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East Greek Pottery and Graeco-Anatolian Mercenaries in the Southern Levant in Iron Age Iic (Ca

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East Greek Pottery and Graeco-Anatolian Mercenaries in the Southern Levant in Iron Age Iic (Ca EAST GREEK POTTERY AND GRAECO-ANATOLIAN MERCENARIES IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT IN IRON AGE IIC (CA. 600 BCE) David Mark Mouritz ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0612-9804 A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2018 Ancient World Studies School of Historical and Philosophical Studies Faculty of Arts The University of Melbourne ABSTRACT This study examines the significance of the East Greek pottery found at Meẓad Ḥashavyahu, Ashkelon, Tel Kabri, Tel Batash-Timna, Tel Miqne-Ekron, and Yavneh- Yam in Israel. This pottery dates to the late seventh-early sixth centuries BCE and includes both decorated fine and coarse domestic ware. It is currently held by many scholars that the pottery reflects the presence of East Greek mercenaries in the Southern Levant during Iron Age IIC. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility that the Greek pottery may have also been used by Carian or Lydian mercenaries who were serving in the region at the time. This study first examines whether Carian or Lydian mercenaries were in the region at the Southern Levant during the late seventh or early sixth centuries BCE and, secondly, whether they were already familiar with the East Greek pottery types found in the region. The question of whether Carian or Lydian mercenaries were present in the Southern Levant at the time the East Greek pottery was imported into the region is examined from a number of perspectives. This study discusses the history of Egypt and the Near East during the seventh and early sixth centuries BCE. There is a specific focus on the nature and extent of Egyptian military operations in the region as well as an examination of the actual historical, epigraphical, and archaeological evidence for the use of East Greek, Carian, and Lydian mercenaries by Egypt and other Near Eastern states at the time. The concepts of East Greek, Carian, and Lydian ethnicity and their cultural entanglement is also examined. It is established that close cultural ties did exist between the East Greeks, Carians, and Lydians during the early Archaic period. The study also found that East Greek, Carian, and probably Lydian mercenaries closely cooperated with one another while on overseas service in Egypt and the Near East. They most likely served together in the Southern Levant during the late seventh-early sixth centuries BCE. A comparative analysis is conducted with regard to East Greek pottery from ancient Caria, Lydia, and the abovementioned southern Levantine sites. The findings of the analysis are that both Carians and Lydians imported and made local versions of many of the same East Greek pottery types which were found in the Southern Levant. However, the current evidence is insufficient to prove that Carian or Lydian mercenaries were 2 associated with the East Greek pottery found at sites such as Meẓad Ḥashavyahu and Tel Kabri though the possibility exists that this situation may change with further research. 3 DECLARATION This is to certify that: The thesis comprises only my original work towards the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used. The thesis is fewer than the maximum word limit of 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, figures, and bibliographies. Signed: _________________________ David Mark Mouritz November 2018 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Professor Louise Hitchcock and Doctor Hyun Jin Kim of the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, Faculty of Arts, the University of Melbourne, who were my thesis supervisors, for their guidance and support. I am grateful for their breadth of knowledge and generosity in providing constructive criticism, stimulating ideas, and different perspectives that provided much food for thought. I was generously funded throughout the time it took me to complete my research at the University of Melbourne and to prepare this thesis. The Research Training Program administrated by the university on behalf of the Australian Government met the cost of my degree course. The government also provided additional financial support under the Australian Postgraduate Award and Research Training Program Scholarship. This financial assistance made it possible for me to undertake my studies at the University of Melbourne. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. 2 DECLARATION ………………………………………………………….. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………….. 5 LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………… 11 LIST OF MAPS …………………………………………………………… 12 LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………….. 13 GLOSSARY ………………………………………………………………. 17 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………............................. 18 Context of the Study ………………………………………………… 18 Statement of the Problem …………………………………………… 19 Aim and Scope ……………………………………………………… 20 Significance of the Study …………………………………………… 21 Outline of the Present Study ………………………………………… 22 PART 1: THE SOUTHERN LEVANT IN THE LATE 7TH (AND EARLY 6TH) CENTURY: POLITICS AND POTS …………………... 24 CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ………………………….. 24 Introduction ………………………………………………………….. 24 Nature of the Ancient Sources ………………………………............. 24 The Rise of Saite Egypt ……………………………………………… 26 The Egyptian Army in the Levant …………………………………… 28 Early Operations ……………………………………………… 28 Necho II and Josiah at Megiddo ……………………................ 30 The Battle at Carchemish and its Aftermath …………………. 32 Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant after 600 BCE …………………………………………………………… 35 The Expansion of Egyptian Power into the Southern Levant ………… 38 6 Nature of Egyptian Rule …………………………………………...... 42 Conclusion ………………….………………...................................... 46 CHAPTER 2: EAST GREEK, CARIANS, AND LYDIAN MERCENARIES IN EGYPT AND THE NEAR EAST ………………….. 49 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 49 The Nature of Ancient Mercenary Service …………………………. 49 Epikouroi, Xenoi, Symmachoi, and Misthophoroi ……………. 49 Carian Mercenaries …………………………………………… 51 Why did Ancient Greeks, Carians, and Lydians become Mercenaries? ………………………………………………….. 52 How were Mercenaries used ………………………………….. 53 Egypt ………………………………………………………………... 55 Egyptian Sites …………………………………………............ 59 Stratopeda ………………………………………............ 59 Memphis ………………………………………………... 60 Naukratis ……………………………………………….. 61 Tell Dafana ……………………………………………... 63 Migdol ………………………………………………….. 64 Tell el-Nebesha …………………………………............ 65 Thonis-Herakleion ……………………………………… 65 Epigraphical Evidence ………………………………………... 66 The Near East ……………………………………………………….. 71 Northern Levant and Phoenicia ………………………………. 72 Philistia ……………………………………………………….. 78 Yamani of Ashdod ……………………………………... 78 Tell Jemmeh ……………………………………………. 79 Goliath of Gath …………………………………............. 80 Seren and Śar …………………………………………... 83 The Ekron Inscription of ’kyš and Ptgyh ……………….. 85 Phicol …………………………………………………… 87 Judah and Israel ………………………………………………. 87 7 Cerethites, Karim, and Carites …………………............. 87 Tel Arad ………………………………………………... 88 Masons’ Marks …………………………………………. 92 Assyria and Babylonia ………………………………………... 93 Conclusion ..…………...……………………..................................... 97 CHAPTER 3: GREEK MERCENARIES IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: THE POTTERY EVIDENCE …………………………………………….. 101 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 101 East Greek Pottery in the Southern Levant …………………………. 101 Introduction …………………………………………………… 101 Early History of Greek Pottery in the Southern Levant ............ 102 Chronology ……………………………………………............ 103 Southern Levantine Sites ……………………………………………. 104 Meẓad Ḥashavyahu …………………………………………… 104 Ashkelon ……………………………………………………… 110 Tel Kabri ……………………………………………………… 113 Tel Batash-Timna …………………………………………….. 115 Tel Miqne-Ekron ……………………………………………… 117 Yavneh-Yam ………………………………………………….. 119 Tel Sera‘-Ziklag ………………………………………………. 120 Tell Keisan ……………………………………………………. 121 Research Question ……………………………………………...…… 121 PART 2: EAST GREEKS, CARIANS, AND LYDIANS IN WESTERN ANATOLIA AND THE LEVANT ………………………………………. 126 CHAPTER 4: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EAST GREEKS, CARIANS, AND LYDIANS ……………………………………………… 126 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 126 The Concepts of Ethnicity and Ethnic Markers …………………….. 126 8 The Greeks ………………………………………………………….. 129 The Carians …………………………………………………………. 136 The Lydians …………………………………………………............. 144 Egyptian and Near Eastern Perspectives of the East Greeks, Carians, and Lydians …………………………………………………………. 149 Conclusion ...………………………………….…………………….. 150 CHAPTER 5; COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORIGINAL GREEK AND IMITATION EAST GREEK-STYLE POTTERY FOUND IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT, CARIA, AND LYDIA ………………………….. 154 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 154 Research Method ……………………………………………………. 155 Previous Archaeological Research ………………………………….. 158 Caria ………………………………………………………..... 158 Introduction …………………………………………….. 158 Imported Greek Pottery ………………………………… 159 Imitation Greek Pottery ………………………………… 160 Exports …………………………………………………. 163 Chronology …………………………………………….. 163 Lydia ………………………………………………………….. 165 Introduction …………………………………………….. 165 Archaeology of Sardis ………………………………….. 166 Imported Greek Pottery ………………………………… 167 Imitation Greek Pottery ………………………………… 168 Exports ………………………………………………….. 169 Comparative Analysis ………………………………………………. 170 Bird Bowls ……………………………………………………. 170 Introduction …………………………………………….. 170 Shape and Decoration …………………………………... 171 Geographical Distribution ……………………………… 171 ‘Ionian’ Cups ………….……………………………………... 176 Introduction …………………………………………….. 176 9 Shape and Decoration …………………………………... 177 Geographical Distribution ……………………………… 178
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