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Stone Age Archaeology of Jonk River Basin in Western Odisha and Eastern Chhattisgarh

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Stone Age Archaeology of Jonk River Basin in Western Odisha and Eastern Chhattisgarh Stone Age Archaeology of Jonk River Basin in Western Odisha and Eastern Chhattisgarh Tosabanta Padhan1 1. Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute, Yerawada, Pune 411 006, Maharashtra, India (Email: [email protected]) Received: 08 September 2014; Accepted: 19 October 2014; Revised: 25 November 2014 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 2 (2014): 405‐420 Abstract: This paper is the outcome of author’s doctoral research project entitled “Prehistoric Archaeology of Jonk River Basin in Odisha and Chhattisgarh”. The thesis (2013) was submitted to Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune. The study was carried out in the Jonk river basin, one of the major tributaries of the upper Mahanadi. Field investigations over five seasons (2007‐ 2012) in Jonk River have led to the discovery of 62 prehistoric sites. The stone tool assemblages from all the sites were systematically collected. The sampled lithic assemblages have been studied in detail to comprehend the lithic reduction sequence, raw material use and procurement strategy. In order to understand the settlement pattern and site formation processes remote sensing data have been intensively utilised. This has helped in understand spatial and geographic patterns of site occurrence in different geomorphological context. Keywords: Jonk River, Mahanadi, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Palaeolithic, Microlithic, Lithic Assemblage Introduction The river Jonk is a southern tributary of upper Mahanadi. The river flows through Nuwapada, and Bargarh districts of Odisha and Mahasamund and Raipur Districts of Chhattisgarh. The total length of the river is about 210 km and is fed by a number of tributaries viz. Silda, Bhandar, Kandajhari, Kolar, Machka, Chirar, Bagh, Bhuisa, Ama, Kantara, Karmel, Lamhar, and Maokha. The research was undertaken in order to understand the regional archaeological context, prehistoric strategies and their adaptation to the regional Quaternary landscapes and environments by analysing different lithic assemblages and associated sedimentary contexts. Earlier work carried out in the lower Jonk basin revealed existence of two Mesolithic sites i.e., Sanka and Girod (Pandey 1982). Pandey carefully observed the geoarchaeology of the Upper Mahanadi River and described two fluvial sections on the Jonk, one at Girod and the other at Arjuni (Pandey 1980, 1982, 1987). After this during 1995‐98, the State Archaeology department of Odisha carried out salvage archaeology in Maraguda valley (upper part of the river Jonk) and brought to light some historical ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 2: 2014 remains (Patel 2010). However during 1970’Singdeo has reported a handaxe from the Maraguada valley (Singhdeo 2000: 418‐430). Nevertheless, the prehistoric potential of the river valley was never been realised which led the researcher to choose the Jonk river basin as subject for his doctoral dissertation. Field Investigations and Methodology Field investigations over five seasons (2007‐2012) in parts of Odisha and Chhattisgarh have led to the discovery of 62 Prehistoric sites, viz. 15 Acheulian, 4 Middle Palaeolithic, 39 Microlithic, 1 Neolithic and 3 Early Historic sites (Figs. 1 ‐ 2, Table 1). Figure 1: Digital Elevation Model of Jonk Basin Showing Distributions of Sites These sites have been mapped, documented and their various river sections were undertaken to understand the sedimentary contexts of the discovered sites. In addition, remote sensing data have been intensively utilised to understand spatial and geographic patterns of sites occurrence. The stone tool assemblages from all the sites have also been studied in detail documenting their metrical and technological attributes. Besides this, attempt has also been made for the reconstruction of lithic reduction sequences, raw material procurement strategies and application of experimental archaeology, settlement patterns and site formation processes. Site Distribution in Odisha and Chhattisgarh The catchment area of the Jonk River comprises 2 districts of Odisha and Chhattisgarh, each; Nuwapada and Bargarh districts of Odisha and Mahasamund and Raipur districts of Chhattisgarh. In the Nuwapada district 11 Acheulian, 3 Middle Palaeolithic and 29 Microlithic sites have been reported. While in Bargarh district, only 2 Microlithic sites could be found. In Chhattisgarh’s Mahasamund district evidenced with 3 Acheulian, 1 Middle Palaeolithic, 5 Microlithic, 1 Neolithic and 1 Early Historic 406 Padhan 2014: 405‐420 sites. In the lower part of the river, Raipur district has recorded 1 Acheulian, 3 Microlithic and 2 Early Historic sites (Table 2). The majority of the prehistoric sites in the study region were found on the hill slopes, foothills, pedimented sloppy surfaces and river sections (Padhan 2012a). In order to understand the region, four seasons of field investigations, including section scraping were undertaken. Figure 2: Digital Elevation Model of Upper Jonk Basin (enlarged view) Showing Distributions of Sites Lithic Assemblages Acheulian Acheulian sites have been widely reported throughout the peninsula India. However the Indian Acheulian Culture has recently yielded quite early dates of 1.2 ma from Isampur (Paddayya et. al. 2002) and 1.5 ma fromd Attirampakkam (Pappu et al. 2011). In eastern India, Acheulian sites have been known in Odisha since 1875 when Valentine Ball reported some artefacts from central and western Odisha (Ball 1876). Since then more than 150 Acheulian sites have been found from Odisha (Padhan 2014:67). The research conducted by the author in the Jonk river basins brought to light 15 Acheulian sites. In total 306 artefacts were studied (Fig. 3) from these 15 sites and metrical analysis of all the artefacts were taken for detailed analysis. Detailed typological analysis is as follow. Flakes constituted large in number, with 127 (41.5%), core 47 (15.36%) and core fragments 15 (4.90%), Handaxes 57 (18.63%), Cleavers 15 (4.90%), Choppers 13 (4.25%), Handaxes cum Cleavers 4 (1.31%), Denticulate 2 (0.65%), Pick 1 (0.33) and Utilised Cobbles 6 (1.96%) (Padhan 2013). 407 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 2: 2014 Table 1: List of Discovered Sites in Jonk River Basin Sr. Site Period Context Latitude / District No. Longitude 1. Banka‐ BNK Acheulian Nala Section 20°49ʹ41.36ʺN Nuapada 82°29ʹ21.29ʺE 2. Bherha Loc‐1‐ BHR Acheulian River section 20°46ʹ54.61ʺN Nuapada 82°26ʹ16.51ʺE 3. Bherha Loc‐2 –BHR Acheulian Foot Hills 20°46ʹ25.72ʺN Nuapada 82°27ʹ58.57ʺE 4. Bherha Loc‐3 BHR Achulian Foot Hills 20°45ʹ52.24ʺN Nuapada 82°26ʹ50.33ʺE 5. Bhajipala Loc‐1 BJP Acheulian Foot Hills 20°49ʹ52.57ʺN Nuapada 82°29ʹ1.86ʺE 6. Bhajipala Loc‐2‐ BJP Acheulian Foot Hills 20°49ʹ52.57ʺN Nuapada 82°29ʹ1.86ʺE 7. Bhaisimundi‐BSM Acheulian Foot Hills 20°49ʹ9.36ʺN Nuapada 82°29ʹ25.85ʺE 8. Girna – GRN Acheulian River Valley 21°11ʹ59.81ʺN Mahasamund 82°37ʹ21.11ʺE 9. Girna Ghat ‐ GRN Acheulian River Bank 21°12ʹ24.15ʺN Mahasamund 82°38ʹ28.80ʺE 10. Muragaon ‐MDG Acheulian River Section 20°53ʹ15.27ʺN Nuapada 82°29ʹ30.49ʺE 11. Patharpunji‐ PTP‐ Acheulian Foot Hills 20°46ʹ8.99ʺN Nuapada 82°26ʹ1.03ʺE 12. Senbhata‐ SNB Acheulian Hill Slope 20°50ʹ56.64ʺN Mahasamund 82°26ʹ49.86ʺE 13. Chipajhar Loc‐1 – Acheulian Hill Slope 20°46ʹ51.92ʺN Nuapada CPJ 82°28ʹ11.87ʺE 14. Chipajhar Loc‐2‐ Acheulian Foot Hills 20°46ʹ57.76ʺN Nuapada CPJ 82°28ʹ39.92ʺE 15. Davsaral ‐DSL Acheulian River Section 21°18ʹ11.49ʺN Raipur 82°38ʹ53.09ʺE 16. Chikhli ‐CKL Middle River Section 21°14ʹ15.48ʺN Mahasamund Palaeolithic 82°38ʹ0.10ʺE 17. Haldi – HLD Middle River Section 20°50ʹ18.02ʺN Nuapada Palaeolithic 82°28ʹ5.14ʺE 18. Bherha –BHR Middle Foot Hills 20°47ʹ21.88ʺN Nuapada Palaeolithic 82°27ʹ53.30ʺE 19. Chipajhar‐CPJ Middle Foot hills 20°46ʹ51.92ʺN Nuapada Palaeolithic 82°28ʹ11.87ʺE 20. Pancharpur‐PCM Microlithic Foot Hills 20°47ʹ37.00ʺN Nuapada 82°27ʹ54.21ʺE 408 Padhan 2014: 405‐420 21. Dharambandha‐ Microlithic Foot Hills 20°43ʹ34.83ʺN Nuapada DMB 82°25ʹ38.69ʺE 22. Kurrubhata‐KRB Microlithic Granitic outcrop 20°49ʹ7.86ʺN Nuapada 82°28ʹ35.26ʺE 23. Pauntala Microlithic River Bank 20°48ʹ44.72ʺN Nuapada 82°26ʹ42.13ʺE 24. Bherha‐ 2‐BHR Microlithic Foot Hills 20°46ʹ25.72ʺN Nuapada 2°27ʹ58.57ʺE 25. Sarabong‐ Loc‐1 Microlithic River Bank 20°48ʹ48.85ʺN Nuapada SRB‐ 1 82°28ʹ30.20ʺE 26. Sarabong‐ Loc‐2 Microlithic Nalla Bed 20°48ʹ19.09ʺN Nuapada SRB‐2 82°28ʹ42.93ʺE 27. Sarabong‐ Loc‐3‐ Microlithic Nalla Bed 20.81’24.26°N Nuapada SRB‐3 82.44’78.21°”E 28. Senbhata‐ SNB Microlithic Foot hills with 20°50ʹ56.64ʺN Mahasamund Acheulian 82°26ʹ49.86ʺE 29. Banka – BNK Microlithic River Bank 20°52ʹ57.74ʺN Nuapada 82°29ʹ30.02ʺE 30. Haldi Loc‐1‐HLD‐1 Microlithic Pediment 20°50ʹ17.96ʺN Nuapada 82°28ʹ59.84ʺE 31. Haldi Loc‐2‐HLD‐2 Microlithic River Bank 20°50ʹ21.75ʺN Nuapada 82°28ʹ2.99ʺE 32. Parsabhadar‐PSB Microlithic Foot Hills 20°56ʹ14.08ʺN Nuapada 82°32ʹ51.76ʺE 33. Beltukri‐ BTK Microlithic River Section 21° 2ʹ45.28ʺN Nuapada 82°37ʹ47.40ʺE 34. Balangir‐ BGR‐1 Microlithic River Bank 21° 6ʹ42.04ʺN Bargarh 82°38ʹ39.96ʺE 35. Balangir –BGR‐2 Microlithic River bank 21° 6ʹ42.88ʺN Bargarh 82°38ʹ36.30ʺE 36. Chhuiha‐ CHA Microlithic Granite Outcrop 21°4ʹ64.15ʺN Mahasamund 82°31.39ʺE 37. Dumarpani Loc‐1‐ Microlithic Foot Hills 20°50ʹ21.83ʺN Nuapada DMP‐1 82°30ʹ35.54ʺE 38. Dumarpani Loc‐2‐ Microlithic Granite Outcrop 20°50ʹ26.94ʺN Nuapada DMP‐2 82°30ʹ18.13ʺE 39. Gauria‐ GRA Microlithic River Section 21°15ʹ26.18ʺN Raipur 82°37ʹ34.28ʺE 40. Khurmuri ‐KDM Microlithic River Section 21° 1ʹ15.81ʺN Mahasamund 82°36ʹ39.67ʺE 41. Kurkurbhata KKB Microlithic Foot Hills 20°50ʹ54.94ʺN Mahasamund 82°25ʹ56.28ʺE 409 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 2: 2014 42. Kurrubhata Microlithic Foot Hills 20°49ʹ7.86ʺN Nuapada 82°28ʹ35.26ʺE 43. Patharpunji‐PTP Microlithic Foot Hills 20°46ʹ8.99ʺN Nuapada 82°26ʹ1.03ʺE 44. Pawartala‐ PRT Microlithic Foot Hills 20°47ʹ36.87ʺN Nuapada 82°26ʹ14.55ʺE 45.
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