DOCSLIB.ORG

Respectus Philologicus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Respectus Philologicus ISSN 1392–8295 mokslo darbai transactions RESPECTUS PHILOLOGICUS Humanistyczno - Przyrodniczy Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach 2009 Nr. 16 (21) A RESPECTUS PHILOLOGICUS Nr. 16 (21) A MOKSLINIS TĘSTINIS LEIDINYS Leidžia Vilniaus universiteto Kauno humanitarinis fakultetas ir Jano Kochanovskio humanitarinių ir gamtos mokslų universiteto Humanitarinis fakultetas Kielcuose CZASOPISMO NAUKOWE Wydawcy: Uniwersytet Wileński – Wydział Humanistyczny w Kownie i Uniwersytet Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczy Jana Kochanowskiego – Wydział Humanistyczny w Kielcach ONGOING ACADEMIC PUBLICATION Published by Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities and University of Humanities and Natural Sciences Jan Kochanovski Faculty of Humanities in Kielce Referuojamas ir atspindimas tarptautinėse duomenų bazėse / Referowane i indeksowane w międzynarodowych bazach danych / Abstracted and indexed by the international databases: Balcan Rusistics (2004) Russian Language, Literature and Cultural Studies http://www.russian.slavica.org CEEOL (2005) Central and Eastern European Online Library http://www.ceeol.com EBSCO (2006) Humanities International Complete http://www.ebsco.com Current Abstracts Humanities International Index TOC Premier MLA (2007) Modern Language Association International Bibliography http://www.mla.org/ Index Copernicus (2008) Index Copernicus http://www.indexcopernicus.com Redakcijos adresas / Adres redakcji / Address of the editorial office Žurnalas „Respectus Philologicus“ Vilniaus universitetas Kauno humanitarinis fakultetas Muitinės g. 8, Kaunas LT–44280, Lietuva Tel. +370 37 750 536 El. paštas / E-mail [email protected] Interneto svetainė / Strona internetowa / Homepage http://filologija.vukhf.lt Redagavo / Redakcja / Edited by Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė (lietuvių kalba / język litewski / the Lithuanian language) Beata Piasecka (lenkų kalba / język polski / the Polish language) Jurga Cibulskienė (anglų kalba / język angielski / the English language) Larisa Lavrinec (rusų kalba / język rosyjski / the Russian language) Pagrindinė redaktorė / Redaktor prowadzący / Publishing editor Viktorija Makarova ISSN 1392-8295 © Vilniaus universiteto Kauno humanitarinis fakultetas, 2009 © Uniwersytet Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczy Jana Kochanowskiego – Wydział Humanistyczny w Kielcach, 2009 SPRENDIMAI 3 REDAKTORIŲ KOLEGIJA – KOLEGIUM REDAKCYJNE Eleonora Lassan VU KHF profesorė, habil. dr. (04H), Lietuva, vyriausioji redaktorė Profesor Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego – Wydział Humanistyczny w Kownie, dr hab. (04H), Litwa, redaktor naczelny Kazimierz Luciński Jano Kochanovskio humanitarinių ir gamtos mokslų universiteto Kielcuose profesorius, habil. dr. (04H), Lenkija, vyriausiosios redaktorės pavaduotojas Profesor Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, dr hab. (04H), Polska, zastępca redaktora naczelnego Irina Oukhvanova-Shmygova Baltarusijos lingvistikos universiteto profesorė (04H), Baltarusija, vyriausiosios redaktorės pavaduotoja Profesor (04H) Uniwersytetu Lingwistycznego w Mińsku, Białoruś, zastępca redaktora naczelnego Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė VU KHF docentė, dr. (04H), Lietuva, atsakingoji sekretorė Docent, dr (04H) Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego – Wydział Humanis- tyczny w Kownie, Litwa, sekretarz kolegium Daiva Aliūkaitė VU KHF docentė, dr. (04H), Lietuva Docent Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego – Wydział Humanistyczny w Kownie, dr (04H), Litwa Danutė Balšaitytė VU KHF docentė, dr. (04H), Lietuva Docent, dr (04H) Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego – Wydział Humanis- tyczny w Kownie, Litwa Wiesław Caban Jano Kochanovskio humanitarinių ir gamtos mokslų universiteto Kielcuose profesorius, habil. dr. (05H), Lenkija Profesor zw. Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, dr hab. (05H), Polska Renato Corsetti Studijų „La Sapienza“ Romos universiteto profesorius, habil. dr. (04H), Italija Profesor Uniwersytetu Rzymskiego „La Sapienza”, dr hab. (04H), Włochy Anatolij Chudinov Uralo valstybinio pedagoginio universiteto profesorius (04H), Rusija Profesor (04H) Uralskiego Państwowego Uniwersytetu Pedago- gicznego, Rosja Hans-Jürgen Diller Bochumo Ruhro universiteto profesorius, habil. dr. (04H), Vokietija Profesor Uniwersytetu Ruhry w Bochum, dr hab. (04H), Niemcy 4 Aloyzas Gudavičius Šiaulių universiteto profesorius, habil. dr. (04H), Lietuva Profesor Uniwersytetu w Šiauliai, dr hab. (04H), Litwa Laima Kalėdienė Lietuvių kalbos instituto vyriausioji mokslo darbuotoja (HP), docentė, dr. (04H), Lietuva Starszy pracownik naukowy (otwarty przewόd habilitacyjny), docent w Instytucie Języka Litewskiego, dr (04H), Litwa Juris Kastins Latvijos universiteto profesorius, habil. dr. (04H), Latvija Profesor Uniwersytetu Łotewskiego w Rydze, dr hab. (04H), Łotwa Asta Kazlauskienė Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto profesorė, dr. (04H), Lietuva Profesor Uniwersytetu Witolda Wielkiego, dr (04H), Litwa Jurij Kleiner Sankt-Peterburgo universiteto profesorius, habil. dr. (04H), Rusija Profesor Uniwersytetu w Sankt Petersburgu, dr hab. (04H), Rosja Aleksandras Krasnovas VU KHF docentas, dr. (04H), Lietuva Docent, dr (04H) Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego – Wydział Huma- nistyczny w Kownie, Litwa Jadvyga Krūminienė VU KHF docentė, dr. (04H), Lietuva Docent, dr (04H) Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego – Wydział Huma- nistyczny w Kownie, Litwa Irina Külmoja Tartu universiteto profesorė, habil. dr. (04H), Estija Profesor Uniwersytetu Dorpackiego, dr hab. (04H), Estonia Jurgita Mikelionienė Kauno technologijos universiteto docentė, dr. (04H), Lietuva Docent Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Kownie, dr (04H), Litwa Gerald E. Mikkelson Kanzaso universiteto profesorius (04H), JAV Profesor (04H) Uniwersytetu w Kansas, USA Olegas Poliakovas VU KHF profesorius, habil. dr. (04H), Lietuva Profesor, Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego – Wydział Humanistyczny w Kownie, dr hab. (04H), Litwa Marek Ruszkowski Jano Kochanovskio humanitarinių ir gamtos mokslų universiteto Kielcuose profesorius, habil. dr. (04H), Lenkija Profesor Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, dr hab. (04H), Polska Yuri Stulov Europos „Amerikos studijų asociacijos” Baltarusijos filialo prezidentas, profesorius (04H), Baltarusija Profesor (04H), prezes białoruskiej filii Europejskiego Stowa- rzyszenia Studiów Amerykanistycznych, Białoruś SPRENDIMAI 5 EDITORIAL BOARD Eleonora Lassan Professor (04H), Vilnius University (Kaunas Faculty of Humanities), Lithuania, editor-in-chief Kazimierz Luciński Professor (04H), Jan Kochanovski University of Humanities and Natural Sciences in Kielce, Poland, deputy editor-in-chief Irina Oukhvanova-Shmygova Professor (04H), Belarusian University of Linguistics, Belarus, deputy editor-in-chief Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė Associate Professor (04H), Vilnius University (Kaunas Faculty of Humanities), Lithuania, managing secretary Daiva Aliūkaitė Associate Professor (04H), Vilnius University (Kaunas Faculty of Humanities), Lithuania Danutė Balšaitytė Associate Professor (04H), Vilnius University (Kaunas Faculty of Humanities), Lithuania Wiesław Caban Professor (05H), Jan Kochanovski University of Humanities and Natural Sciences in Kielce, Poland Renato Corsetti Professor (04H), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Anatolij Chudinov Professor (04H), Ural State Pedagogical University, Russia Hans-Jürgen Diller Professor (04H), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany Aloyzas Gudavičius Professor (04H), Šiauliai University, Lithuania Laima Kalėdienė Associate Professor (04H), Senior Researcher (habilitation procedure in progress), Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Lithuania Juris Kastins Professor (04H), Latvian University, Latvia Asta Kazlauskienė Professor (04H), Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania Jurij Kleiner Professor (04H), St. Petersburg University, Russia Aleksandras Krasnovas Associate Professor (04H), Vilnius University (Kaunas Faculty of Humanities), Lithuania Jadvyga Krūminienė Associate Professor (04H), Vilnius University (Kaunas Faculty of Humanities), Lithuania 6 Irina Külmoja Professor (04H), Tartu University, Estonia Jurgita Mikelionienė Associate Professor (04H), Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania Gerald E. Mikkelson Professor (04H), the University of Kansas, USA Olegas Poliakovas Professor (04H)����������������������������������������������������,����������������������������������������������� Vilnius University (Kaunas Faculty of Humani- ties), Lithuania Marek Ruszkowski Professor (04H), Jan Kochanovski University of Humanities and Natural Sciences in Kielce, Poland Yuri Stulov Professor (04H), President of European Association for American Studies in Belarus, Belarus SPRENDIMAI 7 TURINYS / SPIS TREŚCI I. DISKURSAS: GENERAVIMO, SUVOKIMO IR POVEIKIO TYRIMO PROBLEMOS Agnieszka Miksza (Lenkija). The Politics of Reading and Writing. Jeanette Winterson’s Dialogue with Herself and the Reader ................................................................................11 Olga Glebova (Lenkija). Recontextualisation as an Interpretive Strategy in Contemporary Novelistic Discourse ..........................................................................................................19 Wojciech Majka (Lenkija).Understanding as Context for Disclosure .....................................30 Jurgita Vaičenonienė (Lietuva). Cultural Translation and Linguistic Metaphor: A Case Study of Verbal Metaphor Translation ..................................................................38 Regina Koženiauskienė (Lietuva). Manipuliavimas antraštėmis: teksto ir konteksto opozicija..............................................................................................................................50
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lithuanian Literature in 1918–1940: the Dynamics of Influences and Originality
    340 INTERLITT ERA RIA 2018, 23/2: 340–353 VANAGAITĖ Lithuanian Literature in 1918–1940: The Dynamics of Influences and Originality GITANA VANAGAITĖ Abstract. Lithuanian independence (1918–1940), which lasted for twenty- two years, and its symbolic center, the provisional capital Kaunas, have been very important for the country’s political, social, and cultural identity. In 1918, changes in the social, economic, and political status of an individual as well as transformations in the literary field followed the change of the political system. In what ways the relationship between the center and the periphery and the spheres of literary influences were altered by the new forms of life? Lithuania, the former geographic periphery of tsarist Russia, after the change of the political system became a geographical and cultural periphery of Europe. Nevertheless, political freedom provided an opportunity to use the dichotomy of center-periphery creatively. Lithuanian writers, who suddenly found them- selves living in Europe with old cultural traditions, tried to overcome the insignificance of their own literature, its shallow themes and problems by “borrowing” ideas and ways to express them. In fact, the imitation was not mechanical, so the new influences enabled writers to expand significantly the themes and forms of Lithuanian literature. The article examines the development of new cultural centers in inde- pendent Lithuania. It also discusses the avant-garde movement which emerged under the influence of Russian futurists and German expressionists. In addition, it focuses on individual authors, such as Antanas Vaičiulaitis, Kazys Binkis and Petras Cvirka, and the influence that affected their works. Keywords: center; periphery; literary influence; host culture Center and Periphery in Literature The word periphery translated from the Latin (peripherīa) means “a circle.” In turn, this Latin word is related to two Greek words, perí, which means “around,” and pherein – “to carry”.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorandum of the Governor-General of the Vilna Gubernia Sviatopolk-Mirskii on the Lithuanian Latin Alphabet
    89 LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 9 2004 ISSN 1392-2343 pp. 89–104 SOURCE PUBLICATIONS Memorandum of the Governor-General of the Vilna Gubernia Sviatopolk-Mirskii on the Lithuanian Latin Alphabet Algimantas Katilius This study is devoted to an important problem in Lithuanian history from the second half of the nineteenth century, namely on using the Latin alphabet and the Gothic script in Lithuanian writing and their replacement with Russian (Cyrillic) characters 1. The ban covered the period between 1864 and 1904 and it is conceived by Lithuanians as ‘a prohibition of Lithuanian publication’ by which the political and administrative authorities of the Russian Empire sought to assimilate (Russify) the Lithuanians; more precisely, it was one of the means to achieve the desired aim. On the other hand, there were assertions that in the context of the imperial policy the replacement of the traditional alphabet for the Cyrillic was linked to ‘the struggle be- tween rival influences and a desire to entrench a variant of identity which would be related to the loyalty to the empire’. 2 In Lithuania (then called the Northwest Province) it was to be a means in the struggle against Polish influence. It is worth stressing one more aspect: the period of the press ban was crucial for the self-consciousness 1 Among numerous publications on this topic the following major works could be indicated: V. Merkys, Nelegalioji lietuvių spauda kapitalizmo laikotarpiu (ligi 1904 m.). Politinės susikūrimo aplinkybės (Vilnius, 1978); id., Lietuvos valstiečiai ir spauda XIX a. pabaigoje–XX a. pradžioje (Vilnus, 1982); id., Knygnešių laikai. 1864–1904 (Vilnius, 1994); A.
    [Show full text]
  • Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania Charles C
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History Summer 2013 Lithuanians in the Shadow of Three Eagles: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania Charles C. Perrin Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Recommended Citation Perrin, Charles C., "Lithuanians in the Shadow of Three Eagles: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2013. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/35 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LITHUANIANS IN THE SHADOW OF THREE EAGLES: VINCAS KUDIRKA, MARTYNAS JANKUS, JONAS ŠLIŪPAS AND THE MAKING OF MODERN LITHUANIA by CHARLES PERRIN Under the Direction of Hugh Hudson ABSTRACT The Lithuanian national movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was an international phenomenon involving Lithuanian communities in three countries: Russia, Germany and the United States. To capture the international dimension of the Lithuanian na- tional movement this study offers biographies of three activists in the movement, each of whom spent a significant amount of time living in one of
    [Show full text]
  • Darius Staliūnas HISTORIOGRAPHY of the LITHUANIAN NATIONAL
    Darius Staliūnas HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE LITHUANIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT CHANGING PARADIGMS The beginning of Lithuanian national historiography and the topic of ‘National Revival’ The Lithuanian historical narrative was formed during the nineteenth century as a component part of a newly developing Lithuanian national discourse. One of the most important and most difficult tasks facing the construction of a modern Lithuanian identity was how to separate it from the Polish identity (as well as from its Russian counterpart, even though Russianness was not regarded as being so parlous for the ‘purification’ of national identity). It therefore comes as no surprise that Lithuanians construed their concept of history as an alternative to the Polish construction (and to a lesser degree to the Russian version). Most nineteenth-century Polish political movements, including schools of history, did not regard the Lithuanians as having any independent political future and so it is not surprising that they were inclined first and foremost to stress the benefits of Polish culture and civilisation in Lithuania’s past. The Lithuanians had no other option than using their authentic ethnic culture as a counterweight to Polish civilisation. Conceiving Lithuanian identity as primarily ethno-cultural values, a concept of Lithuanian history was construed accordingly. The history of Lithuania was considered to be Darius Staliūnas, ‘Historiography of the Lithuanian national movement. Changing paradigms’, in: Studies on National Movements, 1 (2013) pp. 160-182. http://snm.nise.eu Studies on National Movements, 1 (2013) | ARTICLES the history of (ethnic) Lithuanians. Topics connected with ‘national revival’ have clearly dominated in texts devoted to nineteenth-century history.
    [Show full text]
  • XIX A. Lietuvių Tautinio Atgimimo Sąjūdžio Įvaizdis Bendrojo Lavinimo Mokykloje
    Acta humanitarica universitatis Saulensis. T. 12 (2011). 236–247. ISSN 1822-7309 XIX a. lietuvių tautinio atgimimo sąjūdžio įvaizdis bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje Arūnas GUMULIAUSKAS Šiaulių universitetas Pagrindinės sąvokos: XIX a. lietuvių tautinio atgimimo sąjūdis, Jonas Basa- navičius, Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Šliūpas, Mindaugas, Vytautas Didysis, Maironis, Simonas Daukantas, Motiejus Valančius, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, Jonas Jablons- kis, „Aušra“, „Varpas“, daraktoriai. Pirmąsias žinias apie savo tautos istorinę praeitį jaunuoliai dažniausiai įgyja dar mokyklos suole. Čia formuojamas pilietinis mokinių požiūris į valstybę, jos istori- ją. Mokyklai skirtas ypatingas vaidmuo patriotiškai auklėjant jaunąją kartą. Sunku paneigti tą faktą, jog šiame procese didžiausias krūvis tenka istorijos ir kitiems humanitariniams mokslams. Norint išsiaiškinti jaunuolių požiūrį į XIX a. lietuvių tautinio atgimimo sąjūdį, buvo atlikta apklausa, kurioje dalyvavo Šiaulių miesto gimnazijų III ir IV klasių moksleiviai, taip pat Šiaulių universiteto Humanitarinio fakulteto įvairių kursų studentai. Beje, analogiškas tyrimas atliktas 2006 m., kada norėta atskleisti kry- žiaus karų įvaizdžio formavimo Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose peripetijas (Gumuliauskas 2007, 319). Šį kartą į 11 klausimų atsakė 243 respondentai. Studentų išreikšta pozicija padėjo praplėsti lokalinio požiūrio į rūpimą problemą ribas. Apklausos rezultatai parodė, kad istorijos mokymosi tendencijos bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje išlieka stabilios. 2006 m. 84,8 % respondentų nurodė vado- vėlį,
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanian Paths to Modernity
    Lithuanian Paths to Modernity VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY EGIDIJUS ALEKSANDRAVIČIUS Lithuanian Paths to Modernity UDK 94 Al-79 ISBN 978-609-467-236-1 (Online) © Egidijus Aleksandravičius, 2016 ISBN 978-9955-34-637-1 (Online) © Vytautas Magnus University, 2016 ISBN 978-609-467-237-8 (Print) © “Versus aureus” Publishers, 2016 ISBN 978-9955-34-638-8 (Print) To Leonidas Donskis 7 Table of Contents Preface / Krzysztof Czyżewski. MODERNITY AND HISTORIAN’S LITHUANIA / 9 Acknowledgements / 21 Part I: Before Down A Lost Vision: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Political Imagination of the 19th Century / 25 Hebrew studies at Vilnius University and Lithuanian Ethnopolitical tendencies in the First part of the 19th century / 39 The double Fate of the Lithuanian gentry / 57 Political goals of Lithuanians, 1863–1918 / 69 Associational Culture and Civil Society in Lithuania under Tsarist Rule / 87 The Union’s Shadow, or Federalism in the Lithuanian Political Imagination of the late 19th and early 20th centuries / 105 Part II: The Turns of Historiography The Challenge of the Past: a survey of Lithuanian historiography / 137 Jews in Lithuanian Historiography / 155 Lost in Freedom: Competing historical grand narratives in post-Soviet Lithuania / 167 8 LITHUANIAN PATHS TO MODERNITY Part III: The Fall, Sovietization and After Lithuanian collaboration with the Nazis and the Soviets / 195 Conspiracy theories in traumatized societies: The Lithuanian case / 227 Lithuanian routes, stories, and memories / 237 Post-Communist Transition: The Case of Two Lithuanian Capital Cities / 249 Emigration and the goals of Lithuania’s foreign policy / 267 Guilt as Europe’s Borderline / 281 9 Preface Krzysztof Czyżewski MODERNITY AND HISTORIAN’S LITHUANIA I worry about ‘progressive’ history teaching… The task of the historian is to supply the dimension of knowledge and narrative without which we cannot be a civic whole..
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanian Public Libraries: Preserving, Creating, Cooperating
    COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION LITHUANIAN LIBRARIANS‘ ASSOCIATION LITHUANIAN PUBLIC LIBRARIES: PRESERVING, CREATING, COOPERATING LITHUANIAN PUBLIC LIBRARIES: PRESERVING, CREATING, COOPERATING 1 LITHUANIAN PUBLIC LIBRARIES: PRESERVING, CREATING, COOPERATING Editor: County Public Libraries Association In cooperation with: Lithuanian Librarians’ Association Compiled by Gerda Putnaitė /VCPL/ Edita Urbonavičienė /KCPL/ Daiva Stasaitienė /KlCPL/ Ekaterina Prakapene /ŠCPL/ Sponsors: Virginija Švedienė /PCPL/ Edited by: Laima Pačebutienė /KlAVB/, [email protected] Translated by Loreta Dapkienė Designer: Jūratė Bizauskienė Photos from libraries archives Publication is available as free pdf file at www.klavb.lt © County Public Libraries Association, 2012 © Lithuanian Librarians’ Association, 2012 2 CONTENTS PREFACE KLAIPĖDA REGION INNOVATIVE LIBRARY – A PART OF SUSTAINABLE NETWORK KLAIPĖDA COUNTY I. SIMONAITYTĖ PUBLIC LIBRARY / KlCP THE MAP OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF LITHUANIA MUNICIPAL PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF KLAIPĖDA REGION Preserving LIBRARIES IN LITHUANIA Creating MARTYNAS MAŽVYDAS NATIONAL LIBRARY OF LITHUANIA /LNB Cooperating CHANGES IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES DURING THE PROJECT LIBRARIES FOR INNOVATION (2008 – 2012) ŠIAULIAI REGION ŠIAULIAI CAUNTY POVILAS VIŠINSKIS PUBLIC LIBRARY/ŠCPL LITHUANIAN LIBRARIES IN NETWORKS: PRESERVING, CREATING, COOPERATING MUNICIPAL PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF ŠIAULIAI REGION Preserving VILNIUS REGION Creating VILNIUS COUNTY ADOMAS MICKEVIČIUS PUBLIC LIBRARY / VCPL Cooperating MUNICIPAL PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF VILNIUS
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Development
    Published on Eurydice (https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice) Early history The first known reference to Lithuania as “Litua” (in Lithuanian, Lietuva) comes from a record of Saint Bruno’s loss of life in the annals of the Quedlinburg Chronicle and is dated March 9, 1009. In the 11th century, facts about Lithuania also appear in the Ruthenian chronicles. From the 12th century, written sources refer to Lithuanians as people making plundering raids into neighbouring territories. Lithuanians belong to the Baltic group of Indo-European people. The Balts settled at the Baltic Sea as far back as the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. They lived on the territory between the lower Vistula (Wisla), the basins of the Nemunas (Neman) and the Daugava (Dvina) up to the riverheads of the Volga, Oka and Dnepr. The first ruler to have united Lithuanian tribal groups and founded the state of Lithuania is considered to be Mindaugas, the first known Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1251, in order to enhance his power and end the conflict with the Livonian Order, Mindaugas was baptised and crowned King of Lithuania on July 6, 1253. Mindaugas was the first king in Lithuania's history. At the end of the 12th century, on the basis of the Duchy of Lithuania that was joined by several other Baltic tribal lands, Lithuanians founded their state, the Great Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). In the 14th century, the centralised monarchic Great Duchy of Lithuania was the last pagan country in Europe to have withstood all proposals and negotiations to introduce Christianity into it.
    [Show full text]
  • Double Orthography in American Lithuanian Newspapers at the Turn
    [This text is created in Microsoft Office XP for Windows] Double Orthography in American Lithuanian Newspapers 1 at the Turn of the Twentieth Century Giedrius Subačius (University of Illinois at Chicago; Lietuvių Kalbos Institutas, Vilnius) 1. Letters <č>, <š> There has been a great deal of research done on the origin of the Lithuanian standard language. Many linguistic features have been described as representing the initial stage of the standard. This article will deal primarily with the letters <č>, <š>, i.e., the letters that posses diacritical marks in shape of small letter <v> above them (<ˇ>), which is called a “caron”. Lithuanians had borrowed these two letters <č>, <š> from the Czech orthography. There have been numerous attempts to trace the very beginning of the occurrence of letters <č>, <š> in Lithuanian texts. Petras Jonikas claimed that they were used in the newspaper of Lithuanian students at Moscow university Kol saula uztekes, rasa ir akis išes in 1860 (issues have not, however, survived; Jonikas 1972:151-152, 196). Jonikas also spotted the letter <š> in Jonas Juška’s article of 1861 “Kałbos lëtuviszko lëżuv’o ir lëtuviszkas statraszimas arba ortograpija” (1972:194-195) and in Stanislovas Raila’s letters to Nikodemas Baukus Venckavičius in 1876 (1972:211). Jonikas and Jonas Palionis noticed that Jonas Basanavičius ordered the typesetters of the newspaper Aušra to set the letters <č> and <š> instead of traditional digraphs <cz> and <sz> in 1883, no. 5. (Jonikas 1972:227; Palionis 1979:225). There were even attempts to claim that it was probably Kazimieras Kristupas Daukša who had been the first to introduce and regularly use the letter <š> (Palionis 1979:209).2 My objective, however, is not to find the initial traces of those letters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H
    NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law Volume 6 Article 5 Number 2 Volume 6, No. 2, 1985 1985 The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H. Hough III Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/ journal_of_international_and_comparative_law Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Hough, William J.H. III (1985) "The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory," NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law: Vol. 6 : No. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_international_and_comparative_law/vol6/iss2/5 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. THE ANNEXATION OF THE BALTIC STATES AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW PROHIBITING FORCIBLE SEIZURE OF TERRITORY TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 303 II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAW PROHIBITING FORCIBLE SEIZURE OF TERRITORY ................................ 305 A. European Origins ............................... 305 B. Legal Development After the Peace of Westphalia 308 C. Title to Territory in the Colonial Era ............ 319 D. Post World War I Development .................. 321 E. Birth of the Stimson Doctrine of Nonrecognition of Forcible Seizure of Territory ..................... 326 III. THE ANNEXATION OF THE BALTIC STATES ................. 351 A. Origins of the Baltic States ...................... 351 B. Independence of the Baltic States ................ 355 C. Soviet Invasion and Incorporation of the Baltic S ta tes .......................................... 369 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • In 1917–1918 Did Lithuania Separate from Russia Or Poland?
    LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 13 2008 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 101–117 IN 1917–1918 DID LITHUANIA SEPARATE FROM ­RUSSIA OR POLAND? Rimantas Miknys Abstract. The author attempts to reconstruct the rhetoric of national ‘sep- aration’ of Lithuania in 1917–1918, and to inquire into its purports. To this end the article presents and discusses the facts underlying the circumstances of the separation formula, analyses the causes, and generally surveys the genesis of the ‘separation’ idea. The issue of the historical ‘separation’ of Lithuania in 1917–1918 has not been analyzed specifically in the relevant scholarship 1 although, in describing facts memoirs and studies discussing the creation of the modern independent state of Lithuania do mention the moment of separation as a context of such creation. My considerations are intended to reconstruct the implications behind the separation which was recorded in the main document declaring independence of Lithuania. To that end I will discuss cir- cumstances and reasons for the thesis marking the separation and in general survey the genesis of the ‘separation’ idea. It should be noted that the resolution adopted by the Council of Lithuania on 16 February 1918 declared: The Council of Lithuania in its meeting dated 16 February 1918 unanimously de- cided to address governments of Russia, Germany and other states with the following statement: The Council of Lithuania as the sole representative of the Lithuanian nation on the grounds of the recognized right of nations to self-determination and the resolution of the Lithuanians adopted at Vilnius Conference dated 18–23 September 1917 hereby declares that it restores the independent state of Lithuania functioning on democratic principles with its capital Vilnius and accordingly separates the state in question from all national ties with other nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuania's Case for Independence
    LITHUANIA'S CASE FOR INDEPENDENCE BY T. NORUS AND J. ZILIUS ISSUED BY LITHUANIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA B. F. JOHNSON, PUBLISHERS, INC. WASHINGTON, D. C. 1918 / INDEX The Lithuanian Nation 7 Origin 7 Philology 7 Historical - - — 9 The Old Prussian and the Teutonic Knights _ 9 The Letts and the Livoniari Knights 10 Lithuanians and the Cross Militant 12 The Tatar Invasion 13 The Polish Union 14 Polonization of Lithuania and Poland 16 Partition of Lithuania and Poland 16 Lithuania's Eussification 17 Regeneration 19 Lithuania's Emigration 20 The Causes of Emigration 20 The Emigrant in Russia, Poland, and (Lettonia) Latvia 20 The Emigration to Great Britain, Africa and elsewhere 20 The Lithuanians in the United States 21 The Settlements and the Occupations of the Emigrants 21 The Influence of American Freedom on the Lithuanians 22 The Cultural Status of Lithuanians in America. 22 The Number of Lithuanians in America 23 Ethnographic Lithuania 25 No Pretensions to Historic Lithuania 25 Lithuania-—The Ethnographic Concept 27 The Researches of D'Erkert and Koreva 34 The Census of 1897 37 The Area and Population of Prussian Lithuania 41 The Area and Population of Lithuania 42 Lithuania and Other Countries Compared. 44 The Confederation of Lithuania and Latvia 45 The Economic Status of Lithuania 47 Lithuania Is An Agricultural Country. _ 47 Lithuanian Farmers Live Separately. 48 The People with Little or No Land.. 48 Farm Products 48 Fruits and Vegetables 48 Stock Raising . 49 German Exploitation _ 49 Lithuanian Forests 49 Lakes
    [Show full text]