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2nd August 2018 British English edition Issue Number 333 In this issue

Relocating elephants Brontë 200th anniversary Cambodia’s one-sided election World Overshoot Day Egypt’s mystery sarcophagus opened Buffalo jumps and grass burning Chocolate trademark dispute Roman library found Dam collapse in Laos Soldiers’ remains returned Ancient nematodes revived Hands of the gods bridge Imran Khan, leader of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (or Justice Party), speaking to supporters before the election Zimbabwe’s election Mars’ dust storm and lake I m r a n K h a n w i n s Mathematics medals Henge crop marks Cricket is a popular sport in Pakistan. An election for the National Assem- Record-breaking Death In the early 1990s, Imran Khan was the bly takes place every five years. The Valley country’s cricket team captain. In 1992, latest was on 25th July. Over 20 parties King penguin die-off under his leadership, Pakistan won the contested the vote. The country’s three Glossary Crossword and cricket World Cup. At that time, Mr Khan main parties are: the Pakistan Muslim Wordsearch Puzzle was a sporting hero in his home country. League (PML-N), the Pakistan People’s When younger, Mr Khan attended a Party (PPP) and Mr Khan’s Justice Party. school in the UK. He also studied at Ox- Five years ago, the PML-N won Learning ford University. Twenty-two years ago, with 166 seats. Mr Khan’s party was English as a after retiring from cricket, Mr Khan set third. This time, the Justice Party got up a new political party. He called it Pa- 116 seats: more than its main rivals, but foreign kistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). The name not a majority. To secure his position as language? means ‘Pakistan Movement for Justice’. Pakistan’s new prime minister, Mr Khan It is also known as the Justice Party. needed to persuade several smaller par- Pakistan is a parliamentary democra- ties to work with his own. This type of Newsademic.com cy. Its official name is the Islamic Repub- arrangement is known as a coalition. lic of Pakistan. The president is the head India, Pakistan and Bangladesh were Recommended of state. Yet, this person has few powers. once all part of a large British colony The prime minister governs the country. known as India. The British ruled this reading Usually, he or she is the leader of the part of the world for over 200 years. After for party with most seats in the parliament, the end of the Second World War (1939 or National Assembly. – 1945), the leaders of the UK decided EFL and ESL NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 2 that they could not control India any long periods during which military areas: Azad Jammu and Kashmir longer. There had been an increasing leaders have governed the nation. (5), and Gilgit-Baltistan (6). These number of protests. Those who took In 2001, an Islamist militant are autonomous territories. Their part in the demonstrations wanted group called al-Qaeda attacked the assemblies have more powers than the British to leave. USA. This group had its training those of the provinces. The coun- In 1947, the UK government bases in Afghanistan. At that time, try’s main parliament, or National agreed that the colony would be split the Taliban controlled Afghanistan. Assembly, is in Islamabad, Paki- into two independent, self-govern- When it refused to hand over the stan’s capital city. ing, countries. India was the largest, al-Qaeda leaders, the USA led an Pakistan still has a problem with where most people were Hindu. The invasion of the country. Many Tali- corruption, or dishonest officials. other, Pakistan, had a Muslim ma- ban fighters moved to the mountain- Both the PML-N and PPP have jority. Then, Pakistan also included ous region near the border between governed the country in the recent an area called East Pakistan. This Afghanistan and Pakistan. Eighteen past. Nawaz Sharif, the leader of the part of the country became a sepa- years later, troops from the USA and PML-N, became the prime minister rate nation in 1971. Its name was several other countries, such as the five years ago. A court recently de- changed to Bangladesh. UK, are still based in Afghanistan. clared that Mr Sharif and one of his After they were granted inde- Fighting between the Afghan army daughters were guilty of corruption. pendence, Pakistan and India soon and the Taliban continues. Both were ordered to serve prison became rivals. They have frequent sentences. Mr Sharif’s brother has CHINA disagreements. It is not unusual for 6 taken over as the PML-N’s leader. the two countries to argue about 2 Pakistan’s army commanders are AFGHANISTAN 5 where the border between them Islamabad very powerful. Nowadays, they ‘op- should be in a mountainous region Line of erate in the background’. Some peo- 3 called Kashmir. The British di- Control ple say that Mr Khan’s party would PAKISTAN vided Kashmir between India and not have won without the backing of Pakistan. The northern part is often 1 the army. After the election, Mr Sha- INDIA called Pakistani-controlled Kashmir 4 rif’s brother and Bilawal Bhutto, the (its official name is Gilgit-Baltistan). leader of the PPP, complained. They Arabian Sea India controls the southern part. The claimed that the army had interfered border between them is known as The war in Afghanistan has caused in the election and the way in which the Line of Control. The majority of many problems in Pakistan. The Tali- votes were counted. people who live in India-controlled ban believe people should obey very Mr Khan is now 65 years old. Kashmir are Muslims. strict Islamic laws. Some people in He spoke after the election results India and Pakistan have fought Pakistan, especially those living were announced. Mr Khan said that three wars against each other since close to the border with Afghanistan, he hoped that the other main parties 1947. All were short and incon- have similar beliefs. Some are mem- would work with him to develop clusive. Two of the conflicts were bers of the Pakistani Taliban. In re- Pakistan’s economy. Mr Khan de- fought over Kashmir. Both India and cent years, the Pakistani Taliban has clared that he wanted to end the ri- Pakistan are nuclear powers. They carried out several shootings and valry between his country and India. are among the few countries in the bombings in the country. In the past, Mr Khan criticised the world that have nuclear weapons. Today, Pakistan is home to over USA for its anti-Taliban operations. Since it became an independ- 212 million people. It is the world’s These often occur in Afghanistan ent nation 71 years ago, Pakistan fifth most populous country. The near the border with Pakistan. He has had a troubled political history. country is divided into four prov- said that Pakistan needed to have a There have been several military inces: Balochistan (1 - see map), relationship with the USA that bene- coups (pronounced ‘coos’). A coup Khyber Pakhkhwa (2), Punjab (3), fits both countries. Mr Khan also ex- is when a military commander uses and Sindh (4). Each has its own plained that he planned to copy the the army to seize control of a coun- provincial assembly, or local par- anti-corruption policies that China try. In Pakistan, there have been liament. There are two other main has recently introduced.  NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

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Elephant relocation is known as the matriarch. Other killed, or poached, during a 15-year elephants in the herd act on the ma- civil war in the country. This con- The Venetia Limpopo Nature Re- triarch’s ‘instructions’. For instance, flict ended in 1992. serve is in South Africa. Home to the matriarch might decide to move The distance between the De African elephants, lions and leop- to a new place to find food and wa- Beers reserve and the park in Mo- ards, it covers an area of 320 square ter. The others then follow. Apart zambique is 1,500 kilometres (932 kilometres (124 square miles). De from human hunters, adult elephants miles). The first 60 elephants are Beers owns the reserve. It is the have no natural predators. being taken to this park. The others world’s biggest diamond company. may be relocated to some of Mo- The company’s largest diamond zambique’s other reserves. mines are in South Africa. De Beers will pay for the opera- Recently, officials working for tion. Each elephant is to be shot with De Beers announced plans to move, a tranquilliser dart, which contains or relocate, 200 elephants. They live special drugs. These make the ani- on its nature reserve. The animals mals sleepy, less aggressive or un- are to be taken to Mozambique, conscious. Cranes are used to lift the a neighbouring African country. sleepy elephants into large wooden Currently, the De Beers’ reserve is crates. These are then loaded onto home to 270 elephants. Over time, the back of trucks. their numbers have grown naturally. A conservation group called the The reserve’s elephant population is Peace Parks Foundation (PPF) is too large for its size. The optimum helping to organise the elephant number for this land area is about Elephant herd at a watering hole in South Africa move. De Beers has donated 60. Once the elephants have gone, (Bernard Dupont) US$500,000 (£380,000) to PPF. the reserve’s other animals should Over 100 years ago, there may The group will use the money to flourish and multiply. have been between three and five protect the elephants in their new African elephants are the million elephants in Africa. Today, reserves.  world’s largest land animals. They the figure is about 400,000. In the mainly eat leaves and the branches past, many elephants were killed of bushes and trees. The animals for their ivory tusks. Ivory, which Bronte anniversary will also feed on grasses, fruit, and can be carved into different shapes, tree bark. is valuable. Today, killing elephants Emily Brontë was a British author Elephants are often associated is unlawful. The sale of ivory and poet. She is best known for with wisdom and intelligence. The has been banned in an increasing Wuthering Heights, her only novel, saying ‘an elephant never forgets’ number of countries. Yet, criminal or book. Today, this book is often is an example of the belief that they gangs still kill elephants for their described as an ‘English literature have long memories. Elephants ivory. Illegally killing animals is classic’. Emily Brontë was born on have been seen doing things that known as poaching. 30th July 1818. Therefore, 30th July intelligent animals, such as dolphins The ‘De Beers’ elephants are be- this year was the 200th anniversary and some apes, are known to do. ing moved to a government-owned of her birth. These include: showing grief when national park, in central Mozam- Both of Emily Brontë’s sisters, a member of the group dies, using bique. It is much bigger than the Charlotte (1816 – 1855) and Anne tools, and helping to look after the company’s reserve in South Africa. (1820 – 1849), were also authors. calves (or babies) of others. The park in Mozambique encom- Charlotte wrote Jane Eyre, another Elephant herds are made up al- passes an area of 4,080 square kilo- literary classic. Anne’s best-known most entirely of females. The herds’ metres (1,575 square miles). Cur- book is called The Tenant of Wild- only males are youngsters. When rently, only 60 elephants live there. fell Hall. Published in 1848, it is male elephants become adults, they Mozambique used to have tens of considered to be one of the first live on their own. A herd’s leader thousands of elephants. Many were feminist novels. NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

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After the Brontës’ mother died, scribe it as ‘the most haunting and her sister, or the children’s aunt, tormented love story ever written’. came to live with them. When they It is a gothic novel. The story were young, the sisters attended has an atmosphere of horror and several schools. Yet their father mystery as well as scenes of cru- and aunt mostly educated them at elty and passion. At first, the book home. In their free, or leisure, time, was not popular. It shocked many the sisters began to write fiction, or of its readers. made-up stories. When she was 20, Emily died one year after Wuther- Emily took a job as a teacher in a ing Heights was published. She was nearby town. She found the long 30 years old. Emily therefore never days difficult. The work affected her knew how successful her book

The Brontë family home in Haworth, in the UK health and, after six months, Emily would be or the fame that it brought returned home. her. Her younger sister, Anne, and At that time, it was unusual for brother died before her. All three are women to write novels. The Brontë thought to have suffered from tuber- sisters thought that readers (espe- culosis (TB). A bacterium, which in- cially men) would be prejudiced fects the lungs, causes this disease. against them. They therefore pre- After the deaths of her younger tended that men wrote their books. sisters and brother, Charlotte mar- Emily’s pen, or fictitious, name ried. Yet, a few weeks before her was Ellis Bell. Charlotte and Anne 39th birthday, she also died of TB. were Currer and Acton Bell. The Patrick, her father, outlived all of sisters’ ‘real’ and pen names had his children. the same initials. The Brontë Museum in Haworth The sisters grew up in Haworth, organised several events to celebrate a small town in the UK. Their fa- Emily’s short life and the 200th an- ther, Patrick, was the parson, or niversary of her birth.  priest, of the local church. He had six children. Two died when they were about ten years old. Charlotte, Cambodia’s one-sided election 1834 painting of the Brontë sisters by their Emily, and Anne were the youngest brother Branwell: Anne (L), Emily (C) and girls. Emily was the third-eldest of Charlotte (National Portrait Gallery) Cambodia is in South East Asia. Its the four surviving Brontë children. Emily and her sister Charlotte parliament is called the National She was between Anne, the young- then went to a girls’ school in Brus- Assembly. Elections for the Na- est, and her brother Branwell. Their sels, Belgium’s capital city. There, tional Assembly take place every mother died suddenly in 1821. they studied French, German and five years. The latest vote, or poll, The house in which the Brontë music. The two sisters went back was held on 29th July. Many people family lived is now a museum. The to Haworth after the death of their described it as ‘unfair’ and ‘one-sid- Haworth Parsonage museum con- aunt. They planned to set up a ed’. The main opposition party was tains many things that the family school at their home. Haworth was not allowed to take part. owned. It also displays examples a small, remote town. As the sis- Cambodia is what’s known as of the clothes that the sisters would ters were unable to attract enough a constitutional monarchy. Its king have worn. The museum includes a students, the school never opened. is the country’s head of state. library. It contains many books and By this time, their bother, Bran- Yet he has very few powers. An articles about the Brontë sisters. well, had become addicted to alco- elected prime minister runs the Some of the original papers and hol and drugs. country. This person is the leader documents written by them are also Wuthering Heights was pub- of the party with most seats in the kept in the library. lished in 1847. Some people de- National Assembly. NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

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(CNRP) was founded in 2012. Sam Rainsy led it. At the 2013 election, the CNRP was Hun Sen’s party’s main rival. The CNRP won 55 seats. Hun Sen’s party got 68. Sam Rainsy complained that many votes were deliberately miscount- ed. This, he said, prevented the CNRP from winning. In 2016, fearing arrest, Sam Rainsy moved to Paris, France’s capital city. He resigned the lead- Cambodia’s National Assembly building in Phnom Penh (Asienreisender.de) ership of the CNRP last year. Khmer Rouge members were Kem Sokha took over as the par- brutal. They killed people who ty’s leader. Ten months ago, Kem refused to do what they were Sokha was accused of treason told. Hundreds of thousands died and imprisoned. Soon afterwards, of overwork, disease and tor- Cambodia’s most senior court ture. The Khmer Rouge ran the disbanded the CNRP. Its judges country for four years. During claimed that the party planned this time, 1.7 million Cambodi- to overthrow the government by ans were killed or died. At that force. The National Assembly’s time, this was roughly 20% of the 55 CNRP politicians were ordered country’s population. to resign. Hun Sen was one of the Khmer To prevent them voting twice, Hun Sen, Cambodia’s prime minister Rouge’s junior commanders. After people had to dip one finger in in- Hun Sen has led Cambodia for disagreeing with the organisation’s delible ink. Local government offi- 33 years. He leads the Cambodian leaders, he fled to neighbouring Vi- cials could therefore tell if someone People’s Party (CPP). After all etnam. Vietnam invaded Cambodia had not voted. Many Cambodians the votes were counted, it was an- in 1979. The Khmer Rouge’s leaders decided to vote ‘just to have ink on a nounced that the CPP had won 114 and its supporters retreated to areas finger’. As a protest, large numbers of the National Assembly’s 125 close to the country’s border with ticked all the parties on the voting seats. Hun Sen was therefore re- Thailand. They were not finally de- slip, or ballot paper. This is known elected as prime minister for a fur- feated until 1998, when Pol Pot died. as ‘spoiling their ballot’. Former ther five years. When a party wins In 1985, Vietnam set up a new members of the disbanded CNRP such a high number of seats, it’s government in Cambodia. Hun described the election as ‘the death called a ‘landslide’. Sen was appointed as its leader. of democracy in Cambodia’. The Cambodia has had a troubled In 1993, the United Nations (UN) country, they said, had now become past. Between 1975 and 1979 the persuaded him and other groups in a one-party state. Khmer Rouge, a communist group, Cambodia to take part in an elec- Hun Sen is 65 years old. ran the country. Its leader was tion. The result was a draw between Many Cambodians admire him Pol Pot. He and senior members Hun Sen’s party and another led by and his strong leadership. After of the Khmer Rouge believed that one of the king’s sons. For a time, the election, Hun Sen said that they needed to ‘restart’ civilisation. the two men governed the country he planned to serve as prime They forced many people who jointly. After the next election, in minister for two more five-year lived in cities and towns to move 1998, Hun Sen became Cambodia’s terms. Many other countries, in- to the countryside. There, they sole prime minister. cluding the USA, said that Cam- were made to work on farms and A political group called the bodia’s election was ‘flawed’ and building projects. Cambodian National Rescue Party disappointing.  NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

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Overshoot Day up areas, or places covered in build- using resources that are needed in ings and roads. future years. When this (overspend- The Global Footprint Network Countries also have their ‘de- ing) occurs deforestation, drought, (GFN) is what’s known as a ‘think mand side’ (money going out of the soil erosion, species loss, and a lack tank’. These organisations study bank). This is what its population of fresh water are more likely. and give advice on certain subjects, consumes, or uses. Food crops and The GFN produced its first Earth or topics. Often these subjects are other types of food such as meat, Overshoot Day in 1987. If the Earth’s to do with government policies dairy products and fish are exam- resources were used in a sustainable and economics. The GFN oper- ples. Other items on the demand way, it would be at the end of the ates in many countries. Its interest side are wood plus things made from year, or 31st December. In 1987, is sustainability. timber, space for new buildings and overshoot day was 19th December. The GFN has developed some woodlands. Trees are needed to ab- Since then, it has become earlier and tools, or programmes, that measure sorb the extra carbon dioxide (CO2) earlier. In 2005, World Overshoot the use of the planet’s resources. It a country produces. It comes mainly Day was 20th October. This year’s claims that, currently, people are us- from burning fossil fuels, or oil, gas was 1st August, two days earlier ing them in an unsustainable way. and coal. than 2017. Much of the deficit, the Therefore, the Earth’s resources are GFN says, is caused by increases in being used quicker than they can be carbon emissions, or CO2. (naturally) replaced. This year, Qatar has the earliest Each year, the GFN calculates overshoot day. There, it is 9th Feb- what it calls Earth Overshoot Day. ruary. Vietnam’s 21st December is This is the day on which the Earth’s the latest. China’s overshoot day ‘resources budget for the year’ has is 15th June; the UK’s is 8th May; been used up (or spent). Therefore, Russia’s is on 21st April; and it is resources used after this date have 15th March in the USA. The GFN to be ‘borrowed’. says that, at present, each year, hu- mans are using the resources of ‘1.7 planet Earths’. 

Image of the Earth taken by the Russian weather satellite (NTsOMZ) The GFN works out the supply Mystery sarcophagus opened side and demand side in hectares. One hectare is 10,000 square metres, Alexandria is Egypt’s second largest or 2.47 acres. When a country’s de- city. In the north of the country, the mand is bigger than its supply, it is city is on the Mediterranean coast. in deficit. If a country has a deficit, Nowadays, some of Alexandria’s A person’s bank statement shows it either buys resources from other old buildings are often knocked how much money is being paid nations or uses too much of its own down, or demolished. Newer, larger into their account. It also lists the supply. Overfishing is a good exam- and taller structures are then built amounts paid out. The GFN does ple of ‘using too much supply’. in their place. Before any building something similar for the resources From this information, the GFN work begins, archaeologists check used by cities, states and nations. calculates each country’s overshoot the site. They look for remains of Each country has a ‘supply side’, day. The average date of all the ancient buildings or graves. or its own resources (money in the countries is Earth Overshoot Day. A sarcophagus (pronounced sar- bank). They are a nation’s produc- This is the date ‘when no money is coff-a-gus) is a stone coffin. A few tive land and sea area. It includes left in the bank’, or when humans weeks ago, workmen uncovered a areas where food crops are grown, have used the planet’s 12-month large black sarcophagus on a build- land where farm animals graze, supply of renewable natural re- ing site in Alexandria. It is five me- fishing grounds, forests, and built sources. After this date, people are tres (16.5 feet) below ground level. NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

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The coffin is made of black granite, eroded. Therefore, the face or any of these different areas. Ptolemy was a type of very hard stone. This stone inscriptions are not recognisable. one of them. He became the ruler of is not found near Alexandria. It must Due to its size, the archaeologists Egypt. The rule of Ptolemy and his have been carried, or transported, a decided to open the coffin where it descendants in Egypt is called the distance of at least 965 kilometres was found. Some people speculated Ptolemaic Kingdom, or the Ptole- (600 miles). that it contained the remains of Al- maic Dynasty. It began in 323 BCE. The stone coffin is three metres exander the Great. Alexander’s body was to be taken (ten feet) long and weighs 30 tonnes. back to Greece. However, Ptolemy It is the largest sarcophagus ever hijacked, or seized, the carriage that uncovered in Alexandria. Archae- was carrying it. He took it to Egypt. ologists were excited by the discov- Eventually, the body was placed in ery. The coffin, they said, was about an elaborate tomb in Alexandria. 2,300 years old. Most old tombs and The Ptolemaic Kingdom lasted stone coffins found in Egypt were for about 300 years. Egypt then broken into many hundreds, or even became a Roman province and a thousands, of years ago. Grave rob- part of the Roman Empire. Ancient bers, or people looking for valuable Egypt’s last (Ptolemaic) ruler was items, did this. Unusually, the large Queen Cleopatra (69 BCE – 30 granite coffin was still sealed. Rob- BCE). She famously killed her- bers had not broken into it. self after the Romans defeated her The sarcophagus must have be- forces. It’s known that Julius Cae- longed to an important person. A sar, the famous Roman general, saw carved head, or bust, was found Alexander’s tomb when he was in The (eroded) alabaster head found near the near the coffin. It is made of alabas- black granite sarcophagus in Alexandria Alexandria in 43 BCE. The tomb ter. This is a white stone that can be (Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities) was closed to the public around 200 carved and polished easily. Unfortu- Alexandria is named after Alex- CE. Nobody knows what happened nately, the stone bust has been badly ander the Great (356 – 323 BCE). to it after this date. He founded the city after conquering Archaeologists did not think that Egypt around 2,350 years ago. Alex- the sarcophagus was Alexander’s ander was a king of Macedonia. This coffin. They suspected that it be- was a state in the northern part of An- longed to a wealthy nobleman who cient Greece. Many people believe lived during the Ptolemaic King- that Alexander was one of the world’s dom. They had a surprise when the greatest military commanders. coffin’s lid was opened. It was full After capturing Egypt, Alexander of sewer water. This had probably travelled eastwards across the Mid- seeped in during more recent years.

The (unopened) black granite sarcophagus found dle East. He defeated other forces in- The dirty water was removed. Three in Alexandria (Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities) cluding a far larger Persian army. Al- skeletons were in the coffin. The exander and his soldiers eventually bones were taken to a laboratory. reached the Himalayan Mountains. The sarcophagus was definitely By this time the Macedonian king had not Alexander’s. Its contents present created a huge empire. It stretched several questions. How did the three from the Mediterranean Sea to where people die? Were they related? Why Pakistan is today. Alexander died, were they all buried in such a large aged 32, in the ancient city of Baby- stone coffin? How did the sewer lon. He may have been poisoned. water get inside it? Archaeologists After Alexander’s death, his em- hope that a scientific investigation Three skeletons revealed when the sewer water was removed from the stone coffin (Egypt’s pire was divided. The generals of Al- of the bones will answer all these Ministry of Antiquities) exander’s army became the leaders questions.  NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

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Bison grass burning

Europeans arrived in North, Central and South America just over 500 years ago. Historians call the time before this date the pre-Columbian period. The name comes from Chris- topher Columbus (1451 – 1506). He was an Italian explorer. Columbus set out from Spain in 1492. After crossing the Atlantic Ocean, he landed on several Caribbean is- lands. Europeans called the lands Bison herd in Montana, in the USA (USFWS) on the other side of the Atlantic the rival, there were 30 million bison in ‘New World’. North America. By the 1880s, only When Europeans moved to the 600 remained. The animals were New World, they took many dis- close to dying out. A few people eases with them. These included: worked to save them. Now, there are smallpox, tuberculosis (TB), mea- about 30,000 bison in the country. sles, and influenza (flu). The na- Most are kept in conservation herds. tive, or indigenous, people had Long ago, the horse was a native no immunity to these diseases. animal in North America. Yet, they Many died of them. Others were died out around 11,000 years ago. deliberately killed. Site of a buffalo (or American bison) jump in By bringing their horses to North The native people in North Amer- Montana (Naawada2016) America, the Europeans reintro- ica lived in large groups, or tribes. of the prairie. This was done as part duced the animals. The settlers also The European settlers (and, later, of a plan to kill bison. These large brought guns. the American government) took, or animals lived on the grasslands. Before the Europeans arrived, confiscated, their lands. Those who Today, bison are North America’s Native Americans did not have remained had to live in much small- biggest land animals. They have horses and guns to hunt bison. Some er areas known as reservations. brown fur and two short, curved killed the animals by forcing them Nowadays, descendants of these horns. Males can be over 1.8 me- to run over cliff edges. They did this people still live in these areas. They tres (six feet) tall. Bison eat grass. by scaring the animals and causing are known as Native Americans or In the USA, the animals are also them to stampede over a low cliff. American Indians. In Canada, they known as buffalo. Buffaloes live in When falling down the steep slope, are called First Nations. Africa and India. When they first the bison broke their legs. Then, the Montana is one of the USA’s 50 saw bison, early settlers in America animals could be killed easily with states. The Blackfeet Nation is a tribe called the animals buffaloes. This spears and knives. The places where of Native Americans. The Blackfeet was because the animals look simi- bison were killed in this way are Indian Reservation is in Montana, lar. Nowadays, bison are also called known as ‘buffalo jumps’. close to the Canadian border. Mon- American buffaloes. A herd of stampeding bison had tana is within the Great Plains. This The European settlers used guns to be ‘directed’ towards the buffalo is a huge area of flat grassland. This to shoot the bison. American sol- jump. The Native Americans set landscape is also called ‘prairie’. diers were ordered to kill many of up long lines of cairns, or piles of Recently, American researchers the animals. This forced the Native stones. A few steps apart, they acted have been working with members Americans to move elsewhere. Set- like a fence. Called drivelines, the of the Blackfeet Tribe. They discov- tlers brought their own cattle. These cairns funnelled the charging bison ered that the tribe’s pre-Columbian animals carried diseases that killed towards the edge of the cliff. Drive- ancestors deliberately set fire to parts many bison. Before the settlers’ ar- lines were several kilometres long. NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

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The Native Americans needed to tree’s began making a chocolate- name. However, Nestlé also wanted get the bison to move to the area at covered wafer bar called KitKat. to trademark the ‘KitKat shape’. the ‘mouth’ of the drivelines. The The Kraft Heinz Company is After four years, the officials researchers discovered that they did based in America. Kraft and Heinz granted Nestlé a trademark for its this by burning the grass. Soon after merged, or joined together, in 2015. KitKat’s ‘four-fingered’ shape. Mon- an area of grass is burnt, new grass Before they did so, Kraft split off delez complained. It challenged the begins to grow. Bison prefer to eat its snacks and chocolate brands to European trademark decision. Both this ‘newer’ fresh grass. Therefore, form a new company. Called Mon- sides (Nestlé and Mondelez) em- burning the grass at the drivelines’ delez International, its brands in- ployed a team of lawyers. A junior start encouraged the bison to move clude: Oreo, Cadbury Dairy Milk, EU court had to make a judgement. to the right place. Toblerone, and TUC crackers. Mon- It said that to keep the trademark, By digging in the soil, the re- delez also owns Freia, a chocolate KitKat bars must be recognisable by searchers found the remains of company in Norway. This company people in every EU country. Nestlé layers of burnt grass. They worked was started about 130 years ago. It was unable to provide proof that this out that the Blackfeet began to use began making a wafer covered in was true. The court therefore decid- buffalo jumps about 1,000 years chocolate in 1937. It’s called Kvikk ed that Nestlé could not trademark ago. The final bison stampedes took Lunsj. In Norwegian, the name the KitKat shape in Europe. place about 1650. The Blackfeet means ‘quick lunch’. killed bison for the animals’ meat KitKat and Kvikk Lunsj look and skins. Numerous old bison similar. Both have ‘four fingers’. bones have been found at the base These are on a solid chocolate rec- of the bison jumps.  tangular base. The fingers, which are trapezoid in shape, can be bro- ken off one-by-one. Even though Chocolate trademark the wafer bars look similar, their chocolate coverings have a differ- The European Court of Justice ent taste. KitKats are sold in many Freia’s (or Mondelez’s) Kvikk Lunsj chocolate- (ECJ) is in Luxembourg. It is a part countries. Kvikk Lunsj is mainly covered wafer bar of the European Union (EU). The sold in Norway. Nestlé and the European trade- ECJ is the EU’s highest, or most mark officials were unhappy with senior, court. Judges working at the the court’s ruling. Nestlé decided to ECJ settle legal disputes between appeal. This means that the senior organisations that operate, or sell court, or the ECJ, would review products, within EU member coun- the decision. Mondelez argued that tries. On 25th July, the court made a Nestlé should not be able to trade- ‘chocolate bar ruling’. mark the KitKat shape anywhere, The Nestlé Company is one of even if it was recognisable. Judges the world’s largest food and bev- at the ECJ said being recognis- Nestlé KitKat chocolate-covered wafer bar erage companies. It owns many able in most EU countries was not well-known brands. Foods made by Sixteen years ago, Nestlé made good enough. To get a trademark it Nestlé include: ice cream, breakfast an application to European trade- must be recognisable in all of them. cereals, baby foods, dairy products, mark officials. It wanted to trade- The court rejected Nestlé’s appeal. coffee, frozen food, baked goods, pet mark its KitKat bar in Europe. Hav- This means that Mondelez’s Freia food, and chocolate snacks. In recent ing a trademark means that other Company can continue to make its years, Nestlé expanded by buying, companies cannot copy the name of Kvikk Lunsj. or acquiring, other companies. In the trademarked item. Nor are they Mondelez makes Toblerone. This 1988, it acquired Rowntree’s. This allowed to make something that chocolate bar also has a distinctive UK chocolate company was founded looks exactly the same. The offi- shape. It is a series of prism shapes over 150 years ago. In 1935, Rown- cials agreed to trademark the KitKat fixed to a base. Like a KitKat’s NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 10 fingers, these are broken off one- Roman-built sewers under the city by-one. Toblerone trademarked its were used until the 1890s. shape in 1998. No other company Two years ago, several buildings complained. A few years ago, a UK in Cologne’s centre were demol- company produced a similar look- ished for a new construction project. ing chocolate bar. It had two rows The work uncovered the remains, or of prisms. foundations, of a Roman building. It Toblerone threatened to take was built 1,800 years ago. As it was the UK company to court. The in the centre of the Roman city, it was two companies came to an agree- probably a public building. Howev- Roman Library of Celsus in Ephesus, in modern- ment. The UK company was al- er, archaeologists did not know what day Turkey (Benh Lieu Song) lowed to sell the chocolate bars it was used for, or its function. already produced. However, all The building’s walls contain along the banks of parts of the River new bars had to be made in a dif- niches, or shallow recesses. Each Nile, in Egypt. ferent shape.  measures 80 centimetres by 50 centi- The Roman Library of Celsus metres (32 inches by 20 inches). The was in the city of Ephesus. The recesses puzzled the archaeologists. German archaeologists noticed that Roman library Statues were often placed in niches. this building has similar niches. The Yet, the building’s recesses were not ruins of Ephesus are in modern- Cologne is one of Germany’s larg- deep enough for statues. For clues, day Turkey. The Roman library in est cities. (In German, it is called the archaeologists decided to look Cologne was not as big as the one ‘Köln’.) The Romans founded Co- at the ruins of Roman buildings in in Ephesus. Yet the archaeologists logne over 2,000 years ago. Today, other parts of the empire. think it had two floors, or storeys. it is the biggest city on the River The archaeologists recently de- The scrolls were kept in cupboards, Rhine. At first, Cologne was clared that they had solved the mys- which fitted into the niches. The Co- known as Ara Ubiorum. Later, tery. The building was a library. Its logne building may have contained or around 50 CE, the Romans re- niches were used to store handwrit- as many as 20,000 scrolls. named it Colonia. ten scrolls. Printing did not exist The Cologne discovery may At its most powerful, the Roman in Roman times. The Romans used mean that libraries in Roman towns Empire included much of northern the papyrus plant to make a type of and cities were not unusual. Not and southern Europe, as well as paper. This reed-like plant grows many Roman library buildings are parts of North Africa and the Mid- known to exist. This may be be- dle East. Modern-day France and cause they are yet to be recognised, the majority of what is now the UK discovered or excavated.  were part of the empire. Most of present-day Germany was not. For many years, the River Rhine marked Laos dam collapse the border between the empire and the Germanic tribal homelands. Co- Artist’s impression of Roman Colonia in 50 CE The River Mekong flows through (modern-day Cologne) (Nicolas von Kospoth) lonia was a ‘frontier town’. It was Laos. The river has many tribu- on the west bank, or Roman side, taries. A new hydroelectric dam of the Rhine. The Roman Empire system, or complex, is being built lasted for 1,400 years. It ended in on one of them. This tributary is 410 CE. in Champasak Province, in the Over the years, many Roman south of the country. This prov- artefacts have been found in Co- ince shares a border with Thailand logne. Most can be seen in the city’s and Cambodia.

Roman museum. They include a The foundations of the Roman library in Cologne On 23rd July, an earth-filled 1,900-year-old Roman ship. Some (Roman Germanic Museum of Cologne) dam in Champasak collapsed. It NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 11 was part of the under-construction Myanmar (also known as Burma), more. Laos has over 35 hydroelec- hydroelectric complex. Heavy, or Thailand, Vietnam, and a southern tric power plants. It is also planning torrential, rain over-filled the res- Chinese province called Yunnan. to build many more. Those on the ervoir held back by the dam. Water The name Mekong means ‘the main river are called mainstream flowing over the top of it, caused the mother of water’. The river starts dams. About two-thirds of the pow- dam to give way. in Tibet, a region of China. It er Laos generates is exported. The Billions of cubic metres of wa- empties into the South China Sea. government of Laos recently said ter poured down the valley below Here, the river splits into many that it wants the country to become the dam. It was equivalent to the channels to form a large delta. the ‘battery of Asia’. water needed to fill two million The same amount of water Olympic-size swimming pools. does not flow through the Mekong Lancang The torrent swept away villages, throughout the year. The river usual- Tibet roads and food crops. Thirty peo- ly floods between July and October. ple were killed and hundreds are At other times, its water level can be CHINA still missing. The homes of around very low. The Mekong’s waters are INDIA 6,600 people were lost or damaged home to some of the biggest fresh- VIETNAM by the floodwaters. water fish in the world. The Mekong MYANMAR LAOS Mekong South Laos is home to about seven mil- giant catfish, and the Mekong fresh- China Sea lion people. Since 1975, it has been water stingray are examples. Some THAILAND a one-party communist state. The giant catfish are three metres (ten Champasak Bay of province country is one of the least developed feet) long. Bengal CAMBODIA in Asia. Over half of the population For much of its length, the Me- work on the land. Many are rice kong flows through deep gorges farmers. However, in recent years, and valleys. This type of terrain, Laos’ economy has been growing. or landscape, is ideal for hydro- A consortium is building the Now, the country exports much electric projects. The dams cre- hydroelectric complex where the of the electricity its hydroelectric ate large reservoirs, or man-made dam collapsed. It includes compa- dams generate. The power is sold lakes. The amount of water flow- nies from Laos, Thailand and South to neighbouring countries such as ing through tunnels at the base of Korea. The complex was due to be China, Thailand and Vietnam. the dam can be adjusted or con- completed next year. Around 90% The Mekong is 4,800 kilome- trolled. Under pressure, the water of the power it produces will go to tres (2,980 miles) long. Flowing flow rotates the turbines that gen- Thailand. During the heavy rain, the through six countries, it is the erate electric power. dam began to fill to dangerous lev- world’s 12th-longest river. The In China, the Mekong is called els. Yet warnings were not sent to all Greater Mekong region is the area the Lancang. China has built eight the villages in the valley. A few days around the river. As well as Laos, hydroelectric dams on the river. after the collapse, the South Korean it includes parts of Cambodia, It is planning to construct several government sent relief workers and supplies to the area. Not everyone is happy about what is happening to the Me- kong and its tributaries. Normally, the river system transports large amounts of sediment, or mud, downstream. Much of this is de- posited in the delta area. The dams will prevent, or reduce, the sedi- ment flow. Critics say that this is likely to cause problems in the Part of the River Mekong in Laos (Allie Caulfield) future.  NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 12

Soldiers’ remains returned In 1950, Kim Il-sung decided to invade the southern part of Korea. Osan is a USA air base in South Russia helped to supply his army Korea. On 27th July, an American with military equipment. The UN military aircraft landed at Osan. It voted to send a military force to had completed a short flight from help the South. It was mostly made an airfield in North Korea. The up of American troops. However, aircraft carried 55 boxes, or cas- 15 other UN member countries also kets. All were wrapped in United 55 cases of remains, returned by North Korea, sent soldiers to Korea. They includ- Nations (UN) flags. Each casket on an American military aircraft, in South Korea ed: the UK, Australia, New Zealand, contained the remains of an Amer- Canada, and the Philippines. ican soldier. They died during the At first, Kim Il-sung’s army was Korean War. successful. Yet, later, the North’s The Korean War began in 1950. forces had to retreat to the border Since the end of the conflict, three between China and North Korea. years later, the USA and South Ko- China’s leaders then decided to en- rea have been allies. Today, about ter the war. They sent tens of thou- 28,000 American troops are based sands of Chinese troops across the in South Korea. North and South An American soldier carrying one of the cases of border to help Kim Il-sung’s army. remains, at Osan Air Base, in South Korea Korea are rivals. During the last ten years, the North has developed exercises annoy the North Koreans. RUSSIA several nuclear weapons. This has Mr Trump agreed to halt them. Mr CHINA alarmed other nearby nations such Kim said that he would return the NORTH as China, Japan and Russia. remains of American soldiers that, KOREA DMZ Donald J Trump became Amer- over time, have been uncovered in 38th parallel ica’s president 18 months ago. North Korea. SOUTH KOREA North Korea tested some of its long- In the past, what is now North JAPAN range rockets. Mr Trump warned and South Korea was one nation. It North Korea. He said that the USA was taken over by Japan in 1910. PACIFIC OCEAN would destroy the country if it ever In 1945, the Second World War launched a nuclear attack. Kim ended when Japan surrendered. After three years of fighting, both Jong-un leads North Korea. A few Soon afterwards, the USA occu- sides agreed to a ceasefire, or truce. months ago, Mr Trump offered to pied the southern part of Korea and Today’s border between North and meet with the North Korean leader. the Russian-led Soviet Union took South Korea is where the opposing Mr Kim agreed. over the north. During the war in armies faced each other when the The historic meeting was held in Europe, the USA and Russia had fighting stopped. This border region Singapore. This was the first time fought on the same side against is now one of the world’s most heav- that the leaders of the USA and Nazi Germany. ily fortified places. It is called the North Korea had met. The USA The USA and Russia set up differ- De-Militarized Zone (DMZ). Thou- hopes to persuade North Korea to ent governments in the northern and sands of North and South Korean abandon its nuclear weapons pro- southern parts of Korea. The USA soldiers still face each other over gramme. Mr Kim hinted that, in fu- introduced democratic elections. a narrow strip of land. It is heavily ture, he might be willing to do this. Russia arranged for Kim Il-sung mined and covered in barbed wire. In the meantime, the two men made to become the North’s communist North and South Korea are now several agreements. leader. (Kim Il-sung died in 1994. very different countries. The South Each year, American and South He was Kim Jong-un’s grandfather.) holds democratic elections for its Korean forces take part in large joint Then, the 38th parallel (a line of lati- politicians and president. It has military exercises. They take place tude) was the ‘unofficial’ dividing one of the world’s most successful near the North-South border. The line between the two Koreas. economies. North Korea is a com- NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 13 munist, or one-party, state. It is very Roundworms revived secretive. There are no meaningful elections. Many people think that A team of researchers in Russia North Koreans have been ‘brain- have made a surprising announce- washed’. Most seem to believe that ment. They claim to have revived, or their leaders are god-like. Nowa- brought back to life, two deep-fro- days, thousands of people in North zen nematodes. They are 32,000 and Korea do not have enough to eat. 41,700 years old. The Russian team There is limited electricity. has been working with researchers More than 326,000 American from a leading American university. soldiers fought in the Korean War. If their claims are correct, the two A (magnified) nematode About 33,000 were killed. The bod- nematodes are the Earth’s oldest Most nematodes are tiny, or be- ies of roughly 7,700 are ‘missing’, (known) living organisms. tween 0.1 to 2.5 millimetres (0.003 or have never been found. Of them, Nematodes are also called round- to 0.1 inches) long. So far, around 5,300 are thought to have died in worms. They are the most numer- 25,000 have been registered, or de- the North. The 55 caskets were the ous, or abundant, multi-cellular scribed. Scientists suspect that at first to be returned. More are ex- creatures on the planet. A handful least 15,000 are yet to be discovered. pected to follow. of soil contains hundreds of nema- Of those that have been registered, On 1st August, the caskets were todes. Worms and nematodes are over half are parasites. These nema- flown to Hawaii. There, officials different. Earthworms have a circu- todes live inside other creatures. plan to use DNA tests to identify lar muscle in their bodies. They use Non-parasitic ones are known as each soldier. The remains will then it to go forward. Nematodes do not ‘free-living’. Some free-living nem- be reburied in an American military have this type of muscle. They can atodes can be five centimetres (two cemetery.  only wriggle from side-to-side. inches) in length. A few parasitic

RUSSIA

UK IRELAND

LUXEMBOURG GERMANY SWITZERLAND NORTH KOREA USA TURKEY CHINA JAPAN

SOUTH EGYPT QATAR KOREA PAKISTAN MYANMAR LAOS Hawaii VIETNAM

THAILAND CAMBODIA

BRAZIL

ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIQUE AUSTRALIA

SOUTH AFRICA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Crozet Islands

South Georgia

This map shows countries to which news stories refer in this issue. Visit www.newsademic.com for more detailed world maps. NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 14 roundworms over one metre (3.3 weeks, at this temperature, the two ladesh, and Sri Lanka. In many of feet) long have been found in whales. roundworms began to move and eat. these places the climate was very Nematodes live almost every- Both are thought to be female. hot, especially in summer. where: at the tops of mountains, in Deep-freezing living things Where there were high moun- the deepest oceans, in deserts, in and ‘bringing them back to life’ is tains, the Europeans built hill sta- fresh water, and in the soil. Nearly known as cryogenic preservation. tions. Here, temperatures were far all free-living nematodes are harm- Many science fiction books include cooler. The hill stations were where less. Some parasitic ones can cause stories about deep-frozen humans the Europeans went to escape from illnesses. Roundworms found in who wake up in the future. Nearly the heat. The station in the Ba Na the soil are an important, or vital, all scientists do not think this pos- Hills was in French Indochina. It part of the ecosystem. They feed sible. Yet the two nematodes may was constructed about 100 years on dead organic matter, or plant demonstrate that some simple or- ago. French Indochina included the material. This helps to change it ganisms can be revived long after present-day countries of Vietnam, into the nutrients that new plants being cryogenically frozen.  Cambodia and Laos. France ruled need to grow. this part of the world between the The researchers have been work- late 1880s and 1954. Then, Vietnam, ing in an area of north east Russia Hands of the gods Cambodia and Laos all became in- called Yakutia. Here, the climate is dependent nations. very cold. The ground has remained Da Nang is on Vietnam’s coast. A Vietnamese company built the frozen for thousands of years. This A range of mountains overlooks the Thien Thai Garden resort. To get to frozen ground is called permafrost. city. An unusual new bridge has re- However, in recent years, some ar- cently opened in the mountains in a eas of permafrost have been melting place called the Ba Na Hills. Called in summer months. This is due to the Golden Bridge, it includes a pair warmer temperatures. of giant hands. The hands look as if After analysing soil samples they are made of stone and hundreds taken from the permafrost, the re- of years old. searchers found 300 nematodes. The bridge is part of a tourist at- The two that came back to life were traction, or resort, called Thien Thai in separate samples. They came Garden. It has been built on the site from different places. One of the of an old French hill station. (It was samples came from 30 metres (100 built 100 years ago.) In the past, feet) below the surface. The other European countries such as France, was taken from a depth of 4.5 me- the UK and the Netherlands set up tres (15 feet). The researchers are colonies in several parts of South sure that ‘modern-day’, or contem- East Asia. The UK also controlled The Golden Bridge in the Ba Na Hills, in Vietnam porary, nematodes did not get into what are now Pakistan, India, Bang- (Smashpop, Instagram) the soil samples. In this part of Rus- sia, the permafrost melts to a depth of one metre (three feet) in summer. Roundworms do not dig, or burrow, into permafrost. At first, the researchers kept the roundworms in their laboratory at a temperature of -20ºC (-4ºF). Later, they gradually increased it to 20ºC (68ºF). To encourage them to ‘wake up’, the nematodes were surround- ed by a type of food. After several NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 15 the attraction, visitors take a long thought that the vote count had not babwe produced large amounts of cable car ride. The ruins of some of been carried out correctly. The re- extra food. It was sold to other coun- the old French hill station villas can sult confirmed many of their suspi- tries. Then, Zimbabwe was known be seen as the cable car approaches cions. Emmerson Mnangagwa (pro- as the ‘breadbasket of Africa’. After its destination. The resort is meant nounced mulan-gag-wa) won with the farm takeover, fewer and fewer to be a replica of an old French 50.8% of the votes. He leads the crops were harvested. Today, much mountain town. It has European Zimbabwe African National Union of the farmland is overgrown. style buildings, a castle, a cathedral, - Patriotic Front party (ZANU-PF). and cobblestone streets. The resort Mr Mnangagwa’s closest rival, includes: several rides, a wax muse- Nelson Chamisa, got 44.3%. The um, an amusement park, and many difference in the number of votes restaurants and cafés. was about 313,000. Mr Chamisa is The ‘giant hand’ bridge is 150 me- the head of a political group called tres (500 feet) long. People standing the MDC Alliance. (MDC is short on it have a spectacular view of Da for Movement for Democratic Nang and the South China Sea in the Change.) Zimbabwe has a ‘run-off’ distance. The bridge’s walkway is system. If no candidate gets over lined with flowers. The giant hands 50% of the votes, a run-off, or sec- act as two of its main supports. ond vote, must be held. This is be- Currently, about 1.5 million peo- tween the two candidates who got ple visit the Ba Na Hills resort every most votes in the first election. As Leader of the MDC Alliance, Nelson Chamisa year. The Golden Bridge has attract- Mr Mnangagwa’s total was 50.8%, With Mr Mugabe in charge, ed more visitors. Due to its unusual a run-off is not necessary. Zimbabwe’s economy began to fail. design, pictures of the bridge have Electricity blackouts are frequent. appeared in many newspapers and Fuel is in short supply. Roads in the on internet sites around the world. major cities have not been repaired The resort’s owners hope that the or maintained. The country’s cur- publicity will encourage many more rency lost its value. Few people people to visit the Thien Thai Gar- had proper jobs. Many men moved den. The bridge, they say, is sup- to neighbouring countries to find posed to give people the impression work. Elections were held. Yet these that they are ‘walking along a thread were fixed so that Mr Mugabe and held aloft by the hands of gods’.  ZANU-PF always won. Emmerson Mnangagwa, Zimbabwe’s president Mr Mugabe married Grace Zimbabwe used to be a colony of Marufu. She is 40 years younger Zimbabwe election the UK. At that time, the country was than him. Some people called her called Rhodesia. The UK helped to ‘Gucci Grace’. Gucci is a well- Like many countries, Zimbabwe arrange an election in 1980. ZANU- known Italian luxury leather goods has an electoral commission. It or- PF won it. After the election, Zim- and fashion brand. Even though ganises elections, supervises the babwe became a self-governing the country had little money, Mr vote counting and declares the re- country with Robert Mugabe as and Mrs Mugabe went on overseas sults. Late in the evening on 2nd its leader. Within a few years, Mr shopping trips and organised expen- August, the electoral commission Mugabe began to rule as a dictator. sive birthday parties. announced the result of Zimbabwe’s No one dared to oppose him. Mr Mnangagwa worked for Mr presidential election. ZANU-PF confiscated most Mugabe for many years. He helped The election was held on 30th of the land owned by white farm- to set up ZANU-PF. As Mr Mugabe July, or three days before the result ers. Their large farms were split became older (he is now 94) many was announced. Many people won- into small areas and given to local people expected Mr Mnangagwa dered why it took so long. Some people. Before independence, Zim- to take over. Surprisingly, he was NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 16 sacked, or fired, last year. Fearing for all’. To restart the economy, Mr Odyssey, and MAVEN (Mars At- for his life, Mr Mnangagwa left Mnangagwa must persuade foreign mosphere and Volatile EvolutioN). the country. Most people thought organisations and companies to These orbiters are designed to that this was ‘the work’ of Grace invest in Zimbabwe. If there was study Mars’ atmosphere. Mugabe. They said that she ‘re- wrongdoing in the election this is Scientists at NASA have been moved’ Mr Mnangagwa. This was unlikely to happen.  looking forward to another Mars because she wanted to succeed her dust storm. This is because they husband as Zimbabwe’s leader. now have many instruments on Army commanders were alarmed Mars’ dust storm and lake or above the planet to study them. by Mr Mnangagwa’s dismissal. About eight weeks ago, the scien- Nine months ago, they forced Mr Mars is often called the ‘Red Planet’. tists noticed a small dust storm on Mugabe to stand down. He had Together with Mercury, Venus and one part of Mars. It kept getting ruled Zimbabwe for 37 years. Mr the Earth, Mars is one of the Solar Sys- larger and larger. By the beginning Mnangagwa returned. He was then tem’s four rocky planets. (The others of July, the storm had enveloped the appointed as the country’s interim are mostly made of gases.) The Red whole planet. leader. During a speech, Mr Mnan- Planet is Earth-like but much smaller. The storm has caused the Op- gagwa promised a ‘new beginning’ Like all the planets in the Solar portunity rover to shut down. So- and new elections. As they would be System, Mars goes around, or or- lar panels generate the energy that the first without Mr Mugabe, many bits, the Sun. It is farther away from powers the rover. The dust storm people hoped that the elections the Sun than the Earth. Therefore, would be free and fair. one orbit (or one year) on Mars is The MDC Alliance is popular in longer than one year on the Earth. Harare, the capital city, and other ur- One Mars year is known as a ‘sol’. ban areas. Many people in the coun- In the past, NASA space scientists tryside support ZANU-PF. Elections have noticed that Mars has large Permanent for the country’s parliament were dust storms. They seem to appear polar ice cap held on the same day. At first, the every six to eight Earth years, or electoral commission announced three to four sols. the results for the parliament. It de- Currently, NASA has two rov- 200km clared that ZANU-PF had won two- ers on the Martian surface. They (124 miles) thirds of the parliament’s 210 seats. are called Opportunity and Curi- Study Many MDC Alliance supporters osity. The Opportunity rover has area were unhappy about the delay in been on the planet for 14 years. the presidential result. Some took Curiosity touched down on Mars’ part in a street demonstration in surface six years ago. NASA also Harare. Soldiers were sent to stop has three spacecraft orbiting the the protests. Six people were shot Red Planet. They are: the Mars Site of south polar subglacial lake on Mars, dead. Before the result was de- Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars marked in blue the study area (USGS) clared, Mr Chamisa was sure that he had won. After the announce- ment was made, Mr Chamisa de- clared that he would contest the result. This means that the coun- try’s senior court must decide if the votes were counted correctly. Mr Mnangagwa posted a mes- sage on the internet. It asked Zimba- bweans to ‘join hands in peace and unity and build a New Zimbabwe The huge dust storms that has covered the whole surface of Mars (NASA) NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 17 has blocked all the sunlight. The returning signals, the scientists can scientists say Opportunity is un- work out what is under the ice. likely to be able to ‘power-up’ again The lake is about 20 kilometres (12 for at least six weeks. This is when miles) across. It is under a layer of they expect the dust haze to clear. ice 1.5 kilometres (0.9 miles) deep. The Curiosity is still operating. This The scientists believe that the layer rover is nuclear-powered and there- of water beneath the ice has a mini- fore not reliant on sunlight. mum depth of one metre (3.3 feet).

It’s known that Mars was very They suspect that the shallow lake Fields Medal different four billion years ago. is liquid brine, or very salty water. Then, the planet had flowing water, This may explain why it was not rivers, lakes and possibly a large frozen.  ocean. There were thick clouds and an atmosphere with large amounts of carbon dioxide. Mathematics medals Today, Mars is dry, dusty and very cold. Nearly all its atmosphere The International Congress of Winners (from L to R): Caucher Birkar, Alessio has gone. Space researchers now Mathematicians (ICM) began on 1st Figalli, Akshay Venkatesh, Peter Scholze (IMC) believe that Mars’ atmosphere was August. The eight-day meeting, or Fields Medals are awarded to ‘stripped’, or eroded, by the solar conference, took place in Rio de Ja- some of the world’s best mathema- wind. This is a stream of charged neiro, one of Brazil’s biggest cities. ticians. Many people describe the particles that come from the Sun. The ICM congress is held every four medals as being like a ‘Nobel Prize Researchers say that the atmosphere years. Many of the world’s leading for maths’. They are given to math- erosion probably happened over a mathematicians attend it. ematicians under 40 years of age. very long period. A magnetic field The International Mathematical Fields Medals were first awarded protects the Earth’s atmosphere Union (IMU) organises the ICM. in 1936. They were the idea of a from the solar wind. This organisation is based in Ber- Canadian mathematician called So far, the Mars rovers have lin, Germany’s capital city. The John Charles Fields (1863 – 1932). not found any water on the planet. IMU was set up in 1920. It helps He wanted the medals to be given However, it is now known that Mars top mathematicians from different to younger people. They are a re- has two polar ice caps. Both contain countries to work together, or coop- ward for ‘outstanding mathematical frozen water. Some ice can be seen erate, easily. Traditionally, several achievement’. The medals are also in the images taken by the orbiting four-yearly prizes are announced at meant to encourage the winners spacecraft. Yet much of the ice at the ICM opening ceremony. They to achieve even greater success in Mars’ north and south poles is cov- include the prestigious, or highly later life. ered in layers of dust. regarded, Fields Medal. Two, three or four people can Recently, Italian space scientists be presented with Fields Medals discovered a shallow lake on Mars. at the ICM. Each receives a medal It is beneath a thick layer of ice and and C$15,000 (£8,750). The med- dust at the south polar ice cap. This als have a bas-relief of the head of is the first body of liquid water to Archimedes on one side. A bas-re- be found on Mars. The scientists lief (or low relief) is an image that made the discovery by using the in- stands out from a flat surface. How- struments on the MARSIS orbiter. ever, the image has a very shallow This is an ESA (European Space depth. Many coins have bas-relief Agency) spacecraft. heads on one side. The spacecraft directs radar sig- Archimedes (287 – 212 BCE) nals at the planet’s surface. These was a mathematician, astrologer, bounce back. By analysing these engineer, and inventor. He lived NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 18 in Ancient Greece. Archimedes is Henge revealed older than the Great Pyramid of often called ‘the father of math- Giza, in Egypt. ematics’. He was one of the first Newgrange is a prehistoric monu- In recent years, the Newgrange people to study the subject. Ar- ment in Ireland. It is a large man- mound has been reconstructed. It chimedes lived in Syracuse, on made earth mound, with inner seems to have been designed to line the island of Sicily. The Greeks stone-lined passages and chambers. up with the Sun at certain times founded this city. Today, Sicily is Some people describe Newgrange of the year. For instance, on Mid- a part of Italy. as one of Europe’s most important winter’s day, or the shortest day of Professor Caucher Birkar was ancient sites. the year, light from the rising Sun one of this year’s winners. He comes The mound is on higher ground. It shines directly into the monument’s from a small Kurdish town in north- overlooks a nearby river. Newgrange single entrance. It lights up the in- ern Iran. Professor Birkar moved to was probably at the centre of a much ner passageway for just 17 minutes. the UK 18 years ago. Now a Brit- larger sacred ceremonial landscape. During this time the Sun’s rays illu- ish citizen, he works at Cambridge The remains of other ancient monu- minate several stone carvings on the University. The other medal win- ments are close by. These include far wall. This is the only day of the ners were: Professor Akshay Ven- three large henges, or circular struc- year on which this happens. katesh, from Australia (he works at tures. Another huge henge has just Aerial archaeology is the study an American university); Professor been found. In the past, the area of the remains of ancient structures Alessio Figalli, from Switzerland; around Newgrange has been careful- from high in the air. It began about and Professor Peter Scholze, from ly investigated. Therefore, the new 100 years ago. This was soon after Germany. At 30 years of age, Pro- discovery was a surprise. It was due aircraft were invented. Pilots no- fessor Scholze is the youngest of the to the recent hot, dry weather. ticed that shapes of old structures, medal winners. Newgrange is very old. It was not noticeable on the ground, could Several other prizes were also built about 5,200 years ago. This be seen from above. At certain times presented at the ICM. One, called means that it predates Stonehenge, of the year, especially in summer, the Chern Medal, was awarded for the famous stone circle, in the UK, crop marks reveal their outlines. the third time. This prize was set by 100 years. It is also 400 years When the weather is dry, crops up as a memorial to Shiing-Shen in the fields can grow to different Chern (1911 – 2004). He was a heights. This depends on the soil Chinese born American. Chern is in which their roots grow. For ex- thought to have been one of the ample, if plants are growing above greatest mathematicians of the a buried wall, they will be shorter. 20th century. Like Fields Medals, Here, there is less water in the soil the Chern Medal is awarded every and fewer nutrients. If a filled-in four years. It is given to a person ditch is below the plants, they grow for lifelong achievements in math- taller. The soil in the buried ditch ematics. The 2018 winner was Ma- retains extra water and nutrients. saki Kashiwara, a mathematician Buried henge monument, near Newgrange, When viewed from above, and at a revealed by crop marks (A Murphy and K Williams from Japan. / Ireland National Monuments Service) certain angle, the taller and shorter All of this year’s Fields Medal winners were men. Four years ago, Professor Maryam Mirzakhani was one of the winners. An American who was born in Iran, she was the first woman, and first Iranian, to be awarded a Fields Medal. Sadly, Professor Mirzakhani died from cancer in 2017. She was forty years old.  The Newgrange ancient monument in Ireland NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 19 plants display patterns. These are the outlines of the structures be- neath the soil. This summer, the weather in many parts of Europe, including Ireland, have been much drier than usual. An Irish historian was filming the area around Newgrange. He attached a camera to a drone, or unmanned, re- motely controlled mini aircraft. The historian had done this before. This time, to his surprise, the film record- ed a series of never-seen-before crop Sand dunes in Death Valley, in California, in the USA (Tuxyso) marks. The marks outline a henge it are left behind. Over thousands of with several concentric circles. years, these minerals, or salts, build The ancient structure has a di- up into a thick crust. Salt flats are ameter of 200 metres (656 feet). It usually a whitish colour. may have been made from wooden Death Valley’s name comes from posts. Preliminary investigations a group of gold prospectors, or pio- suggest that this henge was aligned neers. In 1849, they were travelling to the sunset at two times each year. to the newly discovered gold fields After the crop in the field has been in California. The group wandered harvested, or cut, the new henge into the valley by accident. One died. Temperature at Furnace Creek (Death Valley NP) will ‘disappear’. It may not be seen It took the others over one month the air gets colder. The moisture again for many years.  to find their way out. It’s said that within them then falls as rain. By the last of the group to leave looked the time they reach Death Valley, down from the mountains above and the clouds are ‘empty’, or contain Death Valley record said ‘goodbye death valley’. very little moisture. Badwater Basin is part of Death Death Valley is one of America’s Death Valley is in the state of Cali- Valley. It has the lowest elevation in national parks. The park’s head- fornia, in the USA. The valley is North America. The basin is 86 me- quarters and museum is in part of famous for its lack of water and tres (282 feet) below sea level. The the valley called Furnace Creek. scorching heat. The temperature in valley’s surrounding mountains trap This is where the valley’s daily Death Valley is recorded every day. the hot, dry air within it. The moun- temperatures are recorded. Furnace The average figure for July was a tainsides radiate extra heat. There- Creek holds another temperature record-breaking 42.3ºC (108.1ºF). fore, the valley is like the inside of record. The temperature on one day This was the hottest month ever re- an oven. in 1913, or over 100 years ago, was corded anywhere in the world. On average, Death Valley has 56.7°C (134°F). This is the highest About 210 kilometres (130 only five centimetres (two inches) ever-recorded daily air temperature. miles) long and 19 kilometres (12 of rain per year. Many places in the Many tourists visit Furnace miles) wide, Death Valley runs from world get this amount of rain in a Creek and other parts of the Death north to south. It has high moun- single day. The surrounding land- Valley national park. Park officials tains, rocky areas, sand dunes, and scape means that Death Valley is tell them to drink a minimum of salt flats. Salt flats can form on level in a rain shadow. Clouds form over four litres (one gallon) of water areas of ground where it is very hot. the Pacific Ocean. Full of moisture, each day and to stay close to their Any water that falls, or flows, onto they are blown towards California. vehicles, or cars. They are also ad- them evaporates before it can drain Before reaching Death Valley, the vised to watch out for signs of heat into the ground. As the water disap- clouds must pass over several high illness. These include feeling dizzy pears, the minerals dissolved within mountain ranges. As the clouds rise, and nausea.  NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

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King penguin die-off return to the same place to breed and lay their eggs. The Crozet Islands are in the south- The largest known king penguin ern Indian Ocean. They are between colony is on Pig Island. In 1988, it Antarctica and Africa. A French sea had 500,000 breeding pairs (or a captain and explorer discovered the total of one million king penguins). archipelago about 250 years ago. A recent survey revealed that the Today, the uninhabited island group colony has shrunk to 60,000 pairs. is a French territory. King penguins are about 90 cen- One of the Crozet Islands is called timetres (35 inches) tall. They have Pig Island (Île aux Cochons). Ten kil- black back feathers and white feath- ometres (six miles) across, it is an ex- ers on their fronts, or bellies. These tinct volcano. The island is home to penguins are recognizable by the or- many penguins, seals and seabirds. ange feathers around their ears and Many people imagine the ice and neck. The undersides of their beaks freezing temperatures of Antarctica also have an orange colouring. when they think of penguins. Yet, Female king penguins lay a sin- of the 18 penguin species, only gle egg. Breeding pairs do not make two breed on Antarctica. These are nests. They carry their eggs around the Adélie and emperor penguin. on their feet. The eggs take about Chinstrap and gentoo penguins live two months to hatch. During this on islands around the Antarctic time, males and females take turns Peninsula. King, Macaroni, royal, to look after their eggs. King pen- and rockhopper penguins are found guins feed on fish and squid. on other islands in the Southern The Crozet Islands are remote Ocean. These include the Falkland and inaccessible. Few people visit Islands, South Georgia and the them. Satellite images were used Crozet Islands. for the most recent survey of the Penguins are birds that cannot Pig Island king penguin colony. fly. They use their wings as flip- Their die-off is a mystery. Of all pers when swimming under water. the king penguin colonies, the one Of all the penguin species, the em- on Pig Island used to be the largest. peror penguin is the largest. King Colonies on other islands are not penguins are the next in size. Most getting smaller. penguins gather in large groups to There are several possible rea- breed. These are known as colonies. sons for the Pig Island king pen- Normally, each year, the colonies guin die-off. The population may have become too big. If so, it may be difficult for each bird to find Newsademic.com enough food. This could lead to a Editor: Rebecca Watson rapid decrease in numbers. Another King penguin (Andrew Shiva) Newsademic is published likelihood is a type of disease that Scientists believe that none of every other week, or fortnightly, affects the penguins. Invasive spe- these reasons are likely to explain throughout the year. cies are a further possibility. Popu- the sudden decrease in numbers. For further details and lations of cats, rats and mice, taken The only way to solve the mystery subscription prices visit to the island by humans in the past, is to visit Pig Island. A team of re- www.newsademic.com may have greatly increased. These searchers is planning to travel to the © 2018 Newsademic animals will eat penguin eggs and island to study the penguins next attack the young chicks. year.  NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 21

Instructions: j Complete the crossword. The answers are Issue 333 highlighted in orange in the news stories. There are 25 words highlighted and you need 20 of them to complete the lossary uzzle crossword. k Once you have solved the crossword go to G P the word search on the next page c

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Across Down 1 Verb Invited or dared someone to do something difficult 1 Noun A group of organisations that work on a project 2 Noun Plural Explorers or people who are the first to do together something 3 Verb To run away as a group in a sudden mass panic 4 Noun Enclosed chamber in which heat is produced to 5 Noun Plural Rivers or streams flowing into larger rivers or generate steam, burn rubbish, or make iron and steel lakes 11 Noun Methods of living that do not harm the 6 Adjective Belonging to the present time environment or reduce the available resources 7 Noun Plural The parts of a building below ground that 12 Adjective Describes a substance or mark that is support it impossible or very difficult to remove by washing away 8 Verb Took something away from someone as a punishment 14 Adjective Best condition or highest extent of something 9 Noun The process of attracting newspaper, radio or 16 Noun Plural Recesses in a wall, especially ones made television interest to hold statues 10 Adjective Describes something that has no certain final 17 Verb Making sure that an activity is being done result or outcome correctly 13 Adjective Distrustful or suspect that something is wrong 18 Verb Felt mental and physical suffering 15 Adjective Not impartial or open-minded, forming an opinion 19 Verb Broken up, especially a group of people on something before you know all the facts NID: 1000321-103-333 B Newsademic. Prepared for: [Your School Name Here]

2nd August 2018 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 22

Instructions: j Find 19 of the 20 crossword answers in the word Issue 333 search. Words can go vertically, horizontally, diagonally and back to front. k After finding the 19 words write Glossary Puzzle continued down the 20th (or missing) word under the puzzle. GIVE AS A GIFT There are Newsademic subscribers in over 100 countries They are a mix of: Schools Universities Families Adult learning centres Homeschoolers Tutors Academies teaching English as a second language (ESL) Students learning English as a second language You can gift a Newsademic subscription to a family member, friend or school. Please e-mail us for full details at: [email protected]

MISSING WORD ANSWER = I ssue 332 answers

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