October 2005 NEWS Volume 14, No. 9 A Publication of The American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/apsnews

APS Mourns Loss of APS Members Elect Kadanoff, Bienenstock To Presidential Line President-Elect John Bahcall APS members elected Leo Kadanoff, pro- fessor emeritus, at the University of Chicago ohn N. Bahcall, president-elect of as president-elect, and Arthur Bienenstock of APS, passed away on August 17, Stanford University as APS vice-president in J2005 at age 70. He was the the 2005 general election. The two men will Richard Black Professor of assume these offices on January 1, 2006. Astrophysics at the Institute for Because of the death of former APS president- Advanced Study in Princeton. elect John Bahcall in August (see related story), In a message to all APS members, Kadanoff immediately becomes APS vice-pres- APS President Marvin Cohen said ident, while vice-president John Hopfield of “John was one of the great masters of Princeton moves up to become president-elect. Leo P. Kadanoff and Arthur Bienenstock theoretical astrophysics, and we were Hopfield will become APS president in 2006, very fortunate that he decided to succeeding current President Marvin Cohen, to be followed by Kadanoff in 2007 and Bienenstock in 2008. devote time to serve in the presiden- In other election results, Margaret Murnane of the University of Colorado/JILA was elected chair-elect tial line of the APS. Last spring, due of the APS Nominating Committee, which is responsible for proposing a slate of candidates each year to declining health, he announced his for the Society's general election. Christina Back (General Atomics) and the University of Maryland’s intention to step down as president- John Bahcall Wendell Hill were elected as general councilors, while Albrecht Wagner of DESY and the Univesity of Hamburg (Germany) will be the Society’s new international councilor. elect, but his death only a few months is now John Hopfield (succeeding later comes as a great shock. His loss Kadanoff received his PhD from Harvard in physics, and followed up with a postdoc in Copenhagen. Bahcall). He taught at the University of Illinois (1962-1969), Brown University (1969-1978), and then moved to will be keenly felt, both as a physi- Bahcall’s most widely recognized cist of outstanding achievements and the University of Chicago. He has served as vice-president of the Urbana Chapter of the NAACP, as a achievement in astrophysics was his member of both the Board of Governors of Argonne National Laboratory and the Board of Physics and ability, and as a leader in the scientif- calculation of the predicted neutrino ic community. On behalf of all the Astronomy of the National Research Council (US), and twice as Director of the University of Chicago flux from the sun. This was the Materials Lab. Kadanoff has won the APS Buckley and Onsager Prizes, the National Medal of Science members of the APS, I want to express theoretical impetus for the experi- my deep sympathy to his wife, Neta, (US), and la Grande Médaille d’Or of the French Academy of Sciences. His theoretical work has focused ment conducted by Raymond Davis on condensed matter and statistical physics, and he helped establish the scaling and universality basis of and his family.” to detect solar neutrinos, which led Because he had announced his phase transition theory. ultimately to the discovery that neu- Bienenstock received his PhD in applied physics from Harvard in 1962. After an NSF Postdoctoral intention to step down, a special elec- trinos have mass and that the flavor tion was held this summer to insure Fellowship, he joined Harvard’s Division of Engineering and Applied Physics in 1963. He joined Stanford of the neutrinos oscillates as they University’s Materials Science and Applied Physics Departments in 1967. In 1978, he took on the Stanford the proper succession in the APS pres- propagate from the sun to Earth. This idential line. The new president-elect Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory directorship. In November, 1997 he was confirmed as the Associate APS Mourns Loss continued on page 3 Director for Science of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and remained in that position until 2001. Bienenstock served as an APS general councilor, on the APS Committee on Twenty Troupes Pack ‘em In to Applications of Physics, on the Audit Committee, on the Panel on Public Affairs, and as chair of the Ethics Committee. See Physics on the Road Murnane is a Fellow of JILA and is a member of the faculty in the Department of Physics at the University of Colorado. She received her PhD degree in physics from the University of California at Berkeley in By Ernie Tretkoff 1989. She remained at Berkeley for one year as a postdoctoral fellow, before joining the faculty at Twenty traveling physics demon- Washington State University in 1990. In 1996, Murnane moved to the University of Michigan, and in stration troupes have been on the road all across the country this year, using Election Results continued on page 7 grants from the APS Physics on the Road program, part of the celebration were asked “what is physics?” most of the World Year of Physics. These answered “I don’t know.” After the DOE Report Highlights Promising shows are reaching schools and com- show, the students had an understand- Areas of Solar Energy Research munity groups in many areas, includ- ing of physics as a branch of science ing poor, inner city, and rural areas that relates to motion, or at least replied By Ernie Tretkoff workshop held in April by the where children would not otherwise that “I don’t know, but it looks cool and Sunlight has great potential DOE Office of Basic Energy have had the opportunity to see such Bernoulli's principle in action at the fun to me.” Other Physics on the Road to supply the world with abun- Sciences. Over 200 scientists a show. Purdue Physics on the Road show. groups report similar increases in stu- dant clean energy, but more representing academia, national Students of all ages watched these dent’s interest in physics after students research needs to be done to laboratories, and industry in the exciting and sometimes explosive has also been rewarding for us at APS attended a demonstration. make solar power competitive United States and abroad attend- shows. They touched liquid nitrogen to be able to help these programs.” The Carolina Physics on the Road with fossil fuels, according to a ed the workshop. The report is clouds, made their hair stand up on end The Physics on the Road grants also group (whose motto is “CPR gets your recent Department of Energy similar in scope to a report with a Van de Graaff generator, and give some visibility to these groups, heart pumping”) from the University (DOE) report. The report, Basic released two years ago on marveled at bed of nails demonstra- which reach thousands of young of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, has Research Needs for Solar Energy research needed for the hydrogen tions, spinning bicycle wheel gyro- people but often receive little recog- used the grant to expand and formal- Utilization, lists promising pri- economy. scopes, and many other demonstra- nition. ize its program, especially develop- ority research directions for solar Sunlight is by far the largest tions, all while learning about physics. Some teams have used the grants ing collaborations with other outreach energy. carbon-neutral energy source, As reported in APS News in to travel farther or do more shows, Physics on the Road continued on page 6 The report is the result of a the report notes. More energy February, the 20 Physics on the Road some have expanded their shows and reaches Earth from the sun in grant recipients were chosen from created more demonstrations, and Cohen Sends Message to Gulf Coast Physicists an hour than is used on the plan- among forty applicants. Each group some have worked to make demos et in an entire year. Yet solar In a message to APS members in the Gulf Coast region affected by received $10,000 for supplies, vehicle that incorporate topics recommended electricity currently provides Hurricane Katrina, APS President Marvin Cohen said, in part, " On behalf maintenance, room and board for par- or required by state or national only approximately one mil- of APS, I'm writing to express my sincere hope that all of you and your fam- ticipants, and other costs associated science standards. lionth of the total electricity sup- ilies are safe, and to offer the help of the Society over the coming weeks and with performing physics demonstra- The University of Texas at ply. World demand for energy months as you seek to rebuild your departments, laboratories and workplaces. tions. Funding was provided by the Brownsville and Texas Southmost is expected to more than double If we can assist you in any way in your efforts to recover from this devas- National Science Foundation, the College Physics Circus traveled around by 2050. “Finding sufficient sup- tating tragedy, please contact our Director of Membership, Trish Lettieri, at Department of Energy’s Office of the Rio Grande area, reaching thou- plies of clean energy for the [email protected] or 301-209-3272. Our thoughts are with you." The full mes- Science, and the National Institute of sands of middle school students with future is one of society’s most sage is on the APS web site. Standards and Technology. their show, called Si! Tu Puedes ser un daunting challenges,” the report Those who can offer assistance to affected members of the physics com- “The shows are great because they Cientfico! (Yes! You can be a scien- states. munity are also urged to contact Lettieri, to bring those in need together with really show kids the fun and exciting tist!) They report having surveyed stu- To meet this challenge, more those who can help. Anyone in the affected area with a pending APS mem- side of physics,” said Jessica Clark, dents before and after the presenta- research is needed. “We spend bership renewal will have their membership fee waived for the coming year. APS Public Outreach Coordinator. “It tions. Before the show, when students Doe Report continued on page 6 2 October 2005 NEWS

This Month in Physics History Einstein Lays Theoretical Foundation for BECs

"It's great to see everything. University, on one of the reasons instein had achieved world- the same reasoning as bination of laser and Obviously, there are some mixed she decided to write a book, The wide fame with his theory Bose used to a gas of magnetic cooling feelings, but I just love the enthu- Guardian, June 21, 2005 Eof general relativity, indistinguishable atoms. equipment that siasm that brought these people although his personal life was far The result was the cre- Wieman designed together again." “When you can hear your from idyllic. His wife, Mileva, ation of Bose-Einstein himself. While other —Roy Schwitters, University of motion, that turns out to be a very complained that he had no time for statistics. Many physi- groups were pouring Texas at Austin, on a reunion of useful thing. It can help people her in the midst of his fame, cists regard this work as research dollars people who worked on the SSC, make real changes in their golf adding, "I am very starved for Einstein’s last major con- into cutting-edge Dallas Morning News, July 23, swing, just by changing what they love." For his part, Einstein felt tribution to physics. $150,000 lasers, he 2005 hear instead of telling them increasingly suffocated in his mar- Einstein and Bose pioneered the use of physically to do this or that or the riage and embarked on a love affair used their new method to simple $200 diode "In some sense this is the first other thing with their hands with his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal. predict the possibility of Satyendra Bose lasers. Using a laser real measurement of this quantity, mechanically." Mileva and Albert separated in a new form of matter, trap, they cooled so it's a very big deal." —Robert Grober, Yale 1914, after bitter arguments, and dubbed a Bose-Einstein condensate about 10 million rubidium gas —Giorgio Gratta, Stanford University, on a golf club he divorced in 1919. That same year (BEC). They surmised that the wave- atoms; the cooled atoms were then University, on measuring neutri- designed that lets people hear their he married Elsa, and settled in like nature of atoms might allow held in place by a magnetic field. nos from the earth’s core, The New swing, Bay news 9.com (Tampa, with her and her two grown daugh- them to spread out and even overlap, But the atoms still weren’t cold York Times July 28, 2005 Florida) August 14, 2005 ters by a previous marriage. if they are packed closely enough enough to form a BEC, so the two Scientifically, however, he was together. Lowering the temperature men added a second step, evapo- “Physics wasn’t ready. We did- "The experience of being a sci- still going strong. Einstein’s 1917 reduces the atoms’ speed. If the tem- rative cooling, in which magnetic n’t have the tools.” entist makes religion seem fairly paper detailing a quantum theory perature gets low enough (billionths fields in a web conspire to kick —Jessica Clark, APS, on why irrelevant. Most scientists I know of radiation sowed the seeds for of a degree above absolute zero) and out the hottest atoms so that the Einstein failed in his quest for a simply don't think about it very quantum electrodynamics and the atoms are densely packed cooler atoms can move more close- unified field theory, Chicago Sun- much. They don't think about reli- quantum optics, cavity quantum enough, the different matter waves ly together. Evaporative cooling Times, July 3, 2005 gion enough to qualify as practic- electrodynamics, and the process- will be able to “sense” one another was an old technique; the JILA ing atheists." es of spontaneous and stimulated and coordinate themselves as if they scientists simply tinkered with it "This magnet is a world record —Steven Weinberg, University emission – the last of which led, were one big “monoatom.” until they got the low tempera- because it has a very high magnet- of Texas, Austin, on science and later on, to the invention of masers Einstein published a paper on the tures they needed. ic field over a very large volume, religion, The New York Times, and lasers by other physicists. And topic, entitled “Quantum Theory of Wieman and Cornell made so we'll be able to study the kinds August 23, 2005 it also provided the underpinnings the Monatomic Ideal Gas,” in the physics history at 10:54 a.m. on of materials that can't be studied for a theoretical new state of proceedings of the Prussian June 5, 1995, producing a BEC of in any other magnet around the "It was quite exciting. You can matter. Academy of Sciences in Berlin, about 2000 rubidium atoms that world." even see Einstein's fingerprints in Einstein’s theory of radiation Germany, in January 1925. In lasted 15-20 seconds. Shortly there- —Greg Boebinger, National some places." provided a complete characteri- August of this year (see Members in after, MIT physicist Wolfgang High Magnetic Field Laboratory, —Carlo Beenakker, Leiden zation of the light quantum’s spe- the Media), a student at Leiden Ketterle achieved a BEC in his on a new large magnet at the lab, University, on a recently discov- cific particle properties. However, University’s Lorentz Institute for laboratory. By September 2001, Associated Press, July 28, 2005 ered Einstein manuscript, bbc- he didn’t immediately work out the Theoretical Physics uncovered over three dozen teams had repli- news.com, August 21, 2005 statistical mechanics of those par- Einstein’s manuscript for the paper, cated the experiment. Wieman, "We've done very well for the ticles–an omission that has sur- while reviewing documents in the Cornell and Ketterle shared the last 20 years without any experi- "I'm fortunate that I can talk to prised several science historians, archive for his thesis on Paul 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for mental input." people about the black hole, the since he based his 1905 paper on Ehrenfest. their achievement. —Michael Douglas, Rutgers Big Bang and Mars, and every- the energy quantization of radia- But the technology didn’t yet The discovery launched an University, on string theory, The one is wide-eyed. That can't be tion on a study of the entropy of exist to create such a new state of entirely new branch of physics. New York Times, August 2, 2005 said for a lot of other sciences—I thermal radiation. matter in the laboratory. In the BECs enable scientists to study can't see a physicist holding court That omission was remedied mid-1980s, Stanford University the strange, small world of quan- "Anything that's not oil can like this." in 1924, when he received a paper physicist Steven Chu demonstrated tum physics as if they were look- reduce our consumption of oil." —Neil deGrasse Tyson, on a laser cooling by weav- ing at it through a magnifying —Mark P. Mills, on tax credits program he gives at the Hayden ing a “web” out of glass; a BEC “amplifies” atoms in for solar panels on homes, Planetarium for the public, The infrared laser beams. He the same way that lasers amplify Newsday, August 2, 2005 New York Times, August 23, 2005 called it “optical photons. Among other things, sci- molasses.” The beams entists have used BECs to build an "Learning physics is not a "I didn't realize that President bombard target atoms atom laser that releases individual spectator sport. You have to be Bush's faith-based initiatives have with a steady stream of atoms; it could one day be useful part of it." reached so far as Air Force photons, whose wave- to etch tiny patterns on computer —Gary Gladding, UIUC, on research projects. None of the three lengths are carefully microchips. Others hope to build the newly revised introductory forms of teleportation of large selected so that they will atomic computer circuits that rely physics courses at his university, objects discussed in this report are only be absorbed if they on the motion of atoms instead of The News-Gazette (Urbana- anywhere near being practical in collide head-on with electrons to store and process infor- Champaign, IL) August 8, 2005 the foreseeable future and (are) atoms. As the atoms slow mation. And in February 1999, probably ultimately impractical, A Bose-Einstein Condensate down, they cool down to researchers at Harvard University "If you look through the as a trained physicist can see by from a colleague, Satyendra Nath about 10 millionths of a degree above found they could slow down light shelves of science books, you'll just plugging in a few numbers." Bose, that successfully derived absolute zero. – which normally travels at find row after row of books writ- —Victor J. Stenger, University of Planck’s law by treating photons Carl Wieman, a physicist at 669,600,000 MPH—to just 38 ten by men. This can be terribly Hawaii (emeritus), on an Air Force as indistinguishable particles, JILA/University of Colorado, and MPH by shining a laser beam off-putting for women." study of teleportation, San Francisco rather than individual quanta. his JILA colleague, Eric Cornell, through a BEC. Two years later —Lisa Randall, Harvard Chronicle, August 29, 2005 Einstein promptly forwarded the embarked on a five-year quest to they briefly brought light to a com- paper for publication, and applied produce the first BEC, using a com- plete stop.

Series II, Vol. 14, No. 9 Department, American Physical Society, One Physics Ellipse, Treasurer (Nuclear), John Jaros (Particles & Fields), Stephen Holmes October 2005 College Park, MD 20740-3844, [email protected]. Thomas McIlrath*, University of Maryland (emeritus) (Physics of Beams), James Drake* (Plasma), Timothy ©2005 The American Physical Society Editor-in-Chief Lodge, (Polymer Physics), Gianfranco Vidali, (New York NEWS Section), Paul Wolf (Ohio Section) For Nonmembers—Circulation and Fulfillment Division, Martin Blume*, Brookhaven National Laboratory American Institute of Physics, Suite 1NO1, 2 Huntington Past-President Coden: ANWSEN ISSN: 1058-8132 Quadrangle, Melville, NY 11747-4502. Allow at least 6 Helen R. Quinn*, Stanford University (SLAC) ADVISORS Editor ...... Alan Chodos weeks advance notice. For address changes, please send both General Councillors Representatives from Other Societies Associate Editor ...... Jennifer Ouellette the old and new addresses, and, if possible, include a mail- Janet Conrad, Frances Houle*, Evelyn Hu, Gerald Mahan*, Richard Peterson, AAPT; Marc Brodsky, AIP Special Publications Manager ...... Kerry G. Johnson ing label from a recent issue. Requests from subscribers for Ann Orel, Arthur Ramirez, Richart Slusher, Laura Smoliar* International Advisors Design and Production ...... Amera Jones missing issues will be honored without charge only if received International Councillor María Esther Ortiz, Mexican Physical Society, Forefronts Editor ...... Craig Davis within 6 months of the issue’s actual date of publication. Sukekatsu Ushioda Walter Davidson, Canadian Association of Physicists Proofreader ...... Edward Lee Periodical Postage Paid at College Park, MD and at addition- Chair, Nominating Committee al mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to APS Philip Bucksbaum Staff Representatives APS News (ISSN: 1058-8132) is published 11X the right to select and to edit for length or clarity. All corre- News, Membership Department, American Physical Society, Chair, Panel on Public Affairs Alan Chodos, Associate Executive Officer; Amy Flatten, yearly, monthly, except the August/September issue, by spondence regarding APS News should be directed to: Editor, One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844. Frank Von Hippel Director of International Affairs; Ted Hodapp, Director of the American Physical Society, One Physics Ellipse, APS News, One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740- Division, Forum and Section Councillors Education and Outreach;Robert L. Park, Director, Public College Park, MD 20740-3844, (301) 209-3200. It 3844, E-mail: [email protected]. APS COUNCIL 2005 Edward “Rocky” Kolb (Astrophysics), Kate Kirby* (Atomic, Information; Michael Lubell, Director, Public Affairs; contains news of the Society and of its Divisions, President Molecular & Optical Physics), Robert Eisenberg (Biological), Stanley Brown, Editorial Director; Charles Muller, Director, Topical Groups, Sections and Forums; advance Subscriptions: APS News is an on-membership publication Marvin L. Cohen*, University of California, Berkeley Charles S. Parmenter (Chemical), Moses H. Chan (Condensed Journal Operations; Michael Stephens, Controller and information on meetings of the Society; and reports to delivered by Periodical Mail. Members residing abroad may President-Elect Matter Physics), Richard M. Martin (Computational), Harry Assistant Treasurer the Society by its committees and task forces, as well receive airfreight delivery for a fee of $15. Nonmembers: John J. Hopfield*, Princeton University Swinney* (Fluid Dynamics), Peter Zimmerman (Forum on as opinions. Subscription rates are available at http://librarians.aps.org/ Vice-President Education), Gloria Lubkin (Forum on History of Physics), Administrator for Governing Committees institutional.html. Leo P. Kadanoff*, University of Chicago Patricia Mooney (Forum on Industrial and Applied Physics), Ken Cole Letters to the editor are welcomed from the member- Executive Officer James Vary* (Forum on International Physics), Philip “Bo” * Members of the APS Executive Board ship. Letters must be signed and should include an Subscription orders, renewals and address changes should Judy R. Franz*, University of Alabama, Huntsville Hammer (Forum on Physics and Society), J. H. Eberly (Laser address and daytime telephone number. The APS reserves be addressed as follows: For APS Members—Membership (on leave) Science), Leonard Feldman (Materials), Bunny C. Clark* NEWS October 2005 3

An Historic Occasion APS Selects Mohta as New Congressional Fellow A mathematical physicist from 2003, a research group in Japan Cambridge, Massachusetts, is the announced the first experimental new APS Congressional Fellow evidence for a pentaquark, a find- for 2005-2006. Vivek Mohta, who ing that was quickly confirmed recently completed his graduate by other groups who reported study at Harvard University, will sightings of the elusive particle. spend the next year broadening But other studies produced null his congressional experience results, stirring up a controversy through direct involvement with over the existence of the five- the legislative and political quark states. The most recent process. experimental results from CEBAF The APS Congressional at the Thomas Jefferson National Vivek Mohta Fellowship program is intended to Accelerator Facility also found ment,” he says, an experience that provide a public service by mak- no evidence for the pentaquark, as is so different from “the sterile ing individuals with scientific reported at the 2005 APS April picture that’s often presented in knowledge and skills available to meeting in Tampa, Florida (see This year APS is inaugurating a program to designate historic physics textbooks.” members of Congress. In turn, APS News, June 2005). sites in the US (see APS News, May 2005). On July 13, APS presented Mohta has a long-standing the program enables the scien- The brisk debate surrounding the first plaque to the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, in recognition interest in public service, having tists selected to gain experience the conflicting results is one rea- of the scientific achievements of Benjamin Franklin. Shown here are John been active as an undergraduate in the political process. son Mohta chose to apply chiral Rigden of Washington University, the Chair of the Historic Sites selec- at MIT in delivering food to Mohta received BS degrees in perturbation to the pentaquark. tion committee, Philip W. Hammer, Vice President of the Franklin Institute, homeless shelters in the both mathematics and physics “It’s one of those great examples and Alan Chodos, Associate Executive Officer of the APS. Cambridge, MA area, as well as from MIT in 1999, and recently of how science actually works, earned a PhD in mathematics all that controversy and excite- New Fellow continued on page 7 APS President Says Intelligent Design from Harvard University with a thesis on applications of chiral Should Not be Taught as Science perturbation theory, with a partic- ular emphasis on pentaquark APS President Marvin Cohen, intelligent design have been clari- masses. University Professor of Physics at the fied,” said Cohen. “As [Marburger] Quarks normally exist in University of California, Berkeley, has explained, President Bush does groups of two (mesons) or three The Avoidable Tragedy of New Orleans issued a statement in August saying not regard intelligent design as sci- (baryons), but the theory of quan- that only scientifically validated the- ence. If such things are to be taught tum chromodynamics holds that By Michael S. Lubell, APS Director of a one-on-one interview with Diane ories, such as evolution, should be in the public schools, we believe groupings of four quarks and one Public Affairs Sawyer of ABC’s Good Morning taught in the nation’s science class- they belong in a course on compar- anti-quark should be possible. In Each day when the sun finally America. The President, in what es. His statement was in response to ative religion, which is a particular- sets over the Potomac, what will long be regarded as one of remarks by President George Bush ly appropriate subject for our children Washington accomplished is a mat- the rhetorical low points for an ter of priorities and politics. And Administration that is guided by a regarding intelligent design, a form given the present state of the world.” CORRECTION of creationism. The APS Council has long opposed it hinges on what two groups want: tightly controlled public relations In comments to journalists in the inclusion of religious concepts such In the "International News" voters in general and campaign shop, said, “I don't think anyone Texas, President Bush had said that as intelligent design and related forms column in the August/ contributors in particular. Science anticipated the breach of the lev- intelligent design should be taught of creationism in science classes, September APS News, the is not even in the mix. ees." He might as well have said side-by-side with scientific theories passing two public statements on the institutional affiliation of Anne What happened in New Orleans that the earth is flat, Thomas of evolution in the classroom. Those issue in 1981 and 1999. The full text Harrington was stated incor- last month in the aftermath of Friedman’s bestseller notwithstand- remarks were later clarified by of those statements can be found at: rectly. The affiliation should Hurricane Katrina is an archetyp- ing. Presidential Science Advisor John http://www.aps.org/statements/ have read al example. It was no accident. It There is ample bipartisan blame Marburger. 81_1.cfm "Anne M. Harrington reflected more than two decades to go around, but unfortunately the “We are happy that the President’s http://www.aps.org/statements/ served for over 15 years at the of federal Crescent City policies Bush White House must accept recent comments on the theory of 99_5.cfm Department of State, including that had sacrificed science on the most of it. It’s a rule of politics: as Deputy Director of the altar of political expediency. When the worst natural disaster in Office of Proliferation Threat A month ago, three days after the the history of the nation occurs on US Physics Team Wins Five Medals in Reduction, and is now the Bayou dikes gave way and the your watch, even if prior adminis- Director at CISAC." punch bowl that is New Orleans trations ignored the warning signs, 2005 International Physics Olympiad APS News regrets the error. filled up with water from Lake in the public’s view 90% of the Pontchartrain, President Bush did Inside the Beltway continued on page 6 Estate Planning Information Available to APS Members Following a very successful A handout prepared by the speak- Also, as a reminder, APS session on estate planning offered er at the meeting, Reynolds T. announced the formation of a last spring at the March meeting in Cafferata of Rodriguez, Horii & Choi Bequest Society in Nov. 2004, and Los Angeles, APS members can LLP, is also available. is most grateful to individuals who obtain, free of charge, brochures on The session at the meeting was choose to include APS in their estate the following topics: entitled “The Danger of Tax Laws plans. •Better Estate Planning and Opportunities for Creative Members who would like copies •Personal Financial Affairs Record Arrangements.” Highlights includ- of the brochures and handout and/or Photo Credit: Mary Mogge •How to Make a Will That Works ed an overview of estate planning would like to discuss opportunities Left to right: Nickolas Fortino, Daniel Whalen, Men Young Lee, Timothy Credo, •A Guide to Giving in 2005 tools to minimize estate taxation, as to include APS in their will can con- and Eric Mecklenburg. •Giving Through Your Will well as how best to structure chari- tact Darlene Logan, Director of •Giving Through Retirement table gifts that feature tax savings Development, at (301) 209-3224 or Representatives of the 2005 US outstanding physics students. Plans and other financial benefits. [email protected]. Physics Team won five medals at Competitors are asked to solve chal- th the 36 International Physics lenging theoretical and experimen- APS MOURNS LOSS CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 Olympiad held July 3-12 tal physics problems. The 24 mem- in Salamanca, Spain. Eric bers of the US Physics Team are achievement was recognized when in Physics with Davis and Mecklenburg of Gates Mills, Ohio, selected through two competitive Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba, leader Koshiba in 2003. and Men Young Lee of Alexandria, examinations. of the Kamiokande neutrino experi- Bahcall was born in Virginia, were awarded gold The members of the team met at ment, each received part of the 2004 Shreveport, LA in 1934, medals. Timothy Credo of Aurora, the University of Maryland for an Nobel Prize in physics. and received his AB from Illinois, and Nickolas Fortino of intensive one-week training camp Bahcall was also a leader in plan- UC Berkeley in 1956, his Andover, Massachusetts both May 14-23. At the end of the train- ning and advocating for the Hubble MS from the University received silver medals, and Daniel ing camp, five members were Space Telescope in the 1970s. More of Chicago in 1957, and Whalen, also of Andover, won the selected to represent the US Physics recently, he led efforts to extend the his PhD from Harvard in Photo Credit: James Riordon bronze medal. Team: Credo, Fortino, Lee, life of the Hubble Telescope through 1961. He is survived by John Bahcall with winners of the APS The Olympiad is an internation- Mecklenberg, and Whalen. the current decade. his wife, Neta Bahcall, PhysicsQuest competition at the Institute. al competition among pre-univer- From 1986 to 2005, the United He was the recipient of many who is a professor of astrophysics made to the John N. Bahcall Fund sity students from more than 70 States Teams have brought home 26 honors and awards, including the APS at Princeton University, and three for Science Education in Israel nations. The goals of the Olympiad gold medals, 20 silver medals, 26 Bethe Prize in 1998, and the National children. and the United States, c/o the are to encourage excellence in bronze medals, and 11 honorable Medal of Science in the same year. He The family has asked that Institute for Advanced Study in physics education and to reward mentions. shared the Benjamin Franklin Medal contributions in his memory be Princeton, NJ. 4 October 2005 NEWS Letters Back Page Rehashes Same Old Arguments Funding Cuts in Physical Sciences Reach the Danger Level This letter is specifically a com- connections to the general public. ment on the Back Page article by This article also makes the point By Keith R. Dienes and Gordon Kane physics, whether high-energy biotechnology, information tech- Norman Augustine in the July issue that basic research in industry is much or research physicists, learn- physics, astrophysics, cosmology, nology, and nanotechnology. Even of APS News, and more generally a smaller than several decades ago, and ing to live with funding cuts condensed-matter physics, or even our graduate programs are threat- comment on many such discussions arguably nonexistent at this point. Fis often considered par for biophysics. Indeed, in some fields, ened: as foreign university research that have appeared over the past We have all seen these same points the course. For many years now, there are large experiments for funding levels begin to exceed those decade. made numerous times in Physics both theoretical and experimental which significant funds have in the US, it is only natural that This article makes the point that, Today, APS News, in talks at confer- physicists have been challenged to already been spent; without appro- increasing numbers of foreign grad- for a variety of reasons, the funding ences and at our own institutions, etc. maintain high-quality research pro- priate theoretical input, the full uate students—a major asset of our from the US government for "hard sci- The basic question I would like to grams with decreasing financial impact of measurements may not be PhD programs—will choose to ence," particularly in the universities, ask is: After 10 or 15 years of these support and resources. Sometimes, realized. While theory is relative- remain in their home countries, should be increased. The primary rea- same arguments being made over and they have even been able to do so. ly inexpensive compared with denying the US an important inflow son stated is that much of the job for- over, why have they not succeeded? However, we believe that the experiment, it plays a critical role of talent and intellectual strength. mation in this country can be attrib- I don't know the answer, but rather effects of this trend are now reach- in the scientific ecosystem, and It is worth noting that the Task uted ultimately to advances in basic than continuing to make the same ing a dangerous stage. From large adequate funding is necessary in Force on the Future of American research. Among the challenges quot- arguments to ourselves, we should groups at prominent universities to order to sustain it. Innovation, which issued this ed in this article are: i) the infighting either figure out a better way to make individual researchers at liberal arts But there are also broader issues alarming report, comprises not only between physics and chemistry, par- this case, or to (gulp) accept the fact colleges and undergraduate institu- at play across all of the physical sci- academic and scientific institutions ticle physics and astrophysics, exper- that US government-funded physics tions, recent funding cuts are begin- ences. According to a recent report such as the American Physical, imental physics and theoretical research will continue to shrink, and ning to cause considerable damage issued by the Task Force on the Chemical, and Mathematical physics, etc.; ii) making a direct con- figure out what to do differently after to the health and vitality of our Future of American Innovation Societies, but also leading private nection between advances in basic we accept that. field. The funding level for newly (available at http://www.future- technology corporations such as research and applications, creation Neil Zimmerman hired faculty is woefully insuffi- ofinnovation.org), the effects of Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, of jobs, etc.; iii) publicizing those Gaithersburg, MD cient for the establishment of funding cuts for the physical sci- Intel, and Texas Instruments. vibrant research programs, thereby ences are already being felt at both The causes of this worsening Innovation May Not Pay Off threatening promising careers at the national and international lev- situation are clear. As a percentage I read with general agreement economy today. their inception. Likewise, the depth els. During just the past several of the US Gross Domestic Product, Norm Augustine's editorial, Looking back at the history of of recent cuts required of larger, years, the United States has been federal investment in the Physical "Making the Case for University the United States of America, inno- more prominent groups has been so passed by Western Europe in the Sciences has fallen by nearly 50% Research." However, one of his vation has usually been greeted with great that we fear for their contin- total numbers of published science over the past thirty years. While premises, "Only one acceptable praise and interest, but rarely ued excellence. Indeed, funding and engineering articles, with a 7% funding for the biological sciences choice remains: to be among the rewarded. It's been natural for our agencies are now being forced into lead turning into a 5% deficit in has kept pace with inflation and world's foremost innovators," is country, with its great natural cannibalistic choices, sacrificing just the past 13 years. Asia is also even seen increases, funding for unfortunately open to question. It is resources, to focus on resource funding for one active researcher in rapidly closing in on the US, with the physical sciences has fallen far a well-known fact that venture cap- exploitation, and the present day order to minimally support anoth- our 27% lead already cut in half. short — worse than average for all italists, at least in Silicon Valley, seems to be no exception. For those er. Or, as may be happening in Moreover, the US share of world- research. The effects on the future are increasingly sending their ven- of us who innovate by choice, we nuclear physics and other areas, wide citations is shrinking signifi- of the American workforce are also ture money and the associated jobs will likely continue, whether or not choosing between major facilities. cantly, falling by 8% in a single clear. While the number of overseas. This is one of many pieces there is any real reward. Even if funding continues at current decade. While such statistics are Bachelors degrees in the biological of evidence that suggest that Richard Holmes levels, we believe that the physics for scientific research in general, the and life sciences has climbed by innovation may not pay off for our Cannon Park, CA research program in the United situation in the theoretical physical 71% in the past twenty years, the States will suffer significant and sciences is as bad or worse. numbers of Bachelors degrees APS Should Survey Members on Intelligent Design possibly permanent harm. The larger implications of this awarded in the physical sciences, As theorists, we are particular- funding crisis are dramatic. For the in engineering, in mathematics, and It is disturbing but hardly sur- support among scientists." ly aware of the shortages of fund- first time, the United States is under in computer/information sciences prising that President Bush has One has to wonder from ing for theoretical research, yet the threat of losing its dominant posi- have fallen by 11%, 21%, 28% and gone on record as supporting the whom Dr. Land gets his informa- intellectual merits of a strong the- tion in US patent applications, and 36% respectively. Students will teaching of intelligent design along tion (presumably not from the oretical program are very clear. the world's fastest-growing clearly not invest their futures in with evolution in the nation's pub- APS), and I would like to pro- Strong university programs com- economies are rapidly gaining on fields in which the federal govern- lic schools (NY Times, Aug 3rd). pose that the APS undertakes a bine the best of both theory and the US in terms of total research & ment is unwilling to invest its finan- Even more disturbing, though, is very simple statistical survey of experiment, and help attract the development investments. The US cial resources. Taken together, this the statement attributed in the same its members to see which side best young minds to the sciences. is rapidly losing its world share of state of affairs not only damages the article to Dr. Richard Land, they support, and whether evolu- A healthy theoretical infrastracture high-tech industrial exports, and in American educational system and President of the Ethics and tion and intelligent design should is also absolutely necessary for the just the past four years has gone the state of American science, but Religious Liberties Commission be taught side-by-side in science planning and guidance of future from being a net exporter to a net also has threatening, far-reaching of the Southern Baptist Convention classes. I hope the results would experiments, as well as for the inter- importer of advanced-technology effects on the American economy that "evolution is too often taught be communicated to the White pretation of data from upcoming products. This includes sectors as and national security. as fact....if you're going to teach the House by the President's Science experiments in all branches of diverse as energy, aerospace, Viewpoint continued on page 7 Darwinian theory as evolution, Advisor. teach it as theory. And then teach David Cox Invention of the Maser and the Laser Clarified another theory that has the most Bellport, NY In "This Month in Physics ular crediting Schawlow for the invented by Gordon Gould, and in Republicans in Physics: Are they Underrepresented? History" in the August/September idea of trapping the photons in a particular he conceived the idea of Do We Care? APS News, you give Charles mirrored tube. the mirror-ended tube which he Townes and Arthur Schawlow cred- In fact, Townes invented the patented. After a long court battle, In a July Viewpoint, Gary George Brown, science itself it for inventing the laser, in partic- maser, not the laser. The laser was Gordon's patent claim was recog- White commented on Andrew should not be a partisan enter- nized, and he became a very wealthy man since he derived royalties from Warden's letter in the April prise.) Has anyone collected Lamb Understates Nuclear Risk issue, which in turn referred to any hard data on the politics of every supermarket scanner, CD player, etc. the January "Inside The physics students, APS mem- Frederick Lamb’s Viewpoint the US and hundreds of thou- On another note, your description Beltway" article by Michael S. bers, or APS officers? Would article on US security in the sand die, there will be a fero- of stimulated emission asserts that Lubell. Andrew Warden claims APS members answer such a August/September APS News is cious “it's us or them” reaction. the original photon and the stimu- that Republicans are underrep- survey? Although there is room certainly to the point, and cer- There are plenty of Curtis lated photon "will travel in the same resented and that this is an for all political persuasions in tainly unsettling in its descrip- LeMay types around and the all- direction." I wonder how you con- "obvious fact." Before consid- APS, and we should try to ame- tion of the catastrophic effects too-likely result will be that cluded this. The two photons are ering why this might be, or liorate real inequities within of a nuclear bomb. But the cat- those countries suspected of coherent (i.e. their amplitudes are what we should do about it, we our community, we don't yet astrophic effects of a nuclear having anything to do with the additive) because, even in principle, should first establish whether it know whether Warden's bomb detonated in a US city perpetrators of the bombing there is no way to distinguish is real. It's relatively easy to assumed political asymmetry is hardly stop there. Consider how –countries suspected of being between them. But coherent collect information by gender, real. In addition, I believe that the Second World War ended, a sources of nuclear material or particles need not travel in the same and we have data on the under- we should not dedicate any of mere 60 years ago, with the sys- sources of terrorist fanatics direction. Think of two-slit (or representation of women in the time and treasure of this tematic destruction of city after –will be wiped from the earth. neutron) diffraction or, for that physics. It's harder to even Society toward specifically city first with firebombing and Tens of millions of innocent matter, scattering of alpha particles define what "Republican" might recruiting political ideologues then with nuclear weapons. people will follow their by helium. mean with respect to science of any stripe. Does anyone really think that American cousins to the grave. Paul Zweifel and scientists. (As Lubell quot- Randall Brynsvold we have come far since then? If Jon Orloff Radford, VA ed the late Representative San Jose, CA a nuclear bomb is detonated in College Park, MD NEWS October 2005 5

Time-Resolved Emission Microscopy of Silicon Integrated Circuits By Stanislav Polonsky Using a thermoelectrically cooled blocked by silicon. MCP contin- Background microchannel plate (MCP) photo- ued to be useful as technology hen asked about the light multiplier with a position sensitive approached VDD=1.8 V (180 nm emission in semiconduc- resistive anode, they detected short technology node). For 180 nmchips Wtors we tend to think (<270 ps) pulses from a fully func- running at nominal voltage typical about devices such as light emitting tional ring oscillator fabricated in acquisition time could easily be as diodes or semiconductor lasers. It 0.6 mm CMOS technology run- long as tens of hours. For next gen- is less known that the silicon metal- ning at voltage V DD=3.5V. erations, a new type of the detec- oxide-semiconductor field-effect Analysis of arrival times of such tor was needed, developed by the transistor (MOSFET), a workhorse pulses and correlating them with group of physicists from Moscow of modern integrated circuits (IC) particular transistors allows one to State Pedagogical University reconstruct the switching dynam- (MSPU), led by Professor Gregory Fig. 2. Off-state emission from a quiescent 130 nm microprocessor. Brighter technology, can also emit light. The colors correspond to more intense emission. emission takes place when a MOS- ics of a circuit and provides invalu- Goltsman, and in collaboration with FET is in saturation (see Fig. 1). In able information about its internal Rochester University. Named becomes noticeable in devices from which become more and more saturation, the current through the operation. The invented technique Superconduct-ing Single Photon 180 nm technology generation and important as transistor size shrinks device practically does not depend became known as PICA– Detector (SSPD), the detector oper- dramatically increases for subse- and it becomes more difficult to con- Picosecond Imaging Circuit ates by producing short voltage on drain voltage since the conduct- quent generations (see Fig. 2). trol its parameters. Smaller Lch and Analysis. pulses when a single photon is ing channel is pinched off. The While being a consequence of a Vt make MOSFET to switch faster, absorbed in a sub-critically cur- voltage drop across this pinched - Applications highly undesirable effect, leakage and, simultaneously, increase LOFF. rent-biased superconducting nano- off region gives rise to high elec- PICA enjoyed a lucky currents in MOSFETs, LOFF can We used this fact to optically map wire. It had quantum detection tric field (>105 V/cm). The Light history–immediate industrial appli- be put to use in IC emission device performance variations with- efficiency QE=5% at wavelength Emission in Saturation (L ) aris- cations followed soon. microscopy. Fig. 3 illustrates the in a single chip. SAT 1.3 m and timing jitter (i.e. photon es from the relaxation of hot elec- In late 1997 an IBM team meas- concept of off-state light emission Opportunities detection time error) about 40 ps. from a CMOS inverter. N-type trons created by this field. Its broad ured the clock tree skew in 0.25 Measurements of transistor switch- The detector operates at tempera- MOSFET emits off-state light L spectrum covers visible and near mm 64-bit 2.5V CMOS micro- N ing times will probably continue to be ture T=2÷3 K. SSPD-based tools only when the inverter is in logic infrared regions. For the majority processor running at 100 MHz. The the major application of PICA. Our are thousands times faster than state 1 while p-type MOSFET emits of people the idea of using a MOS- measurements were performed experience with next generation tech- those based on MCT, and they light L only when the inverter is FET as a light source may seem from a thinned and polished back P nologies, which are presently being demonstrate short measurement in logic state 0. The leakage emis- strange and useless. Still, it finds side of the chip. under development, indicates that the times (minutes) when debugging sion from both types of devices is important applications in the area PICA was first licensed by the light emission from the future modern 90 nm microprocessors persistent–the devices emit the light of semiconductor IC testing and Schlumberger Probe System MOSFETs is strong enough to be running at V »1V. Our experi- as long as the inverter is in a defi- debug, known as photon emission Group. At present, an EmiscopeÒ DD measured by existing single photon ence shows they will also be nite state. For practical purposes, it microscopy (PEM) of IC. product line, capable of performing detectors. The major opportunities adequate for coming 65 nm is possible to say that L tracks In the dominant Complementary time-resolved emission microscopy, OFF lie in the PICA tools area. Making the microprocessors. The price paid leakage current with one important Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor is available from Credence Systems analysis easy to use, integrating it for achieving such performance advantage–it can be easily meas- (CMOS) technology, the voltage corporation. As a result of increased with other failure analysis techniques was abandoning imaging capabil- ured using standard tools of photon drop across a conducting transistor availability of commercial tools, (e.g. thermal imaging) will determine ities of the original technique and emission microscopy. Off-state is close to zero, so a MOSFET can PICA has become a standard tech- further adoption of PICA by the using single pixel detectors. leakage current and, consequent- never be permanently in saturation, nique in failure analysis labs of industry. An alternative approach was ly, L depend on a number of provided that a circuit works prop- many semiconductor corporations. OFF There are opportunities in chosen by researchers from parameters that are difficult to erly and it is in a well defined logic adding value to PICA by utilizing Credence Systems Corporation. measure on a chip: internal volt- state. In a circuit with a fault such Challenges of CMOS scaling new sources of light emission such They used a thermoelectrically ages, device temperature, channel as a shorted or open wire, the MOS- CMOS scaling is presenting a as off-state current, or using time- cooled InGaAs avalanche photo- length, threshold voltage, etc. The FET can stay in saturation, and the number of challenges to maintain- resolved spectroscopic data. Also, diode with custom quenching elec- ability to non-invasively measure light emission from it can assist in ing the usefulness of PICA: low in recent technologies the light tronics as a single photon detector. these parameters is important for IC localizing the fault. This fact voltage operation, high power emission from ever increasing gate At expense of higher dark count, it design and fabrication. For exam- oxide leakage current has become achieves impressive QE>10%. ple, knowing the on-chip voltage vari- strong enough to be reliably detect- Increasing power dissipation, ations caused by wire crosstalk noise, ed with available tools. Static imag- which could be more than 100 W inductive interconnect response, and ing of this type of emission has in modern microprocessor, is also power grid noise caused by circuit already been used for device reli- a growing concern. Indeed, back- switching activity are crucial for signal ability studies. The question if time- side PICA measurements require integrity characterization of modern resolved measurements can add removal of a heat sink, without high speed digital IC. value to the technique is still open. which the chip just does not work Time-resolved measurements of In almost ten years since the properly. Blowing dry nitrogen on off-state emission allowed our invention, PICA has become a a chip can sometimes alleviate the group to extract optically the mature IC diagnostics technique. problem, especially for relatively dynamics of gate and drain voltages Most probably, it will find ever simple application-specific inte- across a single MOSFET with accu- wider applications as IC technolo- grated circuits (ASICs). The perma- racy few mV. We were also able gy produces increasingly more nent solution is diamond heat measure the dynamics of Silicon- complex chips. It offers research spreaders, or even water cooling. on-Oxide MOSFET self-heating, Fig.1. Light emission from saturated n-type MOSFET opportunities for interested Shorter transistor channel using the dependence of off-state (V – gate voltage, V –threshold voltage, V –drain-to-source voltage, physicists together with a promise g t ds length L is also a consequence of emission on device temperature. Vdsat» Vds-Vt) ch of immediate commercial CMOS scaling. Denser placement The dependence of off-state applications. of transistors makes it difficult to explains the power of PEM in IC chips, and shorter channel lengths emission on the logic state of a cir- Stanislav Polonsky is a research defect localization. For complete- of transistors. resolve them optically. Resolution cuit can be used to localize a resis- staff member in the Optical ness, it is worth mentioning that Lowering power supply voltage of Si subsurface imaging is limit- tive fault in a microprocessor. One Communications and High Speed ed to 0.5 mm. Solid immersion PEM also uses another light emission VDD is a necessary consequence of of the most recent developments Test Group of the IBM T.J. Watson mechanism–radiative electron-hole CMOS scaling. Since the inven- lenses (SIL) can improve diffrac- is optical characterization of across Research Center in Yorktown recombination. In bulk CMOS tech- tion of PICA, it dropped from 3.5 tion-limited resolution and light chip device performance variations Heights, NY. nologies it can occur when two par- V down to 1V. This has drastically collection efficiency by an order asitic bipolar transistors latch up. influenced the choice of single pho- of magnitude. They are becoming When a properly working ton time-resolved detectors for a standard feature of PEM tool man- CMOS circuit switches, some of PICA. Decreasing power supply ufactures. its MOSFETs can be driven into voltage shifts emission spectra into Another consequence of saturation for a short period of time. longer wavelengths and exponen- decreasing Lch is increasing off- tially decreases its intensity. The state drain-to-source leakage c The resulting LSAT is very weak–it produces less than a photon per MCP imaging detectors with S-25 urrent and electric field in the chan- transistor per switch; detecting photocathod are sensitive in 400- nel. Taken together, these two factors give rise to hot electron L requires single photon detec- 900 nm range. For backside meas- Fig. 3. Light emission from n-type MOSFET (LN) and p-type MOSFET (LP) SAT populations sufficient to emit a tors. The transient emission from a urements, which is the only viable in a CMOS inverter is a combination of LSAT and LOFF: LOFF CMOS circuit was first detected option for modern flip-chip pack- measurable amount of light even (horizontal region) “tracks” the logic state of a transistor; LSAT (peaks) by two IBM researchers, Jeffrey aged microprocessors, most of the when the device is in off-state. Such corresponds to the emission from switching transistors. Light emission from Kash and James Tsang, in 1996. emission in this spectral range is off-state light emission (LOFF) n-type devices is much stronger than that from p-type devices. 6 October 2005 NEWS

PHYSICS ON THE ROAD CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 groups on campus, including a travel- one will sink. He also likes to have stu- ing lab from the biology department, dents play with “roomerangs,” small and the UNC’s Morehead Planetarium, boomerangs that can be thrown in a where the Physics on the Road team room like a school cafeteria. “It’s a plans to do as many as a dozen shows really fun toy, but there’s also lots of a week this fall. While it’s not truly “on fun physics that can be demonstrated,” the road,” these shows have a big he says. Deardorff is also trying to impact because so many student groups make portable versions of some of his visit the planetarium, said Duane demonstrations, including a water drop Deardorff, who is in charge of the and strobe light setup that makes falling UNC Physics on the Road program. water drops appear suspended in air. Some of the CPR group's demos are “We’re using Physics on the Road WYP Cookies baked by Grace Johns Students watch the Frontier Physics road show put on by Northern Illinois U. quite unusual. With younger children, grant funds to make this into something at Illinois State University. Deardorff likes to do a simple demon- we can take on the road,” he said. stration of density that always amazes The University of Oregon has The University of Iowa group has people–it turns out that a 10 pound incorporated a professional circus per- also expanded its reach, traveling as far bowling ball will float, but a 14 pound former into its show, using juggling and as 110 miles from Iowa City. They other circus arts to demonstrate con- have already visited three times as cepts such as gravity and rotational many locations as last year. During motion. As a side effect, the Physics the summer they reached many on the Road grant has made the World minority and disadvantaged students Year of Physics more visible to their who were participating in science own department, the Oregon group camps. The group also expects to use reports. the Physics on the Road grant as a The University of Wisconsin, springboard to get other grants. Madison group is taking the “on the Perhaps the largest area served has road” part quite seriously–they’re well been by the Idaho State University on their way to meeting their goal of physics demo road show, which has visiting every one of the 42 counties traveled to Utah, northern Nevada, in the state with their show, which eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho, Brian Jones of Colorado State U. includes favorites such as a liquid nitro- and plans to visit schools and commu- and friend at the southern Navajo gen cloud, exploding balloon, bowl- nity groups in Montana, Wyoming, Students at Jonas C. Salk elementary school do hands-on physics at the reservation. ing ball pendulum and many others. and northern Idaho later this year. Purdue demo show.

DOE REPORT CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 more money in ten minutes buy- cheap materials function as well and ways to use sunlight to split our lives. Once we have the prin- role in addressing the energy security ing gas at the pump than we as expensive ones, and develop- water molecules into oxygen and ciples, we can figure out how to needs of our nation.” spend on solar energy R&D in a ing new materials that absorb hydrogen that can be used for do it. There are no laws of It has not yet been determined year,” said Nathan Lewis, a sunlight more efficiently are fuel. physics that we don’t know how much funding will be available chemist at Caltech who was one among the research goals. These are all promising here.” for solar energy research. “This is a of the workshop chairs. According to the report, the research directions, said Lewis. “This report demonstrates the really important problem. The ques- The workshop attendees iden- proposed research could also lead He says he is optimistic that effi- important contribution the entire tion is whether the country is serious tified 13 priority research direc- to a number of advances, includ- cient ways to use solar energy scientific community can make about doing something. We all are tions that could advance solar ing artificial "molecular can be developed because the to the development of new sus- going to hang on to see if the coun- energy conversion to electricity, machines" that turn sunlight into basic principles of solar energy tainable energy resources,” Ray try is serious about exploiting this fuels, and thermal end uses. chemical fuel, "smart materials" conversion are understood. Orbach, Director of DOE’s renewable resource,” said Lewis. Many of the suggested research based on nature's ability to trans- “We’re good at applying funda- Office of Science, said in a press The full report is available at directions build on recent fer captured solar energy with mental principles to develop release. “Science and basic http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/ advances in nanotechnology and no energy loss, cheap plastic technologies that help change research can and must play a key reports/abstracts.html#SEU biotechnology. Better ways of solar cells, new photovoltaic exploiting a larger part of the designs, solar concentrators, new INSIDE THE BELTWAY CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3 solar energy spectrum, making materials for thermal storage, fault is yours–particularly if you southern Louisiana would suffer if to the scientific studies and comput- didn’t assemble the right team. it were hit by a category four hur- er modeling that forecast the cata- Michael Chertoff, the Secretary ricane like Katrina. In “Drowning clysmic results of a category four of Homeland Security, the New Orleans,” Mark Fischetti hurricane. Instead, when Mike Department charged with oversee- wrote in Scientific American in Parker, who directed the Army ing such domestic disasters, has October 2001, “The boxes are Corps of Engineers, spoke out in scant credentials qualifying him stacked eight feet high and line the 2002 about the need for increased for the position. Prior to taking walls of the large, windowless funding for the Corps’ work, the over DHS, he had served as a room. Inside them are new body Bush Administration summarily United States Court of Appeals bags, 10,000 in all. If a big, slow- dismissed him. judge, a law partner in Latham and moving hurricane crossed the Gulf Perhaps scientists and engineers Watkins, special counsel for the of Mexico on the right track, it are too arrogant. Perhaps they do a Senate Whitewater Committee and would drive a sea surge that would bad job of communicating with Assistant Attorney General for the drown New Orleans under 20 feet public officials. Perhaps science is Criminal Division of the Justice of water... Extensive evacuation too complicated for policy makers Department. would be impossible because the to understand. Perhaps they don’t And Michael Brown, the new surging water would cut off the few trust the analyses experts produce. Director of the Federal Emergency escape routes. Scientists at Whatever the case, the tragedy of Management Agency, who had Louisiana State University, who New Orleans points up the need direct line management responsibil- have modeled hundreds of possible for major changes in the way the ity for the Katrina catastrophe, has storm tracks on advanced comput- United States manages its science an even thinner résumé. Before he ers, predict that more than 100,000 and technology policy. was appointed Deputy Director of people could die.” As a first step, the White House FEMA in 2001, he had been a com- On June 8, 2004 a New Orleans should take a cue from Energy missioner of the International newspaper, The Times-Picayune, Secretary Samuel Bodman. Earlier Arabian Horse Association. He also published a lengthy article this year, Bodman successfully lob- might have been a fine equestrian describing the devastating effects bied Congress to create a new posi- judge, but as Matt Stearns and Seth on the region that a major storm tion of Under Secretary for Science Borenstein of the Knight Ridder would cause. The article noted addi- within DOE in order to provide the Newspapers observed, "there was tionally that the Office of Department with high-level man- little in Michael D. Brown's back- Management and Budget had agement of its research portfolio. ground to prepare him for the fury repeatedly slashed funding for crit- President Bush should follow of Hurricane Katrina." ically needed remedial work on the Bodman’s lead and restore the Still, these personnel failings system of levees that protected the office of science advisor to the pale in comparison to the wanton city. Cabinet rank that it held during his neglect of the detailed scientific No one in the White House and father’s administration. He should reports of the last few years that had no one in a leadership position on act now. The nation can ill afford predicted just the sort of outcome Capitol Hill was paying much heed to wait. NEWS October 2005 7 Announcements

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS STATE A History of the Canadian Now Appearing in RMP 2006 APS DEPARTMENT SCIENCE FELLOWSHIP Association of Physicists Recently Posted Reviews and Colloquia Journal Policy Change

This Fellowship represents an opportunity for scientists to 2005 marks the 60th anniver- You will find the following in the Starting in 2006, Physical make a unique contribution to US foreign policy. At least one sary of the Canadian Association of online edition of Reviews of Modern Review A-E will no longer be Fellow annually will be chosen to spend a year working in a Physicists. In celebration of this Physics at http://rmp.aps.org available to members in a print bureau of the State Department, providing scientific and tech- occasion, the Executive and Council version. Online only subscrip- nical expertise to the Department while becoming directly of the CAP are pleased to announce Todd M. Squires and Stephen R. tions will be available for these involved in the foreign policy process. Fellows are required that "60 Years A-Growing: A Quake Microfluidics: Fluid Physics five titles. There are exceptions to to be US citizens and members of at least one of the 10 AIP History of the Canadian Association at the Nanoliter Scale the new policy, and current sub- Member Societies at the time of application. Qualifications of Physicists" by Jasper McKee, With the advent of new technologies scribers will be contacted with include a PhD in physics or closely related field or, in outstand- PPhys, will be available effective which allow the fabrication of micron-size more information. ing cases, equivalent research experience. Applicants should 2005 September 21. This book pro- channels, networks, and reaction systems, the Subscription options for possess interest or experience in scientific or technical aspects vides readers with a brief history of field of microfluidics is emerging as a meet- Physical Review Letters, Reviews of foreign policy. Applications for the 2006-7 Fellowship the CAP, based on a combination of ing ground for fluid dynamics, colloidal of Modern Physics, Physical (starting in fall 2006) should consist of a letter of intent, a two- historical records and personal rec- physics, biotechnology, and biological Review Online Archive (PROLA), page resume, and three letters of reference. Please visit ollections submitted to the author. physics. This review summarizes the current and/or Physical Review Index will http://www.aip.org/gov/sdf.html for details. All application Order forms are available online state of the field, with emphasis on the char- remain unchanged for 2006. materials must be postmarked by November 1, 2005 and sent at www.cap.ca. Price: $15 Cdn/ acteristic dimensionless parameters that If you have any questions, to: AIP State Department Science Fellowship, American $12.50 US +shipping quantify the competition between various please contact a membership rep- Institute of Physics, Attn: Audrey Leath, One Physics Ellipse, physical processes. resentative at membership@ College Park, MD 20740-3843. aps.org or 301-209-3280.

Rebecca Forrest Receives First NEW FELLOW, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3

Blewett Scholarship raising funds for education proj- Reich, as well as for a local city tion between academia and ects in underserved communities council campaign. policy,” he says. “It’s an By Ernie Tretkoff in India. “I was always interest- Mohta soon found himself academic setting in which policy Rebecca Forrest is the first ed in service, but I thought of it branching out into the political work is done.” recipient of the APS Hildred as a separate thing,” says Mohta; arena. In 2004, he was an organ- Following an intensive orien- Blewett Scholarship for Women like his peers, he had his day job, izer for South Asian Americans tation process organized by the in Physics. Forrest is a Research and performed community serv- for Kerry. That same year, he also American Association for the Assistant Professor at the ice on evenings and weekends. worked with an interdisciplinary Advancement of Science, Mohta University of Houston, where she The terrorist attacks of non-proliferation study group as will choose where to spend his plans to use the scholarship funds September 11, 2001 caused a shift part of MIT’s Security Studies fellowship year: either working in to establish her research program in his thinking towards a more Program. a Congressional office, or with in condensed matter physics. outward focus. “I had to stop and After completing his doctoral one of the many associated com- The scholarship was endowed think about what I was doing and thesis, Mohta began looking at mittees. His policy interests by a bequest from M. Hildred why I was doing it, and reflect on various opportunities for applying include nuclear proliferation, and Blewett, a particle accelerator what effect my work would have science to societal problems, and he would like to continue his work physicist who died in 2004. on the world,” he says. He found moving into science policy. That’s in that arena. However, “I also Hildred Blewett loved physics Rebecca Forrest himself volunteering more of his when he decided to apply for the want to explore security-related and wanted to help women over- time, first to organizing panel APS fellowship. This summer, he issues beyond nuclear prolifera- come obstacles to their careers. Houston–Downtown. The work- discussions on foreign affairs, is working at the National tion to see how it fits into the A remembrance of Blewett was load at the Downtown campus is and later to the political arena. Academy of Science’s Committee broader context,” he says. the subject of the APS News Back primarily teaching, she says, so He was a volunteer for the guber- on International Security and For more information about Page in February of this year (see she had almost no time for national campaign of Robert Arms Control. “It’s a nice transi- the APS Congressional http://www.aps.org/apsnews/ research. Fellowship program, see 0205/020506.cfm). In 2004, she obtained a posi- ELECTION RESULTS CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 http://www.aps.org/public_affair/ The purpose of the scholar- tion as a Research Assistant fellow/index.cfm. ship is to enable early-career Professor at the University of 1999 she moved to the University Maryland in 1982. His current women to return to physics Houston main campus. While her of Colorado. She served as Chair of investigations center on ultrafast VIEWPOINT CONTINUED research after having had to inter- primary duty is still teaching, she the APS Committee on the Status of dynamics, coherent control, strong- FROM PAGE 4 rupt their careers for family rea- has a slightly lower teaching load Women in Physics in 2004, and cur- field laser-matter interaction, atom sons. The scholarship consists of and thus more time for research. rently coordinates the CSWP Site optics and quantum information. Where can we go from here? a one-year award of up to In addition, she says, “I’m clos- Visit program. She has served on the He leads the first group to combine Clearly, maintaining preeminence $45,000, which can be used for er to colleagues and research labs. APS Council and Executive ultrashort pulses and coincidence in the sciences, and specifically dependent care, salary, travel, Now that I have the Blewett Committees, as well as on the imaging with position-sensitive theoretical physics, will require equipment, and tuition and fees. scholarship, I can devote more Executive Committees of the APS detectors to extract correlated ejec- sustained funding at a significant- Forrest earned her PhD in con- time to research.” Divisions of Laser Science and tion details previously not possi- ly higher level than is presently densed matter physics from the She plans to use the scholarship Atomic, Molecular and Optical ble. Most recently, his group has available. We believe that at least University of Houston in 1998. to establish an active research pro- Physics. demonstrated an all-optical atom a 20% increase in available funds She was a postdoctoral researcher gram. Forrest expects to study lat- Back is an experimental physi- switch to transfer atoms between is necessary to maintain the mini- in the Materials Science and eral composition modulation, a cist with expertise in the study of two different guides. Hill was a mal health of the field. Major road- Engineering department at UCLA type of spontaneous periodic mod- radiation in high energy density member of the Executive blocks are now occurring in four from 1998 to 2000. Forrest then ulation in alloy composition which plasmas. She earned her PhD in Committee of the APS Division of critical areas: support for graduate moved back to Houston in 2000 has been observed in many semi- plasma physics from the University Laser Science, the APS Committee students in PhD programs; num- when her husband began a new conductor alloys and is known to of Florida in 1989. Following her on Minorities, and chaired the bers of postdocs supported for high- job at NASA’s Johnson Space affect electrical and optical prop- PhD she worked in France at the Nomination Committee for the APS quality scientific training; funding Center. erties. Forrest plans to investigate Ecole Polytechnique for two years. Division of Atomic, Molecular and for new faculty; and funding for Forrest says she has been lim- whether lateral composition mod- In 1992 she joined Lawrence Optical Physics. top researchers who require ade- ited in her search for a tenure ulation affects the lasing perform- Livermore National Laboratory. Wagner received his doctoral quate resources to be maximally track position by her husband’s ance of antimonide-based diode This year, she became the Center degree in physics in 1971 from productive. All of these areas des- career. “In order to be part of the lasers. These lasers are being Head of High Energy Density Heidelberg University with work perately require significant increas- space program, he’s geographi- developed by researchers at the Physics Targets and Research at done on an experiment at CERN. es soon. Securing adequate cally limited. I have to find the Naval Research Laboratory for General Atomics. Back currently He worked from 1973 to 1974 at the resources must be a primary goal best position available in the city military and medical applications. serves on the APS Division of Lawrence Berkeley National for all of us, and for the organiza- we live in.” She also has two Forrest says she will use the Plasma Physics Executive Laboratory. He did research from tions that represent us. boys, ages 4 and 7, whom she Blewett scholarship for lab Committee. 1975 until 1986 at DESY, and from Undoubtedly, this will require cares for, and therefore cannot equipment and childcare costs. Hill holds the rank of Professor 1986 until 1999 at CERN. In 1984 he efforts and arguments that go put in the very long hours need- She hopes to have some initial at the University of Maryland, became full professor at the beyond business as usual. It's time ed to do both full-time teaching results within a year, and plans College Park, with appointments in University of Heidelberg. In 1991 to start. and research. build on those results to apply the Institute for Physical Science he was offered a professorship at the Keith R. Dienes is Associate In 2000 Forrest took a position for grants for more research and Technology and the Department University of Hamburg and at the Professor of Physics and as a postdoctoral researcher and funding. “I hope that by get- of Physics. He received a PhD in same time was appointed Director of Mathematics at the University of adjunct instructor at the ting my research back under- physics from Stanford University in Research at DESY. He is chair of the Arizona. Gordon Kane is the Victor University of Houston. In 2002, way I will be an attractive can- 1980. He is a guest worker at NIST, board of the TESLA Collaboration, Weisskopf Collegiate Professor of she accepted a position as a full- didate for a tenure track posi- where he was a postdoc before join- which works on superconducting Physics at the University of time lecturer at the University of tion,” she says. ing the faculty of the University of accelerator development. Michigan. 8 October 2005 NEWS The Back Page Intelligent Design: The New Creationism Threatens All of Science and Society By Marshall Berman

or most of my life, I thought after, an “evolved” version of cre- throw of materialism and its cultur- everyone knew that ationism appeared called “Intelligent al legacies. …The Center explores F“Creation Science” was Design” (ID). ID actually re-invents how new developments in biology, “dark ages” stuff, until a physicist a discredited 200-year-old argument physics and cognitive science raise began to argue with me that evolu- that goes back to William Paley. He serious doubts about scientific mate- tion was a bunch of “just-so” stories, claimed that complex living things rialism and have re-opened the case with no supporting evidence. Since required direct, divine intervention for a broadly theistic understanding then, I’ve seen, read, and heard hun- by a creator. of nature. dreds of other creationists and Although the current version of Five Year Strategic Plan “Intelligent Design” advocates argue ID professes to be scientific, it is that there is no fossil evidence to sup- religious. Its center is the Discovery “The social consequences of port evolution, that evolution has Institute (DI) in Seattle, Washington, materialism have been devastat- endured for almost a century and a which includes the Center for ing…. However, we are convinced half only because modern scientists Science and Culture (CSC). that in order to defeat materialism, are part of a conspiracy to cover up Financial support comes from 22 we must cut it off at its source. That the truth, that there are major ques- foundations, at least two-thirds of source is scientific materialism…. If Marshall Berman tions concerning the reliability of them with explicitly religious mis- we view the predominant material- radioactivity dating methods, and sions. istic science as a giant tree, our (at Biola) is at war with the modern valuable lesson in democracy. Many that many scientists “worship at the ID refuses to “publicly” describe strategy is intended to function as a culture. Torrey does not want to ‘get people volunteered. We made signs. altar of Darwinism.” Indeed, I the “designer,” say anything about “wedge” that, while relatively small, along’ with materialism, secular- We searched the voter rolls for learned that creationists, like bio- methods or timing of the conver- can split the trunk when applied at ism, naturalism, post-modernism, groups who voted often. We had logical species, come in many vari- sion of design into creation, demon- its weakest points…. Design theory radical feminism, or spiritualism. teams go door-to-door to talk to vot- eties: young earth, old earth, and a strate any scientific predictability, promises to reverse the stifling dom- We want to win over every facet of ers, most of whom were receptive reincarnated species, intelligent show any empirical support, or even inance of the materialist worldview, the culture, from the arts to the sci- and very interested in education. design creationists. conceive of how the “notion” could and to replace it with a science con- ences, for the Kingdom of Christ.” We actually raised more money Gallup polls taken during the be tested or falsified. [Leading ID sonant with Christian and theistic (http://web.archive.org/web/ (entirely from small contributions) past 20 years consistently show a supporter, Michael Behe, has said: convictions. 20000124070727/http://www. than any other candidate had in this plurality (45% in February 2001) “…Possible candidates for the role Governing Goals biola.edu/academics/torrey/ kind of election. We built a web- of Americans agreeing with the state- of designer include: the God of • To defeat scientific material- origin.cfm). site. We distributed flyers. And we ment: “God created human beings Christianity; an angel—fallen or ism and its destructive moral, cul- The target is all of science and ultimately defeated a 20-year incum- pretty much in their present form at not; Plato’s demi-urge; some mys- tural and political legacies. society; evolution is just the begin- bent. one time within the last 10,000 years tical new age force; space aliens • To replace materialistic expla- ning, the edge of the “Wedge.” I eventually gained the confi- or so.” from Alpha Centauri; time travelers; nations with the theistic understand- dence of most of the other fourteen There is a stark difference or some utterly unknown intelligent Scientists and Politics ing that nature and human beings Board members. They relied on me between the views of scientists and being”(http://www.ideacenter.org/co Scientists often avoid the realm are created by God. for issues related to gathering and those of the general public. 5% of ntentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1341)]. of politics for good reasons: long Twenty Year Goals analyzing data, statistics, and other scientists hold creationist views, ID cloaks itself in scientific vocab- hours of research, dedication, • To see intelligent design education issues, especially related compared to 44% of the public. 95% ulary and pseudo-scientific concepts raising research funds, teaching, and theory as the dominant perspective to science and math. And we were of scientists hold naturalistic or the- such as “irreducible complexity.” family needs, among other demands. in science. able to return evolution and the age istic views that evolution is valid. It attacks a few details about the Individual scientists and even sci- • To see design theory applica- of Earth to the science standards in Some 700 scientists (out of a evolutionary process, all of which ence organizations can be political- tion in specific fields, including 1999 and again in 2003. Ultimately, total of 480,000 US earth and life sci- have been extensively and fairly ly powerless. Unfortunately, politi- molecular biology, biochemistry, New Mexico approved some of the entists) give credence to creation-sci- analyzed by the science communi- cians often regard scientists as a paleontology, physics and cosmol- best science and math standards in ence. That would put the support ty and found wanting, false or just small voting bloc [although the num- ogy in the natural sciences, psy- the US. But the political controver- for creation science among those typical ongoing research ber of employed US scientists and chology, ethics, politics, theology sy continues. Only now the IDers are branches of science that deal with questions. DI hired a well-known engineers is about eleven million.] and philosophy in the humanities; targeting local school districts. Earth and its life forms at about public relations firm, and has influ- Scientists and their advice often get to see its influence in the fine arts. 0.14%. enced many local, state and federal little respect from politicians. Conclusions • To see design theory permeate Our nation is paying a heavy politicians, including US In 1996, the NM State Board of The ID movement poses a threat our religious, cultural, moral and price for having failed to teach stu- Congressmen, Senators, and even Education removed all references to all of science and perhaps to political life.” dents critical thinking skills, rea- the President. DI does everything a to evolution and the age of Earth secular democracy itself. The move- The above quotes demonstrate soning, and good science for sever- political advocacy group would do, from the state science content stan- ment is highly political, very astute, that ID's claim to be non-religious al generations. The consequences but it does not perform any scien- dards. The majority of Board mem- extremely well-marketed, disingen- is false. And the ID movement has are an appalling science illiteracy tific research or produce any new sci- bers had little knowledge of science uous, and grossly misunderstood by aims far beyond attacking evolu- among most Americans. In a 2000 entific knowledge. and were misled by a physicist mem- most Americans. The so-called tion in its attempt to return society NSF survey, about half the respon- Nevertheless, they claim to be a ber who was a creationist. He com- “controversy” has been couched in to the “idyllic” and “moral” culture dents did not know: growing movement, and that it is plimented himself on reviewing the slogans that focus on “fairness,” that prevailed in Europe prior to the •The earliest humans did not live “only fair” to “teach the (non-exis- National Science Education “Darwinism is a religion,” “what Enlightenment. The writings of the at the same time as dinosaurs. tent scientific) controversy.” Their Standards, finding faults; and accus- are scientists afraid of,” “evolution leading CSC senior fellows make •It takes Earth one year to go immediate goal is to insert their ing the developers of the standards equals atheism,” and other loaded this nostalgia for the Dark Ages around the Sun. unscientific ideas into public school of being “completely clueless as to phrases that mask their real initial frighteningly clear: •Electrons are smaller than science classrooms; they care little the canonical characteristics of good target: open up public school science “From the sixth century up to the atoms. about gaining acceptance in the sci- standards, whether they hail from the classrooms to address supernatural Enlightenment it is safe to say that •Antibiotics do not kill ence community. Unfortunately, National Academy of Sciences or phenomena. ID movement has the West was thoroughly imbued viruses. many conscientious religious peo- not.” (Lenard, R., 1996. “Standard influenced many politicians with with Christian ideals and that American adults in general do ple, including politicians and school Fosters Scientific Rigor,” little or no scientific backgrounds. Western intellectual elites were not understand what molecules are. board members, have come to Albuquerque Journal, Sep. 21, We must therefore fight in the polit- overwhelmingly Christian. False Fewer than a third can identify DNA believe that there really is a scien- 1996). The opinions of a few scien- ical arena as well as the science ideas that undermined the very as a key to heredity. Only about 10% tific controversy. tists are often given equal weight community. Scientists must become foundations of the Christian faith know what radiation is. One adult Many readers of APS News may against an overwhelming majority more politically involved if this (e.g., denying the resurrection or the American in five thinks the Sun not know the goals of the DI which of mainstream scientists. The media assault is to be stopped. Trinity) were swiftly challenged revolves around Earth. The US is developed a plan, called the frequently promote this dispropor- Ed. Note: A more detailed and and uprooted. Since the enlighten- falling rapidly behind in science and “Wedge.” Evolution is only the ini- tionate representation by attempt- fully referenced article can be found ment, however, we have not so much math education compared with other tial target of the Wedge’s edge, to be ing to be “fair” to both sides. online on the http://www.aps.org/ lacked the means to combat false industrial countries, especially in followed by an attack on all of sci- Many New Mexicans organized apsnews/1005/100518.cfm ideas as the will and clarity.” East Asia. US competitiveness is ence, and ultimately by profound to oppose this attack on the science Marshall Berman has been a (Dembski, W. A. and Richards, destined to be second-class, unless changes in our society, culture, and standards. But all our efforts failed. manager at Sandia National J.W., Unapologetic Apologetics, we can turn this around. government. Here are their own We were outsiders. Ultimately, we Laboratories, vice president of 2001, p. 20). In the 1980s, federal courts and words, excerpted from their plan decided that we had to become the New Mexico State Board of John Mark Reynolds is a CSC the Supreme Court ruled that the and goals: insiders to effect change, and I ran Education, and Executive fellow on the faculty at Biola First Amendment prohibited the “Discovery Institute’s Center for for the State Board position in the Director for Education of the University, an ID-leaning college. teaching of creationism and so-called the Renewal of Science and Culture next election. Council on Competitiveness in He writes, “Torrey Honors Institute “Creation Science.” Shortly there- seeks nothing less than the over- The campaign actually became a Washington D.C.

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