DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 350 889 HE 025 865

AUTHOR Richardson, Malcolm, Ed.; And Others TITLE Shaping the New World Order: International Cultural Opportunities and the Private Sector. Edited Proceedings of an International Cultural Forum (Washington, D.C., December 13, 1991). INSTITUTION Institute of International Education, New York, N.Y.; President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 13 Dec 91 NOTE 75p. AVAILABLE FROM Institute of International Education, 809 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Art; Communications; Cultural Awareness; *Cultural Exchange; Cultural Influences; *Cultural Opportunities; Foreign Students; *Futures (of Society); *Global Approach; Higher Education; Humanities; Intercultural Communication; International Communication; International Educational Exchange; *International Programs; International Relations; International Trade; Mass Media; Politics of Education; *Private Sector IDEN1IFIERS *New World Order

ABSTRACT This publication presents the proceedings of a forum held at the U.S. State Department (Washington, D.C.) on the influence of international cultural opportunities in the new world order taking shape since the demise of Communism. The speeches, introductions, and forum discussions are offered in the order that they occurred over the course of a day. The opening remarks featured First Lady Barbara Bush; Donald J. Hall, Chairman of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities; and James H. Evans, Chairman of the International Advisory Group. Then, James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress, discussed "The Importance of the Intellectual and Cultural Dimension in the Emerging Social Order" and Thomas H. Kean, President of Drew University, discussed "Increasing International Understanding through Fellowships, University Linkages and Cultural Exchanges." A panel discussion, moderated by Lynne V. Cheney, considered the private sector and cultural diplomacy through leadership and international experience. The panel featured Henry E. Catto, Richard Francis, Henry Kaufman, Luis Monreal, and George Soros. A second panel, moderated by John E. Frohnmayer, discussed the challenges to American cultural institutions from global changes and featured Maya Angelou, Donald M. Kendall, William H. Luers, Benno C. Schmidt, and James D. Wolfensohn. Next of the agenda was a presentation by David T. Kearns, Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education. His topic was "Education: Preparation for the Challenges of the New World Order." An evening program included a keynote address by Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari. Included are biographical sketches of speakers, a list of participants, and lists of sponsoring agencies and organizations. (JB) U S °APARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and improvement .., EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC, a This document haS been reproduced as received born the person or organization originating ,1 0 Minor changes have been flute to improve reproduction duality

Fonts or crew or oprrnon A stated in this dOc u mem Oa mat nCes*arily reprelient offrcist OWE OEMpositron or policy

CZ ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS

WELCOME LEADERSHIP AND FORUM RECOMMENDATIONS Mrs. George Bush 4 INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: James H. Evans. 53 THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY CALL TO ORDER EVENING PROGRAM Donald J. Hall 6 Lynne V. Cheney, Moderator 21 WELCOME Henry E. Catto 22 James A. Baker, III 56 OPENING REMARKS Sir Richard Francis 24 James H. Evans 7 Henry Kaufman 27 KEYNOTE ADDRESS Luis Monreal 29 President Carlos Salinas de Gortari 57 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE George Soros 32 INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSION IN THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER APPENDIX CHANGE IN THE WORLD: James H. Billington 9 THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS SPEAKERS 62 INCREASING INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH John E. Frohnmayer, Moderator 35 SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONS 65 FELLOWSHIPS, UNIVERSITY LINKAGES AND CULTURAL Maya Angelou 37 EXCHANGES Donald M. Kendall 39LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 67 Thomas H. Kean 16 William H. Luers 41 Benno C. Schmidt, Jr. 44 James D. Wolfensohn 46

EDUCATION: PREPARATION FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER David T. Kearns 49

Page 1: Photo by Neal Palumbo. Courtesy of the Utah Arts Council.

Page 2: Photo by Christian Steiner. Courtesy of the Washington Performing Arts Society. WELCOME

It is an enormous pleasure to welcome performed traditional songs and you to Washington and to this dances. The children were tapping important forum, not just on behalf of their feet and clapping their hands. the President, but in my official The sword dance was an enormous hit. capacity as honorary chairman of his They were riveted. Committee on the Arts and the At that moment, even Ps tremendous Humanities. changes were sweeping the Soviet I absolutely agree with whoever it was Union, the arts were bridging the gap who said that culture makes our world between our two great countries. a place we can live in. And thank Those talented Russian singers and goodness you all agree too. dancers were introducing American children to a different culture half a Being in this wonderful room with you world away. makes me feel like I have stepped back in time. It looks like a little United This could be said about every scholar, Nations and brings to mind the days writer, painter, actor, dancer, and when George was with the United musician. They all help bridge the Nations and we lived in New York. gaps. The arts and humanities are the New York isn't the only place where heart of all culture. As someone once said, they are the signature of MRS. GEORGE BUSH culture flourishes, as all of you well civilization, and we all must defend, Honorary Chairman of the know. But being at the U.N. really President's Committee helped me understand the global and protect, and preserve them. And that is what you are doing, each and on the Arts and the Humanities implications of cultural exchange, especially the importance of helping every one of you private sector leaders our young people live with greater who is willing to join in supporting mutual understanding and international programs in the arts and appreciation in this rapidly changing humanities. and shrinking world of ours. And Franklin Roosevelt once said, "The nothing can give greater arts cannot thrive except where men understanding of a people or a society are free to be themselves. The than the arts. conditions for democracy and for art Anyone who doesn't believe that shouldare one and the same." That is why have been at the White House what you do here today on behalf of Wednesday afternoon. We invited the education of our young people will several hundred school children from mean so much to people everywhere. the Washington area to attend a Our world needs genuine cultural Christmas party. They were absolutely leadership, and that will depend upon enthralled by the entertainment, a the work of leaders like you. Russian folk music group that

5 CALL TO ORDER

DONALD J. HALL Chairman of the President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities Chairman of the Board of Hallmark Cards, Inc.

The opportunities for cultural and educational exchanges have never been greater.

Good morning, I would like to welcome While conceiving this project we were Our good fortune was to associate with you on behalf of the President's told by several major international the Institute of International Education. Committee on the Arts and the organizations that the demands for their The result of that collaboration is today's Humanities, and also on behalf of our services had never been greater. We agenda. As you can see, we prevailed partner in this forum, the Institute for began formulating this program against upon a number of opinion leaders in the International Education. We are a backdrop of rapid international public and private sectors to share the delighted with the turnout and thank change. The Berlin Wall was coming reasons why they find international the State Department for their down; democratization was proceeding cultural and educational ventures of marvelous hospitality. throughout Eastern Europe; and the vital importance. We thank each of economic unification of Western Europe them for their time and their thoughts, I would like to take a few minutes to tell was under way. There were also and we thank each of you for joining us. you about the President's Committee on changes of immense importance under the Arts and the Humanities. The way in the Near East, the Far East, I would also like to express a personal President's Committee was formed in Africa, South America, and Latin thanks to the members of the President's 1982 to encourage greater private America. Committee on the Arts and the support for the arts and the humanities. Humanities. Man;, are with us today, Through our meetings and publications Ironically, despite the fact that the and I am delighted about that. We are we advocate the value of cultural opportunities for cultural and educa- also deeply indebted to Diane Paton and activities. We attempt to demonstrate tional exchanges had never been greater, the staff of the President's Committee for that these pursuits are vital to the well- the resources needed to seize this their work in organizing this effort. being of the United States. One of the moment were not present and there ways the President's Committee seemed to be no plan to develop them. itIn addition, I would like to state my appreciation to the underwriters of accomplishes its goals is through public became apparent that someone must ask today's program, whose financial forums devoted to cultural issues. how greater private support could be assistance made it all possible. Today's meeting is a premier example. mobilized to help American institutions respond to these unprecedented I would like to give a special welcome to opportunities. S the head of our partner organization, the

6 OPENING REMARKS

JAMES H. EVANS Chairman of the International Advisory Group Former Chairman of the Board of Union Pacific Corporation

Our students must be prepared for the demands of a global economy.

Institute of International Education. We It has been a great joy to be involved in are so pleased that Henry Kaufman, this effort. The Advisory Group was a chairman of the IIE and president of hard-charging group. They kept all of us Henry Kaufman and Company, is with on our toes as we developed today's us today. program. It is now my great pleasure to introduce We have a full agenda, but before I James Evans, who is on the board of HE introduce our first speaker I want to and has been our guide and the take a few minutes to talk about the chairman of the distinguished advisory reasons that you have been invited here, group that has planned and in particular to explain why the Institute implemented this project. of International Education is functioning Jim was chief executive officer of the as co-host with the President's Commit- Union Pacific Corporation, but those of tee in sponsoring this event. us who have worked with him know that The HE is the largest and certainly one Jim wears many hats besides his of the oldest private international engineer's cap. He is a trustee of the exchange organizations in the nation. University of Chicago and a friend of This year it is administering exchanges, numerous institutions of higher learning including the Fulbright and Hubert and the arts. He currently serves as Humphrey Programs, which involve over Chairman of ale Board of the Central 10,000 men and women from 165 Park Conservancy. nations. Jim Evans has provided wonderful leadership to this project for over twelve months now, and it is a pleasure for me to turn the proceedings over to him. BEST COPY AVAILABLE

7 The HE can trace its origins to the days In the decade since that report was just after the first world war, when a issued we have made some real progress group of American educators created it in improving that situation. The nation's in the hopes of improving international governors have made educational reform understanding and thereby lessening thea commitment, and President Bush has possibilities for international conflicts. set some tough but important goals for us to achieve by the year 2000. Today this mission is just as important as it has ever been. The Institute is I think it is fair to say that we now have pleased that it no longer is the single a national consensus about the need to agency concerned with such issues. In improve our schools and to prepare our this audience today, there are leaders students for the challenges ahead. One and representatives of scores of of our purposes this morning is to ensure organizations in the arts and the that the role of the arts and the humanities that conduct or promote humanities in this broad educational international cultural programs. effort is not forgotten. We believe the arts and humanities are essential parts On behalf of the HE, the President's of any effort to reform our schools and to Committee, and our distinguished adapt the basic school curriculum to advisory board, I am therefore delighted these new international realities. to welcome you officially. Finally, I should make it clear that, I also want to emphasize what Don Hall while we regard economic said earlier about the importance of the competitiveness as an urgent reason for meeting itself. We stand at a historic the United States to improve its schools crossroads with the prospect of a new and to support the arts and the international order based on the rule of humanities, it is not the only. or even the law and free markets, and this is one of most important, reason. We have a the most exciting developments number of guests from overseas and imaginable. neighboring nations in our audience and Yet, at the same time, the United States on the program. I want to stress that faces one of its greatest economic the only competition we are talking challenges. We face increased about is one in which all nations stand to competition from abroad at a time when gain as we work together within a new our own industrial base needs global economic framework. revitalization. International understanding is Our schools must improve and our important to all of us, and we want to do students need to be prepared for the our part to ensure that the United States demands of a global economy. These educates citizens of the world in the most concerns are not new. Scarcely a decade comprehensive sense of that term. Our ago another Presidential commission purpose today, therefore, is to discuss issued a stern report on the failure of the international cultural programs and American educational system to impart their link to the educational system in basic information to American students its broadest and fullest sense. I am about their culture, history, and the confident that we can make the case that geography of this nation and of other these exchanges are vital, not only to nations. American education but to all aspects of our daily life.

t

8 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSION IN THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER *

JAMES H. BILLINGTON The Librarian of Congress

;4771',1,

L Culture and commerce in the broadest sense are replacing i "eapons and physical resources in the narrower sense as the political realities of the future.This shift gives to the cultural riches of America as great a practical importance for the 21st century as the physical riches of this country had for the 20th.

This speech includes material from a expected, and without any shooting, of a television image broadcast from book to be published by the Free Press which was even more unexpected. The Lithuania earlier in the year. The key and should not be quoted beyond the fair most destructive ideology and the most image was of a man on a tank, an echo use provision of the copyright law massive military machine of the 20th itself of an earlier image conveyed by without the written permission of the century crumbled, the last of the great television from Tiananmen Square.It author. 20th century wars ended. The outlines was my privilege to be in Moscow during began to appear of the new politics of Vie these events and to see the effects of 21st century. politics which are. for the communication: people in the Russian The 20th century has ended as first time, genuinely global. White House hunched over telephones talking to their country, on television dramatically as it began. Not More than anything else, it was modern talking to the world, on telefax communi- chronologically, but in a deeper sense, communications that finally worked cating with outlying areas defended the 20th century began in August 1914 their magic and made the world very all the while by a defenseless human with a shot in Sarajevo that ended nearly one. The instantaneous echo wall comprised of small groups gathered forever the international order controlled effect was most noticeable in Eastern around transistor radios. by the elites of a small number of Europe where television and short wave European powers. And the century has radio. telephone and telefax brought It was the remarkable victory of one ended in August 1991 with a lot more news of one uprising to the immediate image conveyed on television of a man shooting in Yugoslavia. attention of another restive populace andwith a smiling face arid a clenched fist. The source of this change, however, produced the epidemic of outbursts in lifted by his people on top of his tank. wasn't a shooting at all. It was Eastern Europe in 1989, the Soviet This image was made more powerful by soi, iething radically different. It Union's western minority peoples in its resemblance to Russian icons. The happened in Moscow, which no one 1990. and Russia itself in 1991. hands and th- face were the two parts of flesh left uncovered on the classic icons. In Moscow the defense of a popularly This image contrasted sharply with elected government by an unarmed human wall was the instinctive imitation .1

9 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSION IN THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER

another television image: that of lems of the real world. We live in the Gennady Yanayev, the leader of the information age, when instantaneous junta that had replaced Gorbachev, electronic communication is creating whose weak face and trembling hands that global village, once a figment of the suggested weakness even at the junta's e imagination but now a reality. The initial press conference. resurgent sources of Tic w potential conflict can no longer be contained We are now in another kind of world within the traditional geopolitical unit of with another kind of image and another the national state. kind of result, none of which the world expected. Confronted with a sudden As determining factors of politics. putsch that had reimposed from the top transnational religious and cultural down the old Leninist politics of fear, the identities and violent sub-national ethnic Russians (long thought to be a politically conflicts are replacing confrontations passive people) unexpectedly found a between armed states territorially way to affirm a new politics of hope. defined. Culture and commerce in the broadest sense are replacing weapons They defended on those exposed and physical resources in the narrower barricades their first democratically transformed physically and emotionally sense as the political realities of the elected government and Yeltsin's now more by America than by any other future. This shift gives to the cultural famous White House, which replaced the single force in the 20th century. This is riches of America as great a practical historic Kremlin as the locus of a world that is looking to us for institu- importance for the 21st century as the legitimacy for the Russian people. They tions and ideas in an era of dangerous physical riches of this country had for opened the way for the other peoples of overpopulation, depleting resources, and the 20th. the U.S.S.R. to affirm their own looming ecological disasters. identities and their own politics of hope. Countries and peoples are reaching At the same time, this upheaval created What America did or did not do with its towards America and the American the possibility of new conflict and new physical strength decisively affected the experience. Possibilities are opening up dangers arising from the deep outcome of the events that shaped the for America to relate to the world in new disillusionment that sometimes follows 20th century: World War I, World War ways. If we know how to use these hope. We are uncertain as to whether II, and the Cold War. We committed r ,ssibilities, and if we can recognize the we are dealing with a situation similar toourselves, somewhat reluctantly at importance of the cultural dimension of Germany after World War I or after times, but had the good fortune to be on international relations and of our own World War H, situations which had very the winning side of all three. We now cultural resources, these new different outcomes for the human race. face a world that is influenced by what relationships will be as profitable for us we are and what we aspire to be far as for others. At the end of'the 20th century, as at the more than we realize. beginning, America does not realize how Let me try to describe this morning11 central it is to the drama taking place in Our willingness or unwillingness to do my view of the new determining trends far off Eastern Europe and may be with our resources of the mind and spirit in the world, (2) how these trends were tempted to think it can escape from the at the dawn of the 21st century what we both illustrated and accelerated by the chaos of change that followed the did with our physical resources during events of August 1991 in Moscow and. dramatic events (in one August as in the 20th will be the ultimate test not just finally, (3) how America's cultural. another). But, as Edgar Allan Poe wrote of our greatness but of our survival as a intellectual, and institutional resource,.- in that great American fable, The civilization. can and should influence changes both in the former Soviet Union and in the Mosque of the Red Death, we cannot hide What we do. or do not do, to sustain and behind thick walls from what is going on to share our intellectual creative side larger world in general. in the outer world nor, I think, do we with the rest of the world is not just want to. The world has been some minor question among the prob- 12

10 -----111111111111=1=111=11INII THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSION IN THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER

My emphasis on the Soviet Union is to be able to ask questions of their own. appearance, this speech got the loudest justified not just by my background and They want access, in short, to the tools applause during those uncertain hours interests but by the importance that the and substance of universal human outside the White House. Secretary of State and his Deputy knowledge, the great secular open "We are people," she said, "people, not commons of humanity. And, third, they Secretary have given to the question of cattle. We are higner. We are cleaner." material aid for the former Soviet Union want to be able to express and celebrate Although not a poet, she used the in the current crisis. In looking at the who and what they are in terms of their language poetically in articulating the challenge, however, I want to talk about ethnic, cultural, or religious identity. humanity of a people who had forgotten non-material resources that can be Put simply, people want a measure of that they were people. And what provided by the non-governmental sector dignified participation in how they live differentiated them fron. cattle was their as a source of the creative initiative and in society, how they develop their minds, ability to use their minds critically and resourcefulness that is the mai k of a and how they express themselves freely in ways that they hadn't before. rising rather than a declining spiritually. civilization. The people also went to the barricades (2) The events of August in because they wanted to extract and (1) This is for the first time a Russia illustrate all three passions reassert a different, deeper Russia from global era in which almost everybody coming alive in this long-passive and the oppressive ruins of the Communist wants to be part of the action. The apolitical Russian people, but their system and of the over-centralized Soviet passivity and disinvolvement of large example is only one of many illustrations Union. It was a Russia of conscience sections of the world are disappearing. of the ways in which very diverse peoplesfounded on the great novelists, rooted in Albania, Mongolia, and Ethiopia, no less are coming alive in different parts of the the great historic faith of the Russian than Poland and Czechoslovakia, have world. I would like to use the August people. It was a time of mass baptisms. overthrown Leninist dictatorships. events in Russia to discuss each of the It all began on the feast of the Haitians and Vietnamese are risking three new entitlements of political Transfiguration, which had a special their lives on boats to reach more participation, intellectual freedom and importance. At the crucial moment when friendly shores, and in a deeper sense we liberty of expression. the attack was expected, a couple of are all in that boat. priests distributed Bibles to all of the The very diverse group of people who In large portions of the world women are soldiers in the threatening tanks. The spontaneously put their lives on the line being educated and enfranchised for the fact that the Patriarch himself got on the on the barricades in Moscow were there first time in history. Whole classes of loudspeaker and issued a moving prayer to defend a new democracy which had societies, as well as whole societies, are at that moment cannot have been not yet even had a chance to work for entering the global marketplace. irrelevant to the outcome. them but for which they were prepared Everyone is watching much the same to die. They did not go to the White The Russian people, as represented television programs. House to establish a market economy, there, were moving forward to what they Despite the cacophony of the global but to make a fresh start by discarding called "normal" or civilized political life chorus and the diversity of problems, an oppressive system of government and and to the educated life of the liberal there is a similar revolution of rising a morally compromised way of living democratic world, but they were also expectations which is based on three with one another. moving back to recover their own fundamental wants beyond the basics of identity. And that special sort of They went to the barricades, because food, clothing, and shelter. Almost recovery of the Russian identity was they had learned to ask new questions everyone wants to possess three new sealed in the funeral ceremony for the under glasnost, which was the one real entitlements of modernity. three young men who were slain in the part of the reform program under defense of the White House. This First, people want to participate in Gorbachev. That democracy is the ceremony, incidentally, involved a proper form of government for thinking political and economic decision-making broader identity because it included both people was beautifully articulated in a or to hold others accountable for those Orthodox rites and reformed Jewish rites memorable speech by Andrei Sakharov's decisions. Second, they want access to together in a public place. Its final what other people know, and they want wife, Elena Bonner. Aside from Yeltsin's dramatic moment was the appearance of

11 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSION IN THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Yeltsin before the parents of the three America is not only a functioning The genius of the American ideal, as young men. He said, "Forgive me, your democracy that limits central powers yet Jefferson defined it, is that democracy President, that I wac not able to defend runs a large country; it also has the must be knowledge-based, dynamic, and and save your sons." largest and best educational self-renewing. The man who declared establishment in the world. The full our independence wanted to be Forgiveness is what Russians ask of eachvalue of this educational establishment, remembered on his tombstone as a other before they take communion. It is even in sheer economic terms, continues founder of a university, not as President what the other Boris, Boris Godunov, to be underestimated by this society and of the United States. He saw that the asked in the great Russian opera in his this city. In addition, American society national legislature in this new capital last words to the Russian people. Yeltsinis hospitable to religious belief and had to be based on a library, and he used this expression, and it produced oneethnic uniqueness in its subparts. created the Library of Congress from his of the most powerful moments you can own library, which was perhaps the imagine. The Russian people were Let me stop for a minute to reflect on our largest and most universal private recovering an old, lost identity as well as own attitude towards exchanges. It is library then in existence in the Western asserting the intellectual entitlements ofclearly ironic that the United States, Hemisphere. an educated generation and the whose ideas have triumphed in the Cold democratic forms of government War, and whose example is being eagerlyAn aggressive and comprehensive appropriate to such people. studied all over the world, does not foreign cultural policy not only reflects a really place much value on ideological, recognition of our origins and the (3) I believe that America is educational, and cultural factors in its valuable resources that we have for this uniquely relevant to all three of these foreign policy thinking. information- and knowledge- intensive expressed aspirations, and I will discuss world of the future, but it is also crucial its relevance particularly to the Russian In so doing, or in so not doing, we are to our national security interests, and other former Soviet republics and to betraying our origins. The United States because intellectual and cultural the drama of bringing the independent of America came into being as an idea freedom is the most important single republics back into some kind of which arose out of intense intellectual precondition of the breakdown of the coherent unity building democracy in debate and discussion. It has created kinds of tyrannical systems that will a multicultural context on a continental both the largest and most sophisticated continue to threaten us periodically, as scale. higher echcational establishment and they have, for instance, in Iraq. the most influential mass entertainment It is extremely important that the culture in all of human history. The building of democracy elsewhere in Russian people and the other peoples of the world is in the interest of world the Soviet Union get material goods to These are incredibly valuable "invisible peace because in the long, and generally tide them over this difficult transition exports" (a term I picked up from depressing, history of how wars have period. But they also need exposure to colleagues on the British Council). They started in the modern world, the the powerful effects of exchanges and are things of great value, and they are encouraging ray of light is that contact with our country in much larger key elements in our continuing democracies do not fight each other. The experiment with the creative exercise of ways. Parenthetically, among the more securing of democracy and the than five hundred Russians who have human freedom for human good. sustaining of intellectual freedom in the been using the Library of Congress for Political and economic freedoms grew parts of the U.S.S.R. is the only really the last year and a half, most have been from and depend on the life of the mind secure way of keeping their still studying and writing on constitutional and spirit that created this country in numerous missiles under some kind of matters during a period when their own the first place. Both our original real arms control. national library has at times been forced political constitution, and our to shut. Many of them find the Articles It hurts us not to have a more energetic subsequent social and economic of the Confederation a better example to international cultural policy for a inventiveness arise from, and culminate follow than our later Constitution number of reasons. First, we have in, the free creative activity of the because as one of them ruefully said, means of reaching and communicating human mi ,d. "You know, you only had George HI to with the leaders who emerge from deal with. We had something a little economic or military elites in the former worse." 14 Communist countries and the Third

12 111111111111111101111111111111111111111MNINII_

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSION IN THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER

World countries, but those are not the The third reason we have been hurt at the same time internalize large elites that are assuming power. Those internationally by our neglect of culture elements of the populations of all the who are assuming power are playwrightsis that we are blunting our competitive major continents of the world. So we in Czechoslovakia and Hungary. They edge. Historically, America has been a are, in a sense, a pioneer world are actors who are ministers of culture, country that depends on the continuing civilization as the world itself grapples not only in the old Soviet Union but in immigration of ideas to renew and enrichtowards the pluralism in which people the Russian republic. It was musicians itself. We must either be a continually value their own uniqueness, yet at the who presided over the transformation of growing society or one that will ossify same time participate in a broader East Germany and Lithuania. It is thoseand die like the empires of old. secular culture. most irrelevant of all scholars, medieval We have benefitted immensely from the E pluribus 111111M is possible. It is our historians happily working with inflow of immigrants. We also need a goal. And it has been our destiny to illuminated manuscripts, who lead the new immigration of ideas. There is further a process which is increasingly reform factions of parliaments in Poland much we can learn from other nations: becoming a global one. and the Soviet Union. from East Africa, which has kept the There are a number of opportunites for The relevance of the irrelevant when village as a mediating entity between the private sect or to further this process humanity is making a truly big change isfamily and state and has not gone the using a wide variety of programs in not to be forgotten. The rising level of totalitarian route that many predicted; education, culture, and the arts. There education in most of the world means from Switzerland, which knows how to are also the bridging activities of that the new cadres of power are take care of its people while providing America's diverse communities of faith. increasingly going to be recruited from almost no funds from its central which remain important to American the educated classes, and the rising government; or from Holland, which national interests even if they are number of ethnic identities means that knows how to integrate technology with properly conducted separately from state they will put in power those who can the environment in a way that enhances and government policy. There are articulate the special vision and cultural both. language programs. Many of the destiny of an individual people. The point is that there is now a new set evangelical Christian organizati'ms have The open cultural system that we have of opportunities opening up in the world. remarkable literacy programs. for here attracts and helps identify future America, particularly with our new example, in Latin America and indeed in leaders in the Third World, as well as immigration coming primarily from East parts of Eastern Europe. There is a intellectual leaders and opinion makers. Asia and Hispanic America, is in the richness to what is happening in the The arts and the humanities are the process of becoming the first society to private sector, but this is coupled with a recruiting grounds for much of the new maintain a distinctive core culture, yet lack of full appreciation here of its leadership that is transforming, and in possibilities. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSION IN l'HE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Combining the technical genius that Aleksandr Yakovlev, the closest advisor television currently expends on commer- to Gorbachev in those critical early years cials with the academic genius that u'llliagne$1,s or upill when he was a genuine pioneering scholars currently pour into minutiae reformer, first learned about the possi- .P47- tr? (10 with ou?resourivJ{ could enrich both worlds. Why not a Ai bilities of a free society during his years series of television presentations on the lad and's0:itaithe late n q as an exchange student at Columbia great cultures of the -vorld that would University. He played a key role not only provide a new audiovisual generation thi?.g't centirry,a.lta.t in explaining the West to the more with an immersion in Islam or Eastern witirotOvhysicaliresoure:cs?.; sheltered Gorbachev, but also in criticiz- Christianity? By focusing on the deepest . ing Gorbachev's later reactionary drift sources of culture, rather than on just ng,' file and in rallying to the support of the Yeltsin forces during the coup. the actions of nation-states, such a series aitinfetfe lost could transcend and illuminate the A final illustration of the extraordinary contemporary scene. .grOatness hot obur multiplier effects of one person: a young 1 political scientist named Vladimir I think it is generally best, based on the as-a vi.itizalio;;.. Shtinov, whom I got to know on a visit to history of cultural and intellectual Sverdlovsk, which is Yeltsin territory exchanges, to bring foreigners here to and the place that provided, outside of experience our institutions rather than Moscow, the most bodies for the defense to export our institutions to them. If you of the White House itself. He was look at the period of the traumas of the height of the exchange. No sizeable probably the only person, until the last late 1930's through the 1940's in Asia, it country in the world has had less per year or so, ever to come to America on an was the people who came to this country capita exposure to America or, for that academic exchange from Sverdlovsk, a who became the best friends of America. matter, to Western democracy than the center of military industry. But on the That friendship was based on the fact Soviet Union. basis of his year in Buffalo he has that they had firsthand experience and introduced to Sverdlovsk the first serious were given the opportunity to take what This is an extremely dangerous and study of de Tocqueville and the they learned back and interpret it to unfortunate circumstance. For more Federalist Papers in Russia. He now their own country. than anyone else overseas, the Russians and citizens of the other republics need serves as a kind of foreign policy advisor I would like to recnmmend to the private to see us in action. to that city, renamed Ekaterinburg, sector the organization and funding of a which is the base of the reform massive importation of people from the Let me just mention briefly three movement in the deep interior of Russia. former Soviet Union for a quick first examples of the transforming power of a So individuals can be of enormous experience in this country. In addition single individual who has spent time in importance. The stakes are very high, to the existing IIE kind of programs, this country. Rem Khoklov, the former because they are now trying to achieve which also need to be increased, I believe rector of Moscow University, who died a goals that they have neither the that 50,000 Russians should see this few years ago heroically trying to rescue experience, nor the institutions, nor the country in the next year. It is crucial; it a friend in a mountain climbing accident, time to accomplish by themselves: isn't being done: and it won't be done was one of the Soviet Union's most gifted creating accountable public institutions unless there is a great upsurge of private laser scientists and he could have and institutionalizing the rule of law. initiative all over the country. been just another cog in the Soviet military-industrial complex. But a year The stakes are also high because the Whereas China had troops but no on academic exchange at Stanford hopes of a long dormant Russian people leaders, and their reform was crushed in xposed him to more than physics, and have been aroused and, particularly Tiananmen Square, Russia and the he introduced the first teaching of former Soviet Union have leaders but no after a hard winter of internal violence, American studies into Moscow could be diverted into chauvinistic, troops. They have had fewer people in University, a study which has spread all fascistic channels that would support a the entire post-war era visit this country over the Soviet Union. second putsch and a more hostile, as well than the Chinese had in one year at the as less stable, country. 16 14 ---=1 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSION IN THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER

It is in our interest to identify with that who were concerned about their deeper By understanding other people we culture of hope, to take advantage of the cultural and personal identity during a understand ourselves. A distinctive fact that we are the major model by time of trauma and crisis. So the United benefit of foreign study and exchange is which others measure themselves in States, the great champion in the world a deeper understanding of one's own self trying to build some kind of continent- for democracy, education, and cultural and one's own country. Those who wide multicultural democracy. It is identity, must make cultural activity andappreciate America the most are often essential to channel that hope into a cultural policy a central element in a either the new immigrants or those who realistic process of building the infra- new type of foreign policy that requires have just arrived back after a long time structure of democracy. I propose a new far greater participation on the part of abroad. America grows stronger by kind of American initiative, an "Opera- the private sector. rediscovering and sharing its own legacy tion Plowshare," which would give a of freedom even as we import the ideas, This participation should be of interest fresh incentive to the wide variety of absorb the achievements, and to the private sector because it is part. of American institutions. Local increasingly celebrate the aspirations of the same world of creative and governments, churches, unions, others. Our pluralistic country can be a entrepreneurial spirit that has been voluntary organizations, advocacy model as well as a leader in the central to private sector productivity. groups, political parties, would be development, in peace, of a pluralistic brought together in direct exchange It should also be of interest to the world. And in such a world the pursuit programs with their counterparts in private sector because an ever larger of truth and the celebration of life in the Russia and the other republics for this share of the United States' productive arts, the sciences, and the humanities is crash period when they will either jump- activity is involved in information-based not a competitive enterprise. start the learning process into democracyindustry and the internationally-linked It is not a zero sum game, to use or revert into some kind of fascist, sectors of the economy. Washington language, because one nativist definition of the Russian person's gain is also another's in this identity. America has upped the ante for humanity by infecting so much of the kind of pursuit. The pursuit of truth is It is very important for us not only to world with the appetite for change and the highest form of Jefferson's pursuit of provide access to the institutions of our by lifting expectations, which may lead happiness. It keeps us from the pursuit open and democratic society, and to the to conflict. We have now entered a world of one another. On our tense, institutions of our civil society, but also beyond the ideological face-off of the 20th overcrowded, ecologically embattled to play a role in saving and celebrating century, one where we are going to need planet there inevitably will be physical those great cultural monuments that a deep cultural understanding of Islam, limitations on many aspects of human form part of the world patrimony of the East Asian Confucian-based societ- activity. culture and that are in danger of ies, and the unresolved ethnic, racial, Dangers exist, but as Pascal said at the destruction. and religious tensions which still exist at dawn of the modern era in his Treatise the sub-national level in all countries of The Lenin Library, the second largest on the Void, "Man is made for infinity." the world, including our own. library in the world, has shut completely. That is part of the ambition and the hope Secretary Adams at the Smithsonian is of the modern era which created

1 1-to nlr fennel Pile A rrtnr4". T +;c, rsf i-bct A rrtnr.inn+, INCREASING INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH FELLOWSHIPS, UNIVERSITY LINKAGES AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES

THOMAS H. KEAN President of Drew University

American business should view exchanges as an investment in its own future. American business needs a work force educated not only in economics and technology but also in the ways of the world.

Thirty years ago, President John F. need to think creatively about ways that The most important change, certainly, is Kennedy sent Americans abroad for the we can allow people abroad to that the Soviet Union is no longer a first time as part of the Peace Corps. understand who we are as Americans, union. It has broken into pieces, and the This decision broadened and deepened and Americans need to understand our Communist party, now universally America's engagement in the world. The changing world better than we do now. discredited, is on the run. Peace Corps was a great idea, and it still To begin our discussion, I think it is There was a time when I would get mad is. But today our need for international worth recalling some of the dramatic at the American media when they involvement and understanding is even things that have happened in the past referred incorrectly to the Soviet Union more vital. Our role in the world has few years. as "Russia" and refused to recognize that changed. Today's world is much mere the Soviet Union was an unnatural interdependent than when President Europe is becoming economically coalition created and held together by Kennedy first saw the merit in sending integrated. Earlier this week, in the force by Lenin, Stalin and their Netherlands, the European Community American volunteers overseas. successors. But today there really is a agreed on a treaty that provides a With the world's growing level of Russia. It is a wholly independent common foreign and defense policy and a nation. And wonder of wonders, it is led interaction between nations, America's single European currency by the end of by an elected democrat who contends future depends to an enormous degree onthe decade. The Warsaw Pact has our ability to maintain our economic and that free market reform and democracy collapsed, leaving in its place poverty- are the only real answers for his political clout amidst a geopolitical sea stricken, fragile democracies. Japan is embattled nation. change. This may be the most forging trade links with other Asian significant foreign policy challenge partners and continuing to define itself Some people view these events as the America faces in the coming decades. as a major economic force. And end and triumph of American foreign How we engage ourselves internationally democracy, once a political concept policy. And, indeed, if you look at what today will determine the world we live in restricted largely to the Western world, we hoped to achieve after the World War tomorrow. The stakes are high. We now is gaining ground seemingly II, it seems that we have achieved it: everywhere. 1 8

16 -111111111iliMIEIMMMIllif INCREASING INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH FELLOWSHIPS. UNIVERSITY LINKAGES AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES

Europe and Japan have been rebuilt; importance of cultural and academic When you look further you find many of Communism has not only been exchanges in advancing international these democratic leaders had gained contained, but rolled back; America has understanding and in advancing the their knowledge of democracy by maintained and even increased its interests of America. studying in America. No one political, and in some ways its economic, indoctrinated them. Rather, they saw Cultural and academic exchanges benefit might. We could be content, and firsthand the virtues of our political and the United States in two ways. First, certainly we should take a moment to economic systems, and they returned they expose American students to what celebrate our victories. home to attempt to replicate them. works and what does not work in the In part because of mass communications, But we also need to look at the countries of the world. We can apply even those Chinese youths who did not challenges that remain for American this knowledge directly to the benefit of study here knew of America. So we interests abroad.First, some 60 percentAmerican economic and social interests. should not have been surprised to find of the world's people continue to live Second, these exchanges expose foreign that, when the Chinese students stood in under non-democratic regimes. In most students to the power of the American front of those Communist tanks in open of these societies, human rights and civil idea political an 1 economic freedom. rebellion, it wasn't the Eiffel Tower or liberties are violated systematically. In Often these students return to their own the British Parliament they used as South Asia and in Africa famine and country with concrete ideas about the their symbol. It was the Statue of poverty are widespread. Combined with advantages of liberty. Often, too, they Liberty. political oppression, this has made life return with a favorable impression of our virtually unbearable for people of these nation. Over time, these sentiments And why not? For many years Chinese regions. may build goodwill among nations, students had been studying in America, which can contribute to global peace. and many American students had been There are other challenges too. No visiting China. Because of these longer can we take for granted that We should never forget the power of the exchanges, people in China gained a America is going to be the world's American idea. Think back to 1989 and favorable view of us which helps to economic leader. America continues to the pro-democracy student revolt in explain why Communism is now on the outproduce every other nation, but we China or to the collapse of the Berlin defensive in the world's most populous are challenged in that position every Wall. What I saw in those pictures were land. day. We also face the lingering problemsyoung, excited men and women who had of the Cold War. As we talk this a democratic future before them and whoThere are still further examples of the morning there arc 10,000 Soviet nuclear were ready to make whatever sacrifice power of the American idea. In Eastern warheads still pointed at American was necessary to ensure that future. Europe, just before the collapse of cities. No matter who controls these Communism, journalists asked, "Who is weapons, this remains Ln issue of grave the thinker whom you admire the most?" . _ _ INCREASING INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH FELLOWSHIPS, UNIVERSITY LINKAGES AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES

in Moscow, why is he virtually forgotten who visit and study in other countries world buy Fords or Hondas. It will in America's leading business schools? serve not only as ambassadors for our determine whether Ronald Reagan's bold We must confront this new world with nation but often gain experience that statement of 1986 rings true in 2006. pride in the system our founding fathers benefits our global trading abilities. The As part of this mission, I believe our created, and that means studying and cultural, linguistic, and other forms of schools must have a more international celebrating these brave and wise men. knowledge they gain increase our flavor. Students must expand their Dwight Eisenhower remarked in 1958 understanding of the world. This, in knowledge of the world. We must not that "America is best described by one turn, strengthens us in the ever- see any more surveys in which thirty word: freedom." People around the competitive global marketplace. percent of the students in Texas do not world know that our success is based on In his State of the Union speech in 1986 know which country is immediately to that idea of freedom; we must not forget Ronald Reagan made a bold, but true, their south, or forty percent surveyed it either. pronouncement about American trade. cannot locate Great Britain on a map of The power of the American idea, of He said, "If the United States can trade the world or identify any country in course, does not end in China. Nor does with other nations on a level playing Europe. This simply can't continue if it end at the Berlin Wall. In almost field, we can out-produce, out-compete, America hopes to succeed in the global every country that has sent people here out-sell anybody anywhere in the world."marketplace. or received Americans, our ideas have But our trading ability depends not just And it raises the most important penetrated. As we have better on the quantity and the quality of question: How do you understand understood other peoples through American goods, but also on our cultural exchanges, they in return have understanding of the markets and the another place? You do not just study it on a map. Geography is important, of understood us better. And as they have, people we hope to reach. course, and you have to start there. But the interests of democracy and free markets have been served, whether in I think back to several years ago when once you find it on a map, you must General Motors decided to market its Africa, Asia, Europe, or Latin America. learn its languages, its history, its arts, Chevy Nova in Latin America. The its literature, and its music. And not only are the interests of marketing executives bought time on Jim Billington ga democracy and free markets served, but television and radio and splattered a wonderful example of learning througn listening to we find that students who participate in pictures of the car all over billboards. exchanges often go on to do great things. There was one small problem. GM's Mussorgsky. Hearing the death of Boris Take for instance a survey by the United people in Detroit didn't realize that Godunov, you can understand better the words of Boris Yeltsin. Do WC really States Information Agency which "Nova." when spoken as two words in think we can understand the Soviet revealed that many Fulbright alumni Spanish, means: "It doesn't go!" Union without reading Chekhov or now are high-ranking officials in other Needless to say, sales lagged until the Tolstoy, or without looking back and countries. Forty are former or current name was changed. members of national legislative bodies; understanding the history of that ten are supreme court justices; sixty- As Governor of New Jersey I served, in a country? If we think we can, we are sense, as our state's trade ambassador, foolish. seven are former or current university and I visited a number of countries in an presidents; thirty-two are former or Study art. Study literature. And the current ambassadors. And the list goes effort to expand New Jersey's foreign exports. I heard again and again from place to study these things is in our on. foreign leaders that one problem with schools. But, if you want to worry, look at what is happening in the schools We should be proud that so many people American business people is that they who have studied and learned in this simply do not understand the cultures today at a time of economic distress. The country are now taking leadership roles with which they deal. arts are among the first areas to be cut in their own societies with an in school programs. You will see that as Because they didn't understand the understanding of our people's ideas, and there are cutbacks in the arts, we will we need to expand these programs even culture, their businesses lost to people inha7e fewer, not more, literate students. further. ether parts of the world who took the And our students will have more trouble trouble to learn and understand other understanding the world in which they And what about American students who cultures. This knowledge will be critical live. study abroad? How does America benefitin determining whether countries in the from that? First, American students

18 INCREASING INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH FELLOWSHIPS. UNIVERSITY LINKAGES AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES

Still, I do not want to sound completely it is another to put him in the possession pessimistic. We already are doing some of truth." things very well. Those universities, The arts Ore air ong the first As we witness the collapse of autocratic, companies, and private organizations arras to he cut in school that are promoting cultural and statist regimes, I believe Locke would concede that man now has recognized academic exchanges are doing great programs, You will that as many of his errors at least most of his work. They need to continue and expand that work. the..rr-are cutbacks in the arts. . economic and political ones. But we still must possess the truth to which Locke At my own university, Drew, we have we will have fewer: uoIrnore, refer,red. When it was dark, we needed to long recognized the important role of literatc strulehts. curse the darkness. But now that there international programs for our students is light, we must make sure changes and the importance of bringing foreign under way become permanent, and that students to Drew. We are careful not to those societies that have yet to see the impose an international curriculum at merits in political and economic freedom the expense of American history or the come out of the shadows. history of Western civilization, but we I also want to say that I am generally try to emphasize the need for foreign As much as anything, this means that pleased with the work done by our we need to refine the knowledge of our language training and a greater government in this area. The United awareness of foreign cultures. next generation of leaders. They will States Information Agency has done well face difficult questions. How do you Despite this recession, we recently hired to recognize the important role that institutionalize a democratic new faculty members in Islamic studies, exchanges can play in advancing government? How do you implement a Asian and African studies, and Russian America's economic and political goals free market where there has never been history. Exchanges resonate. As we and helping advance international one before? How do you reevaluate hired new faculty members in Russian understanding. The USIA needs to keep alliances that for years have guided our history, we brought new exchange up its good work. foreign policy and now may be less valid? students in from Russia, and the faculty But, as you know, we live in very tight How can we ensure that the new tell me they have enhanced the program budgetary times. It is unrealistic to geopolitical climate continues to a great deal. Because we have these think that the government will greatly guarantee peace and prosperity? students in our midst, our students expand these programs, though I trust it understand much better what is going on One way to begin is through greater will do what it can. So if the private understanding. Let us remember what now. Other students are studying abroad sector does not engage itself in some of in countries as diverse as Belgium, Harry Truman so eloquently observed in these areas, many of these excellent 1950: "In the long run," he said, "our Chile, France, the Ivory Coast, Japan, programs may disappear. Malaysia, Mexico, Senegal, Spain, and a security and the world's hopes for peace number of others. American business should view lie not in measures of defense or in the exchanges as an investment in its own control of weapons, but in the growth I have come to believe that students future. American business needs a work and expansion of freedom and self- have not received a complete college force educated not only in economics and government." education unless they have spent at least technology but also in the ways of the History has proved that we will always part of that four years studying in world. I believe businesses would find it another culture. So we are working on a need a strong defense. But one of the wise to sponsor exchange programs. The greatest tools we have to expand freedom program in which one faculty member knowledge gained by future American and 15 students will go abroad as part of is cultural and academic exchange. employees can pay off many times the These exchanges already have the regular tuition. And, every student, original investment. as part of the requirements for a contributed tremendously to this diploma, will be obliged to spend some As we search for new answers to the expansion. In the interests of America, time in another country. If our program international challenges and it is an effort worth continuing and gets off the ground, we will be the first opportunites that await us, we should expanding. university in the country to emphasize in recall the words of John Locke: "It is one this way the importance of international thing to show a man that he is in error, understanding.

19 ---

LEADERSIaP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIEN THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL-DIPLOMACY:

. .;L '

LINE V...CtENY Venian:otthe National Endowment for 1Humanities

.chairman of the National Eizdowment Pr the Humanities IhaVe- bafk theenormous privilege over the 2.1*~4=c- last several years of Witnessing firsthand the benefit to knowledge and to relations between nations that international cultural exchange can ' foster; I have had the privilege of .seeing Greek and American scholars work together to excavate Minoan-. ruins on an island near Crete. I have watched American art historians advise their Italian colleagues who were working to restore the Sistine Chapel. I have talked with recent American college graduates whoare teaching English in Japan and perfecting their own Japanese along the way.

22

20 BEST COPY AVAILABLE LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

At the beginning of this week I was in I think of the rector of Charles These are public efforts, but more Hungary and Czechoslovakia where University, a venerable institution, oneefforts are needed private efforts. I teachers and scholars face the of the oldest universities in Europe. saw firsthand the work that George enormous challenge of rebuilding the Dr. Radim Palous is a man with two Soros has made possible. I ran into infrastructure that Communism Ph.D.s who, under the Communist your footprints everywhere, Mr. Soros. destroyed. Under the Soviet regime regime, was forced to shovel coal for a It is really remarkable what your school curricula and textbooks became living because he refused to mouth foundations have done. instruments of Marxism. The power ofMarxist rhetoric. I will now proceed with our panel. universities to grant advanced degrees But even while he was shoveling coal Our first speaker will be Ambassador was transferred to a central authority eight hours a day, he didn't quit doing Henry Catto, a man who has had long that would make sure that no one his research. He didn't quit teaching. and distinguished experience in public advanced professionally in the He talks about his "flat students," the service in this country, Mr. Catto has intellectual world unless he or she students who came to his apartment to recently become the director of USIA were politically correct. learn. And he said to me, "You know, Iand he will speak about the USLA.'s Americans are helping with the think I shall never have such an mandate and some of its recent enormous task of restoring honesty to audience again." initiatives. teaching and research; they are These are people who came to learn learning from their Hungarian and because they wanted to learn. They Czechoslovakian colleagues about the didn't come to learn because they rich and vibrant culture of these wanted a degree. They wanted to know countries; and they are learning of the the truth. And so they came to his flat, remarkable bravery and resilience of and the police frequently came to his some of their fellow scholars in flat, too, and carted everyone off to jail. Hungary and Czechoslovakia, scholars who resisted Communist domination, What a remarkable thing it would be if who refused to speak in Marxist we could bring more scholars like Dr. Leninist terms and spent time in jail Palous to this country. I know that for it, scholars who could not pursue there are many public programs in their careers because of their place to do that. The NEH, I am resistance. proud to say, has programs that are helping American scholars go to parts of the world like Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The USIA has done wonderful work in this area. Henry Catto can be very proud of the USIA staff people.

or.

21 LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

HENRY E. CATTO Director of the United States Information Agency t This renewed isolationism is motivated in part by a belief that with the defeat of Communism our great service is done and, like Cincinnatus, we should return home to cultivate our fields, to the joys of private life. Much as such a retreat might recommend itself to individuals, it is worse than irrelevent with regard to nations. It is dangerous.

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentle- Times change, and with them necessi- Alas, whatever the truth or falseness in men, it is a pleasure to be here with you ties. For most of the past five decades the past of this idea, in the modern world today and to have a chance to say a few Americans have resisted the isolationist this is a view that would make us prey to words about the tremendous boost that impulse. They rightly have recognized what is worst in that world for which we USIA's public diplomacy gets from the that isolationism is an artifact from are supposedly too good. I think this efforts of the private sector. another era. renewed isolationism on the right is motivated in part by a belief that with I would like to begin my remarks about Instead, we have had a broad and the defeat of Communism our great today's topic by referring to another topicusually bipartisan agreement on service is done and, like Cincinnatus, we that we have been hearing a good bit America's relations with the world. Its should return home to cultivate our about lately. Many would argue that bedrock has been American public fields, to the joys of private life. George Washington was the first opinion, which has supported our America-firster, in modern parlance an nation's continuing involvement in world I would answer that much as such a isolationist. As we all remember, in his affairs. Thank goodness the fabric of retreat might recommend itself to farewell address to the nation in 1796 this broad agreement remains strong individuals, it is worse than irrelevant Washington admonished us to steer cleareven today. But for a number of years with regard to nations. It io dangerous. of permanent alliances with any portion this fabric has been fraying a bit at the Nations don't have any private lives to of the foreign world. edges. retreat to. They have only attentiveness to their affairs or inattentiveness. Of course, it was easier to be an isola- The left edge, dominated by those who tionist back then. Washington's Secre- don't think America is special, or who Considering that our panel's topic this tary of State, Thomas Jefferson, wrote of think that America has no special morning is the private sector and the United States minister to Spain at mission, began to fray during the cultural diplomacy, you may think that I that time, "I haven't heard from him in Vietnam era. But recently also the right am a little far afield, but actually I am two years. If I don't hear from him next edge has begun to fray, partly because only entering through the back door. year I will write him a letter." some people believe in their hearts that the United States is, after all, too good for the world.

22 EST COPY AVAILABLE LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

The declining consensus about American Here is another example of USIA private Libraries are an especially important involvement in the world, together with sector cooperation. Our Office of Citizen tool. We run over two hundred USIA the rise of new concerns such as our Exchanges supports projects that link libraries around the world, and thanks to budgetary problems, have affected the U.S. non-profit organizations interested our private sector committee on books financial wherewithal of agencies in exchanges with similar institutions in and libraries, American publishers have involved in U.S. foreign policy. This other countries. The American Associa- donated $6.5 million worth of bo,,ks over budgetary problem reflects a long-term tion of Museums, for example, has the past two and a half years. trend and is almost certain to continue. started a long-term program that will exchange personnel between U.S. The members of the American Trucking The USIA budget, for example, does not museums and foreign museums through- Association pick up the donated books even keep up with the inflation rate in out the world. Out of twenty linkages and deliver them to distribution points this country. Our budgets for cultural thus far, eleven are funded by the USIA free of charge. It is an in-kind donation activities and for public diplomacy efforts and nine by foundations. to the people around the world. with long-term benefits, such as the exchange programs which have been on Our Arts America exhibition projects By no means do I want to overlook the every tongue in this meeting thus far, also rely heavily on private support. For marvelous help and cooperation of the have been no exception. Meanwhile, cuts example, an exhibition of the work of entertainment industry. For years U.S. in our overseas staff have made it more more than 180 leading contemporary ambassadors overseas, as I personally difficult to carry out our cultural and craft artists has been touring Europe for know, have been able to utilize new films other public diplomacy programs. And I the past two years. Philip Morris as a centerpiece for embassy representa- won't tell you that these cuts don't hurt International supported the developmenttional functions. The members of the because they do. of this project and makes possible the Motion Picture Association have made publicity and the presentation at each this possible. But the USIA continues to engage in an site. array of cultural diplomacy efforts. We As you may or may not know, USIA has are able to do so because we long since Since 1989 "Crafts Today U.S.A.," as the its own closed-circuit broadcasting looked to the private sector to help us. show is called, has been shown in Paris, system called Worldnet. Most of our air Helsinki, Frankfurt, Warsaw, Lausanne, time is not devoted to our own public Let me give you just a few examples. Moscow, Ankara, Ghent, and Berlin. Its affairs shows and interviews, but instead USIA's international visitor program tenth opening took place this week in our air is frequently filled with donated helps over five thousand up-and-coming Athens. And all of this would have been programming. NBC Sports, for example, foreign leaders visit the United States has been giving us programs to show each year to see this great country first impossible without the support of the private sector. overseas, including George Michael's hand. They travel extensively, aided by wonderful "Sports Machine" show. a huge network of American volunteers who provide them with hospitality, with I could go on, but you see the point. USIA relies on support from individuals, LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

SIR RICHARD FRANCIS Director General of the British Council

The American private sector has given us wonderful support when we have been seeking to promote relations here in this country between our two nations.

Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, it is I am going to offer a few remarks about With that global coverage we employ always a great pleasure to come to how we go about this. In many ways we 6,100 people. Of these, 4,400 people are conferences and seminars in this good are comparable to our good colleagues at outside the United Kingdom and 93 country because one always gets an the USIA, and indeed I would like to percent of all those working outside the intellectual kick. And I can assure you endorse Chairman Cheney's earlier United Kingdom are indigenous. They that today is no exception. I have remarks. I have seen the USIA at work come from the countries and the cultures already had two or three. around the world. Their impact is terrific in which we are working. and I am damn jealous. Tempting as it is to articulate the case Our status could be described as inde- "why," that has surely been done With that said, "What is the British pendent, but official. We are actually eloquently and forcefully already. Council?" you may well ask. Well, let's constituted under a Royal Charter, Indeed, I would have been proud to have start it this way: as you may know, the exactly the same arrangement which been delivering the speeches of either United Kingdom does not usually have guarantees the independence from Dr. Billington or Governor Kean. I cultural sections in its embassies, with government of the British Broadcasting wouldn't have changed a word, save some exceptions including, perhaps Corporation. crossing out all the U.S.'s and putting in surprisingly, Washington, D.C. But even U.K. The message that we have been if our directors in each country are It was in the dark November of 1940, one hearing this morning is equally true for known as the "cultural counselor" or of the lowest and most lonely points in my country. And, I would suggest, it is "cultural attache," I can assure you they the war for the United Kingdom, that equally true for other countries of the are on my payroll. They work for me. late King George VI granted us our First World if they are to take their Instead of having those cultural sections, Charter and we adopted the motto. rightful place in this new community of what Britain has is a British Council "Truth Will Triumph." Well, you might nations. network which comprises some 162 say, wasn't that a lot of foresight. to centers and offices in 90 countries. foresee in 1940 the end of the war? I have to admit it was bureaucratic delay. The process was started in 1938! 26

24 LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

We are, in fact, an "arms-length",body. Why not? Well, on a nicety but a Our roles include acting as an informa- We operate at arms-length from central semantic point, diplomacy surely has tion network. Like the USIA, we have a government. As such we have to have a political objectives implied in it, and we large number of libraries, totalling 136 shoulder, so to speak, where the arm are a bit more comfortable with the word around the world. We operate reaches the body, and our sponsoring "relations," which are more long-term consultancies. We are a provider of department is the Foreign Office. and likely to be more enduring. But I educational services: some 220 interna- However, we have an independent board don't want to spend my time dancing on tional contracts, 14 perceilt of those in which our powers are vested. As the the head of a pin. funded by the World Bank, 10 percent by chief executive working to the board, I the European Community Development What de we mean by culture? Our am also the accounting officer, and it is I Fund, et cetera. We are a project definition is very wide, from fine arts to who am answerable before the commit- manager for aid projects in the Third finance, from scholarships to scientific tees of Parliament. World. We are a proactive marketing research collaboration, from technical agent for British institutions. We are a Indeed, the tradition is that if the cooperation and delivering aid in the broker for financial packages, putting Foreign Secretary is asked a question in Third World, to marketing techniques together both government and private the House of Commons about our and, most of all, the direct teaching of sector funding in order to fund these new behavior or performance, the answer is: English around the world. projects. And. lastly, if nothing else "That is a matter for the British Council comes up, we are a funding agent. But board." That is the tradition, but I have For example, we are managing projects we do tend to keep our funds as a last to say that ministers of all parties tend in a number of areas for the British resort. Or, if not as a last resort, we to forget it! Why do we operate on this government's know-how funds in sometimes use them as an initial prompt basis? Let's have a look at our mission. Eastern Europe: academic links, accoun- to get that first consultancy off the Formally our mission as stated in 1991, tancy and auditing, agriculture, banking ground. reads as follows: "Our purpose is to and finance, bilingual schools, books and information, business development, enhance Britain's standing as a valued Our funding sources include government computers in industry, health care, and resourceful member of the commu- grants of 120 million pounds a year. particularly AIDS, industrial nity of nations through promoting which account for 30 percent of our consultancies, journalism, local govern- cultural relations, and by directing budget. Government contracts, not only ment, management education and British skills and experience at the from the British government but govern- training, marketing the arts, and global challenges of development and ments all around the world, add up to especially the English language. Those social change." 180 million pounds a year, about 45 are just some of the subjects in which we percent. Revenue businesses account for Let me just stress a couple of points. are now involved in Eastern and Central very nearly 100 million pounds this year, What it does not say is that our purpose Europe. is to promote Britain, full stop. Implicit or 25 percent. Our turnover is just in that is that we are seeking to work in under 400 million pounds. our mutual interests with other coun- By diligently searching for private sector tries. Implicit also is that we are seeking partners where the private sector has partnerships. We want to be known as a mutual interests with ourselves, we have player on the international stage. managed to grow the program globally in You note we talk about cultural rela- real terms I stress in real terms, tions. I would like to underline that having regard to all exchange rate distinction because we, as an indepen- differences and inflation. We have dent body, tend not to use the phrase grown the program by 28 percent over "cultural diplomacy," which is the the last 4 years. subject matter of this particular session.

EmImmrry. immovu 25 LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

We are a demand-led business. We have Likewise, last year we had a major ceased to be a spending outfit. We are festival in Japan, "U.K. '90," which an earning outfit. Indeed, we even comprised 120 events over 3 months. manage our grant-in-aid, which we get The net result was really quite extraordi- from the government, as if we were nary. We ended up paying about one managing a business. And each year we million pounds from the British side, the have to go back and earn more. British Council and the Foreign Office together. And we received Japanese yen, I have to say that the Thatcher govern- expressed in pounds 7 million pounds ment, (and there is no change with John against the 1 million pound investment. Major) has been true to its word. For it That is a colossal tribute to the Japanese told us, "The more you earn, the more private sector in doing what they can to you behave and demonstrate that you help foster this joint relationship. can handle these funds in a business-like fashion, the more we will give you." For There are other ways, too, in which we each of the last four years our govern- have tried to maximize our efforts. We ment grant has been increased. have sought the help of others who have been articulating for some time now the There are other ways in which we go economic importance of the arts to about stretching our money. Indeed, we Britain. There is one work by John use the phrase "pound stretching." Of Myerscough, published by the Policy course, we go in for a lot of corporate Studies Institute in 1988, which demon- sponsorships, and I am proud to say that strates that the arts and culture (broadly British companies, particularly those described in Britain) is now Britain's that are seeking to set up joint ventures second largest invisible export topped in new markets around the world, have only by banking services, and ahead of been extremely generous. shipping, air transportation, et cetera. So too, I have to say, has the American So, when one is talking to politicians we private sector, which has given us may need the eloquence of Dr. Billington wonderful support when we have been or Governor Kean, but it is also very seeking to promote relations here in this handy to have the numbers of John country between our two nations. We Myerscough. couldn't have achieved in the U.S. anything like what we have done To conclude, we in Britain would claim without the support of the American added value in having an agency at the private sector. interface, neither government nor private, pursuing neither political ends But then, you see, our objective is not entirely nor profits, but presenting both just to promote Britain. Our objective is an official and an entrepreneurial face. to promote good and enduring cultural Having it both ways, you might say? relations between Britain and the United Well, perhaps, but then that is particu- States. And so I make no apology for larly British! referring to the contribution which the U.S. private sector has made to our work.

26 LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

HENRY KAUFMAN Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Institute of International Education President of Henry Kaufman and Company, Inc.

While most of us today share a belief in international interdependence, I fear that we have lost sight of the interdependence of our culture with the environment in which we do business: the arts, education, and the humanities, those activities that define .ir our culture and shape our great national institutions.

As chairman of the board of trustees of As business people, who among us can transmission, instant interpretation, the Institute of International Education claim to be unaffected by the changes instant action. So we are really linked, I am delighted to have the opportunity that are sweeping the world: the whether we like it or not. to work with the President's Committee establishment of a European Economic on the Arts and the Humanities and to Community, the developing democracies Today it seems national borders exist in make possible this gathering today. in East Central Europe and Asia, the the political sense only. Economically emerging quasi-industrial powers like speaking, the dividing lines between The Institute of International Education Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore? No nations are becoming much more blurred was founded in 1919 and will have its business in the United States can than at any previous time. 75th anniversary in a few years. It was function unaffected by the ramifications founded by three very prominent But while most of us today share a belief of trade imbalances, the tumultuous internationalist visionaries who believed in international interdependence, I fear ebbs and flows of $200 billion a day in that educational exchange could foster that we have probably lost sight here at international currency trade, the peace and mutual understanding. home of the interdependence of growing role of foreign owners of Ameri- culture with the environment in v. inch Today their dream of one world seems can enterprise, and the establishment of we do business: the arts, education, and kind of quaint, so evident is our global business corporations here that are the humanities, those activities that interdependence. We can no longer owned by foreign entities. define our culture and shape our great expect to structure a coherent or effec- If you think back a couple of decades ago, national institutions. Our libraries, tive national policy, economic, financial, just in the financial markets, who among museums, and universities are linked to or cultural, without actually taking into us heard every morning what the prices our economy and to business. account the delicate and complex of gold and silver are, what the dollar is international infrastructure that has Our cultural institutions are the best doing in deutschmarks, in yen, in pound developed so rapidly over the years, resources for what business needs most sterling? Who ever saw the transmission particularly in the last decade or two. today: people who are not only smart of information in financial markets and technically and skilled economically, but in the economic markets so speedily as people who have a highly developed we see it today? We have instant world view. Private support for the arts

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 27 LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

and humanities in the United States tias ians operating outside the United States grown in the last decade or so, but we who, at one time, have gone through our are in the midst of tough times that are Understanding cultural diversity program at the Institute of International forcing us to reevaluate what is impor- isperhos.one of the.great est Education. tant and vital and what we need in the Understanding cultural diversity is future. challenges. of our glohal" perhaps one of the greatest challenges of I for one conclude that, in an interdepen- interdependence. reonoqic our global interdependence. As economic dent world, we in business have to borders disintegrate and political borders dismic.Q-rate.ana- deepen our links with those who under- borders shift, what remains are cultures, stand, and can interpret, the world. holders u'lt remains are as we heard earlier in the day. While Business and cultural institutions are West European political leaders try to linked. The more we must deal with the cultures. unite the diverse national and cultural world, the more we have to know it. entities through a common market, cultural clashes are occurring in the The Institute of International Education Golan Heights and the Serbian battle- is vital to the creation of what we would fields. The cultural aspect will become call the international experience. As Jim increasingly important in providing that Evans indicated earlier today, each year serving as technicians and teaching link between us. as many as 10,000 men and women from assistants, and studying in foreign 165 nations are involved with the institutions. Over 650 accredited U.S. We at the Institute of International Institute of International Education. colleges and universities and six foreign Education are known for administering Students from other countries come here,institutions are affiliated with the HE as the Fulbright program, the Humphrey build skills, improve their cultural educational associates. fellows, and an important South African understanding and perspective, and are program which we undertook years ago. part of that international interdependentNow these are statistics, but there is But there are also hundreds of other world. They also have the opportunity tonothing better than to become involved programs that have been supported by build international networks with future in these programs, to meet a Nigerian the. private sector and by the government professional colleagues. Foreign stu- student who is in the U.S. for graduate that help us to facilitate this role of dents who study in the United States work in engineering and who is going making this interdependent world a gain not only technical knowledge and back to his country to help build roads better one to live in. leadership skills, but also exposure to and public facilities; or to meet with a Let me just close by reading to you a our democratic culture and, of course, to South African black who is here in an striking statement by John Adams, one our values. M.B.A. program and who will go back to South Africa perhaps to move through of the founders of our democratic Let me be just a little more specific. the management ladder, which was tradition. He defined so well what I Participants in the HE exchange pro- difficult to do for so long. would call the links of business and grams in the past year included more culture, and the hope that commerce will than 5,000 foreign participants in It is exhilarating to see a Polish student leave a legacy of culture, when he wrote academic degree programs, virtually all attending American universities and to his wife in 1780 the following state- in the United States. Participants in the studying our political system, taking ment: "I must study politics and war HE exchange programs included nearly back with her or with him the knowledgethat my sons may have liberty to study 2,500 foreign students, technicians, and of what we are about, knowledge that is mathematics and philosophy, geography, government and private sector leaders so essential today with the opening of and commerce, in order to give their and specialists for whom the HE ar- Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Itchildren a right to study painting, ranged specialized non-degree training, is exciting to go to Japan and to see so poetry, music, architecture, tapestry, including practical training and profes- many "Fulbrighters" who have been here and porcelain." sional study visits. acid studied the United States, and who have done so much to move that country All of us here have an obligation to Participants in our HE program includedto great preeminence. further John Adams' aspiration by 1,100 U.S. nationals in educational and linking business, finance, and culture in cultural programs outside the United It is astounding to know that today therea much more interdependent world in States, conducting independent research,are several hundred world parliamentar-the future. 28 111111111111111111111111111111 6 LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

LUIS MONREAL Director General of Fundacion "La Caixa"

There is a need to rethink the whole international system. We have to bring the private sector into the design of new strategies and structures.

I am somewhat overwhelmed: first by As Mr. Billington mentioned earlier this The final difference is that there was the audience, second by the quality of morning, history always repeats itself. I very little private sector initiative in the the speakers who preceded me, and last, would say that in the area of cultural early years following the Second World but by no means not least, by the relations, there are both similarities and War. diversity and range of topics that we are differences between the present day supposed to cover this morning. I don't situation and that of 1945. Nevertheless there is one major similar- think I have ever seen a forum title that ity in these two periods of history: we Consider first the differences. For a embraces so many subjects: leadership, still believe that cultural exchange can start, this new world order we are international experience, the private further peace and the development of announcing is not the direct result of sector, culture, and diplomacy. I shall democracy. war, although it could be said the Gulf certainly not be able to touch on every war marked its beginning. It is significant to recall the words one and furthermore describe the work recorded in the UNESCO constitutional of "La Caixa" Foundation in just ten This new world order is characterized by act in 1946, "As wars start in the minds minutes. Instead, I aim to give you a two major factors: on the one hand the of people, let us build in the minds of more personal view, based on my collapse of Communism in the Eastern people the defenses of peace." Surely experience in international cultural bloc, and on the other the consolidation this is exactly what we are saying here relationships. of the Western European union. today. However, if we analyze cultural cooperation since 1945 we find that Furthermore there are differences in mistakes have beer, made. It is essential leadership. I think this new world order, a pax Americana, will be based on an that we learn from these mistakes, and so I would like to offer a brief personal uncontested United States supremacy in analysis of where things have gone partnership with this newly consolidated wrong. Western Europe. It will not be like the unbalanced situation of 1945 with countries ravaged by war.

29 BEST COPY AVAILABLE LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

First, the multinational cultural ex- Bilateral aid has also abandoned the sector levels. But if we do not pay change strictures, created from 1945 Third World, making for a dramatic attention to the growing needs of the onwards, have failed. This is evident situation in Africa and the Islamic world.developing nations we will fuel in them a from the inability of the United Nations I understand the difficulties the industri-sense of isolation, and their intelligen- Educational, Scientific, and Cultural alized nations face when working with tsia will become militant against the Organization to fulfill a credible role. I the Third World countries I suffered "privileged" societies. am, of course, talking about UNESCO myself when I was managing interna- Looking ahead, I believe that the real and, as you all know, an incomplete tional programs. problems are not only in Eastern Europe UNESCO since the departure of the First, there are cultural barriers. As but in the Mediterranean basin as well. United States from its membership in Governor Kean said earlier this morning,Take the problem of Islam and integra- 1985. we do not understand their societies, tion. Islamic fundamentalism has The second factor that leads me to their beliefs, their idiosyncracies, their become an issue because of keen resent- believe that cultural cooperation has traditions, their social structures. We doment of Western attitudes amongst large failed is our neglect of the developing not understand even the power struc- sections of the Muslim community. The nations' cultural needs, particularly overtures, whether formal or informal. West has shown little understanding of the past ten years. Recently, the greater their culture and religious philosophy. There are also psychological barriers. It part of resources once destined for the As a result, a dangerous antagonism now is a question of attitudes. We still have a Third World has been redirected to the exists between Islam and the West. It is latent neo-colonial approach in our powerful magnet of the former socialist an instructive example of a mishandled countries in Eastern Europe. This is an relationships with the Third World. We relationship. are paternalistic. We pay lip-service to indication of a general uninterest about the principle of equal partnership. I would like to conclude with a couple of the Third Worid, and I think this lack of Furthermore there are political barriers. very broad strokes on the future. If we interest is deeply rooted in the capitalist The Third World doesn't seem to be a believe we have an obligation to continue economy. political priority any longer. fostering democracy in the developing We could possibly learn from ancient world, then we need to create new Finally, there are moral and managerial history. In the 6th century B.C. the approaches and strategies. We must problems. Corruption is commonplace in Greeks set out to colonize the western anticipate the future. At present our the Third World, and it is always Mediterranean. There they found a governments are always the last to learn difficult to control projects and to assure primitive people, amongst whom were the reality of the world. The revolution a reasonable ratio of costs to benefits. my ancestors. These people had few in Iran, for example, was forecast by All of these factors lead to a great waste economic resources, so the Greeks many academics specializing in Iranian of resources in activities carried out in provided them with the knowledge of affairs, but not by the official secret developing nations. how to cultivate olive trees and how to services. This will remain a problem. produce wine. Why? So the primitive As a result we feel discouraged, both at Scholars anticipate because they know people would have the resources to be the governmental and at the private their subject. Governments do not. able to buy Greek goods. Second, we should not try to establish I think one of the problems of our world our cultural relationships in terms of is that since the Second World War we competition. As I said earlier, the new have not given the developing nations order will be dominated by the over- sufficient means to build up their own whelming presence of the United S fates economies and cu" ures.

30 LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

and Western Europe. We run the risk of being an enormous elephant, heavy and overbearing; this alone is a reason for being even more sensitive to the needs of the Third World. We should not flood the Third World with our cultural products. We should provide opportunites for their cultural products to be diffused in our countries, which will result in a better understand- ing between societies. In addition there is a need to rethink the whole international system. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and but rather providing independent Cultural Organization doesn't serve a support. Culture should not be left in the purpose, and we must decide if there is hands of government. Government any justification for such an entity. We produces poor culture, bad art. Totali- have to bring the private sector into the tarian governments build pyramids that design of new strategies and structures. add very little to ..he lives of people. And we need statesmen of culture, a very rare species. Until now, nobody has beenFinally, we need research and coordina- elected on the strength of their cultural tion. We need a good combination of proposals. Politicians are elected for both state and private interests for the other reasons. I think politicians should greater benefit of the community. start to realize that culture is an important banner to fly. In many European governments the ministry of culture has become as visible as the ministry of finance or defense. Corrobo- rating Sir Richard Francis' comment about the United Kingdom, let me add that in France the consumption of cultural products totalled 160,000 billion francs last year, which represents 4 percent of the gross industrial product of the country. In the future I envisage the private sector not merely investing in culture,

33

imismalmosimimmemis-- 31 LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

GEORGE SOROS Founder of the Central European University and the Open Society Foundations in Central and Eastern Europe .1

The philosophy that prevails in the West at the moment, seems to hold that the pursuit of self-interest will lead, through an invisible hand, to the best possible arrangement for all. That is, I am afraid, not the case.

I think the best thing I can do is to tell network in New York, which works with system would collapse. It has been quite you what we are trying to accomplish in all the foundations in the region and a different thing to imagine this progres- Central and Eastern Europe. It will not connects them. We also encourage the sion in the abstract and to see it actually be easy for me to do, because frankly I foundations to communicate directly occur. with one another. So we have East/West don't quite know everything that we are As it did occur, however, we shifted our doing. There is an awful lot going on programs, coordinated in New York, and objective and now, rather than building a East/East programs, which connect the that surprises me. civil society distinct from (and often in foundations directly. There are many opposition to) the state, we are trying to This is by design, because I believe in an foundations engaged in East/West help build the institutions of a demo- open society, and our foundation networkprograms, but there are very few doing cratic state. So as you can see, we are is a prototype of an open society. At East/East, for which the need is great. present, we have thirteen foundations in more engaged in building institutions thirteen countries five of them in the I don't think I can give you a description than we are in demolishing them. Still, former Soviet Union and each one is of all our activities. Our brochure does pluralism remains very important, and run locally by a group of distinguished give a flavor of all the things we do. It is we must continue to foster mainly non- people who believe in the same ideas a little bit out of date because it was governmental institutions. printed two weeks ago and a lot has that I do namely, pluralism and I will give you a few examples from our happened since then! democracy: an open society. Each media program. We managed to help set foundation has its own character. It has Maybe I should say a word about the up a network of independent television its own programs, its own priorities. It philosophy behind our programs. When stations in Romania where the media are also has its own successes and its own we first started, around 1979, our goal totally dominated by a government that failures. was to become an institution of civil hasn't changed its soots all that much. I But we also try to do things together. society in these countries. I believed was pleased last week when I heard that We have regional programs. We try to that by introducing pluralism into a the government has agreed to give this take the things that work in one country monolithic structure, the falsehood of thenetwork one hour of prime time on the and introduce them in another. We have dogma would become apparent and the state network. (I must say that the a central office for our foundation 34" current prime minister, Theodor

32 REST COPY AVAILABLE LEADERSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY

Stolojan, is a very decent man. I am Bulgaria is functioning amazingly well. I hope this has given you a flavor of what quite surprised that he agreed to this, Romania is very good. And we have we are doing. I feel obliged, however, to and I hope it will actually happen.) We done wonders in Ukraine. end on a jarring note: The situation in are also trying to put together a syndi- the former Soviet Union is very serious, We generally don't fund Western and people are perhaps not sufficiently cate to supply paper to independent institutions. We are not grant makers in newspapers between now and the aware of what is going on. There is a the West, but the foundations in the elections. They will need 2,400 metric revolution taking place. It is the Eastern European countries are very tons to be able to publish. And we are culmination of the struggle between two receptive and will fund Western activi- setting up some independent radio systems of thought, two systems of ties of their nationals. stations, because radio is the most cost organization. One I call open and the effective way to reach people. There are partnership opportunities. I'll other closed. mention a few examples. Junior Another project that I think might Communism has clearly collapsed, and Achievement has been introduced in interest this audience is in Hungary you might think that means a victory for Soviet schools. It just happens to be where the Fine Arts Documentation democracy, pluralism, and a market extremely well suited to the require- Center has developed over the last few economy. But I am afraid that is not the ments there. It ranks as "senior achieve- years into a center of modern and avant- case. ment" there and is very well received! garde art. In order for cultural rejuvena- We are trying to make it as broadly Communism is a universal closed tion to occur, the creative spirit must be available as possible. We have promoted system. As it breaks up, it is more likely nurtured, and the Arts Documentation Alcoholics Anonymous in Poland, using to break up into smaller national closed Center has tried to do that. It is a lively some trainers from the United States. systems. There is a great danger of what place with some very interesting, We also work with the National Forum, is now called national communism, international art. Finding it congenial, which has brought a number of interns which is in a way a pun on national some artists from the West have actually to Washington. socialism, or Nazism. You can see it moved to Hungary. This innovative emerging. program is being replicated throughout The centerpiece of the whole foundation the region. The lady who is running the network is going to be the Central The fact is that an open society is a Hungarian center will train other people European University, which is already in complex, sophisticated system. You can't to run similar centers in other countries. existence. It is a rather unusual univer- get there just by destroying the frame- sity because it combines a post-graduate work of a monolithic dogmatic system. Now, I should mention one project that is university with a grant-making founda- You can't get there without assistance actually foundering. It is what we call tion. We have campuses in Prague and from the outside. This goes against the the East-West Management Institute, Budapest and we will have four schools philosophy that prevails in the West at which is designed to prepare, select, and Social Sciences, Humanities, Environ- the moment, which seems to hold that then place interns in Western enter- mental Studies, and Professional Studiesthe pursuit of self-interest will lead, prises to learn business or a profession. as the core of the University. In through an invisible hand, to the best We have set up a network and put the addition, we are supporting teaching in possible arrangement for all. That is, I procedures in place. We have operated other universities and we also grant am afraid, not the case. on a shoestring budget generally, and yet research support on an open application it costs about a quarter of a million This open system, the market system basis. dollars a year. Here we have been and democratic government, needs to be rather unsuccessful because we depend maintained and nurtured. People must QUESTIONS FROM THE FLOOR

QUESTION: Mr. Monreal, I was MRS. CHENEY: Sir Richard, you had aThe President is strongly committed to interested in your remarks about the reaction while Mr. Monreal was speak- the arts and the humanities. But while Third World, and I want to find out what ing. the public sector is important, it is not enough. The private sector is needed. suggestions you would have for fostering SIR RICHARD FRANCIS: We have We have heard that time and again further cultural relations with the Third been following this with particular World. around this table. concern, because it is true that the MR. MONREAL: We, the industrial- governments of Africa and South Asia I appreciate the eloquence of our panel- ized democratic nations, have to are concerned that the First World is ists in making this point, and I would rebalance the situation. We are stronglydrawing money out of the investments in also like to thank you, Don Hall, for the reacting to circumstances that are training in the Third World and putting work that you do as chairman of the diverting most of our resources to it eastward into the Second World, President's Committee on the Arts and Eastern Europe, and in the past five Eastern and Central Europe. the Humanities, an organization that is years I cannot quote figures here devoted to increasing private sector The latest figures I have with regard to the other developing nations in Latin support for these important undertak- the U.K. contribution and I have no America, Africa, the Islamic world, and ings. And I would like to thank you as reason to believe from my own observa- Asia, have lost more than half of the well for the work that you have done to tions that we are very different from our resources from the private sector that bring this conference together. European partners is something on used to be there. the order of a two percent shift this year So I would suggest that our policies compared to last. Now that is actually should be built on a more long-term quite a severe shift, and it certainly is a basis, looking at the long-term interests shift. of the industrialized nations in order to But what I was shaking my head about strike a balance. was actually the point about the private The second thing, as I have already said, investment in the Third World. The sad is a matter of attitude, of rethinking the fact is that there is a very low level of methods of cooperation with the Third private sector input into cultural World. For instance, the experience of relations in Africa and South Asia to the past 40 years shows that training start with. And even if there has been a abroad for people in Third World shift, it is more on the side of the public countries is only adequate in certain sector than the private sector. I deplore cases and at certain levels. Training, the fart that the investment is at this generally speaking, should be done in low level. the context where these people live and MRS. CHENEY: I think it would be fair work, which is rather different than the to wrap up this panel by Sa.,:ng that context they find in the Western world. there certainly has been some consensus. So it should be a combination of both a We all recognize the strong commitment strategic thinking and rethinking of on the part of government throughout methods and approaches. the world to the arts and the humanities, at least the governments we are speak- ing of here. I can certainly testify for the United States.

36

34 JOHN E. FROHNMAYER :Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts To paraphrase the enabling legislation .of the Endowments from 1965, Congress stated that the leadership that had been cast upon the United States in the world was not just a leadership of military or economic might, but also a leadership in the realm of ideas and of the spirit. From that grew the Endowments, and certainly in that same vein come the kinds of programs that are so ably carried out by the USIA. Many countriesFrance, Great Britain, and Mexico, for example have specific cultural policies that identify and define the nature of their cultural patrimony. They have sought, in some cases, to protect objects or ideas. The United States does not have an articulable policy of that kind. Itha,many poliCies, some of which ! areinconflict with each other. ress this subject, the

mot foi, the Arts and _the_ Annifibeig PrOject helda seminar about a Month ago. It was interesting. 'to note that the debate basically aligned itself between those who saw patrimony in the nature of objects, and those cultural anthropologists who tended to see art and society in a macro sense, as things which ought to be viewed together.

37

35 BEST COPYAVAILABLE, CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

We in the United States have a great basis between Mexico and the United deal of thinking to do about these States. This new fund, which is just in issues in trying to articulate for the process of getting underway, will ourselves what it is that we value as have about $1 million per year to our culture. The speakers this spend on international exchanges. afternoon will, in their various ways, Let's now go on to the extraordinarily address this issue either directly or gifted and accomplished panel. First, indirectly. Maya Angelou, a wonderful and This is an opportunity for us to look at inspiring speaker, a Renaissance ourselves as a part of the world woman in an age of specialization. community. We in the United States She brings the artist's view to this are blessed with citizens who representpanel and, believe me, there is no one every country, every society, every better to articulate it than she. culture in the world. That is both one of our greatest opportunities and one of our greatest challenges: to try to accommodate a multiplicity of cultures that really reflect the entire world. Our international activities enrich our culture and help us better understand ourselves, other nations, and how we fit into the world. I would just mention one initiative that we witnessed firsthand when we were in Mexico about a month ago. It is an exemplary and imaginative new program, jointly funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Fund for Culture and the Arts of Mexico, the Mexican Institute of Culture, and Bancomer, a major Mexican financial institution, to promote exchange on an individual

36 CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

MAYA ANGELOU Author

In this gathering today, these men and women with such amazing power to turn not only our country but the world around, it is wise, I think, for us to consider how similar we are: that human beings are more alike than we are unalike.

My seat-mate this morning told me in I sang the role of Ruby. I sang by heart; And she said "Yeah." She was so certain very clear tones that I am a story teller. I had no training as a singer. With Statethat everybody did, and that was nothing So I decided that my remarks will be a Department support, Porgy and Bess unusual. story, a true story. The burden of my toured throughout Europe and when we song is pluralism in education and in the left France, en route to Yugoslavia, I When we arrived in Belgrade the State arts, always and in all ways. decided to learn Serbo-Croat. I hired a Department declared that all members of Porgy and Bess had to stay within four For many years of my youth I was a woman in France to teach me. She was a Yugoslay. I am black, obviously, and square blocks of the hotel and four mute, a volunteer mute. I had a voice but square blocks of the theater. So we chose, or thought I chose, not to use it. Southern, which is also obvious. So my Serbo-Croat had the burden of being would be carried by bus from place to For almost six years I didn't speak. I place. thought of myself, my whole body, as an both Southern and also informed by the ear. I felt I could go into a room and French accent of the Yugoslavian I thought I was very young, and I absorb all the sound. As a consequence, woman. haven't told you that I was blitheringly it is my blessing to speak a number of When we arrived in Zagreb I went to the ignorant too that even if I had a languages and to teach in a few. I like hotel room where I was assigned, and million dollars I would never go to the sound of the human voice. there was a concierge. As soon as I put Yugoslavia again. So while I was there I was going to see something. I joined Porgy and Bess as their premieremy bags down I went back to her and danseuse. I was really the first dancer, said in Serbo-Croat, "Is there anything I met a couple, a young man and woman but I was too phony to say first dancer, of interest to be found near the hotel?" my age, and they invited me to their so I always said la prima ballerina and She said, "Yes, go back down to the train home and to a party. They said it was things like that, and I tried to always station where you came in, turn left, and outside of Belgrade. I hesitated for stand in second position. If I was going go down that way and you will come to a about a second and then said yes, I for a hot dog I would stand in second museum." And I said to her, just over would go. position. the moon, "I have spoken Serbo-Croat!" The people in Porgy and Bess said that I was mad to go there. But I persevered.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 37 CHANGE IN THEWORLD: THE CHALLENGE TOAMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

The night of the party a truck came to And then she touched my hair and she I like the people. Everything is nice." the backstage entrance of the theater looked at me. She said to the room at And he came to me little steps by little and I was hauled onto the truck with large, "Bring food," and her granddaugh- steps. He touched my face, he felt my about 30 people standing. We linked ter said "She has already eaten." I said hair, and then he ordered food. I said arms on the truck bed and shared a "No, bring food. Bring food." So I ate it yes, I will eat it. Yes, drink. I will have bottle of slivovitz. We passed it around and she saw me chew it and swallow it. it. And then he sat down beside me. and sang and held hands, and as we got And then she said "Bring drink." So theyAnd here now is the power of pluralism outside of Belgrade I started to become brought slivovitz, and, properly, one is in education and culture. nervous. supposed to take the little spoonful of the preserve and put it in the mouth and He sat down beside me and asked me. We passed through farm land and finally then dump the slivovitz down, and then Who is your grandfather?" I said, -Well. came to a house that looked like a another spoon of preserve. And I did my grandfather is Bailey James John- Charles Addams house, with the turrets that. son." He asked, "Who is his father?" I and griffins. I was terrified, but I got out said "Thomas Bailey Johnson." I was of the truck and walked into the house, She patted my cheek, patted my hair, talking about the people in Stamps. and there was a record playing. It was patted my shoulder, and said "Beauti- Arkansas, a town about as large as the Billie Holiday. Outside Belgrade, ful." And she disappeared. And all the top of this podium. Yugoslavia, in a huge cavernous Charles guests were saying "Oh, you handled it Addams house, I heard "Mean to me. so well!" And then suddenly out of the He sat there, holding his chin, and said Why must you be mean to me?" I same door came an older person and "Bailey James Johnson, Bailey James couldn't believe it. smaller, an old man even more bent over Johnson, Bailey Jamesonovitch. I know than she. And when he didn't look him!" He said "I know him. He lived on I went into the party, had a wonderful immediately to the corner where I was the other side of the mountain. He is time, and after about an hour an old lady sitting I knew she was playing a joke on very dark like you." He said. "Yes. he came in. She was about 4'10", bowed him. So they came in. He spoke to wasn't a very good farmer. His father and bowled over by life and time and everybody. He bowed. Then he looked was a good farmer." malaise. She knew everybody. People at the corner and saw me and screamed. bent to greet her. Then she looked in the I learned in those moments the power of And she said, "Don't do that! That is a corner and saw me, and she screamed. language, the power of words, and the very nice girl. Don't do that." power of culture to make the statement My host and all the other young people So I started speaking to him in Serbo- of Terence absolutely true: "Homo sum. came apologetically to me, "Please Croat. "Good evening. I am happy to be Humani nihil a me alienum puto." I am forgive her. Please forgive her." I said here. I like your home. I like your food. a human being. Nothing human can be "No, no. I understand. If I had lived all alien to me. my life to 90-some years and had not seen a white person, it would scare me to In this gathering today, these men and death." women with such amazing power to turn not only our country but the world I began to speak to her in Serbo-Croat. I around, it is wise, I think, for us to had the most primitive, the most bare consider how similar we are: that grasp of the language, but I said to her "I human beings are more alike than we like your home. I thank you very much. are unalike. I like the food. I like the people. It is very pretty here." And she started coming to me slowly, slowly, slowly. When she got close enough. I continued talking. I continued to speak in Serbo- Croat until she got close enough to touch me, and to her surprise the color didn't come off!

38 40 CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

DONALD M. KENDALL Former Chairman and Chief Executive I Officer of PepsiCo, Inc.

Great art knows no boundaries. It transcends artificial barriers. And so does good business.

Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. That is also a primary quality of art, and And our problem was even deeper than It is always a great pleasure to come to a I am here to testify that the partnership that. We weren't just a kitchen cola, we place where you have so many friends. works, even for an unapologetic busi- were a kitchen company. We were You have asked me to discuss a specific nessman like myself. perceived as second rate, and it meant subject how an international art event we couldn't attract great people. So we Now some of you are probably thinking benefits a sponsoring corporation. set about to change our image. that these lofty and philosophical Many of you, I am sure, have visited our thoughts are all well and good for a Part of the story is the now legendary sculpture garden in New York. We have businessman like myself, but we artists "Pepsi generation" advertising. But 160 acres with 50 major sculpture pieces,have to worry about the bottom line. So behind the scene we used community and it is a beautiful sight looking out my for you pragmatists out in the audience, involvement to change the attitude of office window. But when I look out that let me report that art also has some opinion leaders. We understood that window and see these sculptures I immediate dollars and cents value to an business has to earn its respect from quickly realize that great art is really a international business. And let me use society at large. Some segments of lesson in geography. It knows no PepsiCo as an example. society are skeptical of business and boundaries. It transcends artificial others are downright hostile. barriers. And so does good business. Way back in the 1940's Pepsi-Cola's marketing slogan was "Twice as much In our case, we concluded that in New A great product is rarely limited to for a nickel too." It was a good strategy York it would make sense to reach out to geography. A marketing slogan usually for a while, but not with millions of the people who support the arts. They translates pretty easily, despite what the veterans coming home and their stan- just happened to be the group of opinion Governor said. And excellent business dard of living rising. Pepsi-Cola was fast leaders most skeptical of business. If managers and employees come equally becoming known as the kitchen cola. you can change their mind on that from Europe, Asia, and America. You would serve it in the back room with subject, you just might change their the pots and pans, but never in good opinion of your company. To operate effectively in the world today company in the parlor. a business man or woman is not boxed in by borders, not limited by languages.

BED' COPY AVAILABLE " CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

So in the middle and late 1960's PepsiCo performance of a given work. And most Even I have to admit some of this stuff became a strong contributor to the of those reporters were from overseas. was pretty weird. The plays in Polish, American Ballet Theater. I even without translations; the John Cage When these journalists returned home succeeded in convincing Mikhail opera that mixed snippets of music, they wrote about opera, theater, ballet Baryshnikov to become its artistic libretto, costume, action, and lighting and PepsiCo. The name PepsiCo director after a night of good wine. from favorite opera., all randomly appeared everywhere, generating vodka, and Armenian brandy. selected by the computer, so the orches- literally thousands of news clippings a tra might be playing Verdi, the tenor Now I am not going to argue that week through the entire festival. In the singing Puccini, and the scene depicted sponsoring a ballet set us on a course to Neu' York Times we would get a story action from Rossini. But it was a lot of become Fortune's fifth most admired just about every day for a month. We fun for about five minutes. By the company, but it did help us because it would get equal space in London, end of five hours even Rudolph Bing started associating our company with Amsterdam and Tokyo. would have walked out. images of excellence. And through the Now I admit that all of this didn't years we kept it up in big ways and Still, PepsiCo was praised abundantly. happen the first year or without pain. small ways. The more risks we took, the more raves We learned a lot as we went along. For we received, and we still get them. The Perhaps the most interesting way was example, we learned that naked ballet festival, which was designed to run for through our 10-year sponsorship of the dancers can draw a fair amount of angry ten years, ended two summers ago, yet International Arts Festival in Purchase, letters to a soft drink company. We also we still receive newspaper clippings New York, called PepsiCo Summerfare. learned that when a guy named Peter about it. And all of us meet business It started as a community relations Sellars sets a Handel opera in Miami associates who read about it or have gesture, a way to help a neighbor. The Beach, or the "Marriage of Figaro" in attended. State University of New York had just Trump Tower, lots of people don't like it. built a performing arts campus across We got a lot more than our money's All that made us rather nervous for a the street from us on a large empty piece worth from the publicity alone. I while, until we realized that even the of land. They also built a magnificent conclude by saying that international severest critics respected artistic performing arts center with four great business and art sponsorship go together freedom and expression in this kind of stages and a wonderful theater, but perfectly. It is a matter of enlighten- setting. No matter how mad they were unfortunately they were empty. ment and self interest. at the Mozart, they liked PepsiCo. We The school had no resources to attract had a hands-off policy. We selected an I will close with a comment that I think great performers. Consequently, the artistic director and stood back. makes the case better than anything I place was largely abandoned, especially have ever heard. I refer to the famous As a matter of fact, Christopher Hunt, during the summer. The idea behind saying of Winston Churchill: "We make the artistic director, is here with us PepsiCo Summerfare was multi-dimen- a living by what we get, but we make a today. The more experimental he sional and very grand. We hoped it life by what we give." The living made became, the more controversial he would fill up empty theaters during the by modern corporations is measured in became. And the more extensive press summer months, get some much needed objective terms: net income, market coverage for the festival became, the publicity for the school, help attract share, and price/earnings ratio. But the more extensive it became for PepsiCo. teachers and students, bring in some lives of modern corporations are prob- revenue and, most of all, associate the ably measured by something more university with excellence. elusive: the way we touch our communi- ze-- 1.A CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

WILLIAM H. LUERS President of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

I will make the bold statement that no Western nation places the arts at such a low level in the priorities oftheir society as the United States.

The challenges to cultural institutions But I can cite one study: I went to a serving but so that you know what has are several, in addition to the rather book published by the Library of Con- shaped me and why I feel so strongly modest challenge listed in the program, gress called Respectfully Quoted. The about this. which is to change the world! Congressional Research Service preten- In the 1950's I lived in Italy, where so tiously calls it a dictionary of quotations, I want to mention three: to raise the many Americans have first experienced and it is prepared for members of priority given to the arts and the the power and the glory of the muses. Congress to use in speaking to the humanities in American society, to Indeed, most of our 19th and early 20th nation. expand Americans' appreciation of their century artists and writers had their own and foreign cultures, and to convey There are five quotes under the category initial exposure in Italy. to foreign nations and foreign visitors to "arts" in that book, and all of them come I studied in the house bequeathed to the the United States the creativity and from a speech by John F. Kennedy. Institute of Historical Studies in Naples artistic and humanistic impulses that Apparently, nobody else has either by Benedetto Croce, the great philoso- still are so much alive in this country spoken on the subject or is worthy of pher of aesthetics who remained a strong today. being quoted on the subject, according to and defiant voice during the time of the Congressional Research Service. First, let me speak about the priority Mussolini. He also wrote the first great given in American society to the arts and When you look at President Bush's goals critique of Marx in the late 19th century. humanities. I will make the bold for improving American education by the It was Croce's vision and determination statement that no Western nation that I year 2000, there is no mention of the to establish a liberal and free society have lived in or experienced, and there arts. In raising a well-rounded Ameri- that helped shape modern democratic are many of them, places the arts at such can youth in this country, who considers Italy. And he won, ultimately, over the a low level in the priorities of their the study of poetry or the aesthetic senseextreme ideologies of the right and the society as the United States. This is a of the visual and performing arts in that left. bold statement. It comes from anecdotes process? In 1965 in Moscow I took a Newsweek and experience, not from any statistical Let me provide you with a few anecdotes correspondent to the apartment of a study. from my experience in life, not to be self- dissident and playwright named Andrei

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 41 CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

Amalrik to meet the remarkable Soviet perhaps more than NATO. It was Havel, further increases the American patho- underground painter Anatoly Zveryev. his fellow artists, and the youth of logical resistance to the study of foreign We were going to prepare the first cover Czechoslovakia who blew the Commu- languages and cultures. nist party away. Today it is Havel who, story in Newsweek on Soviet under- But museums, universities, and theaters as President of Czechoslovakia, speaks ground art, which nobody at that time are making a difference. One only has to with that universal voice of a humanist, knew existed. The KGB knocked on the visit the National Gallery's ambitious door while I was there. They sent me and not the voice of a narrow ethnic and stunningly successful exhibition, back to my apartment, the correspondentnationalist, that makes so much sense to "Circa 1492," to appreciate the capacity back to his, and they sent Amalrik to that part of the world. of museums and art to excite the eye and Siberia. He was in Siberia for five years In response to all the clamor and warfarethe mind, to bring unity to the variety of where he wrote a book entitled Will the against the arts that has been going on the world's human, intellectual and Soviet Union Survive Until 1984? in this country, my wife Wendy, who artistic experience. Andrei missed by only a few years. serves with John Frohnmayer on the The Metropolitan Museum of Art's The Soviet government so feared and National Council for the Arts, wears a exhibition, "Mexico: Splendors of 30 respected the power of the arts that it watch that says "Fear No Art." But I tell Centuries," became a model for how art sought to crush the artists and human- her "No, that watch has got it wrong." can transcend the limits of the daily ists who ultimately, even before glasnost, Over the centuries nations have either news and expand human experience. revealed the great fraud of that system. respected the arts or they have feared them greatly. Mexico's relationship with the United In 1979 as Ambassador to Venezuela I States has historically been so compli- invited some prominent American The great American cultural institutions cated, so tense, and potentially so contemporary artists to a vernissage of have tried, with some success, to over- disruptive, that Americans carry around American paintings that they had lent to come this problem of the low priority a host of preconceptions and narrow the American embassy. The vernissage given to the arts. In Washington Jim visions about this vast southern neigh- was attended by the President of Wolfensohn and Carter Brown have bor One American thinks about Mexico Venezuela and virtually his entire attracted some of the politically powerful and worries about drugs; another about cabinet. This occurred while OPEC was people in the city to participate in illegal immigration; another about the riding high, and the prices of oil were cultural activities. But we must begin to difficulty of communications; another riding with it. After this event the get the arts to our children at an early about trade or dumping; another about leading columnist, who certainly wasn't age, both in their homes and in their gas or oil or poverty. The list is endless, pro-American, came up to me and said, schools. That is the major step we can yet few Americans are capable of "Bill, after that evening, you can say take to raise the priority of the arts in grasping the enormity of Mexico as a anything you want about oil prices and I our society. nation, with one of the richest and will publish it." The second challenge is to expand our longest cultures in the entire world. In Latin America it is association with appreciation of world cultures and our Through the exhibition of more than 400 the arts that gives you entry into the own rich diversity. Even in the climate objects spanning 3,000 years of culture, society and its politics. There are Latin of political correctness at home and of a literally hundreds of thousands of Americans here who will testify to that. dramatic revival of nationalistic ethnic Americans were able to experience the tensions around the world, America monumental force and remarkable In 1984, early during my tour as Ambas- remains insensitive to the need to sador to Czechoslovakia, my wife and I continuity of Mexican culture. Art, from comprehend and penetrate these befriended a playwright, Vaclav Havel. the ancient Olmecs and the Mayas differences through the study of foreign through the colonial period to the great Over the years we invited dozens of languages and cultures. American writers and intellectuals to 20th century Mexican muralists, allowed Prague to visit with Vaclav Havel and Maya Angelou said it much better than I Americans to experience Mexico as a his fellow artists and writers. The could. Only through the study of foreign whole perhaps for the first time. Communist government officially languages and cultures can we possibly President Salinas came to his presidency protested my relations with Havel and understand what is going on outside our as we were completing the discussions threatened that they wouldn't deal with country. This is axiomatic, and yet the with the Mexican government to help me. They had come to fear Havel surge of the world to learn English organize this vast undertaking. Without 44 42 CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

his support such an exhibition would ing to a survey, 64 percent said they have been impossible. But his decision visited New York primarily to see the was never in doubt. Instinctively, he -It is 'our great cultural exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum. knew the role of culture as an interna- institutions that an-best tell the Seventy percent of those surveyed said tional language. It never was a question. they had never visited Mexico but would How many American presidents could American .story .to the world, do so soon. react so quickly to such an artistic phenomenon? story. of (Teat . Ope1711CNst b Our survey indicates that tourists who came to the city and visited our exhibi- Octavio Paz, the Mexican Nobel Laure- nele1irtistic expeneme.-aali tion spent $224 million in the city during ate in literature and one of the great twildral their visit. Our mayor, David Dinkins, universal minds of our age, conceived has come to realize this phenomenon, this exhibition years before the U.S. - stating recently that the arts are a $7 Mexico free trade agreement was even billion industry in our city. This is in thought of. In so many ways our addition to the inestimable value that cultural institutions have been able to the arts bring to the quality of life. open the minds of Americans to allow us to understand that as the ideological There is not a country in the world that 'What are our challenges? The arts and debate is put behind us, as the debate doesn't try to send its best musicians and humanities must become a part of the between communism and capitalism artists to the United States. And there early education of all Americans. This is ends, the struggle to comprehend ethnic is not an artist or musician who does not a priority that must be in the President's and cultural differences is with us. somehow find his or her real test here in program and in the Prejident's Every day it is with us, and it is getting America, who does not seek at some Committee's work, and it must be before more severe. point the energizing environment of one us today. of our cities or one of our great universi- The National Endowment for the Arts But neither free market ideas, nor ties. fundamentalist religion, nor progressive and the National Endowment for the ideologies are going to help us through Why do we not tell this story? We are Humanities must be expanded and this next era. Doctrines will not help the cauldron of cultural change in the strengthened instead of battered the way modern societies to surmount the Tower world, but we do not even know it as a they have been recently. Just us the of Babel of hostile ethnicity that threat- government or as a people. We pay little WPA gave us works in the 1930's that ens these wonderful new opportunities toattention to how the rest of the world began the great birth of the arts in world peace and democracy. seeks out this creativity. America, the Endowments today can bring us back together because the work It is the humanists. the artists, and the From a purely economic sense, as Don they support is so much a part of who we poets who will show us the way. To Kendall was saying, that is wrong. We are. paraphrase Octavio Paz, in the post- do not promote tourism to our great ideological era poetry the arts and the cultural institutions, yet tourism is one We must promote tourism, and the humanities will prc gide the antidote of our major industries. New York City's nation's largest cultural institutions to our over-reliance on technology and visitors and conventions bureau spends should be strengthened by the federal the free market as a solution to all our only $2 million a year promoting tourism government so they can get through problems. for the city of New York, but if we these difficult periods and carry out their continue the way we are going, it may be task. Finally, it is our great cultural institu- the only industry in New York. tions that can best tell the American But, most of all, could not leaders in our story to the world, a story of creativity, Cultural institutions are a major draw, communities, our state governments, openness to new artistic experience, and but the visitors bureau promotes and our national government find that cultural vitality, despite the low status restaurants and shopping. The Mexico voice that recognizes that the arts not given in this country to artists and exhibition at the Met drew over 650,000 only make good political sense but stand humanists. This is the great paradox of people in ten weeks. An astonishing 70 for what is America? Could they not find our society. percent of those people came from the voice of a Maya Angelou? outside the New York area, and accord- 5 43 CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

BENNO C. SCHMIDT, JR. President of Yale University

To an extraordinary extent it is the work of our colleges and universities that carry forward, here and in the world, those great ideas and purposes cur commitment to freedom and justice and those achievements of art and imagination that have transformed the world quite as much as economic and political forces.

A university president these days America's educational institutions, those great ideas and purposes our experiences a sense of liberation coming particularly our great research centers, commitment to freedom and justice to Washington. When asked why he left which are America's world universities. and those achievements of art and the presidency of Princeton to become These universities face special chal- imagination that have transformed the President of the United States, Woodrow lenges as they seek to adjust to the world quite as much as economic and Wilson used to say "because I couldn't extraordinary changes in the world. political forces. stand the politics." I think I know what he meant. Our institutions of higher education in How must America's emerging world America now stand at the leading edge ofuniversities respond? I think there are All the speakers this morning have America's international competitiveness. at least five features of the response, and reminded us that the last few years haveEven if there are today many areas in each represents an enormous challenge. thrust us into a new world far more which America seriously lags other rapidly than any of us could have nations, higher education is surely not First, for America's great world universi- dreamed. The end of the Cold War, the one of them. ties to lead the world in higher educa- collapse of Communism, the liberation of tion, they must be able to attract the Eastern Europe, the disintegration of theIf America is to hope to maintain its most distinguished scholars and the Soviet Union, and the wholesale disman- global leadership in the next century, themost promising students from the world tling of barriers to the movement of continued excellence and vibrancy of over to their undergraduate programs, people, ideas and commerce are part of a American universities and colleges will as well as to their post-graduate and historical transformation that is compa- be an important reason. But, in fact, our professional programs. But our universi- rable in significance to the changes that universities have a far more important ties are not able to meet this challenge. flowed from the European discovery of role to play here in this country and in We are inundated at Yale, like other the New World, the industrial revolu- the new world order than simply trying leading universities and colleges, with tion, or the great democratic revolutions to keep America competitive. brilliantly promising scholars and students to whom we cannot open our in the West in the 18th century. To an extraordinary extent it is the work doors because we do not have the of our colleges and universities that One consequence of this larger transfor- financial resources to maintain their carry forward, here and in the world, mation will be the transformation of academic presence in New Haven.

" BEST COPY AVAILABLE 46 CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

Second, the great world universities Leading universities are struggling to take two recent examples, we have must have the capacity to send their respond to these five fundamental established interesting exchange faculty and students to study, to teach, challenges, even as we are riding the programs with Moscow State University to pursue research throughout the world,exponential curve of the advancement of and with the Chinese University of Hong and to live in other cultures for extended knowledge in the sciences and the Kong. periods of time. This is a matter of humanities; even as we are struggling to Over the years Yale has graduated many considerable urgency if America is to rebuild the physical foundations of our assist in the intellectual reconstruction institutions; and even as we are trying togreat leaders of America's international of universities around the world, which maintain the twin promises of accessibil- activities: Henry Stimson, Averill have been so destablized. Yet here ity and educational excellence. These Harriman, Dean Acheson, Cyrus Vance, again, the many scholars and students atimposing financial strains on America's and our current President of the United Yale who might wish to work in other universities are more daunting than any States. Yale has also played an impor- countries, and who could contribute so they have seen in many decades. tant role in educating many of the much, lack the financial resources to international leaders of other countries. participate in these great changes. But financial constraints and budgetary In addition, many of America's most deficits cannot justify a deficit in our internationally-oriented businesses are A third point concerns academic organi- intellectual vision or in our academic led by our graduates. We would be zation. The great world universities will leadership in response to these changes seriously remiss if we did not seek to come more and more to treat interna- in the world. And yet, as I think of create for future leaders educational tional studies as a distinct discipline Yale's contribution in the five areas that opportunities to understand the chang- and, in all of the arts and humanities I have named, I think it is fair to say ing world in which we live. and learned professions, to regard the that we are hampered by the absence of world as the appropriate reference for resources. Vital philanthropic support for these their research, teaching, and ultimately international activities has come from a their professional activities. Interna- Nevertheless, we are strengthening number of American foundations that tional studies will be approached from ourselves with respect to each of these are at the cutting edge in supporting broad interdisciplinary perspectives. five major characteristics. Today there critically important new international They will rest on a sophisticated under- are now more than 2000 non-U.S. perspectives and developments. The standing of the languages, arts, cultures,citizens on our campus. They come from Henry Luce Foundation, the Mellon histories, and contemporary circum- more than 80 countries. They represent Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the stances of other societies in the world, the single greatest change in the nature MacArthur Foundation, the Olin and they will rest on distinctive interdis- of the Yale community over the past Foundation, and The Rockefeller generation. ciplinary subjects such as international Foundation are among those supporting creative and excellent international economics, human rights, international To encourage the flow of undergraduates programs. We need to persuade indi- law, international public health prob- and graduate and post-graduate stu- vidual donors, including our graduates, lems, and environmental issues. dents we are seeking to establish ties that international studies, particularly with universities in other countries. To Fourth, the great world universities will in the arts and and the humanities, are have to place a higt er priority on worthy of their support. CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

JAMES D. WOLFENSOHN Chairman of The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts

Arts education is not an optional extra. It is not something that takes priority after we solve the drug problems, the problems of our cities, or problems of the economy.

I.

I will take a leaf out of Maya Angelou's Thinking about the subject of this Before we address the question of book and start with a little story. By my meeting international cultural internationalism, we must address the accent you may tell that I am Australian.opportunities and the private sector I issue of the American cultural institu- When I came to this country to study at would like, as a foreigner, to make the tion and its future, because we must the graduate school at Harvard a observation that the private sector in have a stable base at home. Here, the friendly face greeted me on my first this country plays a role that is unique private sector has an important role to evening, and he asked me to join him for in the world, and we should not forget it. play. Throughout this land, in both dinner with his sister. large and small cities, and particularly If we are seeking to show the disbanded in the performing arts institutions, we So I went into the eating hall and sat Soviet Union the merits of democracy have a tremendous strength in terms of down with this attractive young lady and and in the very creative idea of Jim individuals who are fighting the battle of this new classmate of mine. And I too Billington this morning to bring more keeping these institutions alive. If these was offered food and drink. And the than 50,000 Russians to this country, we individual efforts could be better orga- sister said to me, "Where do you come should recognize that the charitable nized, their cumulative force could from?" And I said "Sydney, Australia." nature of our private sector is unique. perhaps be the most powerful cultural And she asked, "And when did you get The private sector gives to nonprofit force in the world. here?" And I said, "Yesterday." And she organizations over $100 billion annually, said, "My, you have learned the languagea small percentage of which goes to the so quickly!" arts and the humanities.

46 11111MININIMMINIMI=1111-- CHANGE IN THE WORLD: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

It would be powerful because it would Salzburg, and that he died and no one not be vested in a cabinet office or a knows where he is buried. Then came a cultural minister, as it is in France. It little snippet from Mozart's Requiem. would be vested in us. We need to We have to find creative ways to reach recognize that we have a challenge to children. Most importantly, we need to which we must respond in these coming reach their teachers, because often that years. part of the conduit is not there. The challenge is internationalism and When I came to the Kennedy Center I the need to include a more pluralistic thought my challenge was money and element in what we are doing. However, programming, and it is both of those beyond this international challenge, we things. But we are also ready to place must grapple with the issue of how to performing arts educations as our pass along to the next generation a truly central priority. For example, there is no American cultural program, be it in the place in this country not in the visual or the performing arts. Department of Education nor the First, we have to save and preserve National Endowment for the Arts culture, and provide the opportunity for where one can find information about people to create and develop artistically. existing programs on education in the That is a challenge that many in this performing arts. room face in cultural institutions every We must meet this challenge. If we day. And once we have preserved it, we don't, we are going to lose the battle. We have to pass our culture on, because the have to help the Department of Educa- key to our future is not just saving our tion and the rest of the government by current institutions, it is developing and bringing in the private sector to get educating future audiences. behind this effort in an organized way. We are beyond the age of European, This is not a challenge that can be put Asian, and other immigrations that off. It is not something that takes brought educated audiences to the priority after we solve the drug prob- United States. In the 1940's, 1950's, and lems, the problems of our cities, or 1960's we had a rich cultural inflow of problems of the economy. These prob- people from other parts of the world who were educated to appreciate culture. lems will never be solved by cutting arts Now we have to pass on that message to teachers in schools in order to balance the budget. our children. Arts education is not an optional extra. I slipped away at lunch because I wanted It is at the very core of what this country to hear a program of our National stands for. We in the private sector Symphony Orchestra at the Kennedy must give our children the chance that Center. As I walked in, I heard our we had to create and to dream, regard- conductor doing a program for young less of position in the social and financial children, principally minority kids. He structure. was playing a melody by Mozart but explaining, in rap, that Mozart was a great dude, that he was born in

47 QUESTIONS FROM THE FLOOR

QUESTION: Mr. Schmidt, why do you MR. LUERS: I misspoke with regard to got to anchor themselves in the tradition think it is that your alumni are not the extent to which David Dinkins has of liberal education. That tradition is not supporting arts and humanities pro- been converted to culture and the arts. a utilitarian tradition. It is a tradition grams at the university? Last year he cut the Metropolitan that sees knowledge as a good in itself. Museum by $4 million in the city budget. It sees the purpose of education as MR. SCHMIDT: Well I don't want to We have had to close galleries. Some dealing in issues of beauty, justice and over-state the problem, because we are institutions are teetering on the brink in the good life in the fullest sense, and not getting lots of support and a number of a city which, uniquely in the United in utilitarian, cost-optimizing terms. our leading foundations are showing States, was one that generally gave a I believe that the liberal arts tradition is great vision in this respect. But individu-high priority to the arts. als often associate their giving with what the most useful educational tradition, they remember about the place. And theI think the pressure has come from a but our universities and many colleges Yale in which I was a student in the recognition of the economic impact of the are being split by wide variation in 1960's, for example, was a Yale in which arts, the fact that they are a big businessfinancial support for different areas of a foreign student or faculty member was and without them New York is in real their work. No one thinks that the life something of an oddity, with the excep- trouble. I think the quality of life sciences or biomedical research is more tion, of course, of the great wave of argument, the community development important than I do, but the financial refugees from fascism who did so much argument, and the educational argumentsupport for law, business and medical to make American universities truly have not been nearly as persuasive as schools is so far outrunning support for great in the 1950's and 1960's. the economic argument. the humanities and the arts that our universities are generally being pulled But I sense that in relation to the Jim Wolfensohn is absolutely right that apart. opportunities in the world today, our the one group of institutions in this resources fall far short. To take one country that has placed the arts in a The leaders of universities must do example, the most promising scholars inpriority position, very often for utilitar- everything they can to counteract that by the Soviet Union are not able to find ian reasons, has been the private sector. putting forward a basic educational places in our universities. We must My point is that local, state, and federal philosophy that will put the humanities develop the financial resources to deal governments just don't discuss the issue. and the arts at the core of the liberal tradition. with those five issues that I described. QUESTION: Mr. Schmidt, how can the At present we are falling short. institutions represented on this panel MR. FROHNMAYER: Amen to that. I QUESTION: Mr. Luers, throughout ourmaintain the same kind of support for thecan't imagine a more distinguished country municipal governments are humanities, which often don't have the panel. We are all very much in your showing the same sort of apathy that youkind of performance appeal that some of debt. Thank you. have been so deeply concerned about. I the arts do, and yet are equally important am wondering, given your work at the in both the preservation and the develop- Metropolitan and your indication that ment of our culture? perhaps the mayor of New York has comeMR. SCHMIDT: I think the question forward in a more constructive way, if touches on one of the most critical issues you could share with us how you helped for the future of colleges and universi- him reach that conclusion? ties. I believe that you can't deal with that problem unless you have a philoso- phy. And colleges and universities have

ot)

48 MIIIIIM111111111111111111111111111101111.111- EDUCATION: PREPARATION FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER

DAVID T. KEARNS Deputy Secretary of the United States Department of Education

Foreign language learning is extraordinarily important. Compared to the pan-European baccalaureate degree proposal that forms part of the 1992 economic union, we are far behind. Our nation plays a major role in an international economy. and it is extremely important that we include foreign language education in our school systems.

Let me start by explaining how I became It is interesting when you go outside the Japan when I read an article in Forbes involved in education. I was responsibile Beltway and around the country to talk magazine about General Motors Corpo- for international business at Xerox to governors, chief state school officers, ration and a $3.5 billion investment they during the middle 1970's and was and community leaders. They are truly were making in retooling their plants to fortunate enough to be president of interested in doing something about reduce costs and improve the quality of Xerox as we came out of the 1970's and education in this nation. their product. into the 1980's. I spent a great deal of I learned much over the last 10 years at At the end of that article the very cynical time traveling to Japan, because we had Xerox. First, it is critical to have clear writer concluded that General Motors a large joint venture over there. goals, and these goals must be communi- would not realize the anticipated I was also on the productivity commis- cated to and understood by a broad benefits from their investment. On that sion that William Simon ran for Presi- range of people. trip to Tokyo I visited Toyota as part of dent Reagan in the early 1980's. The my attempt to find where the best Second, goals are great, but you must more involved I became with trying to business practices in the world were. also have a strategy to achieve those figure out how Xerox could compete and The article had only been out for ten goals and that strategy must include a trying to encourage productivity in the days, and yet it was pinned up all over process for change. Most people do not nation, the more education became an the walls at Toyota. It was in the understand what this means, because, important factor. engineering laboratories, the strategic although people like to talk about planning areas, and the executive offices. I couldn't talk Lamar Alexander out of change, they are almost always talking appointing me to the Department of about the person next to them and not They were beginning to change every Education, so here I am. And I am about themselves. Change is very quality measure, every reliability check, learning a great deal, including an uncomfortable, and we are going to have and every cost target because they observation about Washington: this is a to go through a lot of it. assumed that General Motors would do city about winning and losing, not about exactly what they said they were going A last lesson has to do with expectation getting things done. And that is a to do, and that they would do it on levels. I will tell you a short story about serious observation. this. A few years ago I was traveling to

49 EDUCATION: PREPARATION FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER

schedule. If Toyota was going to con- I urge everyone to look at the school , tinue to compete, why, of course, they budget in his or her community and at had to do better. 7 I believe therean Opportunity the agenda of the school board. You will see two things. A large percentage of the I got on the airplane at the end of that to invent a:.cRinpletelynew budget in some cities it is more than trip and wrote, "Why are the business learning environment ill thi' next halfis not spent in the schools where leaders in Japan taking us, American students and teachers are. Second, you decade: We.do not ;iced to copy' business leaders, to the cleaners?" Then will find few school boards in the United I wrote down "monolithic society" and the 'Japanese pr the northern. States that are looking at strategic, "planned economy" and a lot of those -- systematic change. Many school boards other rationalizations that we use for our ..Europeans:rue C011 create meet one hundred times a year and are own failures. But I finally wrote down basically focused on the day-to-day and circled two words: expectation :unnething that is.,uniquely operation of the school buying school levels. Americap. But ice should. learn buses, determining whether there will be I was convinced that the reason we were from other .systeni.s of education. a junior varsity hockey team, et cetera. losing was that Japanese business There is a debate going on about choice. leaders had much higher expectation I believe that choice is a fundamental levels for success than we did. I got off underpinning to introducing competition the airplane absolutely dedicated to into the school system and to giving the changing our attitude at Xerox about the poorest people in this country the same targets and goals that we should set opportunity to choose good schools that from the early 1980's to the end of the The first goal is for better and more the wealthier people have. The result 1990's. accountable schools. There are critical aspects to this part of the strategy, and will be better and more accountable I am convinced that this lowering of standards and assessments are one of schools. expectations is a major problem in the them. We need high international Education is the largest industry in the United States today, not just in the standards. That means we need to find United States, between $400 and education field, but in general. Over the out where the best educational practices $450 billion in size. Yet it has remained last 25 years in this country we have in the world are and what the interna- virtually untouched by technology. I moderated our goals and expectations for tional standards are. believe there is an opportunity to invent almost every thing we arP doing. One reason the American public has not a completely new learning environment The national education goals, interest- yet bought into this issue is the "Lake in the next decade. We do not need to ingly enough, have been attacked by a Woebegone" syndrome: the belief that copy the Japanese or the northern lot of folks on the basis that they are our children are "a little above average." Europeans, we can create something goals we cannot achieve. But we can It is not startling that when you visit that is uniquely American. But we achieve those goals, and we must set different communities, people agree that should learn from other systems of high expectation levels. At a minimum, there is an educational problem in the education. We have an opportunity to we should be on a trajectory to achieve country, but they rate their own schools create a school system that will make us those goals by the end of this decade. highly and do not recognize problems in competitive with the best systems their own school system. Until we set anywhere in the world. But it's a huge The six education goals are critical. challenge. America 2000 is a broad-based strategy. high international standards and have It is not only a standards and assess- tough assessments of our schools and ourChildren and young adults are not our ments strategy. It is not only a choice students, there is no chance to move only focus.Looking at the present and strategy. It is not only a new schools ahead. future work force from a businessman's strategy. It is a broad-based strategy to perspective, we should be spending much achieve all six of those national educa- tion goals. 52

50 EDUCATION: PREPARATION FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER

of our resources on people who are As a result of this debate, we have been pan-European baccalaureate degree already at work. Eighty percent of the encouraging America 2000 communities proposal that forms part of the 1992 current work force in the United States to go beyond the six national educational eco omit union, we are far behind. The will still be working in the year 2000. goals. Rather than debating the goals, Europeans are looking to each country We have an enormous challenge in this many communities are now adding goals for the highest standards in key areas. country to raise the educational level of of their own, which include the arts and Requirements call for mastery of three all our citizens. the humanities. I was in Memphis the languages: one's native language, other day where they are very aggressive English, and one other. Our nation We must have communities where about education reform. They have eightplays a major role in an international learning can take place. The President goals tailored to the community, and one economy, and it is extremely important borrowed the phrase "the ninety one of these includes the arts and humani- that we include foreign language percent factor" from Chester Finn, an ties. education in our school systems. education writer, in the America 2000 strategy. This refers to the time stu- As a result of input from the arts There are two areas in particular that dents spend out of school. Currently, if a community we made a change that many would benefit from collaboration between youngster starts school at age five, of you thought was modest. But we have countries. One is international stan- finishing high school at age 18, he will been taking it seriously and including dards. The second is collaboration with have spent only nine percent of his time language about the arts in the New business. Most countries have much to in school. So we can't look to the schools American Schools request for proposals, share with us. Something that has been to solve every single social issue; we stressing that the five core subjects are encouraging to me in learning about the must also take a look at the communitiesimportant but that a true liberal arts best business processes within a corpo- in their entirety. We need the help of program contains substantially more, rate structure is the willingness of the community. including the arts. companies around the world, including competitors, to exchange information. I Our strategy is simple. Communities It is important that high schools offer believe that we have an opportunity to adopt the six national education goals and develop a broad liberal arts educa- exchange ideas on an international basis and then communicate them to the local tion. And, as a businessman, I would in education as well. constituencies, build a community plan say that if the schools will educate, for meeting all the goals, and then business can do the training. A recentNewsweekmagazine article develop a report card for the community singled out excellent schools in different Foreign language learning is extraordi- to show, on a regular basis, how it is areas from around the world. Three of narily important. Compared to the moving towards those goals. Lastly, they the schools in the United States were will plan and support a new American arts schools. They also selected graduate school for the next decade. schools in the United States. We can learn from other countries just as they With this strategy in mind, I would like can learn from us. It is crucial that we to say a word about the arts and the As.a resitti r1finput from the arts exchange ideas about the best educa- humanities. Goal three of the six tional systems and learning environ- national educational goals states that all win mutt iwe bore lhtlu(1cc? ments for the next century. students must demonstrate competency laii11(1:.'about lhr (tits in ti,. in challenging subject matter including I would like to end by mentioning two English, mathematics, science, history, . Ainericain Schools request serious concerns. I am concerned about and geography. As the governors put the for j)n)pusal.q, strcsNing that Ole some of the rhetoric I've heard in the list together there was a great debate United States since the collapse of the about how far this list should go. Do you The con, .subjects on. imporloni governments in Eastern Europe and include the arts, foreign languages, Russia.It sounds like the 1930's and physical education and citizenship? hal that a Iva(' 1940's, and it is frightening. There is no i)ragram contains suhslantially more. inrimbn.L,

51 EDUCATION: PREPARATION FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER

way that we can turn back the clock. There is no way that the United States can succeed as a country if the rest of the There ino. way that 'the United . industrial world does not succeed. -.States can su`cceed as.country o Second, in this country we are witness- if the'rest of the industrial.lorld ing a very interesting phenomenon. The decade of the 1980's was a decade to talk does .not succeed. about the problems in education. We accomplished almost nothing, and yet we increased spending in education by close to forty percent beyond inflation. Even today some institutions are developing data that says we are okay. students are graduating from high A study I read recently said that except school, which is equal to a four-year for thirty-five percent of our students we college degree in the United States. are doing okay. Can you imagine saying Under these circumstances, we cannot that we are okay except for thirty-five compete as a nation. We have always percent of the population! That would done quite well in the United States at be like buying a case of Pepsi and saying educating the top half of our students, that it's okay if only sixty-five percent of but now we are not even as competitive the cans taste right. as we need to be for the top half. We saw exactly the same attitude in If we expect to compete as a nation, we 1979 at Xerox when the engineers must educate ninety to ninety-five convinced me that if the currencies were percent of our citizens to a high level. I all equal, and if we had designed our believe we can do it. product just like the Japanese did and so forth, in fact the manufacturing costs were really the same. The data showed that we were achieving a seven percent productivity improvement beyond inflation, and I felt good about that. But when it became apparent that we had to make 17 percent productivity improve- ments per year beyond inflation to catch up with the Japanese, it changed my perspective. I would challenge anybody who doesn't think we have a problem in education to read the math curriculum from the fifth grade through high school in Japan. You will then see that we are in big trouble. Ninety-five percent of all Japanese FORUM RECOMMENDATIONS

JAMES H. EVANS If we are going to increase our exports other cultures and contribute to the free Chair 'an of the International abroad, we have got to have businessmenflow of ideas. who understand the markets and Another point we have stressed is that Advisory Group customs of the countries in which they the kinds of international exchanges will operate. Everyone agrees the U.S. supported by the Fulbright Programs, economy is going to be increasingly tied to the international marketplace and to the USIA, and the Institute of Interna- In summary, I'd like to say that it has the necessity of exports. tional Education are essential to the been an exhilarating day. Everyone will vitality of international education in our agree that we have heard a remarkable But competitiveness is only one rea -ion schools and in our colleges and universi- series of discussions describing opportu- for us to support international cultural ties. If we are serious about the need to nities for private funders to take part in programs. This morning Jim Billington prepare students for an international shaping history. reminded us that international cultural economy and a new world order in which exchanges serve important public the United States is going to be called International cultural programs and purposes and bolster the long range upon to offer creative leadership, then educational exchanges at all levels have goals of this country. As Maya Angelou we need more, not less, involvement by demonstrated their effectiveness in told us quite poignantly, scholarly and all sectors, although our particular developing mutual understanding and artistic exchanges help to create friends charge today is to private foundations, forging alliances with future leaders. for the United States abroad. corporations, and individual donors. And, too, we have heard thoughtful Benno Schmidt's remarks about the suggestions for ways to improve current Don Kendall spoke to us about the arts development of world class universities programs. and his company. The arts provide our focused our attention on the importance citizens with firsthand knowledge of We heard, for instance, a number of of adequate resources to carry out the speakers emphasize the importance in mandate. the United States of educational reforms If I may dwell a moment on the corpo- such as Mr. Kearns just outlined. Our rate side, I think we have also seen that international competitiveness depends I 9 I international sponsorship in the arts and on it. in scholarship can be good for business, In a high technology economy we need emphasizing again the point that Don managers and leaders who can respond Kendall and Jim Wolfensohn talked quickly to change. The arts and the about today. humanities are critical elements of a There seems to be a general agreement liberal education, and this was stressed that the U.S. could support the arts more many times today as the backbone of a aggressively in our public diplomacy good education system for the future. through the USIA and through private Specifically, as Henry Kaufman, Tem sponsorships. Henry Catto told us of the Kean and David Kearns mentioned, excellent work of the USIA. We learned mastering foreign languages and from Sir Richard Francis about the understanding other cultures will be an examples of the British Council. increasingly essential tool of business, as Bill Luers and Jim Wolfensohn each well as a means to enjoy a better life. made a point about the importance of arts education being part of our educa- tional reform, and all our speakers agree FORUM RECOMMENDATIONS

that the arts are invaluable bridges to tional Education have been working understanding other cultures at their together to develop a joint international very deepest level. If we are serious program. As part of this effort we have about understanding the international tried to organize a public meeting that scene, arts education is an essential would do justice to the complexity of component of any true liberal education. international cultural programs in both the arts and the humanities. In short, we need the arts and the humanities in order to understand other We are a country in which the private peoples. And we need to support sector has often played the role of American artists and scholars if we are catalyst and stimulus for new programs going to project American culture and new ideas. Those of you from the overseas comprehensively, not just foundation community have been through television sitcoms. especially good at launching programs and then helping to find sufficient I think everyone agrees that our public resources to sustain them. We will need agencies are doing a remarkable job more of this creativity in the months and given the budgetary constraints they years ahead. have to deal with. We can thank our stellar moderators, Lynne Cheney and Consequently, the members of our John Frohnmayer, for their hard work at international advisory group have the Arts and Humanities Endowments. recommended the creation of a new organization, an international cultural But we must remember that all our council. The purpose of the council speakers told us that our efforts still fall would be to encourage substantial new short of reaching their full potential. contributions to international programs George Soros and Luis Monreal have in the arts and the humanities from the reminded us that there are today foundation and corporate communities tremendous opportunities for American and from individual philanthropists. influence abroad and for developing These contributions would not be more extensive contacts and more intended for use by the council itself, substantial programs in international which would operate solely as an cultural exchange. advisory organization and with a modest Now with these admonitions ringing in budget, but they would be directed to our ears, it seems to me that the private existing organizations in order to sector has an important role to play in increase the number and quality of helping the United States seize this international cultural programs. historic opportunity. One of our purposes in inviting you to For many months the President's meet witn us today was to assess the Committee and the Institute of Interna- need for further private support and to solicit your interest, your guidance and your assistance. We hope to enlist many of you in this important effort.

Page 55: Preeolumbian flanged cylinder i c. 690 5b featured in the exhibit Mexico: Splendors of Thirty Centuries.' Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

54 -111111111111111111111111111111111111111111- PrMle py AvAi {,17 V.06j1 n In

177!r.r, WELCOME

JAMES A. BAKER III the Treasury some years ago, I had The Secretary of State many occasions to work closely with President Salinas, whowas then It is my pleasure to welcomeyou to Mexico's Secretary of Programming these magnificent receptionrooms and and Budget. These experiences filled to introduce a very special guest. me with the greatest respect and Historians have long debated whether admiration for the President. He leads great events are shaped by impersonal with a sure hand, basedon a profound forces or great leaders. For those who understanding of Mexico, Mexican- doubt the impact of leadership, I American relations, and the challenges would suggest they go to Mexico. we face in this final decade of the 20th century. President Salinas took office ina country beset by a decade-long Tonight, however, weare not only economic crisis. Today he presides honoring President Salinasas a leader over a country with a growing economybut also as an artist. By that Imean attracting investment from around thehe is redrawing the portrait of his globe. His fundamental economic and people, brightening the colors, political changes offer the proud peoplehighlighting the action and otherwise of Mexico opportunities fora better life updating the canvas. And ifyou look, for many decades tocome. Truly, you'll see how well he has wielded his Mexico has risen froma decade of brush. The Mexicans in the portrait despair to a new era of hope. today are a prouder and happier people because of his efforts. There is also a special relationship Democratic values, economic growth between President Bush and President and environmental securityare just a Salinas. The trust, respect, few of the colors on his palettenow cooperation, and, I believe, genuine being applied. affection, between these two leaders have transformed Mexican-American And so ladies and gentlemen, it ismy relations. Indeed I am proud tosay, great honor to present to th's and I pay tribute as well tomy distinguished audienceone of the colleague, Foreign Secretary Fernando premier political artists ofour times Solana, that relations between the Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of United States and Mexico havenever Mexico. been better. I am also proud tosay that during my serviceas Secretary of

56 KEYNOTE ADDRESS

THE PRESIDENT OF MEXICO CARLOS SALINAS DE GORTARI

In Mexico, our three thousand year old culture has taught us that there are many ways, not just one, of beingand shaping free, creative men and women.

It is a great pleasure to have been Faced with a changing world in which not share the same cultural background. invited by the President's Committee on systems of production, coexistence and The spirit of integration is being damp- the Arts and the Humanities and the trade are undergoing sweeping transfor- ened by the resurgence of separatist Institute of International Education to mation, we cannot afford to succumb to trends. Faced with a multicultural be here with you tonight. We are nearingisolationist tendencies, to see no farther reality, some voices call out for unifor- the close of a century and a millennium, than ourselves. These are times to mity, while others seek to reject encoun- and we know that the moment in which reaffirm our values, but to do so by ters with the exterior out of a false we are living is a decisive one for our looking outward and toward the future. feeling of security. countries and for the world. This is There is no doubt that the changes underIn Mexico, our three thousand year old perhaps why the faces of our children in way offer this century's best hope for culture has taught us that there are both nations reflect the hope that our building a world in which harmony, the many ways, not just one, of being and generation will have the determination, rule of law, and greater justice will shaping free, creative men and women. the enthusiasm and the vision to offer prevail. Nonetheless, those changes also Universal values are nourished precisely them a more promising future. We have give rise to uncertainty and open the by the existence of different cultures. before us a rare historical opportunity, door to age-old sources of tension. The diversity of their manifestations and with respect, friendship and coop- As walls have crumbled, they have enriches all peoples and is a sign of eration, we can make that future a brought to light the persistence of human freedom. To attempt to stand reality. mental barriers that harbor intolerance and discrimination against those who do KEYNOTE ADDRESS

aloof from the currents of change, The final shape of the major world open to competition, with sufficient besides being futile, is a grave risk to a changes under way remains uncertain. economic thrust to allow us to develop nation's very existence. To aspire to a New international economic zones are the competitive edge that is essential in single, uniform cultural pattern for the taking shape in Europe and the Pacific today's world. Rim with extraordinary vitality in world goes counter to the idea of true We want trade, not economic aid freer resources, trade and technology and with civilization. The events of this century trade aimed precisely at creating jobs access to large markets that raise their confirm human diversity and plurality, and raising wage levels by increasing potential and pose a competitive chal- the adaptability of institutions, the productivity. We want jobs and higher lenge of enormous scope for Mexico, the interdependence of nations and the wages to be permanent, and freer trade United States and Canada. The pres- extraordinary force of the desire for will give us the means to achieve that sures generated by the changes occur- freedom. end. We want to export goods, not ring on all continents and in financial people. We also want a clean economic My country is engaged in far-reaching markets is making the struggle for recovery. I do not want children in changes in order to adapt to the pace of resources one of the hallmarks of the Mexico City to paint the sky gray in their the times. nineties decade. drawings and to leave the stars out We Mexicans view change as a sign of The best means for our countries to because they cannot see them at night, today's world and are changing of our compete with the new trade blocs lies in nor will we allow polluting industries own volition. We must do so in order to commercial union. Geography made us that are not allowed to operate here to meet the enormous challenges we face in neighbors and today the economic move to our country. the social and economic spheres and the advantages to be derived make it To achieve all this, it is essential to demands of 83 million Mexicans who advisable to join in forming an economic review and evaluate the manner in aspire to live in a more prosperous and free-trade zone made up of 360 million which we are educating our citizens. To more just society. To address this inhabitants who produce goods and modernize the country, we must modern- challenge, we Mexicans have followed a services amounting to approximately $6 ize education. The same thing is strategy for change designed to modern- trillion. By doing so we will be in a happening in the United States and ize our economy, renovate our political position to meet the trade challenge practices, concentrate social efforts on practically all over the world. We want posed by the united Europe of 1992, and to raise the quality not only of the combatting poverty and diversify our by Japan and the countries of the Asian content of education, but also the way in relations with other countries so as to Pacific. These are negotiations from which it relates to the values of civiliza- combine our efforts toward a single goal. which we all stand to gain. Together, our tion. We want to assure our country's competi-three countries can generate jobs, tiveness and continued viability in the preserve the environment and compete In Mexico, to achieve that goal, all those coming century, with greater justice and more effectively in the world. Conse- involved in education have been called freedom for future generations. In quently, we do not view this free-trade upon to participate: teachers, families, changing structures, we are also alteringzone as a closed bloc, but as a region experts and communities. Respect for mentalities and habits, while preserving the dignity of individuals, family our values and traditions. Thus, the integrity, the general interest and value of our culture is a mainstay in international solidarity must guide us facing the future, because it provides us as prescribed by Mexico's Constitution with the security and confidence to open in providing a solid education in the up to the world while continuing to be Mexicans.

58 KEYNOTE ADDRESS

three basic fields of knowledge: lan- guage, mathematics and history. We must not forget that scientific and techn logical backwardness undermines the productive strength of a nation, while the failure to give proper attention TA to the basic questions of mankind, its values and its past, saps man's identity. In Mexico, modernizing our education system, promoting cultural creativity, and protecting the country's art are therefore national priorities. We are talking about a strategic view of change; there is no question that the fundamental basis of that change is education. The most important invest- ment states can make, therefore, is in this area, because authentic, comprehen- sive development depends on the people's capability and not only on natural resources. Education and technology are the challenges of our times. Consequently, the basic mission of nations must be to create an efficient Ladies and Gentlemen, as neighbors, public-education infrastructure that Society also educates by example and by the United States and Mexico today have distributes vital opportunities equally; tothe institutions it creates. The Mexicans a valuable opportunity to act together in bring teaching methods and curricula are a people who love their freedom and facing the challenges imposed by the ever closer to excellence; and to preserve,their millennia-old culture. They have through the education system, our made great efforts to resume their dynamics of modern-day economics. But national culture, identity and values. growth, to gain opportunities for them- beyond that, a close and cordial relation- ship between our countries enables us to The level of development, justice and selves in the world, and to combat the acknowledge and promote the encounter well-being offered to this and futum serious problems of pollution and drug of our different cultures. The academic generations will depend, in large trafficking. But in this fight we demand measure, on our success in attaining thatrespect for our freedoms. The defense of exchange recently signed and put into objective. It is a pressing, strategic our rights has been our object in Mexico, effect by the United States and Mexico is national task that must be given and today it is our priority. We will not therefore of paramount importance. allow our economic achievements to priority. Those of us who received the benefits of shine in statistics if we must subtract student-exchange programs have learned from those achievements the toll they the value of gaining knowledge about cost us in the quality of life, freedom, other ways of living and thinking. That harmony and identity. is why we encourage exchange in general and welcome the proposal for the establishment of an International Cultural Council that will be a bastion of the cultures, arts and humanities of all peoples. BEST COPY AVAILABLE 61

59 KEYNOTE ADDRESS

Today's generations of Mexicans are proud of their history and their identity. In Mexico, our culture is rooted in ancient times: it has been a crucible for the fusion of indigenous and Spanish elements that has formed our own particular identity and made us a free and sovereign nation. Mexico is proud of her culture. We preserve that culture today, open to dialogue and interchange with the world. The dissemination of Mexican art also contributes to the spread of a universal message. We have called the exhibition that traveled throughout the United States, "Splen- dors of Thirty Centuries"; it was the fruit of government and private participation. Our hope was that it would help to make us better known, and it did. The same would be true of an exhibition of the art of this great nation in Mexico. By such means, we rid ourselves of fears and prejudices, and learn without forget- ting the past to look toward the future. The advance of science and technological innovation offers hitherto unknown benefits for mankind, but those benefits will not be able to replace man's values, his judgment, or his image. Only a person shaped by our marvelous univer- sal culture, with his roots in his own national or regional heritage, will be able to discern tomorrow that which is beautiful, good and just. These values will continue to exalt the human spirit. It is in aspiring to attain them that twenty-first century man will grow and develop.

Page 61: Photo by Alan Nomura. Courtesy of the Institute of International Education.

60 APPENDIX

61 BEST COPY AVAILABLE BIOGRAPHIES OF SPEAKERS

MAYA ANGELOU is a writer, educator, HENRY E. CATTO was confirmed as JAMES H. EVANS, Chairman of the civil rights activist, actress, producer the twelfth Director of the United States Advisory Group of the International and director. She is the author of ten Information Agency on May 8, 1991. Cultural Program, jointly sponsored by bestsellers including I Know Why the Prior to his confirmation, he served as the President's Committee on the Arts Caged Bird Sings; Just Give Me a Cool Ambassador of the United States to and the Humanities and the Institute of Drink of Water 'Fore I Die; Gather Great Britain and Northern Ireland. A International Education, was Chairman Together in My Name; Oh Pray My native of Texas, Ambassador Catto has of the Board of Union Pacific Corporation Wings are Gonna Fit Me Well; Singin' been a partner in his family's insurance from 1977 to 1985, having served as and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like business since 1959. He has served in President from 1969 to 1977. He is a Christmas; And Still I Rise; The Heart ofthe administration of four U. S. presi- member of the Directors Advisory A Woman; Shaker, Why Don't You Sing?; dents, as Deputy U. S. Representative to Council for General Motors Corporation, All God's Children Need Traveling the Organization of American States andand for Metropolitan Life Insurance Shoes; Now Sheba Sings the Song; and U. S. Ambassador to El Salvador under Company and is a director of Strategic her most recent book of poetry, I Shall President Nixon, Chief of Protocol and U.Investment & Finance Corporation and Not Be Moved. In the 1960s, at the S. Representative to the European OfficeFirst City Bancorporation of Texas. He request of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., of the United Nations under President is on the board of the New York Hospi- Ms. Angelou was the Northern Coordina-Ford, and Assistant Secretary for Public tal, the University of Chicago, Centre tor for the Southern Christian Leader- Affairs for Secretary of Defense Casper College, Manhattan Institute for Policy ship Conference. She was also appointed Weinberger under President Reagan. Research, and the Institute of Interna- by President Gerald Ford to the Bicen- Ambassador Catto is a member of the tional Education, and is Vice Chairman tennial Commission, and by President Council on Foreign Relations and has of The John F. Kennedy Center for the Jimmy Carter to the National Commis- served as a trustee of the Aspen Insti- Performing Arts and of the Central Park sion on the Observence of International tute. He is a member of the President's Conservancy. Women's Year. Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. SIR RICHARD FRANCIS is the JAMES A. BILLINGTON, Librarian of Director-General of The British Council. Congress since 1987, is a member of the LYNNE V. CHENEY, Chairman of the During his tenure, he has introduced a President's Committee on the Arts and National Endowment for the Humanities policy of expansion through extending the Humanities. An author and histo- since 1986, has written five studies on and diversifying sources of funding and rian, as well as educator and administra- the state of the humanities and of has seen the Council's network expand tor, Dr. Billington came to the Library education in the United States: Hu- from 82 to 90 countries. Prior to coming from the Woodrow Wilson International manities in America, American Memory, to the British Council, Sir Richard spent Center for Scholars. Previously, he was Fifty Hours: A Core Curriculum for twenty-eight years with the BBC, and professor of history at Princeton Univer- College Students, Tyrannical Machines: was Managing Director of BBC Radio. sity. He is the author of a number of A Report on Educational Practices Gone He is a member of the Media Law Group, books and articles on Russian and Soviet Wrong and Our Best Hopes for Setting UK-Japan 2000 Group, and the Franco- history, American foreign policy, and Them Right, and National Tests: What British Council; a Fellow of the Royal modern intellectual history. Dr. Other Countries Expect their Students to Society of Arts, member of the Councils Billington serves on the Board of Learn. Before coming to the Endow- of the Royal College of Art; Honorary Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center ment, she was a college and university President of the Radio Academy; Vice for the Performing Arts, the National teacher, magazine editor and widely President of the Royal Institute of Public Building Museum, the Woodrow Wilson published author. In April 1985 she was Administration; and a Governor of International Center for Scholars and named by President Reagan to the Westminster College, Oxford. the American Folklife Center as well as Commission on the Bicentennial of the the Board of Regents of the National JOHN E. FROHNMAYER, Chairman United States Constitution. Dr. Cheney Library of Medicine. He has been of the National Endowment for the Arts is a member of the President's Commit- Chairman of the J. William Fulbright since 1989, Mr. Frohnmayer was tee on the Arts and the Humanities. Board of Foreign Scholarships and is a formerly a partner with the law firm of member of the editorial advisory board of Tonkon. Torp, Galin, Marmaduke & Foreign Affairs. 4 Booth of Portland, Oregon. An

62 BIOGRAPHIES OF SPEAKERS

accomplished singer, he served as the THOMAS H. KEAN has been President DONALD M. KENDALL is co-founder Chairman of the Oregon Arts Commis- of Drew University since 1990. Before of PepsiCo, Inc. and was its Chief sion, a member of the National Endow- assuming the stewardship of Drew, he Executive Officer for more than two ment for the Arts' Opera-Musical was Governor of New Jersey from 1981 decades before his retirement in 1986. Theater Panel, and a director of the to 1990. He gained national recognition He served on the PepsiCo Board of International Sculpture Symposium in as the "Education Governor" by prompt- Directors as Chairman of the Executive Eugene, Oregon. He served on the board ing nearly forty reforms to the state's Committee until May 1991. He is on the of Chamber Music Northwest and was a public school system and by increasing board of directors of the Atlantic founding member of Novum Cantorum. the autonomy of the state colleges. Richfield Company, Investor's Diversi- Governor Kean is on the board of fied Services Mutual Fund Group, DONALD J. HALL was appointed as directors of Bell Atlantic and Beneficial. ALPAC and ORVIS. Mr. Kendall is Chairman of the President's Committee He is also on the board of the National Chairman of the Institute for East-West on the Arts and the Humanities by Association of Independent Colleges and Security Studies and is also a trustee of President Bush in September 1990. He Universities; the Robert Wood Johnson the New York Philharmonic and a is Chairman of the Board of Hallmark Foundation; VOLUNTEER, The Na- member of the board of directors of the Cards, Inc., a private company founded tional Center; the American Paralysis National Park Foundation. He has by his father. He serves on the Board of Association; and the Columbia Univer- served as chairman of the National Directors of Dayton Hudson Corporation sity Teachers College. He is Chairman Alliance of Businessmen, US-USSR and United Telecommunications. A of the New American Schools Trade and Economic Council, Emergency native of Kansas City, Missouri, Mr. Hall Development Corporation. Committee for American Trade, U.S. is a trustee of the Nelson Atkins Mu- Chamber of Commerce, National Center seum of Art and a member of the board DAVID T. KEARNS is Deputy Secre- for Resource Recovery, and the American of the Kansas City Symphony. He is also tary of Education and advises the Ballet Theatre Foundation. He received a board member of the Eisenhower Secretary of Education on all major the George F. Kennan Award in 1989 for Foundation, the American Royal Asso- program and management issues. In his contribution to improving U.S.-Soviet ciation, the Midwest Research Institute addition, he oversees the daily opera- relations. and the Greater Kansas City Communitytions of the Education r)epartment. Foundation. In 1972, the Chamber of Prior to joining the Department of WILLIAM H. LUERS has been Presi- Commerce named him "Mr. Kansas Education, Mr. Kearns was chairman of dent of The Metropolitan Museum of Art City," the city's highest honor. the Xerox Corporation, Stamford, since 1986. Formerly, he served as Connecticut. He is a member of the Ambassador to Czechoslovakia and HENRY KAUFMAN, Chairman of the President's Education Policy Advisory Ambassador to Venezuela. As a member Board of the Institute of International Committee, the Business Council, the of the Foreign Service from 1957-86, he Education, is President of Henry Council on Foreign Relations, and the has also lived in Italy, Germany, and the Kaufman & Company, Inc., a firm American Philosophical Society. He is a Soviet Union. He is on the board of specializing in economic and financial former member of the board of directors directors of Transco Energy Company, consulting and in investment manage- of Chase Manhattan Corporation, Time IDEX Corporation, Discount Corporation ment. Previously, he was with Salomon Warner Inc., Ryder System, Inc., and the of New York, and Scudder New Europe Brothers Inc. as Managing Director, Dayton Hudson Corporation. He also Fund. He is also a trustee or director of Member of the Executive Committee, served as a member of the board of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, American and in charge of the firm's four research trustees of The Ford Foundation, Academy of Diplomacy, The Salzburg departments. He was also a Vice Chairman of the National Urban League,Seminar, International Research and Chairman of the parent company. Chairman of the University of Rochester, Exchanges Board, Institute for East- Salomon Inc. Mr. Kaufman serves of the and Chairman of Junior Achievement. West Security Studies, Appeal of the board of the Whitney Museum of Art, the Conscience Foundation, School of United Nations Association, Tel-Aviv International and Public Affairs, University, and the Animal Medical Columbia University and the Institute of Center, and. is Chairman of the Board of Fine Arts, New York University. Mr. Overseers of the Schools of Business of Luers has written extensively for New York University. 6 0

63 BIOGRAPHIES OF SPEAKERS

newspapers and magazines on the SovietGEORGE SOROS is the President of Union and Eastern Europe, on East/ Soros Fund Management, New York, and West relations and on Latin America. Chief Investment Advisor of Quantum Fund, N. V., a $2 billion international LUIS MONREAL, former director of theinvestment fund. He has established Getty Conservation Institute in Los foundations in Hungary, Poland, Angeles, is currently director of the Obra Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union and Social y Cultural de la Caixa d'Estalvis i the Baltic states. He is the founder of Pensions de Barcelona. La Caixa is a the Central European University in new Spanish cultural fund which will Budapest, Hungary and Prague, Czecho- encompass more than one hundred slovakia. Mr. Soros is the author of The cultural centers, approximately one Alchemy of Finance, Opening the Soviet hundred libraries, programs for travel- System, and Underwriting Democracy. ling exhibitions and several galleries. Prior to directing the Getty ConservationJAMES D. WOLFENSOHN is chair- Institute, he was the general secretary ofman of the Board of Trustees on the the International Council of Museums, John F. Kennedy Center for the Perform- the branch of UNESCO responsible for ing Arts, and President of James D. promoting international cultural Wolfensohn Incorporated. He has had cooperation. extensive professional experience in investment banking and corporate BENNO C. SCHMIDT, JR. became thefinance as an executive partner of twentieth President of Yale University in Salomon Brothers; executive deputy 1986. He is a legal scholar who special- chairman and principal executive officer izes in constitutional law, the history of of Schroders Limited, London; president the Supreme Court, and American law and chief executive officer of J. Henry concerning mass communications. Prior Schroder Banking Corporation and to coming to Yale, he was professor of Schroder Trust Company, New York, law at Columbia University and Dean of and managing director of Darling & the Columbia University Law School Company, Australia. His public interest from 1984 to 1986. At Columbia, Mr. and volunteer efforts include his work as Schmidt focused on constitutional law, chairman of the board of Carnegie Hall primarily in the area of First Amend- Corporation, chairman of the Institute ment issues and the history of race for Advanced Study at Princeton and relations in American law. He has trustee of the Brookings Institution. Mr. served as moderator for the PBS series Wolfensohn is a member of the on "The Constitution: That Delicate President's Committee on the Arts and Balance" and for a similar series in the Humanities. Great Britain. Mr. Schmidt is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the New York Science and Policy Association and Director of the National Humanities Center.

64 SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONS

The PRESIDENTS COMMITTEE ON The INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL The INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES was EDUCATION (IIE) is the United States' GROUP was formed by the President's created by executive order of the President in largest nonprofit educational and cultural Committee on the Arts and the Humanities 1982 to advise the President and the exchange agency. It designs and administers and the Institute of International Education National Endowments for the Arts and the international programs for sponsors to develop interest, heighten awareness, and Humanities on ways to encourage private including the U.S. government, foreign build a strong constituency among the support for the arts and the humanities. The governments, corporations, foundations, private sector for international programs in President's Committee actively supports universities, and international organizations. the arts and the humanities. the arts and the humanities by providing a IIE also provides educational and forum for discussion of timely cultural issues. information services to the public and The Committee is composed of leading academic community. James H. Evans, Chairman private citizens, appointed by the President, Former Chairman of the Board and ex-officio members who direct Union Pacific Corporation government agencies having a cultural Henry Kaufman component. Chairman Robert McC. Adams Richard M. Krasno Secretary President Smithsonian Institution Mrs. George Bush Honorary Chairman Alberta Arthurs Donald J. Hall Mrs. Howard Ahmanson Director for Arts and Humanities Chairman Mrs. Hushang Ansary The Rockefeller Foundation Letitia Baldridge Diane J. Paton John H. Barnard James H. Billington Executive Director Michel L. Besson Librarian of Congress Donald M. Blinken Robert McC. Adams Fentress Bracewell J. Carter Brown Lamar Alexander Lloyd N. Cutler Director Richard G. Austin Robert L. Dilenschneider National Gallery of Art Benjamin F. Biaggini William H. Draper James H. Billington Stephen P. Duggan Schuyler G. Chapin Nicholas F. Brady Robin Chandler Duke Vice President, Worldwide Concert J. Carter Brown Philippe Dunoyer and Artist Activities Henry E. Catto .James H. Evans Steinway and Sons Lynne V. Cheney Henry H. Fowler Richard J. Franke Conrad K. Harper Henry E. Catto John E. Frohnmayer Andrew Heiskell Director George V. Grune Victor J. Goldberg United States Information Agency David B. Kennedy George D. Gould Susannah Simpson Kent Vartan Gregorian Alice Stone Ilchman Dominic Man-Kit Lam Alexander Hehmeyer President Manuel Lujan, Jr. Bruce W. Hulbert Sarah Lawrence College Emily Malino Thomas S. Johnson Donald B. Marron Shigekuni Kawamura Stanley N. Katz Konrad H. Matthaei Isamu Koike President Alexander K. McLanahan Mrs. John L. Loeb American Council of Raymond D. Nasher Jean Bronson Mahoney Learned Societies Lynne D. Novack Pierre Masson Arturo G. Ortega Madeline H. McWhinney Dominic Man -Kit. Lam John F.W. Rogers Thomas M. Messer Director Marvin S. Sadik Martin Meyerson Baylor Center for Biotechnology Arthur W. Schultz Mrs. Maurice T. Moore Stanley S. Scott L. Jay Oliva Harvey Lichtenstein Jane DeGraff Sloat Diane J. Paton Roger L. Stevens President Kent Rhodes Brooklyn Academy of Music Oscar L. Tang Monroe E. Spaght Jane Morgan Weintraub Robert D. Stuart Jr. James D. Wolfensohn Kathleen Sullivan Konrad H. Matthaei Director of Development fah Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

65 SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONS

Alexander K. McLanahan Vice President Kidder, Peabody & Company, Inc. o\I Thomas Messer Director Emeritus Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation

Raymond D. Nasher Chairman of the Board Raymond D. Nasher Company

Wesley W. Posvar Former President University of Pittsburgh

Oscar L. Tang President Reich and Tang L.P.

Ex-officio:

Donald J. Hall Chairman of the Board Hallmark Cards, Inc. and Chairman President's Committee on the Arts and the Hin..'ities Staff: Acknowledgments

Henry Kaufman Malcolm L. Richardson We acknowledge with gratitude the Chairman of the Board Deputy Director contributions of the following individuals Institute of International International Program without whom the development and Education and implementation of "Shaping the New World President Pamela R. Aall Order: International Cultural Opportunities Henry Kaufman & Company Inc. International Program Coordinator and the Private Sector'. would not have been possible: Lynne V. Cheney Jennifer J. Sarbacher Chairman Assistant to the Director J. Carter Brown National Endowment for the Monika Dillon Humanities Wendy E. Bradley Prosser Gifford International Program Assistant William Glade John E. Frohnmayer Merianne Glickman Chairman Jane Gullong National Endowment for the Arts Susannah Simpson Kent Donald B. Marron Richard M. Krasno Timothy J. NIcClimon President Mary Witten Neal Institute of International Education Geraldine M. Otremba Marc Pachter Diane J. Paton Norman Petersen Executive Director Cassandra Pyle President's Committee on the Arts Robin N. Rapp and the Humanities Mary Claire Shipp Jane Slate Siena Nancy Thompson

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 6 s All photos hy Illichncl AMdkr,, uh unless other-117st- indicated.

66 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

EDWARD ABLE, Executive Director, RUTH BERENSON, Consultant, U. S. J. CARTER BROWN, Director, National American Association of Museums Information Agency Gallery of Art

ROBERT McC. ADAMS. The Secretary, CHARLES C. BERGMAN, Executive Vice MRS. GEORGE BUSH, Honorary Chairman, Smithsonian Institution President, The Pollock-Krasner Foundation, President's Committee on the Arts and the Inc. Humanities THOMAS ADAMS, Program Officer, Division of Education, National Endowment for the MARJORIE BERLINCOURT, Director, Humanities HENRY E. CATTO, Director, United States Division of Fellowships and Seminars, Information Agency National Endowment for the Humanities MRS. HOWARD AHMANSON. Trustee, SCHUYLER G. CHAPIN, Vice President, Institute of International Education JAMES H. BILLINGTON, The Librarian of Worldwide Concert and Artist Activities, Congress Steinway and Sons MARY K. ALEXANDER, Manager, Government and Public Affairs MRS. JAMES H. BILLINGTON ADELE CHATFIELD-TAYLOR, President, Matushita Electric Corporation of America American Academy in Rome JAMES D. BINDENAGEL, Director, JANE ANDERSON, Executive Director, International Programs, Rockwell LYNNE V. CHENEY, Chairman, National Fulbright Association International Endowment for the Humanities MAYA ANGELOU, Author MRS. JAMES D. BINDENAGEL MARTHA CHOMIAK, Program Officer, Division of Research Programs, National MANUEL ARANGO ARIAS, Presidente, MARY ANN BITTNER, Congressional Endowment for the Humanities Concord, S.A. de C.V., Mexico Liaison, Institute of Museum Services DAVID CODER, Program Officer, Division of ALBERTA ARTHURS, Director of the Arts DAVID BLINDER, Director of Corporate and Research Programs, National Endowment for and Humanities. The Rockefeller Foundation Foundation Relations, Princeton University the Humanities EDWARD ARTHURS DONALD M. BLINKEN. Director, Warburg, WILLIAM R. CODUS, Office of International Pincus & Co. Visitors, U. S. Information Agency Ji-alES A. BAKER III, Secretary of State, U.S. Department of State CHARLES BLITZER, Director, The Woodrow CELESTE COLGAN, Deputy Chairman, Wilson Center National Endowment for the Humanities MRS. JAMES A. BAKER III SUSAN BLOOM, Vice President, Cultural PAULA COLLINS, Vice President, Cultural LETITIA BALDRIGE, Author and Trustee, Affairs, American Express Company Affairs, American Express Company Institute of International Education ANDREAS TE BOEKHORST, Counselor for JOEL CONARROE, President, John Simon CURTIS BARLOW. Cultural Attache, Press and Cultural Affairs, Embassy of the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Embassy of Canada Netherlands CAROL M. CONNELL, Director, Public FRANCOIS BARRAS, Cultural Attache, ELIZABETH BOONE, Curator, Dumbarton Relations, House of Seagram Embassy of Switzerland Oaks MIGUEL ANGEL CORZO, Director, Getty JAVIER BARROS-VALERO, Subsecretario RANDELL BOURSCHEIDT, President, Conservation Institute de Cooperacion Internacional, Alliance for the Arts Secretaria de Relacions Exteriores, Republic of Mexico MANUEL COSIO, Director, Mexican LEON BRAMSON, Program Officer, Division Cultural Institute of Fellowships and Seminars, National LINDA BELL, Director of Policy, Planning Endowment for the Humanities and Budget, Institute of Museum Services ALEXANDER D. CRARY, Staff Member, Subcommittee on Education, Arts and MICHAEL BRAUN, Director, Mid-Atlantic Humanities, Office of Senator Claiborne Pell WILLIAM E. BENSO, President, Martin Arts Foundation Marietta Overseas Corporation CHARLES CROCE, Manager, National KAREN D. BROSIUS, Manager, Cultural Public Relations, Lufthansa German Airlines Affairs and Special Programs, Philip Morris Compaiker,Inc. 4.7

67 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

KENNETH M. CROSBY, Diplomatic Liaison, JACK EGLE, President. Council on FELIX GAGLIANO, President, Association of Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. International Educational Exchange International Education Administrators, Ohio University MRS. KENNETH M. CROSBY MRS. JACK EGLE PAULINE GAGLIANO, Professor of Music, WALTER L. CUTLER, President, Meridian WALTER Y. ELISHA, Chairman, Springs Ohio University House International Industries SAMUEL R. GAMMON, Executive Director, MRS. WALTER L. CUTLER PAUL ENGELSTAD, U. S. State DepartmentAmerican Historical Association Escort Officer RICHARD DEASY, President, National STANLEY C. GAULT, Chairman and CEO. Council for International Visitors JAMES H. EVANS, Chairman, International Goodyear Rubber and Tire Company Advisory Group, and former Chairman and ARTHUR J. DECIO, Chairman and CEO, CEO, Union Pacific Corporation RAYMOND GEORIS, Secretary General, Skyline Corporation European Cultural Foundation MRS. JAMES H. EVANS MRS. ARTHUR J. DECIO PROSSER GIFFORD, Director, Scholarly GEORGE FARR, Director of Preservation, Programs, The Library of Congress JOHN DEUPREE, Associate Director, Office National Endowment for the Humanities of International Education, College Entrance MRS. PROSSER GIFFORD Examination Board JEANNETTE FILE-LAMB, Director, International Training Program, Educational WILLIAM GLADE, Associate Director, ROBERT L. DILENSCHNEIDER, Principal, Testing Service Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs, Dilenschneider Group U. S. Information Agency DOUGLAS FOARD, Executive Secretary. MRS. ROBERT L. DILENSCHNEIDER The Phi Beta Kappa Society ELISA GLAZER, Deputy Corporate Relations Officer, National Gallery of Art MONIKA DILLON, Manager of Cultural HENRY H. FOWLER, Partner, Goldman Affairs, PaineWebber, Inc. Sachs DEFOY GLENN, Assistant to Maya Angelo

CAROL DIMINNIE, Council of Graduate MRS. HENRY H. FOWLER MERIANNE GLICKMAN, Director, Studies International Activities, National SIR RICHARD FRANCIS, Director General, Endowment for the Arts LACEY NEUHAUS DORN, Executive The British Council Director, Art in Embassies Program, U. S. JOANNE GLISSON, Health and Science Department of State SETH E. FRANK. Trustee, Georges Lurcy Director. Monsanto Fund Charitable and Educational Trust DALE F. DORN MARIAN A. GODFREY, Program Director MRS. SETH E. FRANK for Culture, The Pew Charitable Trusts ANGIER BIDDLE DUKE, Former Chancellor, Long Island University J. WAYNE FREDERICKS, Trustee, Institute ALAN J. GOLDBERG, Associate, Wilmer, of International Educatioi. Cutler and Pickering ROBIN CHANDLER DUKE, Chairman, Population Crisis Committee PAUL E. FREIMAN, Chairman of the Board VICTOR GOLDBERG, Vice President, IBM and CEO, Syntex Corporation Corporation CHARLES W. DUNN, Chairman, J. William Fulbright Scholarship Board NEIL FRIEDMAN, General Manager, Mitsui MRS. VICTOR GOLDBERG & C. U.S.A. RICHARD W. DYE, Executive Vice MARY ANNE GOLEY, Director, Fine Arts President, Institute of International JOHN E. FROHNMAYER, Chairman, Program. Federal Reserve Board Education National Endowment for the Arts ALICIA MARIA GONZALEZ, Director, Office ROBERT L. EARLE, Minister Counselor for MRS, JOHN E. FROHNMAYER of Quincentenary Programs, Smithsonian Public Affairs, United States Embassy, Institution Mexico MICHAEL R. GADBAW, Vice President and Senior Counsel, International Law and Policy, GE Corporation

68 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

GEORGE D. GOULD, Vice-Chairman, KATHRYN HAUSER, Executive Director, CHRISTOPHER HUNT, Former Director, Klingenstein, Fields, & Co., L.P. Bell Atlantic Institute PepsiCo Summerfare

MRS. GEORGE D. GOULD HOLLIS HEADRICK, Director, Arts in ALICE STONE ILCHMAN, President, Sarah Education, New York Council on the Arts Lawrence College ADRIENNE GRAY, Program Manager, IBM Corporation JUDITH F. HERNSTADT DORIS JOHNSON, Assistant Executive Director, American Association of Collegiate JAMES GREENFIELD HOWARD L. HILLS, Vice President and Registrars General Counsel, Overseas Private Insurance HENRY A. GRUNWALD, Former Editor-in- Corporation JAMES A. R. JOHNSON, Director of chief, TIME Inc., and former Ambassador to Goverment Affairs, Apple Computer Austria MRS. HOWARD L. HILLS JOSEPH JOHNSTON, Vice President for JANE GULLONG, Director, Arts JOHN A. HINDS, President, AT&T Programs, Association of American Colleges International, Institute of International International Education CELIA JOSEPHS, Director, Sadlers Wells MRS. JOHN A. HINDS Association RICHARD S. GURIN, President and CEO, Binney and Smith, Inc. ANN GUTHRIE HINGSTON, Cultural CHRISTINE KALKE, Program Officer, Property Advisory Committee, U.S. Division of Research Programs, National MRS. RICHARD S. GURIN Information Agency Endowment for the Humanities

ERIC A. HAINES, Association for FRANCIS S. M. HODSOLL, Executive NATASHA KAPLAN, Consultant, Very International Practical Training Associate Director and Chief Financial Special Arts Officer, Office of Management and Budget, BARBARA HALL, Director of Development, The White House EDITH KATZ, International Business The John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Advisory, Council on International Arts MRS. FRANCIS S. M. HODSOLL Educational Exchange

DONALD J. HALL, Chairman, President's DAVID A. HOEKEMA, Executive Director, STANLEY N. KATZ, President, American Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, American Philosophical Association Council of Learned Societies and Chairman of the Board, Hallmark Cards, Inc. TAKASHA HOGA, President, Fujisankii MRS. STANLEY N. KATZ Communications MRS. DONALD J. HALL HENRY KAUFMAN, President, Henry MRS. TAKASHA HOGA Kaufman and Company, Inc., and JOHN R. HALL, Chairman and CEO, Chairman, Institute of International Ashland Oil, Inc. EDYTHE HOLBROOKE, Director, American Education Soviet Youth Orchestra MRS. JOHN R. HALL MRS. HENRY KAUFMAN ROBERT HOLLENSTEINER MR. PATRICK M. HALL, Vice President for SHIGEKUNI KAWAMURA, President, the Americas, Rockwell International KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, Vice President, Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. Brooklyn Academy of Music MRS. PATRICK M. HALL THOMAS H. KEAN, President, Drew THOMAS L. HUGHES, President, Carnegie University, former Governor of New Jersey, JOHN HERBERT HAMMER, Director, Endowment for International Peace and Chairman, New American Schools National Humanities Alliance Development Corporation MRS. THOMAS L. HUGHES JACQUELINE V. HARRINGTON, Director of DAVID T. KEARNS, Deputy Secretary, U.S. Public Policy, American Assembly of BRUCE N. HULBERT, Trustee, Institute of Department of Education, and former Collegiate Schools of Business International Education Chairman, Xerox Corporation

LESLEY HARRIS, Director, IBJ Foundation, MRS. BRUCE N. HULBERT DONALD M. KENDALL, former Chairman of Industrial Bank of Japan the Executive Committee, PepsiCo Inc.

69 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

MRS. DONALD M. KENDALL ARNOLD L. LEHMAN. Director, The HARRIET MAYOR, Executive Director, Baltimore Museum of Art Fulbright Association DAVID B. KENNEDY, President, Earhart Foundation KAREN LIPSON, Associate, Williams and RAFAEL MAZARRASA, President, Spain '92 Connolly Foundation SUZANNAH SIMPSON KENT, Director, Institute of Museum Services ANN LOUBIGNAC, Cultural Attache, MRS. RAFAEL MAZARRASA Embassy of France GEORGE P. KILBORNE TIMOTHY J. McCLIMON, Vice President, DENNIS LUBECK, Director, International Arts Programs, AT&T Foundation JERROLD KILSON, Delphi International Education Consortium Group ROBERT MCDOWELL, Director, Arts WILLIAM H. LUERS, President, The America, U. S. Information Agency NORMAN L. KOONCE, American Metropolitan Museum of Art Architectural Foundation LEE KIMCHE McGRATH, Presinent, Lee MRS. WILLIAM H. LUERS Kimche and Associates EUGENE P. KOPP, Deputy Director, U. S. Information Agency JUDY LL1S, Director of School and ALEXANDER K. McLAILkHAN, Vice University Projects, Foreign Policy President, Kidder, Peabody and MRS. EUGENE P. KOPP Association Company, Inc.

FRITZ ALAN KORTH, Korth and Korth ROBERT L. LYNCH, Executive Director, MRS. ALEXANDER K. McLANAHAN National Assembly of Local Arts Agencies MICHAEL KOSTIW, Senior Federal SHEILA A. McLEAN, Vice President, Government Affairs Representative for KENNETH MacWILLIAMS, President, Institute of International Education International, Texaco, Inc. Prudential Equity Management Association SCOTT McVAY, Executive Director, JOHN A. KOTEN, President, Ameritech JEAN BRONSON MAHONEY, Trustee, Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Foundation Institute of International Education MRS. SCOTT McVAY MRS. JOHN A. KOTEN EMILY MALINO, President, Malino & Metcalf, Inc. MADELINE H. McWHINNEY, President, JOSEPH J. KRAKORA, External Affairs Dale, Elliott & Company, Inc. Officer, National Gallery of Art STEPHEN MANSBACH, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National THOMAS MESSER, Director Emeritus, The RICHARD M. KRASNO, President and Chief Gallery of Art Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation Executive Officer, Institute of international Education MICHELLE MARGESON, Institute of GIANFRANCO !.1 )NACELLI, President and Museum Services CEO, Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. PETER KROGH, Director, School of Foreign Services, Georgetown University MARY STEWART MARTIN, Director, MRS. GIANFRANCO MONACELLI Liaison and Development Services, DOMINIC MAN-KIT LAM, Director, Baylor Republican National Convention LUIS MONREAL, Director General, Center for Biotechnology Fundacion "La Caixa" ROBERT MARX, Executive Director, New MARY ELLEN LANE, Executive Director, York Public Library HENRY MORAN, Executive Director, Council of American Overseas Research Mid-Atlantic Arts Alliance Centers, Smithsonian Institution BLAIR MASCALL, Council for Business and the Arts in Canada JAMES M. MORRIS, The Wilson Center LEWIS H. LAPHAM, Editor, Harper's Magazine KONRAD H. MATTHAEI, Director of DAVID PATON, Chairman, Department of Development, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Ophthamology, Catholic Medical Center of JEFFREY LARICHE, Vice President for Brooklyn and Queens Cultural Programming, United States MRS. KONRAD H. MATTHAEI International Cultural and Trade Center Commission 4

70 UST OF PARTICIPANTS

DIANE J. PATON, Executive Director, JOHN F. W. ROGERS, Undersecretary for APRIL SGROW-RIDDLE, Executive Director, President's Committee on the Arts and the Management, U.S. Department of State National Corporate Fund for Dance Humanities JERROLD ROSS, New York University LOIS B. SHEPARD, Former Director, ELIZABETH WEIL PERRY, Corporate School of Education Institute of Museum Services Relations Officer, National Gallery of Art ALFRED M. ROTONDARO, Executive JUDY SHEPHERD, Program Officer, MARILYN PERRY, President, Samuel H. Director, National Italian American Institute of International Education Kress Foundation Foundation VALERIE SHERLOCK, Manager, GUSTAVO PETRICIOLI, Ambassador of PETER T. ROWLEY, Vice President and Philanthropy and Community Affairs, Mexico to United States Assistant General Manager, Conoco Inc. IBM Corporation, Latin America MARNIE S. PILLSBURY, Rockefeller JANE SLATE SIENA, Head of Institutional Financial Services, Inc. MRS. PETER ROWLEY Relations, The Getty Conservation Institute

JANE POLIN, Comptroller, GE Foundations DELWIN A. ROY, President, The Hitachi LEONARD L. SILVERSTEIN, ESQ., Partner, Foundation Silverstein and Mullens JILLIAN POOLE, President, Fund for Arts and Culture in Central and Eastern Europe MRS. DELWIN A. ROY MRS. LEONARD L. SILVERSTEIN

WESLEY W. POSVAR, Former President, JOSEF RUSNAK, Head of the Cultural SICHAN SIV, Deputy Assistant to the University of Pittsburgh Section, German Embassy President, Office of Public Liaison, The White House MILDRED MILLER POSVAR CARLOS SALINAS DE GORTARI, President of Mexico MRS. SICIiki SW SUSAN PRADO, Special Assistant to the Chairman, National Endowment for the JOAN D. SANDLER, Regional JANE DeGRAFF SLOAT, Member, Humanities Representative, National Endowment for the President's Committee on the Arts and the Arts Humanities ENEYET RAHIM, Director of Library Services, National Endowment for the BENNO SCHMIDT, JR., President, Yale JONATHAN SLOAT Humanities University GORDON DEE SMITH, President, MOLLY RAYMOND, Deputy Coordinator, MRS. BENNO SCHMID f, JR. InterCultura President's Exchange initiative, U. S. Information Agency MARNA SCHNABEL, Chief, Division of PETER SOLIvISSEN, President, University of Creative Arts, U. S. Information Agency the Arts LAWRENCE L. REGER, President, National Institute for the Conservation of Cultural BARBARA SCHNEIDER, Program Director, GEORGE SOROS, Founder, Central Property Smithsonian Institution European University and Network of Soros Foundations in Eastern Europe JOHN F. REICHARD, Executive Vice JAMES SCHEUER, Member, U. S. House of President, National Association for Foreign Representatives MRS. GI .E SOROS Student Affairs ALAN E. SCHWARTZ, Honigman, Miller, ROBERT SPRINKLE, Director, Association JOSE RAMON REMACHA, Minister for Schwartz & Cohn of International Practical Training Cultural Affairs, Embassy of Spain MRS. ALAN E. SCHWARTZ VIKKJ SPRUILL, Senior Vice President, JOHN RICHARDSON, Director, European Ruder Finn Foundation Centre ANTHONY M. SCHWARZWALDER, Vice President, Projects in International ANNETTE STEIFBOLD, Director, CAROL ROCAMORA, Artistic and Development and Training, Experiment in International Market Research and Performing Director, Philadelphia Festival International Living Washington Area Director for the Americas, Theater for New Plays Lockheed Corporation

RODMAN ROCKEFELLER, Pocantico Development Associates

71 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

ROGER L. STEVENS, Founding Chairman, ELSPETH UDVARHELYI, Deputy Director, JAMES D. WOLFENSOHN, Chairman, The The John F. Kennedy Center for the The Baltimore Museum of Art John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Performing Arts Arts JAVIER BARROS VALERO, Subsecretario MRS. ROGER L. STEVENS de Cooperacion Internacional, Secretaria de MRS. JAMES D. WOLFENSOHN Relations Exteriores, Mexico RUTH ANN STEWART, Congressional MITCHELL WOLFSON, JR., Founder and Research Service, Library of Congress ANGELES VILLARREAL Chairman, Wolfsonian Foundation

SUSAN STIRN, Program Manager, U. S. JOHN T. WALSH, President, Facilities MARGARET WYSZOMIRSKI, Director, Information Agency Development, Project Hope Policy Planning, Research and Budget, National Endowment for the Arts RICHARD D. SWENSEN, Former Dean of MRS. JOHN T. WALSH Arts and Sciences, University of Wisconsin - ANGELES ESPINOSA YGLESIAS River Falls J. JACKSON WALTER, President, National Trust for Historic Preservation MANUEL ESPINOSA YGLESIAS, ANDREW A. G. SZABO, Organization for Presidente del Patronato, Fundacion Mary East European Development JOHN WEINMANN, Chief of Protocol, U. S. Street Jenkins Deparcnent of State MRS. ANDREW A. G. SZABO MRS. JOHN WEINMANN SWIFT TARBELL III, Director, International Business Development, United Technologies JANE MORGAN WEINTRAUB, Member, Corporation President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities DOROTHEA POTTER TEIPEL, Public Relations Consultant KONRAD M. WEIS, President and CEO, Bayer USA, Inc. NATHANIAL B. THAYER, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Study GEORGE WEISSMAN, Retired Chairman, Philip Morris Companies, Inc. GORDON TINDALE, Cultural Attache, British Embassy MRS. GEORGE WEISSMAN

NOREEN TOMASSI, Associate Director, Arts ELIZABETH WELLES, Program Officer, International, Institute of International Division of Education Programs, Education National Endowment for the Humanities

ELLA KING TORREY, Program Officer, The ALICE WHELIHAN, Director, Indemnity Pew Charitable Trusts Programs, National Endowment for the Arts

ANN VAN DERVANDER TOWNSEND, DAVID R. WHITE, Founding Director, Dance Executive Director, Trust for Museum Theatre Workshop Exhibitions LYN MAXWELL WHITE, Assistant Director CONCETTA TRAVAGLINO, Representative, for Higher Education, National Endowment Institute per la Reconstruzione Industriale for the Humanities

EDWARD H. TUCK, Shearman and Sterling, HAROLD M. WILLIAMS, President, The J. N.Y.C., and President, The French American Paul Getty Trust Foundation JENNIFER WILLIAMS, Executive Director, STANLEY F. TURESKY, Executive Director, British American Arts Association US/New Zealand Council

Printed on acid-free, recycled paper Design: Designlink, Bethesda MD

72 PRESIDENTS CONINUTTEE ON Tilt ARTS AND THE ntimwriEs 1160-Penuoyhmnift Avenue, N.W.

. . , Room 526 --Wastington. D C. 2050' BEST COPYtIVAILARE 7 5