Celts' which, however, displegys fleghes vn-dann 15 bloedh a wra it's satellite states. became lost to the world until c. 1700. But tressa rann an bodei. erbynn an ni ver y'n Of more interest is the number of small the inhabitants of Gaul. Britain and powyow moy displegys le may kevir unn self-governing states. Amid the 261 states Ireland knew themselves as Gauls. Britons pympes rann a’n bobel yw fleches. are 33 with a population below 500,000. and Gaels. Y'n rol kampoellys a-ugh yma 261 pow Some are of course small Islands miles Since the English have now taken over diblans diskwedhys. Lies anedha yw from any other country. It doesn't matter our words Britain. Briton and British, and "nowydh" dhe vappa arnowydh an bvs - wliat size you are when it comes to running men o f learning tell us me must only use dres oil an re esa kyns rann an Unvans xour own-country. the word 'Celtic' when referring to Sovietek ha’y broyow loerell. Ynwedh yma G.M.S. languages and culture, and never to call a She said “Cornwall 2000 - The Way person 'a Celt’, lion• can we who regard Ahead, the Mebyon Kernow manifesto is a ourselves as descendants o f the Celts refer positive alternative for Cornwall - founded to ourselves as a people? on four important cornerstones. Our Be fair, you men of learning! If the alternative is Cornish, green, left-of-centre English in all their variety can call and decentralist." themselves English, then allow us to call (See — Carn 95 for further details of ourselves Celts, and call the union of our MK's Cornish, green, left-of-centre and countries Keltia! decentralist agenda.) Also speaking at the press conference was TThe 18th International Celtic Film & Paul Dunbar (PPC South-East Cornwall). Television Festival - Porthia '97 takes He said "Cornwall 2000 - The Way place at the renowned Tregenna Castle Mebyon Kernow Ahead - the new Mebyon Kernow Hotel, St. Ives from March 19th to 22nd manifesto, has been produced at an historic 1997, the first time that Cornwall has point for our party. hosted the event. The festival, takes its title Mebyon Kernow has four prospective Porthia '97 from the town's Cornish name. parliamentary candidates in place to fight Porthia. (the harbour of la), its Celtic the General Election - more than ever founder. before. We will also be fielding more The extraordinary quality of light has Council candidates than ever before in Mav attracted artists from all over the world to 1997. live and work in the towm which is now the 1 am proud to be one of those four home of the Tate St. Ives - a perfect setting prospective parliamentary candidates and I to celebrate the visual world of film and am proud to campaign on a manifesto as Launch Manifesto television. comprehensive and radical as this. The International Celtic Film and Cornwall has suffered because the Television Festival, hosted by Westminster parties follow political Westcountry Television, is the celebration IV1 ebyon Kernow launched ihc parly's agendas set outside of Cornwall." of a year's work and an opportunity for new manifesto for the coming General Mr. Dunbar, who trained as a marine film/programme makers to see other Election, at a press conference in Truro on surveyor and is a skilled boat builder, said productions and meet practitioners from 8th November. “if we take the example of fishing - it was other Celtic countries. The Celtic Film The manifesto entitled Cornwall 2000 - our local fishermen who suffered when and Television Association aims to The Way Ahead was compiled by Mebyon Westminster agreed to the Common celebrate the best of Celtic film and Kernow's Press and Campaigns Team and Fisheries Policy, without full consultation television at the Festival and promote the involved wide-ranging consultations with with our fishermen. It was the Westminster richness and differentness of Celtic MK members. The manifesto was then government that signed away the right of cultures. debated and democratically agreed at a Cornish fishermen to earn a living. It was The International Jury and Pre-Selection conference in September. the Westminster government that threw juries look for an inherent 'Celticness' in At over 15,000 words in length, MK open Cornish fishing grounds to be films and programmes entered in each of claim the manifesto offers a comprehensive plundered by all coiners. The government the Celtic countries and regions. and radical alternative to the Westminster knew that it was doing but did not care Celtic language productions are parties. It includes a foreward by Cynog Now it is trying to blame the European particularly welcomes. The quality of Dalis, Plaid Cymru MP. The manifesto was Union for its own stupidity, with the help of competitions is high and indigenous launched with speeches by three of MK's a smoke-screen provided by the Tory press. language films compete directly with four parliamentary candidates. The only realistic choice, which MK has English and French language productions. John Bolitho (PPC North Cornwall) said publicised but Westminster has ignored, is Festival Office; 1 Camelot Court. “Westminster government and the the creation of a new Regional Fishing Penzance. Cornwall TR1 2QN. Tel. 01736 Westminster parlies have failed Cornwall. Policy. Such a policy would be hammered 333151.Fax. 01736 333153. Cornwall continues to suffer high out by delegates sent by fishermen from Porthia '97 is dedicated to the memory of unemployment, low wages, social European Regions such as Cornwall, Frank Cappelstone. deprivation equivalent to inner city areas dealing directly with Europe. Such a and a Gross Domestic Product that is only fishing policy would also give each region 70% of the UK average. A recent control of its own fishery. Sadly government report found that out of the 56 Westminster has shown no signs, as yet. of most deprived rural areas in Cornwall, allowing such decentralisation of powers to Devon and Somerset - fifty-one were in local fishing communities." Cornwall.” A copy of the MK manifesto can be He added "it is manifestly clear to me obtained from - Mebyon Kernow. Press that Westminster Government is not and Campaigns Office. Shell Cottage, working for Cornwall. It is not working for Moorland Rd.. Indian Queens. TR9 6I1N. It Cornish communities, for Cornish farmers, is priced only £2 (inc. p&p). Cornish fishermen or our workers and MK has also just printed a second edition small business. We would be better off, of its report (updated and greatly extended). having a greater say in our own future. We "An Assembly for Cornwall?” which need policies produced in Cornwall for outlines the views of politicians in Cornwall. Cornwall concerning decentralisation. It is In the coming election, only one party priced only £1 from the above address. will have a manifesto produced in Enquiries about membership of Mebyon Cornwall, by the people of Cornwall and Kernow should also be sent to the MK geared to the needs, hopes and aspirations Press Office. Membership costs only £6 a of the people living in Cornwall, And that year and members receive a quarterly party is Mebyon Kernow," magazine "Cornish Nation”. Ruth Lewarne (PPC Falmouth and Camborne) gave a wide-ranging speech outlining the policies in the manifesto. chyndaait gys chengey elley. Lhaih mee y veer veg heose va sereeut ayns Baarle ec R.S. Thomas as hug mee Gaelg urree. Liorish jannoo shen, v'eh er ny chaghlaa ayms. agh ta treislu aym dy vel dy liooar faagil jeh smooinaght R.S. Thomas oddys oo toiggal. Myr ta seihll eddyr-ashoonagh yn argid chionney stiagh orrin. fell jeeaghyn dv bee ny chengaghyn dooghyssagh ain ny ynriean reddyn dooghyssagh vees faagil dooin. Fodmayd soilshaghey magh y Celtiaghys ain er aghi ennagh liorish chengaghyn eddyr-ashoonagh. agh share ny chengaghyn dooghyssagh. Ta R.S. Xettyreight ayns Chengaghynjoarree Thomas kiart dy ve boirit. Orree Crennell Mee Houney v'eh screeu ayns Baarle ny lomarcan - nee S h in y n ta currit da cooishyn Celtiagh. Bretnagh firrinagh v'ayn ny dyn? Gyn The difficult position of writers who foddee nagh vel shin smooinaghtyn dy bee ourys. dooinney elley v’ayn, va kianlt belong to stuoli notions is exentplfied by the bardagh Bretnagh screeu ayns Baarle. Agh seose lesh jiass Vretin. nagh row guee Welsh poet R.S. Thomas. shen ny ta R.S. Thomas jannoo. As ta sleih mollaght er ny Sostnee goll rish ny dy liooar smooinaghtyn dy re eshyn y Bretnee agglagh shid ayns y twoaie. Agh bardagh Baarlagh share ta er tnayrn ec y yiarragh ny Sostnee cheddin Bretnagh rish traa t’ayn. V'eh ny haggyrt ayns Agglish Dylan kiart dy liooar, ga nagh row eh Vretin agh t’eh ny haaue nish. Hie eh er currit da Bretnish ny da'n chooish enmyssey son aundyr Nobel as t'eh er ashoonagh. chosney aundyryn dy liooar. Agh ta sleih ayns gagh ashoon beg Ta R.S. Thomas dy boltagh ayns I'oayr loiggal y doilleeid, eer ayns ny h-ashoonvn jeh Bretnish. agh cha dynsee eh yn chengey beggey shen boayl nagh vel ny chengaghyn gys v'eh bunnys jeih bleeaney as feed dy dooghyssagh ayns stayd cho gaueagh as ny “Mooinjer eash. Ta trimshey er yn oyr nagh dynsee eh chengaghyn Celtiagh. My t'ou screeu ayns Bretnish tra v’eh ny ghuilley. T’eh tree y chengey dooghyssagh ayd, s’cosoylagh bleeaney as kiare feed dy eash nish. As nagh jean oo cosney ard-ghoo eddyr- Veggey” peiagh erbee la cummal ayns Brelin nagh ashoonagh. My t’ou screeu ayns chengey vel Bretnish echey ny eck. cha nee vooar. eddyr-ashoonagh, share y caa ayd dy Bretnagh firrinagh t’ayn, ta Mnr Thomas chosney ard-ghoo, my she shen y red t’ou smooinaghtyn. T’eh er chur niagh keeadyn geearree. T h e need for a pre-school Manx dy ghaanyn, bunnys dy ehooillcy nanc jeu Ny keayrtyn. la peiagh ennagh goll nofn medium playgroup was identified at ayns Baarle. tro shoh. Myr sampleyr. ren ughtar last year's Faeilley Gaelgagh Forum. Ta Sostnee ennagh beggan imneagh er y Eeslynnagh cosney aundyr Nobel Since then, the idea has been fa nagh ren Thomas rieau loayrt noi ny shiananse dy vleeantyn er dy henney. V'eh translated into reality in a remarkably reddyn ta jeant ec Mec Ghlyndwr. Shoh grait ec y traa v’ayn nagh row ny briwnyn short space of time under the possan Bretnagh ta er lostey thieyn ta croghey er chyndaaghyn jeh'n obbyr echey. direction of a committee chaired by Sostnee er chionnaghey ayns Bretin. Foddee dy jinnagh sleih granganagh gra dy Mr. Phil Gawne. also chairman of Yn erskyn ooilley thieyn-souree nagh vod row vondeish echey er y fa dy vel Cheshaght Gaelgagh. Bretnee aegey fordrail kionnaghey. S'tiark braaraghyn Loghlinagh stiurey ny h- The greatest obstacle has been the y fer va goit son y losteyrys shoh: t'eh aundvryn Nobel. question of premises. Most suitable grait nagh vel peiagh erbee er ve goit son Shoh doilleeid nagh vodmayd, ny premises are in outlying districts and echey. Celtiee, scapail voish. As shoh doilleeid require vast amounts of money spent She fer-shee Thomas ta noi marroo sleih. elley. Foddee dy vel eh anaasagh nagh ve! on them. The group has finally been Agh keayn dy row dooyrt eh ‘C’red ta oorskeealyn (novels) jannoo ro vie ayns established in the Braddan School bioys un pheiagh Sostnagh cosoy lit rish cur ny chengaghyn Celtiagh. Ta draneyn Lodge, which is just outside Douglas. mow ashoon?’ As screeu eh: 'Ta shin nyn foddey ny smoo speeideilagh. Tro Brenda Bridson. a proficient Manx eebyrtee sy cheer ain hene; ta shin gee Celtiagh? Nee ughtar ta screeu ayns speaker who has experience of arran ec boayrd va jeant follym ro-laue. chengey Cheltiagh gra rhyt dy vel eh running a Manx Playgroup ten years ’Jeeagh-shiu dooin’, la shin guee. 'y raad doillee dy mennick dy screeu oorskeeal er ago. is the Playgroup Leader and dy valley’, as t’ad craidey mooin: 'Agh ta y fa dy vel enney ec dy ehooilley pheiagh several other Manx speakers will be shiu thie hannah. Tar-shiu stiagh as cum- er ny persoonvn t’ayns y skeeal myr sleih acting as assistants on a rota basis. shiu rish.’ Nagh jean peiagh erbee rieuagh fer y teihll shoh wass! My ta’n Financial support is being received soilshaghey ere goll rish t’eh dy ve ruggit ughtar currit da'n ellyn echey ny eck. bee from Caarjyn ny Gaelgev. a Manx ayns stayd caillit?’ Amen, ta ny Manninee eshyn na ish ceaut magh ass y cheer. Myr language support charity, and the gra. shen. t'eh ny sassey er aght ennagh dy Manx Heritage Foundation have Cha row Thomas ny haggyrt cadjin. screeu daanvn, ta ginsh yn 'irriney dy promised to pay the leader’s wages Keayn dy row. ren eh goaill rish dy beagh neu-yeeragh. for the first year. Other assistance is eh ny sassey da dy beagh sleih goll er Gyn ourys. cha nod oo chyndaa chengey being sought and fund raising events bashtey. poosey as oanluckey er y laa gys chengey elley as geddyn y seihll are taking place. cheddin. Agh. myr saggyrt, va caa mie dy cheddin. She seihll elley t’ayn. Dy beigns Anyone wishing information or lhaih as screeu. screeu shoh ayns Baarle. she seihll elley willing to give support should contact Ta’n sliennoo shoh cur cooinaghiyn veagh ayn. Agh son shickyrys foddee oo Mr. Phil Gawne. Cooil Bane. orrin jeh Thomas elley. enmyssit Dylan. geddyn rneeryn mooarey jeh seihll y Cregneash. Mannin, Shimmey arganys va jeant my-c-chione: chengey dooghyssagh voish lioar ta establishment of Manx Citizenship and immigration controls. Nationalist Candidates Contest “The past ten years have seen a government that has over-spent, misspent, Election dithered and mislead the public over various issues. The incoming administration has got in 1995, there was an apparent reluctance a hard time ahead of it. with too much T w o aclive members of Mec Vannin by anyone to commit themselves. 1 had money already having been committed to ill- (Manx Nationalist Party) put themselves always made it perfectly clear that I would conceived capital projects. The protests of forward as independent candidates in stand for Mec Vannin. but not alone: a the Manx people at the destruction of our November's election for the House of Keys single candidate standing for a party is country and our way of life have been (Manx Parliament). totally meaningless. The last Mec Vannin callously ignored on the excuse that we Mark Kermode. outlined his reasons for AGM held in April called for other potential would benefit economically and socially. opting to reluctantly stand as an independent: candidates to make themselves known but This, as was predicted, has not materialised." none were forthcoming." Nevertheless. Mark Kermode contested the election taking a strong nationalist stance. Under the first heading manifesto, Politics, he states: “1 have always believed that the Isle of Man has an absolute right to self determination. I also believe that such inriependence should be based upon providing a secure future for the Manx people as an independent Nation, justifiably proud of our past and with good reason to stay here to be part of its future. Unfortunately, throughout my lifetime. I have seen a succession of governments which have been happy to let our greatest Illiam Costain treasure leave - our talented youth - while bending over backwards to attract people to _____!_____^ this country who’s greatest love for it is its The other candidate Illiam Costain, also a Mark Kermode tax rate. declared Mec Vannin member, attacks the These two facts inevitably led me to present governments "ill-conceived “Mec Vannin's constitution defines it as a become involved in the Manx Nationalist policies": He states. "... that while the political party, committed to offering Party, Mec Vannin. I have held various economy has developed over the last five candidates at all levels of government in positions in this organisation and. although I years, bringing with it increased Mannin In this, it has been successful in the stand on my own behalf at this election. I employment opportunities, there has also past at both local and national level. In am still a member of Mec Vannin." been an increase in violent crime, and social recent years, however, the group had taken Mark goes on to outline policy areas he and economic inequality.” on more the role of pressure group than considers important: External Relations - In his election manifesto he calls for the political party. In his 1985 I Ilium Dhoneday the government’s over emphasis on next government to maintain the economic oration, former chairman Paul Kelly firmly legislating "to bring us in line with the UK. growth but also show 'guts and vision’ in reasserted the agenda calling for a field of Why? We are not part of the UK”. dealing with the problems that have Mec Vannin candidates at this election. Government - The current ministerial accompanied it. Nonetheless, despite Paul's personal system should be changed so that ministers ‘During the last five years the Manx runaway success as a Mec Vannin candidate are appointed by Tynwald and made Government has become divisive, secretive in the Braddan Local Authority by-election accountable to Tynwald. Population - The and increasingly unaccountable to its own people and too submissive and passive in its relations with Britain and Europe.' He believes the Manx Government should Reih Bleeaney Vanannan look beyond UK policies for inspiration and also take into account the likes of Norway, Ireland or Switzerland ‘whose respective R le ih Bleeaney Vanannan, as its name A panel, made up of representatives of experiences provide more successful suggests, is an annual award presented to the Foundation. Trustees of the Manx models of democratic government, social an individual, group or organization; for Museum, Yn Chruinnaght and Yn provision, economic growth, social stability, the most outstanding contribution to Cheshaght Ghailckagh, decides on the education and environmental responsibility.' Manx cultural heritage, by the Manx recipient. Other issues centred on specific local Heritage Foundation (MI-IF). As far as I am aware, this is the only matters; more environmental controls and the The first presentation of this award was Manx generated honour (as opposed to need to improve the lot of local communities made in 1986. Nominations are invited British), that is bestowed on its citizens. vis-à-vis jobs, housing etc. from the public and groups concerned For this reason it deserves to he given the Mylevreeshey with Manx culture, at this time of year. highest profile possible. At present there Stop Press The successful nomination is announced is minimal publicity surrounding the Unfortunately, both Illiam Costain and in December and presentation of the award and its recipient. If a survey were Mark Kermode failed to win seats in the award is usually made at the official undertaken, of the general public. I would election. Illiam was beaten by a mere 41 opening of Yn Chruinnaght. This year, for be surprised if many would be able to votes in Rushen constituency. Mark the list lime the recipient of the award will name even a single past recipient. declared very late, less than five weeks be invited to name a cultural cause, which MHF should consider ways to raise the before Polling Day. and was unable to will receive a £500 donation from MHF. prestige and public awareness of this mount a very high profile campaign. Mec Vannin and the Celtic League have Manx honour. Nonetheless, he achieved a credible 559 been invited to make nominations this CJK votes, or 16% against six other candidates. year for the first time. The feedback he has received from people has convinced him that he should try again. despite the 'po-faced denials’ of both Manx and British politicians the Isle of Man and Mil-Tec the Tatest Manx other off-shore centres are still wedded to the illicit arms trade, much of which it appears is orchestrated from the Linked African Adventure? Kingdom. B. Moffatt The Manx media warmed to the story with T h e discovery of documents linking an Island papers proclaiming “the South African Isle of Man registered company, Mil-Tec connection has brought more bad publicity to Corporation, to arms trading into the the lsland following recent insider dealing Interim Census central African area were reported in and money laundering disclosures". British newspapers in mid November, Before the dust had settled on the Report The Celtic League Manx branch Independent's stories much more serious immediately issued a statement attacking the allegations emerged which were not so easy Provisional results of the April head Manx government's failure to regulate to refute. count, published recently showed there was outside interests registered in the Isle of Man The UK Observer newspaper carried a resident population of 71.714 - down 55 and expressed outrage that the Island's off­ stories in May 1987 linking a prominent on the original estimate and up 2.8 per cent shore status allowed it to capitalise on the United Kingdom politician to a Company on the figure at the 1991 full Census. unfolding tragedy in places such as Rwanda. registered in the Isle of Man. This The population consists of 13,483 The Times newspaper had reported Company's background was complex being children. 43.278 people of working age and finding conclusive evidence of multi registered both here and with subsidiaries 14.953 retired people. million pound contracts linking the Island in Guernsey and at Shannon in Eire. The There are 34.797 males and 36.917 and other centres to the arms trade and Company called IAS was also connected to females living in 29,377 households. pointedly the arms deliveries were in full an American air transport firm Southern The first volume of the census report swing at the time of the genocide of over Air Transport from whom it was alleged to shows the number of people employed one million people in that area in 1994. lease C-130 transport aircraft. Operation by stands at a record 33.577. The arms shipped included millions of the air line, at the time being investigated Almost 18 per cent work in the finance rounds of small arms ammunition, by US Federal authorities, were reported to sector, as many again in professional thousands of Tifles and other automatic involve the ferrying of arms and munitions services. 10 per cent each in building and weapons, mortar bombs, grenades and into areas such as Angola which were then manufacturing, 8.7 per cent in shop work rocket launchers. subject to UN arms embargoes. and only 2.8 per cent in farming, forestry The Celtic League General Secretary told Attempts by the Manx government and and fishing and 2.3 per cent in tourism. the BBC. Manx and International media others to portray the Mil-Tec Rwanda arms A second, illustrated volume of the that these latest revelations exposed the link as an "unfortunate” isolated incident report, providing more detailed results, will rotten edifice upon which economics in the are therefore untrue. It would appear that be published early next year. off-shore centres were based. He called for money laundering, tax dodging and arms trading to be exposed and accused both the UK and Isle of Man governments of turning a blind eye to the abuses. British Labour Party and Tax The Isle of Man government’s PR machine swung into overdrive immediately to limit damage to the island’s “reputation" caused Havens by the scandal. Ministers were variously either unable to comment, “because they approval and UK legislation can and has didn't have the full details” or promising .A leading UK Labour Party politician has been unilaterally extended to Mannin "full cooperation” with any enquiry. At each attacked off-shore finance centres including against Manx government wishes. This can stage it was reiterated that the Lsland does not Mannin. Mr. George Foukes. Labour's include our responsibility for income tax. wish to have any involvement with scandals overseas development spokesman, tabled a The Celtic League and Mec Vannin are such as this and does all it can to avoid them. question in the House of Commons asking no lovers of the island’s tax-haven status Somehow this did not ring true. of Chancellor of the Exchequer, Kenneth either, but for different reasons. The proven The chance find of paperwork at Sake, a Clarke, how much money was being lost to use of Mannin by drug money launderers former Hutu refugee camp in eastern Zaire, the UK through off-shore centres such as and paramilitaries and the overdependence was not the first occasion on which the Mannin and the Channel Islands. on an industry that has no vested interest in Island has been linked to alleged "African Even though Labour’s shadow home Mannin’s long term security has often adventures" aimed at evading sanctions. affairs spokesman, Douglas Henderson, drawn criticism. In January 1987 the UK Independent denied any threat to tax-havens under a Any moves by a future Labour newspaper released information in which it Labour government during a visit to government ro remove Mannin's inferred that the Isle of Man government Mannin earlier this year, it is believed that if independence status would seriously set had been holding "secret talks" with the Labour wins in the UK Mr. Foukes may back or even terminate Mannin's move to Apartheid government of South Africa with pursue the matter further, particularly in independence. The claim to independent a view to the South Africans taking “over light of shadow chancellor Gordon Brown's national sovereignly under international law its freeport as part of an audacious plan to promise to take a strong stance against off­ has been seriously undermined by the Manx evade sanctions". The allegations were in shore tax avoidance. government's ow n determined campaign to part refuted but the Independent provided The Manx Treasury Minister. Mr. Donald minoritise the Manx people. Nor is there a comprehensive information to support its Gelling MHK. was quick to deny that this definition of Manx citizenship. The assertions. posed a tangible threat, claiming that Mr. situation is ail too reminisceni of 1765 A current critic of the Islands off-shore Foukes w-as not properly informed of when Mannin's independence was removed tax status, George Foulkes, was quoted in Mannin’s constitutional relationship with by the UK’s Revestment Act designed to the articles saying that this was "the latest the UK. kill the Manx “running trade-’. Then, as and worst of a series of scandals arising The fact is, however, that Mannin is a now1, the loss to the UK was more perceived from the Isle of Man government's ruthless British Territory and the UK still has than real bui that is no reason to invite a exploitation of its special constitutional ultimate responsibility for our "good constitutional crisis. position”. government”. New legislation requires UK M.K. followers, it has taken one hundred years to develop into a language for our age and for the future. 1 wish Mr. Roberts a long life, but doubt whether he or anybody else will live long enough to do what Esperanto has done. i.e. to produce an inter-ethnic language which is anything more than a mere project on a page, like the misbegotten "Eirish" which appeared in Dublin a good number of decades ago and was never seen or heard of again. It is cruel to pour cold water on another person’s theoretically good idea, but it can also be cruel to encourage him to fritter away the one life we've got (note: the launching of Esperanto took Prospects for Zamenhof an entire lifetime) reinventing a wheel that is never going to work, or planning a language that no-one will ever Pan-Celtic Language speak. With Esperanto. Celts can talk not only enriched by words from languages outside to each other, but also to other Esperantists A good number of years ago, when I was this family (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). The from almost every country in the world. a member of the then young Celtic League. number of words of Celtic origin is small (I Zamenhof, who also published the first I was in contact with a Breton. Alan ar have attempted a list of them), but our grammar of his own people's Yiddish Gow. who was trying to obtain support for languages are not unrepresented in language, encouraged everyone to cherish a plan to set up a pan-Celtic community Esperanto. his or her native tongue within the community, while using Esperanto outside and to create a common Celtic language for I do not think he realizes just what is it. use in it. As far as 1 know, nothing ever involved in launching a new planned came of it. and perhaps the idea was language. Dr. Zamenhof saw from the Celts should do the same. Anything else doomed from the start. beginning that, to be of real value, such a is a waste of precious time (and money - there is no such thing as a free language). He was, as it happens, by no means the language would have to be capable of first person to advocate a pan-Celtic expressing everything from poetry to language and, in fact, there is a whole science. It would require to have both a bibliography on the subject of the history translated and an original literature, so he Garbhan Mac Aoidli of attempts to bring into being international himself produced a version of the Old and pan-ethnic planned auxiliary Testament, of Hamlet, of the works of the languages, including Celtic ones. See, for great Russian writers, of Hans Anderson's » • • • • example Istoriye Vsemirnogo Fairy Tales (for the benefit of children), of Yazika/Historio de la Mondolingvo numerous other specimens of world ("History of World Language" by E. literature: and was himself author of a Drezen. latest edition 199L. “Progreso", huge number of original works in GVVENN HA DU nationalist bimonthly in Moscow, which lists such projects from Esperanto. He knew that every living French, 28pp. Sub. 150 F (Brittany. France), 170 F (other countries), to J. Le earliest times to the present century. Of language has proverbs, so he compiled a Maho, 190 bis, Ave. de Clichy, 75017 these almost countless attempts, only one large collection based on national Paris. has proved to be successful. languages. He composed the first poetry in The two issues Nr 116 and 117 devote Although there are roots common to all Esperanto. With the help of supporters he of the Celtic languages (most of them very was instrumental in forming a world-wide respectively 7 and 9 pages to the continuation of A.-Y. Denis' Histoire much altered with the passage of centuries) network of speakers. An Esperanto bank Généalogique de La Monarchie Bretonne, the existing languages of this family have came into being. Esperanto education grown farther apart than those in most of centres, libraries and directories were from Pierre Mauclerc. w'ho consolidated the other important language families, e.g. created. the ducal authority at the beginning of the 13th century, to the end of the War of (he Slavic, Germanic. Romance. Attempts Following the guide-lines laid down by have repeatedly been made to create pan- Zamenhof. the development of Esperanto Succession in 1364. won by Jean IV who. Slavic, pan-Germanic, and pan-Latin has continued. like his 5 successors, was to stand firmly against the French encroachments. auxiliary languages, but none have come Esperanto has continued and still into use. Unless a community can be continues: Esperanto computer languages persuaded to adopt such a planned and machine translation projects using language, all the work involved in Esperanto as a bridge, specialised formulating it (and the task is a colossal vocabularies for every branch of activity, one) is in vain and has no prospect of ever publication, theatre, music, children's H1SUOBY D€V1GW succeeding. literature, slang - in short, everything that CeLXIC As Mr Roberts recognises in his article, any developed language has and requires. the only planned auxiliary language that Not a few Esperanto speakers have been A biannual magazine dealing \\ ith has succeeded to the extent of having a from the various Celtic countries and have the histories of the six Celtic countries world-wide community of speakers and to found it to be the ideal means of interethnic from a national and inter-Celtic have produced a culture and literature of its communication — in fact, the only v iewpoint. own is Dr. L.L. Zamenhof’s Esperanto. acceptable one. since it is an immediate Esperanto incorporates the most useful and confession of defeat to use English or the most expressive features of the various French in inter-Celtic contacts and at Price £1.50 per issue. languages of the Hindo-European family, pan-Celtic gatherings. and as it has developed with a momentum Although present-day Esperanto is Annual Subscription £3.50 from 216 of its own over the hundred and nine years basically the same as that spoken and Falls Road, Belfast 12 6AH, Ireland. of its existence, its vocabulary has been written by Zamenhof and his earliest Che Celtic Pen

& quarterly journal, mcrinK in English, dealing with Celtic Language literature. Available from all good bookshops or direct from: Che Celtic Pen. 36 Fruithille Park, Belfast BCI 8GC, Ireland. Cel: 0232-232608 T h e Decline of the Celtic Languages by but for its own sake goes to Lewis Morris Victor E. Durkacz. John Donald Pubs. 258 (from Anglesey and to the Cymmrodorion £1 per issue + 25p p&p pp. Price £16.00. Society of London (!). In Ireland a Annual subscirption (four issues £5 This book, first published as a hardback realisation that the language was important (include p&p). in 1983, was reprinted last year in in itself came only with the setting up of paperback. As its subtitle, "A Study in the Gaelic Union (1879) and of the Gaelic Linguistic and Cultural Conflict in League (1893). In Scotland the publication Scotland, Wales and Ireland from the of Macpherson's Ossianic poems and less Reformation to the Twentieth Century” controversially of songs and poetry indicates, it does not deal with the Manx, collected later instilled widespread respect Cornish and Breton languages. Scottish for Gaelic as a language of culture, but Gaelic is given by far the most detailed there were aberrations, such as the notion attention, indeed the bibliography lists a fostered by a "Celtic’' Society (of lairds great number of documents relating to and lawyers) which saw the kilt as a more Scottish religious organisations, important characteristic of Scottish culture The political rulers held it to be than Gaelic... necessary to impose the use of English in V. Durkacz insists that the negative order to secure the loyalty of their Celtic attitude towards the use of the Gaelic An Comunn Gaidhealach subjects. The established Protestant languages in missionary work which The Highland Association churches were the willing instruments of predominated in the 17th and 18th (hat policy. English was made synonymous centuries was not the main factor in their with civility, Celtic languages with decline. He records several other causes, T h e re are Branches throughout the world barbarity, besides, in Ireland and Scotland, such as the prestige of English associated and many members work on behalf of the these were associated with Catholicism with political power, trade economic language on a voluntary basis. and rebellion. However, being concerned prosperity, seasonal migrations to the The Association has a wide remit for the with spreading their version of Lowlands. He gives also great weight to the development of Gaelic. Native speakers, Christianity, the religious bodies fact that parents opposed the teaching of learners of the language and others who are endeavoured to develop literacy among the their language to the children as adversedly interested in the preservation of Gaelic will speakers of Celtic languages so as to affecting their chances in life. Of course have a part to play. enable them to read the Bible. Different this sort of argument can not be used to For further information; Coinneach Mac approaches were adopted, depending on justify the government's policies of Lebid. Oifigear Leasachaidh Ballrachd. An whether priority was given to the political assimilation: it is they who impose such Comunn Gaidhealach. 109 Sraid na aim of assimilation or to evangelisation. conditions that the peoples are obliged to h-Eaglaise, Inbhimis IV] 1EY. They are all investigated scrupulously. The abandon their languages. It was the dogmatic attempt by the Scottish Society development of a national awareness and of for the Propagation of Christian nationalist movements which made it Knowledge to teach Highlanders to read possible, as V. Durkacz acknowledges, to the Bible in English with as little help as slow down and (we may hope) to reverse Letter possible from their native tongue proved the decline at least in Ireland and Wales. totally futile. Other societies, in Scotland The author is obviously sympathetic to the Dear Editor, and above all in Wales, where the efforts to restore the Celtic languages, bui Remembering that a very brave Non-Conformists, for instance, were whether a stabilisation of bilingualism can member of my own clan was assistant to motivated solely by religious concerns be achieved, as he seems to believe, Ian Hamilton Q.C. in reclaiming the taught people to read their own languages, remains problematic. Education by means Stone of Destiny in 1950, I hesitate to although generally they expected this of the languages is necessary but so is their mention it. hut did the Lia Fail not would be the first step to learning to read use in other fields. The results obtained in belong originally in Ireland'1 and eventually speak English. The Ireland and Wales thanks to the schools It was one of the treasures of the distribution of translations of the Bible met should be monitored and analysed, and Danaans which fell from heaven, and with strong opposition from the Churches signs of the hoped-for strengthening of the high kings of Ireland stood on il of Scotland and Ireland, but in Wales the their position among the peoples watched when they were crowned It was publication of the Bible in Welsh as early for. supposed to confirm the rightful as 1567 and its use in the 18th Century With its wealth of evidence this book monarch by roaring under him as he circulation schools can be said to have should be read by all concerned to draw- stepped upon it. saved the language by giving the people an lessons from the history of the three Then in the 6th century Fergus the appreciation of its value. languages up to the early part of this Great asked for the loan of it from his By 1870 all the voluntary organisations century. Care has been taken by the author broiher the King of Ireland for his in particular the Edinburgh Gaelic School to avoid academic jargon such as is found crowning, and somehow or other it did Society, involved in education had often in works of research of this kind, so not go back afterwards. accepted the necessity of literacy in Gaelic that in spite of the mass of facts anyone It hasn’t been doing much roaring for evangelisation purposes in the with a reasonable knowledge of English lately, but if it went back not to Scone Gaidhcaltachd but the 1870-72 Education w ill find it easy enough to read. but to Tara, it might roar with approval Acts brought a set-back to its spread. when Scotland is finally free. Credit for advocating as early as the mid- A. Heusaff 18th century that Welsh should be Yours sincerely cultivated not only for religious purposes (Canon) Ronald S. Matheson

C o m 23 AL LIAMM literary magazine in Breton, bimonthly. Subscription 180 F (Brittany, Membership and France), 200 F outside State but 250 F airmail, to P. Le Bihan, 16 r. des Fours à Subscriptions Chaux, 35400 St.-Malo. The summer issue Nr 296-297 starts with All those who agree with the constitution poems by Per Denez, (in praise of the and aims of the Celtic League are recently departed bard Glenmor), Per eligible for membership. The Diolier, Herve Seubil gKemaudour ("Dead membership fee (including Carn) and Souls”, a masterpiece with rhymes and subscription rates are IR£ 10; Stg£ 1 0; Taigh na Gàidhlig alliterations) and “Elpée” (in translation 90FF or US$20.00 (US funds, cheques A campaign to establish a from French, “Eusa" about the island of drawn on a US bank). Europe Stg.£10 Gaelic Centre in Edinburgh Ushant assimilated to a man. worn out from outside Europe Stg.£l3.00airmail. T-shirts the ceaseless embrace of the sea-woman). green or white with Jakez Konan writes about the tensions For information about the Celtic Taigh na Gàidhlig logo arising in a village concerning the choice of League, applications for membership, large and X-large £9.50 (incl p&p) a place to construct a urinal. Seàn Ô subscriptions, etc. write to any of the the children aged 7-8 £8 (incl p&p) Casey's play “Nanny's Night Out" is given following secretaries; For orders please contact in a translation by Goulc'han Kervella. To Ms Joan Macdonald. 1 Burdiehouse Road, me the most interesting contribution is by ALBA, Risnidh Mag Aoidh. 14 Restalrig Dun Eideann EH 17 8AE, Reun ar C’Halan in his study of the letters Road. Edinburgh, ~EH6 8BN. ton: 0131 664 3746 sent by the pioneer of the modernisation of BREIZH Youtnn Craff, 145 Straed An t-airgead gu lèir a'dol gu Breton. Fransez Vallée to his close Talbodek, 29300 BEI/BAYE, Brittany. Taigh na Gàidhlig. Buidheann Carthannais collaborator Mcvcn Mordicrn. who was SC025061 French by birth, between 1916 and 1948. CYMRU Jina Gwyrfai, 3 Croes Y There are 30 pages of "Notennoù” which as Waen, Waenfawr, Caernarfon, usual keep the readers well up-to-date on Gwynedd. what is happening in the Breton movement. EIRE Subscriptions: c/o 33 Ceide an S /r i Ghrianog, Rath Cuil, Co. Alha Cliath. KERNOW Martyn Miller. lOTrewartha T h e Scottish Branch of the Celtic League Court. Pound Street. Liskeard. hopes to begin the production of a quarterly newsletter in 1997. The magazine, MANNIN Cristl Jerry. 6 Glenfaba provisionally titled “Stri". will be free to Road, Peel. members of the Scottish branch but will ENGLAND BRANCH Rabat ap cost £6 a year to others (please make Tomos, “Dyffryn”, Gretton Fields, cheques made payable to “the Celtic Gretton, Cheltenham, Glos. GL54 League”). The bilingual newsletter will act Canan Catalogue 96/97 5HH. England. as a forum for issues of particular interest to the Scottish branch like Gaelic rights O ffering a wide range of items to add USA Stephen Paul de Villo, 313 East campaigning as well as interviews, letters to your enjoyment of the Gaelic 201 Street, Bronx. New York 10458. and reviews. You can be a supporting Language. Special offer on 'Speaking INTERNATIONAL BRANCH Alan subscriber and have your name printed in our Language' study packs. For further Heusaff. Seana Gharrain. An Spideal. each issue of the magazine if you send us a information contact: Canan Ltd.. PO Co. na Gaillimhe. Eire. donation of £10. Send articles (anns a‘ Box 345. Isle of Skye IV44 8XA. Ghaidhlig gu h-hraidh). ideas, letters, Chnan's home pages on the World CEAP BREATAINN Frangag Nic donations, messages of support etc. to: Wide Web include Gaelic lessons, located Eacbainn, Box 179. Mabou. Cape Alasdair MacCaluim. 4/2 Sritid Mhioltain, at http:/www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/canan/. Breton, Nova Scotia. Canada BOE Cnoc na h-Abaide. Dun Eideann, EH 8 2WO. SHF. The General Secretary and P.R.O. of the Celtic League is Bernard Mofl'att. 11 Hilltop View, Farmhill, Braddan, De Exeidio Brittaniae, Décadence de la Mannin. The Editor is Ms P. Bridson. 33 Ceide Bretagne (insulaire) an Ghrlandg, Rath Cuil, Co. Atha Cliath, fere. post-Roman period. It throws light on ill- Our next deadline for material for M o s t readers of Carn will have heard known facts concerning kings and clergy. Carn is 1st February 1997. Materials of this work by the British monk Saint The translator sought also to convey her sent lor publication in Carn must relate Gildas, written around 535. It has just appreciation of Saint Gildas' literary to our aims, and should be typed. All been published for the first time in French talents and of his prophetic gift which materials copyright © Carn unless together with its Latin text by Editions du keeps the readers spellbound. The otherwise staled. The views expressed in Pontig, with the financial help of the volume, of 181 pages in paperback is Carn arc not necessarily those of the Breton Cultural Institute. The translation divided in three parts; a History of Britain, editor nor of the Celtic League. is by Christiane Kerboul-Vilhon. agrégée and two "admonishments", one to the in Classical Languages. There is a preface kings of the small British principalities E-Mail: [email protected] by Prof. Gwenael Le Duc. Rennes- and the other to the bishops and priests. It University II and notes by Christian Y.M. Typesetting: Peanntronaic Teo.. 12 costs 120 FrF + 20 FrF (postage) and is to Radharc na bhFel BAC 16, Eire. Kerboul. De Exeidio Brittaniae was held be ordered from Editions du Pontig. M. et by Prof. Leon Fleuriot, author of "Les Mme Kerboul-Viihon, Les Tertreaux. Printers: Elo Press, 49 Reuben Avenue. Origines de la Bretagne" (1980). to be 44880 Sautron. Loire-Atlantique. Brittany. Rialto. Dublin 8. the most important source for the history (For quick delivery, postage is 35 FrF). of Britain in the Roman and immediate ISSN 0257-7860