Index

A Gliese 229B, 53, 61, 66, 75, 76 Accretion, 156–158 Kelu-1, 54, 72, 75 episodic, 156 LP 944-20, 23, 54, 73 Adaptive optics, 85–87, 89, 97, 105, 157 PPl 15, 51–77 Alcor AB, 97 Teide 1, 25–46, 61, 63, 66 Adams, Walter, 83, 93 WISE 1828C2650, 115, 128–129, Allen telescope array, 23 131–132, 143 Ammonia (NH3/, 96, 98, 143, 146 Brown dwarf desert, 53, 102 Aristarchus, 85 Bruno, Giordano, 84 Astrometry, 37, 83, 92, 93 Atmosphere, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 27, 37, 39, 53, 62, 64, 73, 85, 88, 95, 106, 117, 120, C 126, 130, 131, 142–149, 151, 158 Calar 3, 39–41, 44–46, 68 Calar Alto 2.2 m telescope, 39 Cesium, 95 B Chandrasekhar limit, 6 Baryonic dark matter, 85 Chemistry, 105, 114, 144–148 Bessel, Friedrich, 83 non equilibrium, 95, 126, 146, 147 Binary Clark, Alvan, 83 brown dwarf (BD), 23, 30, 44, 68–73, 102, Cloud, 19, 23, 59, 60, 76, 77, 117, 130, 132, 151–153 144–149, 154, 158, 159 companion, 52, 99–104 Cluster, 26, 29–32, 36–38, 41, 42, 44–46, 54, eclipsing, 84, 100, 150–153 55, 57, 59, 62–64, 68, 69, 72, 76, 77, pre-main sequence, 27 155 radial velocity, 52, 68–72, 151 age, 31, 57, 66 stars, 82–83, 92 Collision-induced absorption, 95, 117 Biology, 105–106 Colour-magnitude diagram, 46, 55, 58, 59, Black body spectrum, 86 148–149 Black dwarf, 1, 2, 19, 20 Common proper motion, 88, 92 Bona fide brown dwarfs, 41, 85, 117 Companions of stars, 81–106 Brown dwarf (individual) Convection, 7, 10, 11, 63, 66, 95, 150–152, 159 Calar 3, 39–41, 44–46, 68 Convective overshoot, 63, 64, 66 G 196-3B, 44 Cooling curves, 20, 21 GD 165B, 27, 53, 75, 85, 115–118, 121, Cool Stars 9 meeting, Florence, 94 128 Coronagraph, 86–89, 92, 93, 96–98, 105

V. Joergens (ed.), 50 Years of Brown Dwarfs, Astrophysics and Space Science 165 Library 401, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 166 Index

D HR 8799c, 23 Deep near-infrared southern sky survey Hubble Space Telescope, 21, 72, 93, 128, (DENIS), 42, 53, 54, 72, 75, 119, 157 121, 122, 124, 126, 143 Hydrogen burning mass limit, 2 Degeneracy. See Electron degeneracy Hydrogen burning minimum mass, 5–17 Deuterium fusion, 150, 156 Diversity, 81, 85 Dust, 76, 143, 144, 146–148, 158, 159 I Dynamical mass, 27, 29, 30, 44, 73 IAC80 telescope, 31–33, 39 Inner structure, 142, 149–153 Instituto de Astrofs´ıca de Canarias (IAC), 31, E 32, 37, 56, 68, 73 Eccentricity, 100, 104 Interior models, 2, 21, 58 Electron degeneracy, 2, 5, 6, 8–9, 13–16, 84, IRAF, 39, 90 141 2.5 m Isaac Newton Telescope, 27, 31, 34 Epicurus, 84, 85 Epsilon Indi, 44 Equation of state, 2, 7, 8, 20, 142 J Europa, 105 JHU Adaptive Optics Coronagraph, 86 Exoplanets, 23, 56, 85, 98–103, 105, 113, 146, Jupiter, 19, 20, 44, 46, 73, 92–94, 100, 101, 150, 159, 160 117, 126, 143, 154 Extra Terrestrials (ET), 23

K F Keck telescope, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 73, 77, 90 Formation, 96, 101, 104, 141, 150, 154–158, HIRES, 56, 58, 59, 69, 71 160 Kelu 1, 42, 54, 72, 75, 122 Free-floating planetary mass objects, 44 FU Orionis, 97 L L dwarf, 27, 30, 44, 53, 54, 75, 85, 99, 115, G 117, 121–124, 128, 130, 131, 133, G 196-3B, 44 143, 144, 149 GD 165B, 27, 53, 75, 85, 115–118, 121, LHS 2065, 36 128 Lithium Gemini Planet Imager, 96, 157 burning, 16, 29, 57, 63 Gl 569 B, 30 dating, 62–65 Gliese 105, 89 depletion, 16, 27, 30, 56, 57, 62, 64, 68, 72, Gliese 105C, 89 73, 76, 156 Gliese 229, 46, 89, 91, 92, 117 line at 670.8 nm, 27, 29, 41, 44 Gliese 229B, 44, 46, 53, 61, 66, 75, 76, 86, observation, 57 89–91, 93–96, 98, 100, 106, 113, test, 29, 41, 46, 51, 54, 56, 57, 59–62, 116–118, 124, 128, 142, 146 66–69, 73–76, 117 Gravitational waves, 84 Low-mass stars, 13–17, 27, 29, 46, 52, 53, Gravity, 82, 83, 99, 120, 132, 133, 145, 146, 55–57, 73, 103, 115, 126, 143, 149, 157 150–152, 154, 157 LP 944-20, 23, 54, 73

H Heliocentric model, 85 M Herschel, William, 82, 83, 105 Magnetic fields, 55, 66, 151, 152, 159 HHJ 10, 30 Mars, 105 Hipparchos, 83, 100 2MASS, 42, 53, 75, 95, 118, 121, 122, 124, HR 8799, 96, 97, 99 126, 127, 133, 135, 143 Index 167

Mass function of stellar clusters, 44 S M-dwarf, 37, 56, 62, 72, 75, 85, 100, 103, 104, Saturn, 19, 103, 126 114, 115, 121, 153 Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence M6 dwarf, 37, 59, 66 (SETI), 21, 23, 105 M9 dwarf, 36, 38 Sigma Orionis cluster, 44 Methane, 23, 46, 53, 75, 81–106, 117, 143, Sirius, 82–84 146, 159 Sirius B, 83–85, 93 Methane Brown Dwarf, 81–106 Sky survey, 52, 95, 118, 119, 127, 143 Michell, John, 82 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 42, 95, 119, MK process, 119, 121, 122, 124, 129, 132 124, 126, 143 Molecular opacities, 142, 143 Solar neighbourhood, 44 Speckle, 52, 97, 98 Spectra, 29, 36, 37, 39, 41, 44, 55, 59, 61, 62, N 68, 69, 71, 75, 85, 88, 92, 96–99, Nakajima, Tadashi, 86 106, 114–129, 131–134, 143, 144, Neptune, 103 146, 147, 149, 159 Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT), 32, 33, 35, Spectral classification, 114, 119–121, 124, 39 132, 133 Spitzer Space Telescope, 21, 127, 154 Spot coverage, 151, 152 O Star clusters, 10, 11, 26, 31, 44, 85, 88 Ophiuchi, 26 Star-forming region, 26–29, 41, 54, 55, 57, ˛ Ophiucus, 97 75–77, 154, 155 Stefan-Boltzmann relation, 83, 93 Stellar clusters, 26, 44 P Substellar initial mass function, 44 Palomar, 52, 59, 86–89, 92 Palomar Observatory, 32 Palomar Pleiades objects, 32 T Pan-STARRS, 42 Taurus, 26–29, 77, 154 Planet, 19, 20, 23, 53, 69, 77, 81–106, 114, T dwarfs, 44, 46, 85, 88, 99, 118, 120, 118, 143, 146, 150, 157–159 124–128, 130–134, 143, 146, 148 Planetary mass objects, 44, 144, 146, 147, Teide 1, 25–46, 61, 63, 66, 68, 142 157 Teide Observatory, 32 Pleiades Thermochemical equilibrium, 106 age, 30, 58, 62, 63 T Tauri stars, 29, 55, 56, 58, 118 cluster, 29, 30, 32, 38, 41, 45, 46, 57 HHJ 3, 58, 59, 68, 76, 77 lithium boundary, 58, 64, 69, 76 star cluster, 26, 31, 37 U substellar mass function, 41, 72 UKIDDS, 42 Polytropic index, 6, 7, 9, 11 UX Tau, 28 PPl 10, 30 UX Tau A, 27 PPl 15, 37, 41, 44, 45, 51–77 UX Tau C, 27, 29, 39, 56, 58, 69 Pre-main sequence stage, 6, 10, 13 Project 1640, 96–99, 106 Pulsars, 84 V Vb10, 44 Very cool stars, 29 R Very Large Array, 23 Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, 27, 32, Very low-mass stars, 27, 29, 57, 73, 115, 35 151 Rotation, 150–153, 159 Virginis, 97 168 Index

W Y White dwarf, 6, 8, 19, 20, 84, 85, 115, 118, 127 Y Dwarfs, 44, 113–134, 143, 144, 149, Wide-field infrared survey explorer (WISE), 159 23, 115, 122, 126, 128–132, 143 William Herschel Telescope (WHT), 35, 36, 39, 40 WISE 1828C2650, 115, 128–129, 131–132, Z 143 ZCMa,97