Global Study on Youth Cooperative Entrepreneurship with a Focus on Worker, Social and Independent Producers’/Workers’ Cooperatives

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GLOBAL STUDY ON YOUTH COOPERATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP WITH A FOCUS ON WORKER, SOCIAL AND INDEPENDENT PRODUCERS’/WORKERS’ COOPERATIVES

June 2018 INTRODUCTION

CICOPA totally before receiving prior written permission from It is forbidden to reproduce this publication partially or Graphic design: Juan Burgos Proofreading: Tony Costante Elisa TerrasiAuthor: Legal deposit: D/2018/13.486/1 ISBN: 978-2-930816-04-3 9782930816043 All rights reserved Copyright ©2018CICOPA CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES TABLE OF CONTENT 84 30 57 10 74 101 4 99 85 58 38 65 53 47 32 18 14 31 11 8 6 5 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE ALLIANCE YOUTH NETWORK ANNEX III: ANNEX II: ENTREPRENEURSHIP ANNEX I: 3.2. 3.1. 2.5. 2.4. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1. 1.3. 1.2. 1.1. ABOUTSTUDY THIS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR YOUNG COOPERATORS CHAPTER 3 SOME INSIGHTS FROM THE EXPERIENCEOF YOUNG COOPERATORS CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF COOPERATIVES A GLOBAL PORTRAIT OF YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHYCONCLUSIONS AND

COOPERATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE THE POLICY ENVIRONMENT: POLICIES ENCOURAGING THE COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENT THE COOPERATIVE EXPERIENCEFOR YOUNG COOPERATORS THE FUTURE ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS AND EXPECTATIONS ABOUT ECONOMIC SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES PRELIMINARY PICTURE OF THE SAMPLE METHODOLOGICAL NOTES AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY CONTRIBUTION OF COOPERATIVES PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ON THE BUILDING A BETTERFUTUREFOR YOUNG PEOPLE: YOUNG PEOPLE? A CHANGING WORLD OF WORK: ESPECIALLY FOR OVERALL TRENDS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES GLOBAL SURVEY ON YOUTH COOPERATIVE BY SÉBASTIEN CHAILLOU, CHAIROF THE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION available throughforeword the ofstudy. this Youth Network, who hasmade his valuable point of view andperspective honoured by the contribution of Sebastian Chaillou, Chair of the ICA campaign andstudy. Finally, the author and the entire CICOPA staff are Luengo, whose contribution was essential for the achievement of this also like to thank former CICOPA colleagues Bruno Roelants andLeire “We own it!” from its very beginning.In this regard, the author would who has tirelessly supported the management of the overall campaign CICOPA isalways a great source of inspiration andFrancesca Zaganelli, for the promotion of this study; Hyungsik Eum, whose research work for precious insights; Reza Opdebeeck, who provided his valuable expertise Dovgan, who supported this work with constant encouragement and colleagues inCICOPA, andinparticular with Secretary General Diana Most of all,aspecial thanks isextended to the joint work carriedout with Cooperative Unit. the ICA Youth Network, and the International Labour Organization (ILO) the ICA Youth Network, Emily Lippold Cheney andSantosh P. Kumar from was greatly appreciated: amongothers, Gabriela Buffa, former Chair of contribution made by those who provided valuable advice andinformation its Youth Network), CICOPA members and the CICOPA Youth group. The the helpprovided by the International Cooperative Alliance (especially campaign, “We own it!”:inparticular, the author would like to acknowledge information about the overall CICOPA disseminate the survey and to provide cooperative movement was essential to launched in2017. The supportof the surveyin the participatethe timeto cooperatorsaroundthe world took who the insights provided by all the young carrythis workout without possibleto entrepreneurship. It would not have been of this study on youth cooperative haveelaborationcontributed to the The author isgrateful to all those who ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES INTRODUCTION to beused to take backcontrol of our life, rather to sell it. been absent for too long: enterprises andcorporations. They are a tool ourselves, to inspire citizenship, notably inanarea where democracy has point for young people. They represent a way for us to empower Cooperatives, andespecially worker cooperatives, represent arallying movement asa way to buildabetter society. this study, even national authorities are starting to see the cooperative forms are proving themselves to be highly resilient. As you will read in new forms of cooperation are now reaching maturity and traditional provide social security to self-employed individuals. At the global level, Amongst other examples, we canmention how freelancer cooperatives people because they provide the new forms of solidarity we require. particularly the young, joincooperatives. Cooperatives appeal to young and this study illustrates someof them. It isinteresting to see why people, However, ascooperators are fully aware, there isnolackof alternatives that “there isnoalternative”. them too weak to act. Everything seems to say to the cominggeneration regulate andredistribute wealth, powerful lobbies and tax evasion leave profit. Citizens feel powerless andeven when someleaders do want to continue to destroy both the climate andhumankindin the nameof theory of unlimited growth, the wealthiest classandbigcompanies these issuesisunbearable for the cominggeneration. Certainof their NETWORK COOPERATIVE(ICA)ALLIANCE YOUTH CHAIR OF THE INTERNATIONAL BY SÉBASTIEN CHAILLOU FOREWORD Being told that there is no solution to no Being told thatis there unemployment andprecarious jobs. is losing ground andshrinkingbecauseof low ,inmany countries the middle class true that extreme poverty isat ahistoric of the very samepopulation. Whilst itis same amount of wealth as50percent of the world population now owns the deepening every year. Just one percent of inequalitiesand these seem to be Our generation hasgrown upina world

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES INTRODUCTION study provides the first partof the answer. start? First, we need to know oneanother, meet, talk andcooperate. This When faced with suchanenormouschallenge, how and where do we NETWORK COOPERATIVE(ICA)ALLIANCE YOUTH CHAIR OF THE INTERNATIONAL BY SÉBASTIEN CHAILLOU FOREWORD important now than ithasever been. Whilst these two battles are far from being won, fighting them ismore not reduce citizens to mere consumers. society, there isanurgent need to promote forms of business which do to be able to do everything better than the national authorities or civil investor-owned corporations are sending cars into space and claim are itspresent. The secondis taking place within society: at a time when rather than being the future of the cooperative movement, young people and put them into action. Cooperative leaders must understand that movement: to challenge, as well asrejuvenate, cooperative principles we are engagedin two mainbattles. The first is taking placeinside the As young cooperators committed in,and to, the cooperative movement, * statement from the ICA youth meetingconclusions, Antalya 2015. workers and become a tool for social change. social for tool a become and workers century. But it has to embrace the aspirations of youth and and youth of aspirations the embrace to has it But century. “ movement can become the social movement of the coming coming the of movement social the become can movement For us, as young cooperators, we think that the cooperative cooperative the that think we cooperators, young as us, For ” *

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES INTRODUCTION worker, social andindependent producers’/workers’ cooperatives interests andchallenges for establishing the debate regarding the mainpoints of to introduce someconsiderations into innovations. Furthermore, we will share some preliminary insights about reshaped by demographic changes,globalization and technological opportunities for young people ina world of work which isbeingdeeply and entrepreneurship: we will focus on the main challenges and In the first chapter, we will draw aglobal portrait of youth employment five continents. worker, social and independent producers’/workers’ cooperatives in the online survey involving more than 60 youth cooperatives organized as for young people. It isbasedondesk research andon the results of an understanding amongpolicy makers of the potential of cooperatives a tool at the disposal of the cooperative movement to promote abetter ambition is to be a source of inspiration for further debates andresearch, technologies, shiftingsectoral trends and a changing world of work. Its amongst young people, ina worldwide context marked by new it! The future of work is ours” cooperative entrepreneurship, “We own part of the CICOPA campaign on youth to entrepreneurship. This study, which is their employment conditionsandaccess in the handsof young people for improving amongst other things, beaconcrete tool in recent years onhow cooperatives can, An increasing interest hasbeenobserved STUDY THIS ABOUT 2 · 1 · this sector employ almost20 millionpeople worldwide social cooperatives andcooperatives of independent producers’/workers in of attention: according to recent CICOPA estimations, worker cooperatives, phenomenon and their potential for youth job creation deserves agreat deal world economy, industrial andservicecooperatives are nolonger amarginal of industrial and service cooperatives. With the recent transformation of the and servicesectors represented by CICOPA, the International organisation These correspond to the main types of cooperatives active worldwide inindustry Availableat www.we-own-it.coop 1 , is intended 2

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES INTRODUCTION in the framework of this campaignandin this study is18-35. entrepreneurship andemployment, the indicative agegroup we refer to and because the focus of the We OwnIt CICOPA campaignison youth young people (e.g. 15-29 inItaly andSpain). For the reasons set outabove the access to employment conditions were particularly unfavourable for but have been adapted to different age groups in those countries where performance of the labour market for young people, targeted under 25s, which all European Member States committed in2013 to improve the education. In Europe, for example, the Youth Guarantee schemes, to enterin thetimetakenincreaseafter tolabour marketto the the level following the financial collapsein2008,have alsocontributed to that, other contextual reasons, suchas the decreasing employment higher participation of young people in tertiary education. In addition the periodof youth transition to work, suchaslonger schoolinganda However, since then, somesocietal changeshave contributed to extend introduced in1992, “youth” comprisespeople agedbetween 15and24. It shouldbenoted that, according to the United Nations definition cooperative movement andby institutional policies. how youth cooperative entrepreneurship is being promoted within the Finally, in the third chapter, we will review some examples illustrating “cooperative choice”, according to their own expressed perceptions. deal with when establishing acooperative and the reasons behind their and activities attracting them the most, the main obstacles they must the answers given provide someinsights about, for example, the sectors considered asrepresentative of the whole youth cooperative movement, reported by 64surveyed youth cooperatives. Whilst this group cannot be people. In the secondchapter, we will delve into the concrete experience the role that cooperatives can play in building a better future for young STUDY THIS ABOUT

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 A GLOBAL PORTRAIT OF YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF COOPERATIVES CHAPTER 1 10 14 15 13 12 11

1996

1997 BE UNEMPLOYED YOUNG PEOPLE ARE THE DEMOGRAPHIC CATEGORY MOST LIKELY TO OVERALL1.1. TRENDS growth isprojected to accelerate to 3.7percent in2018 According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), world economic enough to bring the global economy to the pre-crisis period: according to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) this isnot the number isexpected to rise to 71.1millionin2018(Fig. 1). significant improvement after the crisispeakof 76.7 millionin2009, million unemployed young people estimated for 2017represents a more likely than adults to bejobless and,although the figure of 70.9 global unemployment rate of 5.8%. Young people are three times was estimated by the ILO at 13.1%in2017, more than double the total affected by unemployment: the global youth unemployment rate In particular, young people continue to bedisproportionally Figure 1 Global youth unemployment and unemployment rate, 1998-2018 rate, unemployment and unemployment youth Global 1 Figure 1998

1999 near term unemployment rates andlevels will remain highover the labour force participation ison the decline, while global disconnected from employment growth. In fact, “

2000 economic growth continues to beunfortunately

2001

2002 ” 4

2003 .

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012 YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT

2013 3 ; however, 2014

2015

2016

2017

2018 67 70 73 76 79 82

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COUNTRIES COUNTRIES DEVELOPED EMERGING WORLD COUNTRY REGION QUALITY REMAINS A BIG CONCERN FOR YOUTH EMPLOYMENT rates globally in2017(69%), followed by Southern Asia (54.2%). Sub-Saharan Africa reported the highest youth working poverty poverty andnoimprovement hasbeenrecorded since2012. according to the ILO, 70million young workers live inextreme Employment quality remains abigconcern for young people: and economiccrisis, from 3.1%in2008 to 7.1% in2013 12 months or longer) hassteadily grown asaresult of the financial the EUcountries, the rate of youth long-term unemployment (for many young people experience long periodsof unemployment. In women in particular (more than three out of four). Furthermore, in education or training (NEETs) by the ILO, 21.8%of young people are neither inemployment nor becoming chronic. According to the most recent figures provided alarming signof a trend towards marginalization which isat riskof The persisting deterioration of youth labour force participation is an (high income) countries (low income) and to improve indeveloped countries other hand, the situation isexpected to remain stable indeveloping unemployment rate in Arab States was the highest in2017. On the Asia, andSouth-Eastern Asia and the Pacific. At 30%, the youth such asLatin America and the Caribbean,Central and Western people is driven mostly by emerging regions (middle income), deterioration of the employment level andconditions for young According to the ILO’s most recent projections for 2016-2018, the in the world in2018. unemployment rate shoulddecline more than inany other region

Figure 2. ILO youth unemployment projections 2016-2018 projections unemployment youth ILO 2. Figure UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, 2017-18 (PERCENTAGES) 2017-18 5 , especially inEastern Europe where the youth 13.0 2016 14.0 13.6 9.5 13.1 2017 13.8 13.4 9.5 6 , acondition that impacts young

13.1 2018 13.5 13.9 9.5 UNEMPLOYED YOUTH, 2016-18 (MILLION) 70.7 2016 53.5 905 7.7 7 70.9 . 2017 53.9 8.0 9.0 71.1 2018 53.8 9.0 8.2

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 CREATION? WHAT IS THE ROLEPLAYED BY ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN YOUTH JOB DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS AND THE IMPACT ON YOUNG PEOPLE very small businesses,compared to 15%of adults generally; and in the EU, only 4%of 15-24 year-olds are self-employed, mostly in However, these premises seem to conflict with reality insomeareas: increasing demographic pressure. According to the OECD to support welfare state systems which find themselves under as apossible way to increase the labour participation of youth and Policy makers refer increasingly to the potential of entrepreneurship schemes are sustainable for the entire population. order to ensure that both their economicproductivity and welfare to attract andexpand youth participation in the labour market in become increasingly important, especially for developed countries, in emerging anddeveloping countries by 2030. It will therefore Saharan Africa. As aresult, 86%of the young labour force will be youth population will continue to grow in Africa, especially sub- terms of fiscal policiesandpublic welfare spending.However, the young people with all the related consequences this will have in older population isexpected to exceed the global number of people by 2030becauseof longer life expectancy. By 2050, the The ILO estimates that the global population will reach 8.5billion 96.8% and83.0% of employed youth respectively. is indeveloping andemerging countries, where informality affects five employed adults. The highest incidence of this phenomenon people work in the informal economy, compared to three outof among workers aged25 to 54. Three outof four employed young youth at riskof poverty in the EU-28 was 12.5%,compared to 9.5% young people in developed countries: in 2015, the share of working Many young people live inpoverty despite having ajob,including to bemore innovative andresponsive to new trends andneeds out that young entrepreneurs are more likely to hire peers and tend released by the Global Employment Monitor (GEM) in 2013 points in allowing young people to access the labour market. Research works have highlighted the advantages of youth entrepreneurship finances, they seeentrepreneurship asapotential career. Many older agegroups and,although they are inexperienced andlack 20-30 year-olds are far more interested inself-employment than 8 , young 9 .

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 SECTORAL SHIFTS ESPECIALLY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE? OFCHANGING1.2. A WORLD WORK: workers indeveloped anddeveloping countries health andsocial work sector isabsorbinglarge numbers of young Financial intermediation is booming in developing countries and the in most regions, except for Africa and Asia andPacific regions. young people employed in the manufacturing sector hasdeclined are moving increasingly towards services, whilst the proportion of the labour market. According to the ILO’s analysis, young people young people in terms of sectoral shiftsandskillsrequired to enter The ILO hasrecently analysed how digital technologies are affecting and the relationship with work isbeingdeeply transformed. of work are increasing their attractiveness for young generations employment perspectives are moving across sectors, new forms and technological innovations are reshaping the world of work: Important global trends suchasdemographic changes,globalization than those of older entrepreneurs businesses runby young entrepreneurs have lower survival rates 2030 new jobs will be created amongst the health workforce globally by World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that around 40million to finance, network andadvisory services. issues suchaseducation and training, infrastructure needs,access implies anarray of steps for policymakers, covering anumber of culture. It can therefore beargued that youth entrepreneurship factors, suchas the stigma of failure or lackof entrepreneurial to be more directly linked to specific contextual or culture-related or preventing successful experiences. Less commonbarriers seem hurdles canalsoplay acrucial role indiscouraging entrepreneurship infrastructure, inadequate support structures andadministrative constraint, other barriers suchasalackof appropriate skills,lackof majorbe the access tofinance tends According to GEM, whilst to the young people when deciding to start abusiness. reasons for such weaknesses are the barriers encountered by sectors (like information technology) but,ingeneral, the main byfact the thatcompetitive theyriskymoreand embrace tend to 12 . 10 . This may bepartly explained 11 . In this regard,In this . the

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 TRANSPORTSTORAGE,POST AND TELECOMMUNICATION AND PULP, PAPER, PAPER PRODUCTS, PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COKE, REFINEDPETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEARFUEL ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING TEXTILES, TEXTILE PRODUCTS, LEATHER AND FOOTWEAR BASIC METALS AND FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES technology onjobpolarization andde-industrialization Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD) focused on the impact of factors, recent work carried out by the Organisation for Economic both risksandopportunities,deeply depending oncountry-based different ways. While the ILO highlights how these changesrepresent access to markets, etc., may impact these transformations in macro-economic andsectoral policies, skillsdevelopment policies, population are still offline) andmany contextual factors, suchas (according to the Word Bank statistics, nearly 60% of the world’s technologies are still highly concentrated indeveloped countries may vary significantly from country to country. Indeed, digital speed andscale of these transformations are stilland uncertain acquire higher technical andsoft skills.Nevertheless, the nature, Sectoral shiftsanddigital innovation are pushing young people to employment from manufacturing to services. might have contributed to jobpolarization and the shiftof the OECD’s work suggests that both technology andglobalization FOOD PRODUCTS, BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO WOOD AND PRODUCTS OFCORK WOODPRODUCTS AND WOOD AND OTHER NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS Figure 3. Percentage change in total employment within industry for for industry within employment total in change Percentage 3. Figure TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIRS CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS ELECTRICITY,GAS ANDWATER SUPPLY MANUFACTURING N.E.C; RECYCLING MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C RUBBER AND PLASTICS PRODUCTS AVERAGE INDUSTRY GROWTH HOTELS AND RESTAURANTESHOTELS AND FINANCE AND INSURANCE FINANCE AND select OECD countries, 1995 to 2015 to 1995 countries, OECD select CONSTRUCTION -80

-60 NON-MANUFACTURING -40 -20

0 20 MANUFACTURING 14 . Overall, 40 60 80

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 NEW TRENDS AMONG THE EXISTING FORMSOF EMPLOYMENT countries the increase inindependent workers, especially inhigh-income family workers), technological changeshave been facilitating in agriculture (a major employer for own-account andcontributing income countries, mostly becauseof alower employment share of independent young workers decreased inlow- andmiddle- throughout the world. AccordingILO, to the proportion whilst the young people between 2005and2015 follow different trends Interestingly, the shifts in the existing forms of employment among mostly inindustrialized andhigh-incomecountries followingthe workareforms typically associated with thesetrends, well as the creative industry andpersonal services. The increase in primarily in the communication and technology-related sectors, as in two were in temporary employment by 2015)andare to be found are increasing, notably amongEuropean young workers (where one generally more widespread among young people than adults and The trends towards non-standard forms of employment people andcover a wider range of services workers), today they concernlarger andmore diverse groups of entertainment industry hasalways relied onindependent part-time Whilst certain work forms are not completely new (for example, the and globalization) andlife style (increasing need for flexibility). but alsoother significant changesin work organization (outsourcing opportunities offered by new technologies and the “gig economy”, most countries inrecent years, reflecting the new employment independent workers inparticular) isageneralized trend across A A A A security. the provisions of labour law or employment-based social lacking legal clarity, becauseitis typically not covered by with respect to how the work iscarriedout. This isanarea a few clients for their income or receiving direct instructions independent status of workers, suchasdepending on one or that are somehow incompatible with the “traditional” to disguisedemployment, becauseitimpliessomeconditions Independent workers: this emerging work form is very close not aprimary source of incomeand therefore not reflected impact of this emerging work form (mostly because it is often platforms. Although itisquite difficult to estimate the real to define employment delivered or managed through on-line Gig economy (or crowd work): this term is used increasingly 15 . According to the OECD, this increase (of part-time 16 . 18 : 17 are

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 workers, cannot beoverlooked. work for young people, whether they be employees or independent analysis of the contribution of cooperatives asadriving force for decent is because,generally, ithasbecomemore flexible andless stable. The translated into greater job security and stability for young people. This However, this increase in wage employment hasnot beennecessarily their proportion hassignificantly increased between 2005and2015. most workers aged 15-29 across the world are in wage employment and However, itshouldbenoted that, according to the ILO, even in this context and social protection schemes. the accessof workers (and especially young workers) to social justice debate on what changesandmechanismsshouldbeadopted to ensure traditional classification of employment arrangements andopens the associated with them. Their increase seems to bechallenging the and fewer opportunities for training are someof the risksmost often wages, weaker or noaccess to social protection schemes,jobpolarization flexibility, butalsodangers when they lackproper regulation: lower All these emerging work forms present opportunitiesbecauseof their A A were aged16-24. is greatest on young people. rapidly growing inhigh-incomecountries and that itsimpact in official statistics), it seems reasonable to say that it is was 2.8%of all people inemployment hours contracts” as their main job, from April to June 2017, Force Survey (LFS), the number of people employed on“zero- attention in the United Kingdom: according to aUKLabour northern Europe. Their use and abuseisattracting alot of work or pay. They have become particularly widespread in employee relationship with noobligation of continuous Zero-hours contracts: they denote acontinuous employer- 19 and33.8%of them

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 MODEL? AN INCREASING INTEREST OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE COOPERATIVE THE CONTRIBUTION OF COOPERATIVES PEOPLE: PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ON 1.3. BUILDING A BETTERFUTUREFOR YOUNG among young people in terms of the creation of cooperatives In 2016,CICOPA consulted itsmembers on the most recent trends countries? interest among young people to create suchcooperatives in their employed producers’ cooperatives) by young people, or anincreased in industry andservices (worker cooperatives, social and self- they notice any significant increase in the creation of cooperatives applied to worker cooperatives. They might have the legalaccordingmembers varies toframeworks the communication, arts,etc.). The legal status of worker- range of activities (e.g., manufacturing, information and cooperative. A worker cooperative canbeactive ina wide transaction takes placebetween the clients and the production of goodsandservices the market the worker-members are involved inonecommon its present and future. Within a worker cooperative, jointly own the enterprise anddecide together about Worker cooperative: itsmembers are the workers who workers’ cooperatives. mainly worker, social andindependent producers’/ worldwide voice of cooperatives inindustry andservices, of the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) and the Since 1947, CICOPA hasbeenasectoral organisation type of cooperative. workers, producers, users or clients according to the make decisions democratically. These members canbe controlled by their members -not shareholders - who their distinctive feature is that they are owned and outside, they may look like any other business,but involved ineconomicactivities. Indeed, from the associations of people and full-fledged enterprises enterprise”. They are uniquebecause they are both through ajointly-owned anddemocratically-controlled economic, social,andcultural needs andaspirations of persons united voluntarily to meet their common A cooperative isdefined as“anautonomous association 20 : did

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 the employment crisis which ishaving suchadramatic impact on that these tendencies have beenaccelerated inrecent years by interest to create suchcooperatives (Fig. 4). It couldbeargued created by young people inrecent years or, at least, anincreased Most members highlighted ahigher number of cooperatives protection to which anemployee isentitled employee status and access to all the social rights and them, the worker/producer members benefit from (e.g. bakers, architects, consultants, etc.). In someof members. They can be active in a wide range of activities transaction takes placebetween the clients and the and legal services,co-working spaces,etc.). The market accounting services,marketing services,consulting and precarity by pooling resources or services (e.g., join forces to overcome issues related to isolation members carry out their activity autonomously and Independent producers’/workers’ cooperative: its serving prisonsentences, migrants, etc.). with special needs,long-term unemployed, people employment to the most vulnerable citizens (people services, etc.) and they can be a way to provide needs (health, social,educational, environmental associations, municipalities,etc.). They serve community but also the users andother community members (e.g., Social cooperative: the members canbe the workers, work forms defined by cooperative law. legal status of employee, but there are alsospecific Figure 4. Creation of cooperatives by young people people young by cooperatives of Creation 4. Figure SIGNIFICANT INCREASE NO according to CICOPA members CICOPA to according

POSITIVE TRENDS 21 .

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 cooperatives are under 35 (figure in 2015) reported in some provinces of 80% members in newly worker established in Spainparticipation shows promising very given trends, that confederation of worker cooperatives, youth cooperative 2015, young managers ( confederation of worker cooperatives, CG Scop, that in reported economic crisis which in began 2007. In France, national the a continent badly particularly hit by consequences of the the cooperatives inpeople Europe, and industrial service come from availableSome related figures to involvement the of young hypotheses without providing adetailed picture in this regard. do not collect age-related data and this requires us to formulate quantifiable trends. In fact, most CICOPA member organisations reported by members without muchevidence in terms of figures and that, inmost cases, the trend indicated above was a perception no longer capable of providing. However, itis worth emphasising young people who need to find solutions that the labour market is operatives through innovative modules. schemes and training unemployment by helping young createpeople and work in co- specifically aimed at promoting practices youth in best tackling European Commission which, in 2016, for a Call launched proposal youngthe employment crisis in Europe recognized has been by the potentialstrong of cooperative entrepreneurship for addressing conventional enterprises conventional within worker and social cooperatives, compared to in 11.3% of experience of of finding a first job due to a lack of opportunities or lack lack or opportunities of lack a to due job first a finding of enter into the labour market when faced with problems problems with faced when market labour the into enter option is particularly important for young people to to people young for important particularly is option flexibility of self-employment. This self-employment self-employment This self-employment. of flexibility and, in cases where members are also employees, the the employees, also are members where cases in and, people as it has low capital requirements, limited liability liability limited requirements, capital low has it as people And yet, the cooperative model is an option for young young for option an is model cooperative the yet, And with a focus on conventional business models. (…) (…) models. business conventional on focus a with traditionally teach traditional business management management business traditional teach traditionally employer, one needs however to note that schools schools that note to however needs one employer, means to create their own enterprises or as a potential potential a as or enterprises own their create to means that make cooperatives attractive to them as both a a both as them to attractive cooperatives make that cite that it is the cooperative values and principles principles and values cooperative the is it that cite responsible business. (…) Whereas young people often often people young Whereas (…) business. responsible businesses and are increasingly interested in socially socially in interested increasingly are and “ businesses

Young people are enthusiastic about starting starting about enthusiastic are people Young ” 24 ≤ 35) represented 15.5% of all managers 22 . According to COCETA, Spanish the 23 . Moreover, the the Moreover, .

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 than the average level of value-based participation a better distribution between rural andurbanareas andleads to ahigher more resilient, suffer less incomeinequality, tends to becharacterized by widening inequalities.Cooperative employment hasbeenproven to be underemployment, increased jobinsecurity and flexibility andconsequent significant when putin the context of global highunemployment and cooperative advantage related to the changing world of work isparticularly challenge to young people’s living and working conditions. Notably, the for addressing anumber of present and future issues which represent a formulate somepreliminary considerations about their strong potential cooperatives and the observation of itspractices make itpossible to addressed in the future. Nonetheless, the very nature andmissionof model and there isnodoubt that this isa weakness that needs to be comparative advantage for youth inchoosing the cooperative business movement from providing more trenchant arguments about the However, the lackof comprehensive figures prevents the cooperative ILO:And the eminent entities andpolicy makers, suchas the OECD: Similar recognitions andendorsements have beenexpressed by other and knowledge and young people who need to overcome a lack of resources resources of lack a overcome to need who people young benefiting from economies of scale: this can be ideal for for ideal be can this scale: of economies from benefiting by increasing their financial and human capital and and capital human and financial their increasing by can accomplish more than they could individually individually could they than more accomplish can (…) cooperatives can be attractive because members members because attractive be can cooperatives (…) enterprise that may be attractive to young people. people. young to attractive be may that enterprise interestfor people young and social entrepreneurship are growing areas of community ownership, worker ownership, cooperatives power, andenhanceaccess to markets. Indeed, pool resources, share risks,acquire stronger bargaining “ “ Cooperatives enable young women andmen to of form particular another are Cooperatives ” 25 ” 26 27 .

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 PRECARISATIONINFORMALITY AND SUSTAINABLEQUALITY AND JOBS AS ARESPONSETO and provide suchahighdegree of employment stability same time, show suchresilience to crisesandeconomicdownturns can claim to provide employment to somany people and,at the scope of cooperatives (279.4 million). No other type of enterprise 9.46% of the world’s employed population work inor within the the significance of cooperative employment cannot be ignored: dramatic impact on young people inrecent years. In this context, the lackor inadequacy of social protection have beenhaving a As we have seenabove, unemployment, precarious jobsand enterprise than other types of business are more stable financially as they keep more profits inside the retain higher employment; they tend to bemore productive; they performance: they survive at least aslong asother businessesand cooperatives in particular, have generally shown a counter-trend status andsocial protection a wide range of shared services,including those related to work entrepreneurs and workers can overcome their isolation through as independent producers’/workers’ cooperatives, self-employed schemes through mutual insurance cooperatives; when organized credit cooperatives; they can benefit from social protection economy canhave easier access to credit through savings and through cooperatives. For example, people working in the informal employment, but this transition canalso take placeinother ways members, canbeadirect solution to the formalization of informal whose primary mission is to provide decent jobs to their worker- transitioninformal from to formal work. Workercooperatives, discrimination, cooperatives contribute substantially to the needs andaspirations andgive a voice to people without any Furthermore, since their primary missionis to satisfy members’ have beencreated from the transfer of businesses to employees. is France where, between 2012 and 2015, 160 worker cooperatives through specificadvisory and financial tools. Oneemblematic case movement which isable to accompany the conversion process legal andregulatory framework andastrong cooperative for their success, often asaresult of acombination of aconducive those countries where there are particularly favourable conditions accelerated by the financial crisis,hasbeendeveloping especially in economic activities. This phenomenon, which hasbeensignificantly under the worker cooperative form, saving many jobs and bought outby, their employees andhave beenre-established In recent years, many enterprises have been transferred to, or 30 . 29 . 28 . Worker

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 COMMON OWNERSHIP FAIR AUTOMATIONDIGITALIZATION AND THROUGH carried outby the worker cooperative movement This increase innumber hasbenefitted from the supportactions do this” of itmust beshared, too. Co-operation isuniquely well-suited to the benefits of technology to be shared more widely, the ownership how they coulduse those machines to make their lives easier (…).For fearing how machinesmight take work away, workers canimagine owners do, not like victims of it. In worker co-ops, rather than a substantial role: “It begins with thinking about automation like here cooperatives, in particular worker cooperatives, can play to bestrongly linked to the issueof ownership andcontrol and at it, the quality of jobsand the stability of future workers seem emerging sectors where new skillsare required. However we look increase job opportunities for young people, especially in some countries. On the other hand, automation anddigitalization may may beoffshored from developed to developing andemerging than others. Somejobsandrelated skillsmay disappear, whilst others homogeneously in the world andsomeregions are more impacted future generations. As we have seen,changes are not happening and automation will beon the future of work, especially for It isdifficult to clearly predict what the impact of digitalization this way.in employment andentrepreneurial possibilities which are retained last but not least, the young people who can benefit from the business partners, goodsandservicesproviders, the families and, entire local socio-economic fabric: the entrepreneurial chainof and the owners, who are certainly the first beneficiaries, but the workers buyouts regard not only the workers (whatever their age) of businessesandjobs.Indeed, the advantages provided by workers buyouts inensuring the inter-generational transmission in 2014 by theSocial andSolidarity Economy Law which entered into force to retire economy” is the growth of baby-boomer businessowners looking in worker-buyouts in the United Stated in the “post-recession Interestingly, one of the reasons behind the increasing interest sophistication anddevelopment, inacertainnumber of countries. population to decrease by 13.9% between 2008and2018due to aquickly aging in Quebec(Canada), where the number of enterprises isestimated 32 35 33 . The interest in this practice exists, at different degrees of . . Similarly, worker buyouts are attracting alot of attention 34 . These cases illustrate the potential of cooperative 31 andencouraged

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 ACCESS TO NEW REQUIRED SKILLS that cangreatly benefit young people: indeed, inaccordance with Cooperatives alsohave acomparative advantage in this field affordablefor the youngest workers. have already seen, this isaposition that seems to beless andless to undertake training only for their core permanent workers: as we members of society becauseenterprises are generally more likely there is the risk that young people will bepenalisedmore than older training isexpected to play amajor role in the future. Onceagain, systems. Access to continuous training, retraining and work-based not lie exclusively with schools, universities and vocational training the promotion of youth employment andentrepreneurship does the labour market for young people. However, responsibility for place adequate policiesaimedat ensuringasmooth passage to skills. Publicauthoritieshave acrucial responsibility inputtinginto engineering and mathematics, as well as for transversal andsoft Demand isincreasing for highskillsinscience, technology, work organization require astrong and fast capacity of adaptation. The important changesoccurringin terms of sectoral shiftsand development inline with the cooperative identity andprinciples. closely by the cooperative movement soas to harmonize their collaborative economy, cooperative platforms should be observed in maintaining democracy in the current development of the always clear. Considering the potential of the cooperative model the membership structure anditsinternal governance are not users, IT technician employees, founders andinvestors, etc., and bring together different actors suchasserviceproviders, service initiatives actually look like multi-stakeholder cooperatives which owned” isoften applied to cooperative platforms, many of these In this regard, itshouldbenoted that whilst the term “worker- wealth, economic value andpower in very few hands. runs the risk of being characterized by a strong concentration of “injecting” democracy andparticipation inasystem which currently line platforms. Indeed, cooperatives represent ahugepotential for and controlling power to the people who useand work through on- can becombined with the cooperative model by giving ownership has drawn attention to how the new digital businessconfiguration young people, hasopened the debate onplatform cooperativism. It precarisation andinformalization which have animpact notably on managed through onlineplatforms, often accompaniedby significant In particular, the increase inemerging work forms delivered or

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES PARTICIPATORY AND COMMUNITY ANSWERS TO NEW SOCIAL, the management practices adopted by firms practices (HPWP) relating both to the way work isorganized and access to new required skillsis the useof high performance work Furthermore, according to the OECD, akey-factor driving annual surplus for this purpose. is the lifeblood of cooperatives, which may allocate partsof their the development of their cooperative. We could say that education to fully assume their responsibilities andcontribute effectively to representatives, managers andemployees, so that they are able to providing education and training for their members, elected the fifth cooperative principle, they are intrinsically committed sufficiently developed. It shouldbenoted that, nevertheless, in by publicauthoritiesand where welfare systems have not been social and health serviceshave not been provided sufficiently fundamental services to local people in those countries where Furthermore, they have been playing a significant role in delivering financial constraints and the parallel increase innew social needs. into areas where the welfare state model hasbegun to suffer due to countries. Since the 1990s, they have been progressively expanding CICOPA network, are growing both indeveloped anddeveloping cooperatives, which represent 17%of cooperatives within the According to the most recent data provided by CICOPA, social displaying promising trends within the cooperative movement. chapter, health andservices provided to the community are In keeping with the global projections mentioned above in this multi-stakeholder cooperatives, etc. employment cooperatives, labour intermediation cooperatives, as social cooperatives, community cooperatives, businessand but they have started more recently to experiment new forms such predominantly in the form of worker cooperatives (since the 1830s), workplace. To meet these needs,cooperatives initially developed innovation and higher access to active training and education in the distinguishing features, they canbeasource of inspiration for through their participatory governance, which isoneof their main forms of work management and relations within the enterprise: laboratories of experimentation of innovative andsustainable have proven their ability to adapt to emerging needsand to be be acentral ingredient of businesscompetitiveness. Cooperatives task discretion, jobrotation andothers in workplaces isexpected to application of virtuous practices such as team work, autonomy, 36 . This means that the . This

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 and for society asa whole. to help cooperatives realize their full potential for young people institutional frameworks in which cooperatives operate, are crucial the local community, as well as adequate policies for improving as such.Cooperation amongcooperatives and with members of the cooperative model cannot provide decent working conditions frameworks regulating the legal status of workers incooperatives, activities and workers’ conditions. Without appropriate institutional institutional frameworks which regulate cooperatives’ economic providing quality employment, which is highly dependent on the institutional frameworks. This is particularly true when it comes to to display their full potential if they are supported by appropriate worker, social andproducers’/workers’ cooperatives are only able changes. Regardless of the sector andactivity they are involved in, the on-goingeconomic, technological, societal andenvironmental cooperatives canrepresent apanacea for all challenges driven by However,resistshould thetemptation webelieve toindividual that employmentfor generations. young innovative answers to emerging needs, but also as a source of this role, they represent amajor opportunity not only for delivering often inclose cooperation with local publicauthorities.By fulfilling particular, are positioning themselves asrelevant serviceproviders, of the activities where cooperatives, andsocial cooperatives in refugees, environmental andeducation services,are just some solutions. Services to elderly people, integration of migrants and environmental needsand to provide innovative andcomprehensive is very well suited to detect andunderstand new societal and Being people andcommunity-based, the cooperative model regulated jobs for young women andmen. displays a big potential for cooperatives to create decent and with limited regulation and protection. Therefore, this sector still employedofdomesticare workers,most women, whom working health andsocial work are still predominantly provided by informally many developing andemerging countries, servicessuchashuman

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 11 · 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 17 · 16 · 15 · 14 · 13 · 12 · ENDNOTES London: Youth BusinessInternational (YBI), p.12 Europe Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a better working future working better a to Paths 2017: Youth for Trends Employment Global relationships anddependent self-employment. On this question, regard, seeILO, forms of employment involving multiple parties and 4) disguised employment temporary employment; 2)part-time work; 3) temporary agency work andother The ILO classifiesnon-standard employment in the following four categories: 1) OECD, 2017, ILO, point, seeOECD, 2017, Employment Outlook 2017, Paris: OECD, p.98-100 production of goodsandservices typically provided by middle-skill workers. On this not only to new technologies, but also to globalization and the offshoring of the decline in the share of middle-skill jobs in individual countries has been attributed relative to both highskills and low skills involving non-routine manual tasks. The skills jobscharacterized by “routine” tasks that are easier to replace by automation, squeezing of middle-skill jobs. The latter is the result of alower demand for middle- services, whilst jobpolarization refers to the rising inequalitiesassociated with the De-industrialization refers to the shiftof employment from manufacturing to DC: World Bank,p.2 World Bank,2016, World Development Report 2016:Digital Dividends, Washington for health: workforce 2030, Geneva: WHO, p.12 WHO, 2016, Health workforce andservices Draft global strategy onhumanresources ILO, OECD/EC, 2012,pp.6-8 Kew, J., Herrington, M.,Litovsky, Y. andGale, H.,2013, OECD/EC, 2012, March 2018(accessed on6 April 2018) age”, www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/YTH_EMPL_120,28 Eurostat, “Youth long-term unemployment rate (12months or longer) by sex and brief, Vol. 1,Geneva: ILO “What DoesNEETs Mean and why is the Concept SoEasily Misinterpreted?”, Technical or marginalization/exclusion among young people.In this regard, seeElder, S.,2015, not. However, itisoften associated with issuessuchasdiscouragement, joblessness absolutely noinformation related to employment – formal or informal, precarious or which isnot employed andnot involved in further education or training”. NEETs gives the following definition: “thepercentage of the population of agiven agegroup andsex definition of NEETs. Eurostat, the ILO andcertainother organizations have adopted Unlike for unemployment or employment, there isnointernational standard for the Ibidem ILO, IMF, 2017, State of Global Youth Entrepreneurship Youth Global of State Geneva: ILO, p.17 Short-Term Recovery, Long-Term Challenges Long-Term Recovery, Short-Term Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a better working future working better a to Paths 2017: Youth for Trends Employment Global Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a better working future working better a to Paths 2017: Youth for Trends Employment Global Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a better working future working better a to Paths 2017: Youth for Trends Employment Global , p.95 , Luxemburg: EU, p.6 World Economic Outlook, October 2017: Seeking Sustainable Growth: Growth: Sustainable Seeking 2017: October Outlook, Economic World Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2017 Glance a at Entrepreneurship Policy Brief on Youth Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Activities in in Activities Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurship: Youth on Brief Policy . Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), , Washington DC:IMF, p.1 , Paris: OECD, p.8 Generation Entrepreneur. The The Entrepreneur. Generation , p.66 , p. 37 , p.17 ,

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 23 · 22 · 21 · 20 · 19 · 18 · 32 · 31 · 30 · 29 · 28 · 27 · 26 · 25 · 24 · ENDNOTES September 2017 September php?id=3360&PHPSESSID=fb56146e648d48aeaa3009065e3bcbac (accessed on6 April 2018) espace-presse/communique-jeunes-dirigeants Les Scop,“LaCGScopsoutient lesjeunescoopérateurs”, recognised inonecountry. mind that, as for every abstraction, they may not fully correspond to the legal forms formally approved by the cooperative movement. However, the reader shouldkeep in far as worker andsocial cooperatives are concerned,are basedon world standards The definitions given here correspond to standardised categories that, at leastas The results of the consultation canbe found inCICOPA, 2017, minimum number of hours”, Office for National Statistics (UK),“Contracts that do not guarantee a ILO, contractsthatdonotguaranteeaminimumnumberofhours/september2017, 19 19 contractsthatdonotguaranteeaminimumnumberofhours/september2017, (accessed on6 April 2018) OECD/EC, 2012,p.8 “Reduction of youth unemployment and the setup of co-operatives”, p.4 European Commission, Call for proposals 224-G-GRO-PPA-16-9235, 30 June 2016, www.observatorioeconomiasocial.es/actualidad-observatorio. años de representación del cooperativismo de trabajo enEspaña”: Observatorio Español de laEconomía Social,“COCETA celebra 30 also provides for the creation of a“transitional cooperative” (“scop d’amorçage”), in the right to beinformed in the event that their enterprise is to be taken over. The law This law provided employees (inenterprises employing less than 250 workers) with Les Scop,“Les chiffres-clés”, countries. For more information, seehttp://smartbe.be/en/ The Smart model isbeingreplicated across Europe andispresent today indifferent working under employee status, thereby giving them access to higher social protection. But mostly, itallows the independent workers/producers to be autonomous while such as training, financing, crowdfunding, management, legal and financial tools, etc. independent workers/producers pooling servicesandrisksproviding support An illustrative caseis the Belgiancooperative Smart which brings together 85,000 Pérotin, V.,2014, Eum, HS.,2017, CICOPA, 2018, ILO, Brussels: CICOPA, pp.62-63 pp. 65-70; Eum, HS., 2017, CICOPA, p.24 stand? operatives UK,p.3 peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/ articles/ peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/ Cooperatives: Global Report 2015-2016 Report Global Cooperatives: Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a better working future working better a to Paths 2017: Youth for Trends Employment Global Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a better working future working better a to Paths 2017: Youth for Trends Employment Global Brussels: CICOPA, p.2 The Future of Work. Where do industrial and service cooperatives cooperatives service and industrial do Where Work. of Future The (accessed on6 April 2018) Cooperatives and Employment: Second global report global Second Employment: and Cooperatives What do we really know about worker cooperatives? worker about know really we do What www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/ Cooperatives and Employment: Second global report global Second Employment: and Cooperatives www.les-scop.coop/sites/fr/les-chiffres-cles , Brussels: CICOPA , 7 April 2015(accessed on6 April 2018) www.les-scop.coop/sites/fr/ Industrial and Service Service and Industrial , 9 June 2016 London: Co- , Brussels: , Brussels: , 2016 , 2016 , p.85 , ,

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 1 36 · 35 · 34 · 33 · ENDNOTES 2016, (accessed on6 April 2018) democratic-worker-ownership OECD, Employment Outlook 2017, p.110 News, Schneider, N.,“How co-opscanhelpspread the benefits of automation”, Co-operative l’abondance de la relève”, et ailleurs danslemonde. Laprospérité du Québecestaussiliéeàlaqualitéet Desjardins Études économiques,“Transmission d’entreprise: laproblématique ici The Century Foundation, Nittoli, J., “Reducing Economic Inequality through Democratic Worker-Ownership”, Loi-ESS (accessed on6 April 2018) “L’économie socialeetsolidaire”, www.les-scop.coop/sites/fr/les-scop/culture-scop/ within 7 years following the transformation of acooperative. Also see:Les Scop, cooperative’s reserves to buy the shares subscribedby non-cooperative partners the decision-making majority. Furthermore, worker-members may decide to use the which employees canbeminority shareholders for up to seven years while keeping benefits-automation www.thenews.coop/125929/sector/worker-coops/co-ops-can-help-spread- , 31 January 2018(accessed on6 April 2018) www.tcf.org/content/report/reducing-economic-inequality- www.desjardins.com/ressources/pdf/pv160516f.pdf , 10 August 2016(accessed on6 April 2018) , 16May

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 SOME INSIGHTS FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF YOUNG COOPERATORS CHAPTER 2 ers’ cooperatives) social andindependent producers’/work- of the business:(worker cooperatives, ducers are the owners andco-managers cooperatives in which the workers or pro - worldwide,underof main types thethree tion about youth cooperatives organised ed inspring2017 was to collect informa- of youth cooperatives. Furthermore, this work does not allow for a us from estimating the proportion of this sample within the wider number Furthermore, the lackof available cooperative statistics by ageprevents who are very mobilisedandactive within the cooperative movement. to a group of particularly connected “young cooperative leaders”, wider youth cooperative network and that, presumably, itcorresponds are aware that this small portion provides only a partial picture of the cooperative movement in which young people (18-35)are involved. We intend to consider this group of answers asrepresentative of the entire group of received answers. However, it is worth clarifying that we do not For practical reasons, we will use the term “sample” to indicate the relevant pieceof information to be taken into account. substantial within the whole sample andcould,onitsown, represent a not know/ Not applicable”, except for a few casesin which this choiceis based onrespondents’ answers, we didnot consider the answers “Ido future members of the cooperative. Generally, when elaborating trends is higher; secondly, these employees could be considered as potential and itsmanagement/performance, even if the overall ageof members profile of the workforce may have arelevance within the enterprise choice was motivated by two main considerations: firstly, the young employees are aged 18-35, but the age profile of members is older. This turn, we included the five casesin which the majority of non-member of both members andnon-member employees are not aged18-35.In consider the first onereceived) and cooperatives where the majority answers coming from the samecoop(in two cases, where we didnot not include 13answers becauseof two mainineligibility criteria: double In this report, we will analyse 64answers outof the 77received. We did bers in32countries andaffiliates 65,000 enterprises. including someoutside the CICOPA network, which consists of 48mem- networks to reach the highest number of cooperatives andcountries, tributed mainly through email and social sented by CICOPA. The survey was dis- the industry andservicessectors repre- types of cooperatives usually operate in The aimof the onlinesurvey LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY 2.1. METHODOLOGICAL NOTES AND 38 . The majority of these 37 distribut-

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 2.2. PRELIMINARY PICTURE OF THE SAMPLE research, rather than to pursue astrictly scientific approach. attention to this topic andstimulate future debates andmore detailed of CICOPA and the objective of this campaign, our ambition is to draw Nevertheless, we would like to emphasize that, considering the mission by other research. contextualize the survey’s findings within broader information elaborated cooperative youth enterprises. However, when possible, we have tried to and “senior cooperatives”, or between youth cooperatives and non- broader comparison to bedrawn, either between youth cooperatives Figure 5. Youth cooperatives by type by cooperatives Youth 5. Figure

sible social cooperatives” operatives and 15.4% are social and “pos- are independent producers’/workers’ co- of them are worker cooperatives, 17.5% worldwide, providing 20millionjobs ed 377,984 of these types of cooperatives worth recalling that there are anestimat- ative universe throughout the world, itis these results within the broader cooper- operatives (5%)(Fig. 5). To contextualize and independent producers’/workers’ co- followed by social cooperatives (36%) sample are worker cooperatives (56%), The clear majority of cooperatives in cording to the most recent data tives isquite small.Indeed, ac- producers’/workers’ coopera- whilst the share of independent represent the clear majority, that worker cooperatives still network by type (Fig. 6), we see resentedCICOPAthe within breakdown of cooperatives rep- If we look exclusively at the 40 . 39 : 67% the

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 for their organization to guarantee both flexibility andprotection. and given that the cooperative model couldprovide innovative solutions appearing, suchasindependent workers through the onlineplatforms, important in this moment when new forms of work andemployment are not asignificant presence yet in the CICOPA network. This isparticularly ant to deepen our understanding of this cooperative model, which has recorded amongst this type of cooperative. It is therefore very import- ilarly, the lowest level of participation andmobilisation in the survey was workers’ cooperatives across the world are partof itsmembership. Sim - under-represented, sinceonly 3.3%of existing independent producers’/ reported by CICOPA in 2017, this type of cooperative is thus far the most members (Fig. 7). 7). (Fig. members cooperative are 18-35 aged (51 out of answers) 64 and are mostly ofMost who people answered the survey the on behalf of their Figure 6. Cooperatives represented by CICOPA by type by CICOPA by represented Cooperatives 6. Figure Figure 7. Position of the person answering to the survey the to answering person the of Position 7. Figure Source: CICOPA 2017 CICOPA Source: COOPERATIVES (WORKER MEMBER, PRESIDENT MEMBER, USER, 34% (ELECTED) FREELANCER 74% 74% WORKER MEMBER PRODUCE / OTHER) COOPERATIVES POSSIBLE SOCIAL 1% COOPERATIVES THE BOARD OF NON-MEMBER DIRECTORS MEMBER OF EMPLOYEE 20% (ELECTED) 17% SOCIAL 6% INDEPENDENT PRODUCERS / WORKERS COOPS 4% (NOT ELECTED) INDEPENDENT AND FORMER

PRODUCERS’ PRESIDENT) / WORKERS’ MANAGER / MANAGER / (FOUNDER DIRECTOR 10% 4% COOPS 2% OTHER

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 order, Europe, Americas, Africa, Asia andOceania(see Fig 9). some important differences in the degree of participation: indecreasing sample covers 5continents and 31countries In terms of the geographical distribution of answering cooperatives, the abovementioned appropriate methodological precautions. on youth cooperative entrepreneurship, taking into account the this analysis are fully relevant for the elaboration of some considerations Overall, we can therefore say that the answers received andincluded in other) andnon-member employees are aged18-35(Fig. 8). both members (workers, independent producers/workers, users and In terms of the overall ageprofile within the cooperative, inmost cases AFRICA Figure 8. Age of members and non-member employees non-member and members of Age 8. Figure 9 Figure 9. Youth cooperatives by continent by cooperatives Youth 9. Figure AMERICAS 22 AGED 18-35 MAJORITY 78% IN THEIR ASIA 5 OCEANIA ONLY MEMBERS 41 ARE IN THEIR ARE 1 AGED 18-35 MAJORITY , even, are thoughthere 14% EUROPE 27 EMPLOYEES ARE IN EMPLOYEESIN ARE THEIR MAJORITY NON-MEMBER NON-MEMBER AGED 18-35 8% ONLY

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 cooperatives on this specific issue. nor to assessany comparative analysis between youth andsenior cooperative advantage for women’s empowerment andgender equality, to gender means that itisneither possible to measure the specific of cooperatives cooperative democratic processes are key areas for the development women, andelevating their participation andrepresentativeness in Creating economicopportunities for marginalized populations, especially (see11). figure higher number of women and they are equal to men within this category within membership, especially if we count both cases where there isa member employees and their degree of representation isalsoquite high activities). Furthermore, women represent the largest group among non- information andcommunication andprofessional, scientific and technical in quite competitive activities (e.g. financial andinsurance activities, information inrelation to the fact that these cooperatives are active (manager/director). This isquite interesting, especially if we consider this more represented than men,albeitonly slightly, inmanagement positions at least for the cooperatives which provided this information, women are (chairman/president, board of directors) are mostly heldby men.However, When itcomes to analysing the gender dimension,elected positions Americas, Europe and Africa (Fig. 10). continental perspective, the urbanarea is the most representative in the active in the intermediate areas (27%)andrural areas (9%). From a Overall, most of them operate in urban areas (64%) followed by those AFRICA INTERMEDIATE AREA RURAL AREA URBAN AREA 9 42 . However, the paucity of evidence and figures related Figure 10. Area of activity by continent by activity of Area 10. Figure AMERICAS 22 ASIA 5 OCEANIA 1 EUROPE 27

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 and documented ingreater detail through comparative research. to senior cooperatives. However, this aspect needs to beinvestigated in membership andmanagement levels in youth cooperatives compared which may suggest anarrower gapbetween young women’s participation our survey indicates a stronger presence of women in management roles, membership than inmanagement andboard positions.On the other hand, indicated that women are more likely to berepresented incooperatives’ and improving women’s livingconditions.However, the ILO-ICA survey better than other types of private businessinadvancing gender equality an onlinesurvey, highlighted that cooperatives are often perceived as joint publication published in 2015 Some interesting insights in this regard were provided by anILO-ICA indicator of this nature in the survey. may be worth looking at the broader reasons which led us to include an as members, board directors, andnon-member employees). However, it example about the nationality ratio within the different categories, such the analysis further and to extract additional relevant information (for the results and the size of the sample do not make itpossible to deepen equally represented withing the cooperative (see Fig. 12).Unfortunately, citiziens <= Figure 11. Gender representativeness within youth cooperatives youth within representativeness Gender 11. Figure PRESIDENT 44 10 MANAGER / DIRECTOR 19 21 DIRECTORS BOARD OF 35 15 7 43 . Its key findings, resulting from MEMBERS 29 16 14 EMPLOYEES MEMBER NON- 14 12 8

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 younger30 than countries inparticular, where around 70%of migrant flows are people opportunities andbasicsocial andhealth services.In developed the capacity of host societies to provide these people with employment The massive increase in the flow of migrants andrefugees ischallenging and primary) are most represented respectively within the Board of account, although the higest and the lowest educational level (tertiary proportionalcategoriesintobetween taken termsmain thethree Furthermore, there would appear to benosubstantial differences in quite high, with tertiary education being the most commonresponse. Interestingly, the average level of education of the respondents is local administrations. support and the integration process, often inclose partnership with many countries ascrucial actors for the organisation of settlement community. On the other hand,social cooperatives are recognized in and active integration, whilst generating wealth for the surrounding other members from the community, thereby increasing their autonomy themselves for developing entrepreneurship initiatives together with work. Cooperatives are alsousedasa tool by migrants andrefugees preferential form of access for migrants to dignifiedandinclusive Worker ownership through cooperatives represents a veritable absence of gender, social, racial, political or religious discrimination. cooperative principle, is their openmembership to all persons, in the One of the distinctive features of cooperatives, stated by the first and potentially exploitative conditionsin the informal economy. categories most vulnerable to in-work poverty, low-paid precarious jobs Furthermore, migrants (young migrants inparticular) are amongst the and health-care schemes for agrowing number of retired workers. offset the effects of anagingpopulation andhelpsustain the pension this wave of active workforce whose labour participation may partially Figure 12. Nationality ratio within the cooperative cooperative the within ratio Nationality 12. Figure 44 , the entrepreneurial fabric must be prepared to absorb NON-NATIONAL CITIZENS > NATIONAL 91% CITIZENS NON-NATIONAL CITIZENS < NATIONAL CITIZENS 6% NON-NATIONAL CITIZENS = NATIONAL CITIZENS 3%

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY UPPERSECONDARY POST-SECONDARY TERTIARY intensive activities. many of these cooperative are active ininnovative andknowledge- level of education may beexplained by the fact that, as we will seelater, Directors and the non-member employees (Fig. 13). The overall high producers’/workers’ cooperatives (2). social cooperatives (13)andself-employed 36 are worker cooperatives (21), followed by considered answers (56.2%).Most of these services represent 36outof the total of 64 financial andinsurance activities andother activities, information andcommunication, professional, scientific and technical in the service sectors. When combined, took partinour survey are mostly active below (Figure 9), the cooperatives which In general, as we canclearly seein the graph DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2.3. ECONOMIC SITUATION AND Figure 13. Predominant education level within the cooperative (by category) (by cooperative the within level education Predominant 13. Figure 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% DIRECTORS BOARD OF MEMBERS NON-MEMBER EMPLOYEES

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 Easy Investment Co-op,social cooperative (Ghana) especially womenand youth” marginalized butproductive poor inour community “Weprovidesupport to the and financial technical Ecoherencia, worker cooperative (Spain) ecosystems andagro-ecology” on environmental issuessuch asrestoration of “We provide training andawareness raising services RedRoot, worker cooperative (Philippines) strategy development” “We offer awide range of skillsinmarketing PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFICTECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL, ACTIVITIES ADMINISTRATIVESUPPORTSERVICE AND ACTIVITIES WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF MOTOR... ACCOMMODATIONSERVICE ACTIVITIESFOOD AND HUMAN HEALTHSOCIALHUMAN WORK AND ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES OF HOUSEHOLDS AS EMPLOYERS; ... ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIESFINANCIAL AND AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING INFORMATIONCOMMUNICATION AND Figure 14. Economic activities of answering cooperatives cooperatives answering of activities Economic 14. Figure Figure 15. Looking behind the NACE classification, classification, NACE the behind Looking 15. Figure OTHER SERVICEOTHER ACTIVITIES AND TECHNICAL PROFESSIONAL, FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES (according to NACE classification NACE to (according what do young cooperators do? cooperators young do what EDUCATION OTHER

INFORMATION AND INFORMATION COMMUNICATION Youth Social cooperative (Bhutan) innovation”, opportunities andother societal projects for youth “We carry outeducational programs, training cooperative (Belgium) Cobea Coop,independent producers’/workers’ platform” through collaborative methodsandashared develop cost-effective sustainable communication supports entrepreneurs andorganizations to “We are awebsitecreation cooperative that Coopar, worker cooperative (Argentina) media anddigital strategy” “We provide servicesinprinting, graphic design, SERVICES OTHER 1 1 1 1 45 3 ) 4 5 6 6

8 9 9 10

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 network, this category isnot represented at all within our sample. are covered by 19% of worker and social cooperatives within the CICOPA 1). Furthermore, itshouldbenoted that while manufacturing activities impact isconsiderably higher amongour youth cooperatives (see Table of the four service activities listed above, we can easily see that their in the last CICOPA Global Report 2015-2016 and focus on the ratios However, if we compare the results of our survey with those contained and youth cooperatives sample cooperatives youth and Table 1. Comparative ratios for 4 service sectors within the CICOPA network network CICOPA the within sectors service 4 for ratios Comparative 1. Table and culture to education, health andsocial services and isbeingdeveloped ina wide range of activities, from media, technology industry andservices,adding that itisinaphaseof strong diversification being the sector with the highest growth rate amongst cooperatives in The CICOPA Global Report 2015-2016 pointed to the service sector as followed by industrial sectors (25%)and the construction sector (10%). sectors represent 63%of cooperatives within the CICOPA network, food which, alone, represents 57%of all activities. More generally, service America, the most represented activity service is accommodation and is alsoquite highinEurope (62%), Asia (60%) andin Africa (44%). In North America, where they represent 66%of all economicactivities. The share and listed above, then their highest presence hasbeenreported inSouth if we consider the four main services activities chosen by respondents With regards to the geographical distribution of answers within our sample, ILO, the OECD and the GEM(as we saw inChapter one). Looking at all been observed for the entire economy ineminent researches by the information andcommunication and financial intermediation hasalso The highpercentage of young people ininnovative sectors suchas Professional, scientific and Financial andinsurance technical activities Information and communication Other services activities social cooperatives) (%) (worker cooperatives + CICOPA NETWORK 0.4% 3.8% 5.3% 7.4% 46 . COOPERATIVES YOUTH 15.6% 12.5% 14.1% 14.1% (%)

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 vast majority of respondents (80%) expressed optimistic expectations. More ingeneral, when asked about the future of their cooperative, the respondents expressed positive expectations for the next five years. when asked about future expectations in terms of jobcreation, 90%of mainly among“information andcommunication” activities. Interestingly, 17), inparticular among other serviceactivities. Job losses were reported or stable trends in terms of the number of jobs within the cooperative (Fig. Regarding employment trends, the answers largely pointed to increasing activities”. was reported to bein“information andcommunication andother service “professional, scientific and technical activities”, whereas the weakest 16). The best performance in production and sales was reported among main indicators, most respondents reported better performances (Fig. compared to the previous years, andreferring to production andsales as When asked about the economic situation of their cooperative in2016 manufacturing, forexample). attracted by less capital-intensive activities (preferring services to degree of training, specialized knowledge andskills tend to be cooperatives are highly involved in those activities requiring acertain cooperatives within industry andservices, we couldargue that youth Figure 16. Production and sales in 2016 in sales and Production 16. Figure STABLE JOBS 40% 35% STABLE MORE JOBS 56% 41% BETTER FEWER JOBS 19% 9% WORSE

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 in non-capital-intensive serviceactivities (as already seenabove). also belinked to their recent creation (see Fig. 21)andhighconcentration 95% of all firms OECD’s most recent data (2017),micro-enterprises account for 70% to is particularly highin the servicesector. Furthermore, according to the countries, account for large shares of employment and their contribution SMEs represent almost the totality of the business population in OECD argue that these trends are inline with the wider businesslandscape: 90%) are small andmedium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and we could the vast majority of cooperatives inindustry andservices(more than represent 93%of the sample. If we look at the whole CICOPA network, category (Fig. 19). Taken together, micro (<10) andsmall (<50) enterprises appear that the overwhelming majority of enterprises fall into the micro sectoral andnational trends which warrant further analysis. the ratios between permanent and temporary contracts may follow group). However, this hypothesis requires further verification. Moreover, and recent creation (both characteristics are quite common within this include any employees, maybe becauseof the cooperative’s small size a partof it, the workforce consists of worker-members anddoes not cooperative. We couldsuppose that, for 23%of the sample, or at least when asked about the number of non-member employees within their entire sample) and that 15outof these 25have chosen the sameanswer answered “I don’t know/not applicable” to this question (39% of the respondents (Fig. 18). However, itshouldbenoted that 25outof 64 employment contract amongnon-member employees by 31%of survey A temporary contract hasbeenindicated asbeing the predominant Using the number of employees as the mainindicator Figure 18. Predominant employment contracts among non-member employees non-member among contracts employment Predominant 18. Figure 48 . The prevalence of micro enterprises inour survey may TEMPORARY PERMANENT CONTRACT CONTRACT 24% 31% I DONOT KNOW / NOT APPLICABLE 47 FIXED-TERM 39% CONTRACT of size, it would 6%

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 o te eeomn o coeaie aog on pol i tremendous. is people young among cooperatives of development the for the local andnational level. Its impact oncreating favourable conditions the level of organisation andstrength of the cooperative movement at across the countries anditslevel of sophistication depends greatly on the sixthcooperative principle, hasbeendeveloped to varying degrees and skills development, etc. Of course, this practice, which is inspired by mutual funds, businessservices, tools to foster management capacities wide range of strategies andmeasures, suchasaccess to finance through issues related to their size and to create economiesof scale through a is inter-cooperation, which enables the cooperatives to overcome any As we will seein the next chapter, one of the key cooperative advantages Figure 19. Size of youth cooperatives (based on the number of employees). of number the on (based cooperatives youth of Size 19. Figure Figure 20. Size of membership and respective categories of members of categories respective and membership of Size 20. Figure 40 30 WORKER-MEMBERS PRODUCERS/FREELANCERS OTHERS 20 10 ≤ 10 ≤ 50 81% ≤ 250 2% ≤ 10 ≤ 250 > 12% 250 5% > 250 ≤ 50

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 40 50 30 20 10 considered as the most critical for SMEs. may indicate acertainstability, given that the 3 first years are generally of them (42%) hasbeenoperating for more than 5 years (Fig. 21), which consider the young average ageof members. However, alarge number old) or nascent cooperatives, which could appear quite logical if we cooperatives, most of them are newly established (less than 5 years With regards to the stage of development amongrespondent represented incooperatives where there are more than 250members. categories of members (such asusers or volunteers) are more highly workers tends to behigher inmicro or small cooperatives, whereas other 10 members. The share of worker-members andindependent producers/ Similarly, the majority of youth cooperatives are composedof less than SCRATCH FROM Figure 22. Predominant ways of creation of ways Predominant 22. Figure Figure 21. Stage of development of Stage 21. Figure WORKER BUYOUT AS A AS WELL-ESTABILISHED (> 5 YEARS OLD) COOPERATIVE INTO COOPERATIVE 42% FROMDIFFERENT A ASCONVERSION A TYPE OF ENTITY NEWLY-ESTABILISHED (> 5 YEARS OLD) COOPERATIVE 49% COOPERATIVE OFF FROM AOFF ASSPIN- A COOPERATIVE 9% NASCENT OTHER

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 about this scenario(accountants, lawyers, etc.). demands of owners and workers andshouldbeable to inform them of professionals who are the most likely to detect andunderstand the and regulatory framework, acooperative movement providing assistance conditional uponcontextual factors. A major role isplayed by a favourable which hasbeenattracting alot of attention inrecent years, ishighly saw inchapter 1). The viability andsuccessrate of this latter practice, by, their employees andre-established asa worker cooperative (as we buyout, namely businesses that have been transferred to, or bought out type of entity (e.g. association or conventional enterprises), or a worker path), butalsoasaresult of aspin-off, aconversion from adifferent be created indifferent ways: from scratch (generally the most common scratch (Fig. 22).It may be worth recalling here that acooperative can The vast majority of cooperatives inour sample were created from competitiveness of enterprises. which are expected to play anincreasing role indetermining the market development andhigh-performance work andgovernance practices, Youth cooperatives should besupported instrengthening skills other items suchas the governance process and work organisation. need to enlarge the concept andpractice of innovation to alsoinclude attitude towards organisational innovation may cast fresh light on the rather than organisation innovation. Interestingly, youth cooperatives’ majority of members are over 35choseproduct or process innovation be worth pointing out that noneof the five cooperatives where the innovation strategy isapplied to organisational innovation. It might future? The orientations were quite diverse. However, the most chosen What kindof innovation strategies do these cooperatives plan for the ad hoc ad services, and a supportive and well-prepared environment Figure 23. Main fields of future innovation future of fields Main 23. Figure INNOVATION INNOVATION MARKETING 25% 15% PRODUCT ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATION INNOVATION 23% 37% PROCESS

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 issue today, not only for young cooperators, but for future the of the of both and power entrepreneurial management expertise is acrucial cooperative governance (see Fig. 25). inter-generational The transmission older from toand skills younger especially members, of infield the programmes or to strategies promote of transmission the knowledge Interestingly, 68% of respondents say that they use innovative training andhave specific tools for this, suchasindivisible reserves. committed to ensuring that their members andemployees benefit from Indeed, as we saw inChapter 1,cooperatives are, by their nature, for the development of young people’s skillsand their on-going training. cooperatives canpotentially display astrong comparative advantage respondents). These results help to illustrate the extent to which youth member employees (although this information was not available for 25 members (42 outof 64) andmore than one third do the same for non- implement innovative programmes or strategies to foster training among or plan to start using them in the near future. The majority of respondents buying goodsandservices, to share services, products andinformation, use of, or are developing, digital cooperative platforms for sellingand innovation. Moreover, the majority of respondents stated that they make on marketing innovation. Answers were less homogenous for process and those involved ininformation andcommunication activities focus those active in financial and insurance prefer production innovation activities are the keenest to focus onorganisational innovation, while Youth cooperatives active inprofessional, scientific and technical Figure 24. Use of innovative programmes or strategies to foster training foster to strategies or programmes innovative of Use 24. Figure 40 30 20 10 AMONG MEMBERS 42 18 YES NONA 4 AMONG NON-MEMBER EMPLOYEES 23 16 25

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 up acooperative (see Fig. 26). be faced with similar difficulties and challenges when it comes to starting Europeans by taxes. Otherwise,ingeneral, young cooperators seem to respondents seem to beparticularly concernedby registration time and costs of obtaining operational licencesand permits.South-American the number of operational permitsandlicencesneeded, as well as the young cooperators, suchas the minimumlegal capital requirements, start-up phase. There are obstacles reported exclusively by African faced by young cooperatives during their 26), is by far the most significant obstacle followed by regulatory complexity (see Fig. Itappear wouldaccess tofinance, that ongoing development. that have supported their creation and faced with or the favourable conditions as well as the mainobstacles they are youth cooperatives operate day by day, to understand the conditionsunder which consultation,Throughhave this we tried EXPECTATIONSFUTURE ABOUTTHE 2.4. ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS AND generations. through ensured governance, of cooperatives and that sustainability survival the be can cooperative movement, such as commitment to and democratic training of young cooperators intrinsic in the practices made available by the whole cooperative movement. it is Indeed, through inclusion full the Figure 25. Main fields of transmission of knowledge and skills from from skills and knowledge of transmission of fields Main 25. Figure older to younger members younger to older ENTREPRENEURIAL MANAGEMENT 35% GOUVERNANCE COOPERATIVE 45% 20% OTHER

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 PROCEDURES TO ACCESS INDUSTRIAL AND/OR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROCEDURES TO ACCESS INDUSTRIAL AND/OR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS LACK OF SINGLEENTRY POINT (ONE-STOP-SHOP) FORSTART-UP PROCEDURES LACK OF SINGLEENTRY POINT (ONE-STOP-SHOP) FORSTART-UP PROCEDURES INADEQUATE TRAINING AND KNOWLEDGE INCOOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT INADEQUATE TRAINING AND KNOWLEDGE INCOOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT RESOURCES REQUIRED TO NAVIGATE OVERALL REGULATORY COMPLEXITY RESOURCES REQUIRED TO NAVIGATE OVERALL REGULATORY COMPLEXITY COST TO ACCESS INDUSTRIAL AND/OR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS COST TO ACCESS INDUSTRIAL AND/OR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Figure 27. Major obstacles to starting up a cooperative (by continent) (by cooperative a up starting to obstacles Major 27. Figure COSTS OF OBTAINING OPERATIONAL LICENCES AND/OR PERMITS COSTS OF OBTAINING OPERATIONAL LICENCES AND/OR PERMITS THE NUMBEROF OPERATIONAL PERMITS AND LICENCES NEEDED THE NUMBEROF OPERATIONAL PERMITS AND LICENCES NEEDED MAJOR OBSTACLE MINOROBSTACLE LACK OF RECOGNITION /BAD REPUTATION OF COOPERATIVES LACK OF RECOGNITION /BAD REPUTATION OF COOPERATIVES LACK OF E-GOVERNANCE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES LACK OF E-GOVERNANCE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES TIME TO OBTAIN OPERATIONAL LICENSES AND/OR PERMITS TIME TO OBTAIN OPERATIONAL LICENSES AND/OR PERMITS TAX COMPLIANCECOSTS (FILING AND PAYING TAXES) TAX COMPLIANCECOSTS (FILING AND PAYING TAXES) AFRICA ASIA OCEANIA (ONE ANSWER ONLY) Figure 26. Obstacles to starting up a cooperative a up starting to Obstacles 26. Figure UNPREDICTABLE AND INSTABLE LEGAL FRAMEWORK UNPREDICTABLE AND INSTABLE LEGAL FRAMEWORK EU SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA PROCEEDINGS FORCONTRACT ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS FORCONTRACT ENFORCEMENT MINIMYM LEGAL CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS MINIMYM LEGAL CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS RULES AND COST OF HIRING WORKERS RULES AND COST OF HIRING WORKERS LEGAL AND/OR NOTARY FEES LEGAL AND/OR NOTARY FEES REGISTRATION COST REGISTRATION COST ACCESSFINANCE TO ACCESSFINANCE TO REGISTRATION TIME REGISTRATION TIME OTHER OTHER 10 20 30

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 INTERNAL MARKET DYNAMICS: THE LEVEL OF CHANGEINMARKETSFROM... INTERNAL MARKET DYNAMICS: THE LEVEL OF CHANGEINMARKETSFROM... Asia (see Fig. 28and29). be aparticular issueamong youth cooperatives from South America and programmes supporting youth entrepreneurship, which is perceived to another obstacle reported in this field is the lackof government be aparticularly major issueby the European respondents). Interestingly, financial resources and taxes and bureaucracy (the latter isperceived to establishment andrunningof their cooperative are the availability of Similarly, the major obstacles highlighted by respondents for both the GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS DIRECTLY SUPPORTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS DIRECTLY SUPPORTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AFRICA ASIA OCEANIA (ONE ANSWER ONLY) Figure 28. Conditions either fostering or constraining the establishment establishment the constraining or fostering either Conditions 28. Figure EU SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA MAJOR OBSTACLE MINOROBSTACLE COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES GOVERNMENT POLICIES SUPPORTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES GOVERNMENT POLICIES SUPPORTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: POST-SCHOOL STAGE ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: POST-SCHOOL STAGE Figure 29. Major obstacles to the establishment and/or and/or establishment the to obstacles Major 29. Figure INTERNAL MARKET BURDENSORENTRY REGULATION INTERNAL MARKET BURDENSORENTRY REGULATION ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: SCHOOL STAGE ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: SCHOOL STAGE AVAILABILITY OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTRESEARCH AND TRANSFER ACCESS TO PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTRESEARCH AND TRANSFER ACCESS TO PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE and/or running of the cooperative the of running and/or running of the cooperative the of running CULTURE AND SOCIAL NORMS CULTURE AND SOCIAL NORMS TAXESBUREAUCRACY AND TAXESBUREAUCRACY AND

OTHER OTHER 49 10 8

20 16

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 sectors are concerned. in general inour researches, at least as far as the industry andservices conventional banksas,indeed, isreported quite often by cooperatives that young cooperators face major challenges inacquiringloans from cooperative financial instruments andcrowd-funding. This may suggest financing from alternative sources, suchaspublicgrants, non-banking if we take our analysis further, we see that young cooperators seek activities that generally require lower injections of initial capital.However, the fact that our surveyed cooperatives seem to belargely involved in source of financing at all (see Fig. 30). This may beexplained partially by whereas bankloans provided by conventional banksdo not represent a Own savings seem to beby far the most frequently used by respondents, What are the main funding sources used to start up the cooperative? entities (see Fig. 31). once again,conventional banks were stated to be the least supportive services specifically provided within the cooperative movement. Here are the most frequently helpful, followed by cooperatives andadvisory respondents stated that people with agreat deal of businessexperience When asked about the mainentities providing advice andsupport, NON-BANKING COOPERATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Figure 30. Sources of funding used to start the cooperative (initial capital) (initial cooperative the start to used funding of Sources 30. Figure BANK LOANS PROVIDED BY A CONVENTIONAL BANK PUBLIC GRANTS AT THE NATIONAL ORLOCAL LEVEL BANK LOANS PROVIDED BY A COOPERATIVE BANK PUBLIC GRANTS AT THE SUPRA-NATIONAL LEVEL FUNDS FROM BUSINESSINCUBATORS USED MOREOFTENLEAST OFTEN INNOVATION VOUCHERS PEER-TO-PEER LENDING FAMILYFRIENDS AND BUSINESS ANGELS CROWD-FUNDING VENTURE CAPITAL FAMILY OFFICES MICRO-LOANS OWN SAVING OTHER 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 10 9 20 22 23 23 30 29 29 29 30 34 36 36 37 37 37 38 40 39 39

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 AN ADVISING SERVICES WITHIN THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT (see Fig. 32 and 33).If we add together the answers which range from for Africa, was ageneral lackof recognition bordering onindifference in their countries, the most commonanswer in all of the continents, except In terms of their perception of the general attitude towards cooperatives 30 20 10 A CONVENTIONAL (NON-COOPERATIVE) COMPANY SOMEBODY WITH MUCHBUSINESSEXPERIENCE A PRIVATE ADVISING SERVICES FORBUSINESS A CONVENTIONAL (NON-COOPERATIVE) BANK A PUBLIC ADVISING SERVICES FORBUSINESS AND ADMIRING VERY POSITIVE SOMEBODY WHO ISSTARTING A BUSINESS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPERTS Figure 32. The general attitude towards cooperatives towards attitude general The 32. Figure 4 FORMER WORK COLLEAGUESFORMER WORK USED MOREOFTENLEAST OFTEN Figure 31. Entities providing advice providing Entities 31. Figure A POSSIBLEINVESTOR A COOPERATIVE BANK POSITIVE AN ACCOUNTANT A COOPERATIVE 21 A CUSTOMER A SUPPLIER A LAWYER FRIENDS FAMILY OTHER BORDERING ON INDIFFERENCE RECOGNITION LACK OF

30 10 NEGATIVE 7 20 STIGMATIZING NEGATIVE AND 30 VERY 2 40

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 towards cooperatives the creation of asocietal lackof recognition or unfavourable attitude supporting policy measures alsoreported by our young cooperators, to of respondents (see Figure 34), may contribute, together with weak system, which seems to behighly inadequate or inadequate for the majority The incorporation of cooperative entrepreneurship within the education business will find investors, suppliers, customers andadvisors. the start-up rate of cooperatives and the likelihood that this type of a significant influence on the career choicesof future entrepreneurs, consider that the visibility andattractiveness of cooperatives may have towards cooperatives, which isaparticularly important factor if we sample (61%) perceives that there isanunfavourable societal attitude cooperatives, we see that the majority of young cooperators inour a lackof recognition to negative and very negative attitude towards Figure 34. Incorporation of training about coops within the education system education the within coops about training of Incorporation 34. Figure BORDERING ONINDIFFERENCE POSITIVE VERY POSITIVE AND ADMIRING 30 20 10 10 15 5 Figure 33. The general attitude towards cooperatives (by continent) (by cooperatives towards attitude general The 33. Figure (ONE ANSWER) INADEQUATE OCEANIA HIGHLY 26 VERY NEGATIVE AND STIGMATIZING NEGATIVE ASIA INADEQUATE 18 AFRICA NOR ADEQUATE INADEQUATE NEITHER

AMERICA 10 NORTH AMERICA SOUTH ADEQUATE 5 EU ADEQUATE HIGHLY 5

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 perception, cooperatives helpsatisfy both their search for ameaningful both purely value-based andpragmatic elements. In the respondents’ Interestingly, the motivations reported by young cooperators combine cooperators to choose cooperatives choose to cooperators Table 3. Main motivations that drive young young drive that motivations Main 3. Table bycooperators. young atic key words andarguments reported used, quoting someof the most emblem - to organise the three primemotivations erative?below,In thetable have we tried Why didrespondents start or joinacoop- YOUNG COOPERATORS 2.5. THE COOPERATIVE EXPERIENCEFOR ORGANISATION SATISFACTION ORIENTATION NEEDS’ WORK VALUE me with benefits andeducation; to learn things opportunities andprecariousness; itprovides members’ life; itisasolution to the lackof job cooperatives improve the quality of their being consciousof it,Ihadalways wanted; cooperative gave me that option which, without look for other ways of subsisting and the the situation inour country obligesus to are noother companies that are hiring; Get protection; becauseinmy country there to control my own work life; work ina fair place autonomous, free andequal;self-determination; others; non-hierarchical relationship; being The idea of working with others instead of for militancy the world; my cooperative ismy space for my environment with apositive change;change to do something socially engagedandinfluence To have asocial impact; answer people’s needs;

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 generational transmission of knowledge andpower within cooperatives. further improve inter-cooperation amongcooperatives and the inter- which are intrinsic to the cooperative movement, suchas the need to is the identification of some weaknesses policies. Interestingly, what isnew here about cooperatives; lackof supporting lack of recognition, knowledge, and training cooperative experience: lackof finance; them from fullybenefiting from their perception of the respondents, prevent of certainrecurring obstacles that, in the synthesis onceagainshows the relevance particular, it is worth pointing out that the cooperators who took partinour survey. In main obstacles perceived by the young below.haverepresentsame table,the table we Inalso triedto the the being partof acooperative for young people today, asillustrated in perceptions reported by respondents about the mainadvantages of The motivations summarized above are quite well reflected in the members’ economicneeds. values andaspirations; asenterprises, they are intended to satisfy their a tool in the handsof people for the realisation of their dreams, beliefs, is areminder of the dual nature of cooperatives: asassociations, they are concrete needs(having ajob,career opportunitiesandprotection). This autonomy, self-determination andneed for societal change), andmore and aspirations about themselves and the surrounding community (e.g., work experience (the need to “work differently”), in line with their values

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 A A A A A A A A A A A people from fullybenefiting from Main obstaclespreventing young A A A A A A A A A A A cooperative entrepreneurship movement and solidarity within the coop Need for more inter-cooperation management andgovernance Lack of training oncooperative types of cooperatives cooperatives compared to other the specificity of worker Lack of knowledge about reputation cooperative model or bad about the recognition Lack of awareness and ofLack finance Administrative burdens people Lack of communication to young supporting measures Lack of incentives andconcrete technical knowledge, etc.) (management, governance, within existing cooperatives Lack of competencies companies cooperatives are not real General point of view that movement powercooperativethe within transmission of knowledge and Stillinter-generational weak CHALLENGES Table 4. Challenges and opportunities of undertaking undertaking of opportunities and Challenges 4. Table cooperative entrepreneurship cooperative A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Main advantages of beingpartof a development Positive effects oncommunity some ownership More affordable way to have Participation Democracyat work Being partof a wider movement Mutual learning Stable job Commitment Autonomyat work Working inamotivated team Not beingalone other cooperatives) (within the cooperative and from Benefit from mutual support development Personal andprofessional Self-empowerment society Take amore proactive placein You canbuild your own future cooperativefor people young OPPORTUNITIES

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 2 47 · 46 · 45 · 44 · 43 · 42 · 41 · 40 · 39 · 38 · 37 · 49 · 48 · ENDNOTES Conditions gemconsortium.org/wiki/1142 (accessed on6 April 2018) Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), “What is the National ExpertSurvey (NES)?” www. Conditions (EFCs) elaborated by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. SeeGlobal The conditionsusedhere are basedon the Entrepreneurial Framework OECD, 2017, and medium50-249 employees. – IFC(World BankGroup): micro enterprises 1-9 employees; small 10-49employees according to the size of employment appliedby the International FinanceCorporation We referred to the classification of Micro, Small, andMedium Enterprises structured therefore the concrete impactisstill to bemeasured anddefined members describe it rather in terms of an emerging opportunity for future start-ups; different degrees: insomecases,itseems to beaconsolidated trend, whereas other However, this phenomenon was reported onalarge geographic scaleeven if to which isappliedby CICOPA for collectingdata onmembers’ activities The Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community, ILO, ILO/ICA, 2015, Advancing gender equality: The co-operative way, Geneva: ILO, p.14 the ICA in2012 This isakey area foreseen by the Blueprint for aCo-operative Decade adopted by Lanka, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States Morocco, Poland, India, Italy, Philippines, Nigeria, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Spain, Sri Chile, China,Colombia,Congo,Denmark,France, Germany, Ghana,Kenya, Honduras, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bhutan, Canada, Central African Republic, per se.Ibidem, p.9 same activitiesassocial cooperatives but are not recognized associal cooperatives This category isappliedby CICOPA for those cooperatives that are involved in the CICOPA, 2017, Cooperatives, both available on the CICOPA website at www.cicopa.coop the World Declaration on Worker Cooperatives and the World Standard of Social for worker andsocial cooperatives whose definition hasbeenstandardised through recognised definitions within the cooperative movement, or at least this is the case recognised in one or another country. Nevertheless, they correspond to largely as transnational “archetypes” that may not fully correspond to the legal forms These typologies (as described in the first chapter of this report) should be considered Available in Annex I Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017 Youth for Trends Employment Global , Paris: OECD, p.15 Small, Medium, Strong. Trends in SME Performance and Business Business and Performance SME in Trends Strong. Medium, Small, Industrial and Service Cooperatives: Global Report 2015-2016 Report Global Cooperatives: Service and Industrial , p.8 , p.9

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR YOUTH COOPERATIVES CHAPTER 3 training within the education system. of cooperatives andahighly inadequate incorporation of cooperative Also, the majority of respondents reported ageneral lackof recognition making the environment particularly unfavourable for youth cooperatives. such asbureaucracy andregistration time, were alsocited as factors supporting youth entrepreneurship, taxes andadministrative burdens, far the biggest obstacle, regulatory complexity andlackof programmes and running their enterprise. As well asaccess to finance, which isby recall the major obstacles reported by young cooperators inestablishing keep a focus on the industry andservicessectors, itmay beuseful to entrepreneurship. Before delving into this chapter, in which we will try to of active citizenship andbetter working conditions through cooperative favourable conditions for the inclusionof young people and the promotion movement andinstitutional policy makers canhelpcreate more we will review some examples which illustrate how the cooperative The environment shouldnot bedeaf to suchchallenges. In this chapter, participation.and work life style are driving young people to demand new models of productivity occurring in fields suchasaccess to education, available technologies and sustainability of the social welfare system. Moreover, the global changes serious challenge not only for their future, but also for the future and the working conditions,both quantitatively andqualitatively, represent a their potential is far from being fully exploited and their deteriorating Young people are akey resource for the present and the future and yet OF YOUNG PEOPLE THROUGH AND WITHIN COOPERATIVES A WAY FORWARD TOWARDS A GREATER DEGREE OF PARTICIPATION 3.1. THE COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENT people within the cooperative movement: 2020, stressed both the need to attract the interest of young cooperative movement in2013asaguidingstrategic vision until The Blueprint for a cooperative decade, adopted by the international A A with, young people with, young by, andhow they project themselves to andcommunicate Cooperatives need to think abouthow they are perceived 50 .

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 And elevate their participation within the cooperative movement: taken from the manifesto are set outbelow: manifesto to shapeitsengagement and vision. Several quotes Lumpur (Malaysia), the Youth Network adopted a #coopyouth On the occasion of its Assembly held in November 2017 in Kuala people indiscussions with governments. education, sharinginformation andadvocating the interests of young business opportunities,creating networks, encouraging cooperative and Africa, which are engagedindiverse actions suchasdeveloping through four regional networks in the Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific in 2003and was formalised in2013. The ICA Youth Network operates body for the cooperative youth movement which started itsactivity Alliance’s YouthNetwork encouragement andcoordination of the International Cooperative been multiplying innumber inrecent years thanks, inpart, to the movement. In accordance with this approach, youth initiatives have but also about what young people can do for the cooperative about what the cooperative movement cando for young people, This approach helpedset the basis for areflection that isnot only A A engagement canandneed to beadapted established traditional mechanisms for participation and and maintaining relationships, andconsidering whether young people, exploring their mechanisms for forming Specifically anddirectly focussing on young adults and generation. We want to promote youth empowerment empowerment youth promote to want We generation. cooperatives is a viable and promising option for their their for option promising and viable a is cooperatives committed to the cooperative movement. We appear appear We movement. cooperative the to committed and we are diverse and yet stand united as a young young a as united stand yet and diverse are we and part in different cooperative models, and we are all all are we and models, cooperative different in part (…) We are young people, we have been gathering in in gathering been have we people, young are We (…) transition to full economic and social participation. participation. social and economic full to transition different countries, different continents and would would and continents different countries, different disengagement. (…) The engagement of youth with with youth of engagement The (…) disengagement. like to express and share our thoughts. We take take We thoughts. our share and express to like disproportionately affected by unemployment, unemployment, by affected disproportionately “ through engagement with cooperatives with engagement through underemployment, disempowerment and and disempowerment underemployment, Youth have long been, and increasingly are, are, increasingly and been, long have Youth 52 , anadvisory, assistance andrepresentative 51 . ” 53

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 people. cooperative employment andentrepreneurship among young actions undertaken within the cooperative movement to support Below, we will provide someillustrative examples of diverse effectiveness andimpact are multiplied. When they are supplemented by adequate public policies, their cooperatives, they represent amainengine for their development. In countries characterized by a lack of public policies supporting to meet their specificdevelopmental andcompetitiveness needs. development, because they come“from the inside” andare designed These measures constitute the major source of cooperatives’ advisory services,horizontal groups and financial instruments. training and research institutions, as well asentities providing the most significant examples are national andregional federations, where the cooperative movement isparticularly well-established: kind has been developed in this field, especially in those countries key cooperative advantage . A long tradition of cooperation of this cooperatives, aspostulated by the 6thcooperative principle, isa of their business. Indeed, entrepreneurial cooperation between main sources of advice andsupportin the establishment andrunning indicated by young respondents to our survey as being amongst the services specifically provided within the cooperative movement were As we have already seeninChapter 2,cooperatives andadvisory of cooperatives on their life andsurrounding environment. cooperatives, as well as the lackof indicators assessing the impact of available data to measure the engagement of young people in point that hasalready beenunderlined in this study is the lack diverse representation of people inleadership. Another critical members through adequate leadership successionpractices and the full representativeness andactive participation of its young change andinnovation, the cooperative movement shouldensure #coopyouth manifesto, to fully exploit itspotential for societal representationcooperatives.barriers within According to the are not at all aware of its existence, or face vertical mobility and people, who sometimes see the model asoutdated or simply encounters significant obstacles when itcomes to engaging young However, by itsown admission the cooperative movement

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 SUPPORTING YOUTH COOPERATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP massively since the 2008 economic crisis. One example is CoopUp! country where, asis the caseinSpain, youth unemployment hasincreased Similar initiatives have alsobeendeveloped inItaly, another European worker cooperative. scheme, as well as vocational guidance and training onhow to set upa work (NEET),providing them with information on the EU Youth Guarantee Parcours COOP fund Fondosviluppo by CoopUp! canbenefit from the supportof the cooperative solidarity and the development of existing ones. The new cooperatives incubated mentoring andadvisory services for the creation of new cooperatives Confcooperative for young people under 35and for women, that offers national incubator project launchedby the Italian cooperative association at anannual interest rate of 1.5%. Another example coming from the capital, up to amaximum amount of 30,000 EUR, for a5-year period app Orienta.coop Secondly, COCETA hasdesigned andlaunched the web portal andmobile specifics of setting up cooperative businesses in the different regions. published by the Spanish regional governments, informing users of the with the design of abusinessplanandother resources anddocuments development). Furthermore, the website offers anonline tool that helps business planandputitinto practice (includinganonline tool to track up acooperative, how to write abusinessplanandhow to develop the to set up cooperative business projects. It contains guides on how to set which was launchedin2014, isa web portal aimedat encouraging people through worker cooperatives. The first one,namedEmprende.coop improve young people’s access to employment andself-employment cooperatives (COCETA) launched two projects specifically intended to On the other side of the Atlantic, the Spanish confederation of worker launched their businessduring the current year. According to RESEAU, 75%of projects supported by Parcours COOP as the allocation of grants and loans for selected deserving projects. and cooperative management), as well (marketing, humanresources, accounting follow-up applied to four mainareas includes workshops andindividualised worker cooperative. The programme forcoaching ofestablishment the their entrepreneurs aged18-35comprehensive (Canada) RESEAU, which offers young of worker cooperatives inQuebec accelerator managedby the network 56 54 , which targets young people who neither study nor 58 isabusiness , which canbeused to fund the cooperative’s share 57 , the 55 ,

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 GIVING AN IMPETUS TO INNOVATIVE SECTORS sector broadly controlled by shareholders. For example, the CoTech not only for youth employment butalso for the democratisation of a cooperatives within the digital economy, which displays agreat potential launched some exciting experiments for the development of worker More recently, the cooperative movement in the United Kingdom has opportunities, administrative andaccounting advice, etc. with commonservicessuchascontinuous training, access to market makes itpossible to pool resources to provide member cooperatives worker cooperative model in this sector. Additionally, the network Italian cooperative movement isCoopstartup workers with the needsof emerging enterprises and young cooperators Stars&Cows isdeveloping a tool aimedat matching the skillsof older in new cooperative projects? To make this possible, the cooperative dissolution, how can the experience of senior cooperators bereinvested capital of cooperatives is not divisible between members after their time by cooperative managers canbecapitalized. Just as the economic business ideas”. The project isbasedon the idea that knowledge built over “Di Mano inMano –older workers at the serviceof new cooperative Stars&Cows and the vocational training centre Irecoop Emilia-Romagna: Confcooperative Emilia-Romagna inpartnership with the cooperative skills isat the heartof aproject launchedby the Italian regional federation sustainable andinclusive growth”. The inter-generational transmission of (technological, organizational andsocial innovation) to foster “smart, of cooperatives innew markets. It specifically focuses oninnovation of cooperatives among young people andencouraging the presence association Legacoop) inMay 2013,aimedat promoting the creation by Coopfond (a solidarity fund managedby the Italian cooperative and resources and makingaccess to technological know-how fairer cooperatives operating in the digital sector with the aim of sharing skills (Cooperative Technologists) network was established in 2016 by worker larger companiesand to promote the economies of scale to compete with cooperatives today,achieve was to the network, which has16member One of the mainreasons for establishing and Knowledge (FACTTIC) was created. cooperatives in Technology, Innovation the Argentinian Federation of worker sector may date back to 2012, when cooperativesin the technologyamong The first caseof inter-cooperation 59 , aproject launched 60 61 .

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 EDUCATION, AWARENESSNETWORKING RAISING AND in solidarity though associations. The programme, whose duration can stimulating solidarity awareness; building aculture of solidarity; educating aged 15 to 24. It includes three major pillars of the training process: promotion of cooperative philosophy andpractice among young people the Colombian Association of Cooperatives, Ascoop, to support the Iuvent//coop isanambitiouseducational programme launchedby development. whose vocation is to berooted locally and to adopt strategies for local Digital Grenoble), isintended to promote sustainable digital enterprises French cooperatives with considerable expertise in this sector (Alma and National Federation of Worker Cooperatives CGScop together with two enterprises in the samesector. The fund, which was launchedby the investment fund so that itcancontinue to serve future generations of beneficiary cooperatives are given the opportunity to participate in the back the shares (which would penalize their investment capacity), the of 3-5 years, after which, rather than beinggiven the possibility to buy EUR, lends itssupport through the provision of equity funds for aperiod cooperatives. The investment fund, which hasbeenallocated 16 million the digital sector, notably cooperatives or enterprises willing to become in 2016 to support the establishment anddevelopment of enterprises in Similarly, an investment fund called CoopVenture development andinnovation over the coming years. by Co-operatives UKin2017 to determine a way forward for cooperative it ispartof the National Co-operative Development Strategy launched support programme of Co-operatives UK and The Co-operative Bank), planning andcooperative governance. Supported by the Hive (a business funding strategies, including mentoring and masterclasses on business early platform cooperatives with their businessdevelopment and with the community organisation Stir to Action, isdesigned to support accelerator programme, launched by Co-operatives UKin partnership owned platforms controlling data and distributing profits to the few. The is challenging the way the digital ecosystem ismonopolisedby investor- is UnFound, apilot scheme for the creation of platform cooperatives that reducing their costs. Another interesting initiative from the UKin this field maximise information and skills sharing via physical exchanges while co-working space that, by bringingpeople closer together, aspires to recently supported the creation of Space4, aphysical incubation and jobs by 2020and100,000 by 2030. technology sector in the UKandstimulate the creation of 10,000 new its ambition is to increase the competitiveness of the cooperative and more efficient. Currently composedof 31 worker cooperatives, 62 In this framework, CoTech has 63 was set upin France

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 Asia andPacific young people gathered for the First International Cooperative Alliance- creating networking opportunities for young cooperators. In 2016,70 aimed at enhancing their visibility within the cooperative movement and In recent years, young people have been placedat the heartof initiatives recreation, environmental protection, etc. people inemerging sectors suchas tourism, arts,entertainment and programme advocates the creation of cooperatives amongst young the creation of agreater number of new cooperatives. In particular, the recommendations for the development of existing cooperatives and 2020. Our contribution for Peace!”, which contains aseriesof policy the 2016 work programme called “Cooperatives for Colombia 2016- advocated by the cooperative movement and strategically defined in role of cooperatives in the peace-buildingprocess hasbeenstrongly the peace-buildingprocess. Indeed, the cooperative strategy in the framework of should beseenasapartof the national vision of society to new generations and movementcooperative to transmit the aspiration of the Colombian cooperative level. Iuvent//coop isanillustration of the to the local community andalsoat national cooperative (involving members’ families), different levels, from eachindividual be several years, canbedeveloped at sustainable development adopt the cooperative enterprise model sinceitisanimportant driver of on the need to call for an enabling environment allowing African youth to Africa, which has the world’s youngest population. Participants agreed for debate around the openhorizons for development of cooperatives in participants (mostly African youth cooperative representatives) aspace in Development – People Centred Businesses in Action”, offered its European Union under the ICA-EU partnership project, “Cooperatives people through cooperatives. The one-day event, co-funded by the Goma (Congo) on the theme of harnessing innovation among young operative Alliance-Africa organised itssecond youth conference in e-waste recycling andmany others). In 2017, the International Co- tourism, services for migrant workers, catering services, transport, about establishing cooperatives instrategic areas (such asagricultural took place,providing participants with the opportunity to share ideas and engage in team activities. For example, a battle of cooperative ideas hear the experience of young speakers who have started cooperatives Summit enabled young people in the region to interact with eachother, Co-operatives and the power of innovation andentrepreneurship”. Youth Summit inBali(Indonesia) 65 . 64 , on thetheme , “Youth, The

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 SUPRA-NATIONAL POLICIES ENTREPRENEURSHIPPEOPLEAMONG YOUNG POLICIES ENCOURAGING COOPERATIVE 3.2. THE POLICY ENVIRONMENT: Europe: alarming situation of youth unemployment and social exclusion in Jobs forJobs Youth In 2016, the United Nations launched the Global Initiative onDecent European Commission With regards to supra-national regional policies,inrecent years the Initiative in2016. national dialogues launchedby the ILO Future of Work Century (No. 193). This Call for Action hasbeenrecently reiterated in the in line with the Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002 enabling environment for sustainable enterprises like cooperatives, support youth employment andentrepreneurship anditcalls for an rights. It underscores the need for amulti-pronged approach to employability, labour market policies, youth entrepreneurship and for national measures in five key areas: macro-economic policies, Callfor Action strategies for youth employment. The Youth Employment Crisis– A The ILO hasbeensupportinginitiatives to encourage national to tangible results for young people. knowledge, alliancesandresources andcreating actions that lead to provide decent jobs for young people. It isaspace for sharing aimed at coordinating the initiatives taking placearound the globe youth employment stakeholders), isa digital engagement platform the UNSystem, youth andcivil society, the private sector andkey an allianceof multiple partners (governments, social partners, Agenda on youth employment. The initiative, which brings together A A supported mainly by the Youth Employment Initiative (2013), national Youth Guarantee schemeshave been financially not inemployment or ineducation or training (NEETs). The pays special attention to those young people who are or becoming unemployed. Interestingly, the Youth Guarantee traineeship within four months of leaving formal education opportunity for further education, anapprenticeship or a the YouthGuarantee people up to the age of 25 is to stimulate national reforms to ensure that all young 67 66 was launched in 2012 to provide a sound framework to scale up the objectives set outby the 2030 68 has taken severalhas taken measures to tackle the 69 , adopted in April 2013, whose aim 70 receive a quality job offer, the

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 forplaces people. young their reach andcontribute to the creation of sustainable andquality work the implementation of suchinitiatives, since they couldhelp to increase cooperative organisations shouldbemore involved at national level in initiatives promoting youth employment andentrepreneurship. However, Europeans willing to create cooperatives canbenefit from someof the EU level to specifically support youth cooperative entrepreneurship, young Even though nospecificpolicy or programme hasbeendesigned at EU A A exclusion shouldbe tackled goal. At the same time, root causesof social andeconomic and effectiveness and to ensure that itattains itslong-term the Member States to increase the Youth Guarantee’s reach recognised, more shouldbedone by the European Union and institutions, whilst encouraging achievements have been the voice of young people indiscussions with the European to the European Youth Forum, the organization representing systematic evaluation of its impact across Europe. According context of cyclical factors and it may be too early to obtain a to actively participate insociety and the jobmarket, as well asencouraging young people more andequal opportunities for young people ineducation covering the period2010-2018 andisaimedat providing a framework for cooperation amongEUMembers States action promoted by the EU Youth Strategy. This strategy is and, together with employment, isoneof the eight fields of 18.3 %in2016 young people aged20–34decreased from 20.1 %in2013 to education or training (NEETs). In particular, the NEET rate for the EUand1millionless young people not inemployment, there were almost 1.8 million fewer young unemployed in three years after the adoption of the Youth Guarantee, unemployment rate above 25%. According to recent data, which isaimedinparticular at NEETs inregions with a youth it isoneof the objectives of the Europe 2020strategy Youth entrepreneurship is also high on the EU political agenda: is lower inEUcountries than incomparable economies among young Europeans and their assessment of its feasibility entrepreneurship and the desire to becomeanentrepreneur Europe tends in general to bealess friendly environment for 71 . However, such trends shouldbeseenin the 72 . 74 . It shouldbenoted that 75 . 73

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 INSPIRING NATIONAL ORREGIONAL POLICIES Education andawareness raising being re-assessed by many young people” on employment, life project andincomegeneration are severe deterioration in the country and when the paradigms at a time when wage employment hasbeensuffering from a young Colombians to undertake cooperative entrepreneurship, Ascoop, “the adequate implementation of this law would allow Plan. According to the Colombian Association of Cooperatives, movement to beincorporated in the 2014-2018 Development submitted to the government by the Colombian cooperative contained inarticle 27correspond to oneof the proposals part of the entrepreneurial learning curriculum. The measures system and endorses the creation of school cooperatives as supports cooperative education at all levels of the education business model among young people. For this purpose, the law the development andawareness raising of the cooperative action plans.In particular, article 27of this law encourages young people while alsoimplementing rural youth employment labour market andoffers new incentives for employers to hire requirement of holding a military card for those joining the fees and tax benefits for small businesses.It eliminates the financing, exemption from paying commercial registration The bill supports youth entrepreneurship through seedcapital management andoperations of aregular cooperative. of school minors, with the purposeof providing training on the to beestablished by fifteen or more minors, students or out youth law”) Law 1780 introduced in 2016 and known as “Ley Projoven” (“pro force butalsohalf of the total number of unemployed people a country where young people represent aquarter of the labour aim of facilitating young people’s access to quality formal jobs, in framework for the establishment of “laboratory cooperatives” the Government of the Philippines(Asia) provided the legal 76 , was adopted inColombia (South America) with the 78 . Similarly, in2015 79 77 . ,

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 employment Initiatives supportingcooperative entrepreneurship and “Youth ServicesCooperatives” Conseil québécois de la Coopération et de la Mutualité la de et Coopération la de québécois Conseil entrepreneurship through the creation of “Youth COOP” programmes allowing young people to experience cooperative within the fifth area is the implementation of experimental entrepreneurship andsuccession.Oneconcrete measure of intervention: health; education; citizenship; employment; market. Through a transversal approach, it targets five areas history, there will bemore retirements than entries in the labour Indeed, over the life of the Strategy, for the first time inQuebec’s significant number of Quebeckers are reaching retirement age. the population isquickly decreasing and,at the same time, a sustainable solutions to the demographic crisisinQuebec, where which takesofform the threefive-year is tofind plans, action people aged15-29 years. The broad objective of the strategy, in funding beingallocated to supportmeasures aimedat young Present andFuture Generations” launched the strategy “2030 Youth Policy - Together for In 2016, the government of Quebec(Canada, North America) shared in2015) 25-39, compared to 40.2% across Spain (according to data was higher than the national level, with 46.4%of members aged the servicesector, and the percentage of young cooperators than 1,500 cooperatives strategy on youth employment. In 2017, the region had more has alsobeendoing soaspartof the regional government’s strongly supported this type of business inrecent years and has the highest rate of cooperatives per inhabitant inSpain, has providing fundingforCommunity,schemes. The training which 7,000 EUR for eachmember joining the society andalso programme targeted people under-25 by granting cooperatives social economy organisations, particularly cooperatives. The 300,000 EUR to boost the participation of young people in In Spain (Europe), the Murcia regional government hasallocated cooperative organizations inQuebec. the organisation which represents all sectoral andregional community. The government’s mainpartner in this action is the the summer aspart-time jobs to provide services for the local students are coachedinestablishing worker cooperatives over Services Cooperatives” consist of programmes in which young want to launchprojects inschoolsor in the community. “Youth a cooperative operational framework to 15-19 year olds who 84 . 83 , mostly worker cooperatives and in 81 . Youth COOP isa tool providing 80 with over 200millionCAD (CQCM), 81 and

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 Supporting legalSupporting frameworks 2014 law, they have beenrecognised asaparticular form of etc.). As a result of the legal recognition provided through the training, solidarity mechanisms,marketing supportservices, months, as well as various back-office services(e.g. continuous rights and protection as employees for a trial periodof 6-18 plan to develop their own businessprojects with full-fledged worker cooperative with the aimof providing people who cooperatives were originally designed asaspecific form of status of entrepreneur-employee. Business andemployment (business and employment cooperative), introducing the which isanacronym for “coopérative d’activités et d’emploi” approved in2014 introduced the legal recognition of the “CAE”, In France (Europe), the Social and Solidarity Economy law under recognized structures. cooperatives andaffiliate to SNYCA so they canbeassisted development. Young people are encouraged to register their a partof the national budget in favour of youth cooperative 2017 in the country (which had26registered youth cooperatives in coordinating the creation andregistration of youth cooperatives Commerce, Industry and Trade with the aimof supportingand an umbrella governing body mandated by the Minister of the Swaziland National Youth Cooperatives Alliance (SNYCA), youth cooperative entrepreneurship is the establishment of interesting example of institutional supportive initiatives for and entrepreneurship development. Speaking of Africa, an ILO’s expertise in the areas of local economicdevelopment 500 young people in the two regions andbenefited from the between 2016and2018,aimedat having animpact onat least training, handicrafts andpublic works. The project, implemented sectors suchasagribusiness, tourism, aquaculture, vocational to social economy organisations, includingcooperatives, in Khenchela, through direct technical and financial assistance young people in two wilayahs in Eastern Algeria, Annaba and to enhance the employability andprofessional integration of In 2016, the A’AMAL project started asapartof this programme Government in the implementation of youth-centred policies. 2012 to support the reforms andactions taken by the Algerian Algerian Government and the European Union, was launchedin Employment Support Programme (‘PAJE’) co-financedby the A recent example comes from Algeria (Africa). The Youth 85 ) andcallingupon the national government to set aside

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 Boosting the development of cooperatives ininnovative sectors and employment cooperatives inFrance today their independent activity. There are more than 100business providing young people with asafer place to start anddevelop cooperatives display agreat attractiveness andpotential for and entrepreneurship inFrance, businessandemployment yet about the impact of this new status for youth employment on permanent contracts. Although there isnoclear evidence rights in terms of retirement and maternity leave as employees schemes, unemployment and sickness benefits and the same as self-employed entrepreneurs, access to social security similar legal statuses introduced for flexible work forms, such provides ahigher level of rights andprotection compared to which appliesonly to businessandemployment cooperatives, has been introduced in the French labour code. This status, status of “entrepreneur-employee” (entrepreneur-salarié) have their own businessandclients. For this purpose,anew but also for those who have completed their trial periodand cooperative, not only for persons who create their business, cooperative must leave the Incubator. take place for amaximum periodof two years, after which the development stage of the cooperative. The process ismeant to financial assistance, training andadvisory servicesduring the in 2016and ten in2017. The selected applicants benefit from fifty-two project applications, seven of which were approved others. Since itslaunch,Incubacoop hasreceived a total of audio-visual, robotics), as well asgraphic design andmany pharmacy), information and communications technology (IT, food technology, fine chemistry, nanotechnology, and industries in the following areas: life sciences(biotechnology, of new cooperatives ininnovative andknowledge-intensive agreement, Incubacoop was created to accompany the creation of strategic sectors for cooperatives. As anoutcome of this the government in2015 for the identification andpromotion Uruguayan cooperative movement signedanagreement with Uruguayan Confederation of Cooperatives (Cudecoop). The with the National Institute of Cooperativism (Inacoop) and the Energy andMiningof Uruguay (South America), in partnership Incubacoop highly attractive to new generations, itis worth mentioning of cooperatives in those innovative sectors which are With regards to the provision of support for the development 87 , aninitiative launchedby the Ministry of Industry, 86 .

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 60 · 59 · 58 · 57 · 56 · 55 · 54 · 53 · 52 · 51 · 50 · 68 · 67 · 66 · 65 · 64 · 63 · 62 · 61 · ENDNOTES meet on 6 April 2018) 6 April 2018)6 April Africa 2018) www.ica-ap.coop/icanews/co-op-youth-summit-bali-indonesia, 2017 www.ica-ap.coop/icanews/co-op-youth-summit-bali-indonesia, Balu, I.,“Co-op Youth Summit, Bali,Indonesia”, ICA Asia andPacific website, CoopVenture, www.thenews.coop/120286/sector/worker-coops/cotech-co-ops-technology- Harvey, R.,“CoTech: where co-opsand technology meet”, Co-operative News, Cooperative Technologists, Stars&Cows: Talentod’impresa, Coopstartup, member cooperatives, assetout inlaw 59/1992 resources used to provide the funds comemainly from 3%of the annual profits of cooperative form, as well as the creation anddevelopment of cooperatives. The up servicesindifferent fields suchasbusiness transfers to employees under the only to provide finance, but also to provide a wide range of advisory and follow- respectively by the cooperative organisations Confcooperative andLegacoop, not to create andmanagesuch funds. Fondosviluppo andCoopfond were created development of cooperatives allowing the national associations of cooperatives In Italy, Law 59/1992 hasestablishedsolidarity funds for the promotion and CoopUP, www.orienta.coop Orientacoop: Estrategia de Emprendimiento y Empleo Joven y Garantía Juvenil, Emprende.coop, ICA, “Alliance Youth Network”, Ibidem ICA, 2013,Blueprint for acooperative decade, Brussels: ICA, p.23 Réseau Coop,“Démarrez votre coopérative”, ICA Youth Network Assembly, “#CoopYouth Manifesto”, Council of the European Union legislation andimplementing the decisions of the European Parliament and the The European Commissionis the institution of the European Union proposing International Labour Office” Conference Geneva 2012,“The Youth Employment Crisis: A Call for Action, ILO, Resolution andconclusionsof the 101stsessionof the International Labour ForJobsDecent Youth, ICA2017, Africa, default/files/basic-page-attachments/kl2017-yn-assembly-official-meeting- (accessed on6 April 2018) documents-180170260.pdf , 10 July 2017(accessed on6 April 2018) , p.11 www.coopup.net www.coopup.net www.coopstartup.it www.coopventure.fr www.emprende.coop 2nd Africa Co-operative Youth Conference Report Conference Youth Co-operative Africa 2nd (accessed on6 April 2018) www.decentjobsforyouth.org/#latest (accessed on6 April 2018) , 14November 2017(accessed on6 April 2018), p.7 www.coops.tech www.ica.coop/en/alliance-youth-network www.ica.coop/en/alliance-youth-network www.starsandcows.com (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April 2018) www.reseau.coop/services/demarrez https://ica.coop/sites/ (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April , Nairobi: ICA , (accessed on (accessed

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 77 · 76 · 75 · 74 · 73 · 72 · 71 · 70 · 69 · 82 · 81 · 80 · 79 · 78 · ENDNOTES europe-2020-strategy_en 2016 (accessed on6 April 2018) 2017 (accessed on6 April 2018) juvenil governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/framework/ coop/education/jeune-coop thanks to the transatlantic inter-cooperation established between the socialbetween thanks tothetransatlantic the inter-cooperationestablished More recently, youth servicescoo¬peratives have alsobeendeveloped inFrance, organisations, with the aim of developing this model more extensively inQuebec. actors from the cooperative movement, other types of enterprises and youth “Fabrique entrepreneuriale” (“entrepreneurial factory”), which brings together started every year since then. The mostrecent development of this project is the worker coopera¬tives inQuebec(Canada), andabout 150projects have been This model was successfully initiated in the 1980s by RESEAU, the network of Conseil québécoisde lacoopération etde lamutualité, “Jeune COOP”, générations présentes et futures”, Québec adévoilé saPolitique québécoisede lajeunesse2030–Ensemble pour les Secrétariat àlajeunessedu Québec,“Le 30mars 2016,leGouvernement du Creation, Organization, Supervision andMonitoring of Laboratory Cooperatives” Cooperative Development Authority of Philippines,MC2015-03,“Guidelines for the Ascoop, “Ley Projoven fortalece cooperativismo juvenil”, de losjóvenes a trabajos formales y de calidad”, Government of Colombia,“Presidente Santos sancionó ley que facilita el acceso acceso al mercado de trabajo y sedictanotras disposiciones” empleo y el emprendimiento juvenil, segeneran medidaspara superar barreras de Congress of Colombia,Law 1780, 2May 2016,“Por mediode lacual sepromueve el Union attitudes, policies,Eurofound, Luxembourg: Publications Officeof the European Mascherini, M.andBiselloM.,2015, Youth entrepreneurship inEurope: Values, European Commission,“EU Youth Strategy”, European Commission,“Europe 2020strategy”, Guarantee, Brussels: European Youth Forum European Youth Forum, 2018,Updated positionon the Implementation of the Youth training”, Eurostat, “Statistics on young peopleneither inemployment nor ineducation or extended to peopleup to the ageof 29inanumber of countries As explained in the introductory partof this report, the programme hassincebeen European Commission“Youth Guarantee”, archivonoticias/noticias-destacadas/4679-ley-projoven-fortalece-cooperativismo- economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic- noticia/160502-Presidente-Santos-sanciono-ley-que-facilita-el-acceso-de-los- youth-strategy_en jsp?catId=1079&langId=en on_young_people_neither_in_employment_nor_in_education_or_training jovenes-a-trabajos-formales-y-de-calidad, 2 May 2016 May 2 jovenes-a-trabajos-formales-y-de-calidad, , 9 June 2016(accessed on6 April 2018) www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_ (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April 2018) www.jeunes.gouv.qc.ca/strategie http://ec.europa.eu/social/main. https://ec.europa.eu/youth/policy/ www.ec.europa.eu/info/business- www.es.presidencia.gov.co/ (accessed on6 April 2018) www.ascoop.coop/ , 12December www.cqcm. , July

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CHAPTER 3 85 · 84 · 83 · 87 · 86 · ENDNOTES 2018) se lancer”, April 2018) 2018) “BOLESWA Tripartite Youth Exchange Forum”, les jeunescoopérants”, XVIIRencontres du RIUESS “Les Coopératives Jeunesse de Services, vers uneconsciencecitoyenne pour country”, Press Reader, Swazi Observer, “There are 26registered youth cooperatives in the membership inco-operatives”, ICA, “Spanish autonomous community allocates €300,000 to boost youth La Opiniónde Murcia, Pilar, B.,“LaRegión tiene la tasa másalta de cooperativas por habitante de España”, québécois de lacoopération etde lamutualité, “Jeune COOP”, and, in2016,33suchcooperatives were setupinFrance. In this regard, seeConseil in 2013 the French region of Brittany, the project hasbeenexpanding gradually economy actors active in the two countries. Since the launchof a first pilot project Fronger, V.,“ Incubacoop, “Emprender juntos 2018”, education/jeune-coop Développement: Comment former à l’économie sociale et solidaire ? solidaire et sociale l’économie à former Comment Développement: etapes-creation/cooperatives-d-activites-et-d-emplois-cae_1800511.html boleswa-tripartite-youth-exchange-forum autonomous-community-allocates-%E2%82%AC300000-boost-youth- tasa-alta-cooperativas-habitante/868585.html er/20171205/281706910011149 2016 (accessed on6 April 2018) membership-co-operatives L’Express L’Entreprise L’Express La coopérative d’activités et d’emploi et d’activités coopérative La www.laopiniondemurcia.es/comunidad/2017/10/20/region- (accessed on6 April 2018); Volat, G., andPlaindoux, A., 2017, www.pressreader.com/swaziland/swazi-observ , 16 January 2015(accessed on6 April 2018) , 5December 2017(accessed on6 April 2018); ICA, www.old.ica.coop/en/media/news/spanish- , www.lentreprise.lexpress.fr/creation-entreprise/ www.incubacoop.org.uy , 13December 2017(accessed on 6 April www.ica.coop/en/media/news/ , 20October 2017(accessed on6 (CAE): uncadre sécurisant pour Engagement, Citoyenneté et et Citoyenneté Engagement, (accessed on6 April www.cqcm.coop/ , 9 June ,

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS the world of work and these changes are having anenormous impact changes, globalization and technological innovations are reshaping On the other hand,significant global trends suchasdemographic by unemployment, informal work anddeteriorating working conditions. employment and young people continue to bedisproportionally affected forecasts, global economicgrowth continues to bedisconnected from the mainchallenges faced by young people today. Despite the positive reflections onhow cooperatives canhelpprovide aresponse to someof a look at the global landscapeprovides us with important inputs for capable of maintaining a high degree of employment stability. Indeed, highly resilient in the face of crisesandeconomicdownturns andare population and,unlike any other type of enterprise, they continue to be ignored today: they provide employment to 9.46% of the world’s employed entrepreneurs. The significanceof cooperative employment cannot be riding the wave of changesandrepresent a valuable option for young This picture, albeitpartial,strongly suggests that youth cooperatives are career opportunitiesandprotection. values-related aspirations, butalso their concrete need for stable jobs, their search for meaningful work (to “work differently”), experience and and pragmatic motivations: cooperatives help them not only to satisfy governance. Their cooperative choiceisjustified by amixof value-based from older to younger members, especially in the field of cooperative particular, they actively promote the transmission of knowledge andskills as well asinnovative strategies to foster training amongmembers. In practices (e.g., workplace organisation andgovernance practices), keen to implement new organisational methods in their business They tend to involve women inmanagement roles. They are extremely increasing or stable trends in the number of jobscreated inrecent years. reported apositive economic performance inproduction andsales and and highconcentration innon-capital-intensive serviceactivities. They enterprises, which may beexplained by their generally recent creation and communication). In most cases, they are micro or small-sized (e.g., professional, scientific and technical activities and information requiring acertaindegree of training, specialized knowledge andskills, within industry andservices. They are highly involved inactivities service sector, supposedly to agreater extent than overall cooperatives cooperatives which took partinour survey are primarily active in the with the global trends in youth employment andentrepreneurship, youth social andindependent producers’/workers’ cooperatives. In keeping Our survey reveals a quite fresh and dynamic picture of youth worker, CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS in the mainstream educational system. run a business, and adequate integration of cooperative entrepreneurship supporting measures aimedat young people to help them to start upand access to financial resources and user-friendly bureaucracy, concrete regulating the legal status of young workers incooperatives, butalso employment, which ishighly dependent on the institutional frameworks environment. This is particularly true when it comes to providing quality their full potential if they are surrounded by a favourable institutional independent producers’/workers’ cooperatives are only able to display of the sector andactivity in which they are operate, worker, social and However, cooperatives cannot beconsidered to beapanacea.Regardless work management. people for the experimentation of innovative andsustainable forms of participatory governance, they are alaboratory in the handsof young retrainingcontinuousand work-based training, training. Through their through on-lineplatforms. They canguarantee young people access to by givingownership andcontrol of power to the people who useand work they can“inject” democracy andparticipation inside the digital economy, societal and economic changes affecting new generations. For example, play acrucial role inresponding to new challenges introduced by recent those related to work status andsocial protection. Cooperatives can escape isolation through a wide range of shared services,including Independent producers’/workers’ cooperatives canhelp young people needs, butalsoasasource of employment for young generations. challenges, positioning themselves asareference, not only for community and comprehensive solutions for new societal andenvironmental and informal employment. Social cooperatives are providing innovative jobs to their worker-members, canbeadirect solution to youth precarious years. Worker cooperatives, whose primary missionis to provide decent increasing potential for absorbing youth employment over the coming seems to beconcentrated in the servicesector, which represents an cooperatives are mainly active inmanufacturing, but their fastest growth In general, worker, social andindependent producers’/workers’ access to social protection schemesin the absenceof proper regulation. autonomy and flexibility, but on the other lower wages and weaker or no the positive and negative elements this entails: on the one hand, more particular in the innovation and technology servicesectors, with all of crowd work are increasing their attractiveness to young generations, in on young people: new forms of work suchasindependent workers and CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS people. cooperatives have onimproving working andlivingconditions for young to gain from this, namely young people, - the concrete impact that showing the outside world –andinparticular those who have somuch move forward andare depriving ourselves of the strategic advantage of information ismade readily available, we are missing the opportunity to including data related to age. Unless quantitative andmeasurable movement shouldmaintain itseffort onimproving data collection, ensured through the generations. Last butnot least, the cooperative governance, that the survival andsustainability of cooperatives canbe cooperative movement, such as commitment to training anddemocratic of young cooperators in the intrinsic practices made available by the cooperative movement itself. Indeed, itis through the full inclusion issue not only for young cooperators, butalso for the future of the whole of both entrepreneurial expertise and power management is a crucial and participation of young people. The inter-generational transmission cooperative movement isalsonecessary to allow the effective integration Cooperation amongcooperatives and full support of the whole CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A in Europe: Values, attitudes, policies, policies, attitudes, Values, Europe: in Geneva: ILO Implementation of the Youth Guarantee, Guarantee, Youth the of Implementation Report, Report, Youth Forum service cooperatives stand? cooperatives service global report global Report 2015-2016, 2015-2016, Report better working future working better ICA2017, Africa, European Youth Forum, 2018, unemployment and the setup of co-operatives” 224-G-GRO-PPA-16-9235, “Reduction of youth European Commission,2016,Call for proposals Luxembourg: Publications Officeof the European Union Office” Employment Crisis: A Call for Action, International Labour International Labour Conference Geneva 2012,“The Youth ILO, Resolution andconclusionsof the 101st sessionof the ILO, ICA, 2013, Mascherini, M.andBisello M.,2015, Eum, HS.,2017, Concept SoEasily Misinterpreted?” Elder, S.,2015,“What DoesNEETs Mean and why is the Supervision andMonitoring of Laboratory Cooperatives” 2015-03, “Guidelines for the Creation, Organization, Cooperative Development Authority of Philippines,MC mercado de trabajo y sedictan otras disposiciones” se generan medidaspara superar barreras de accesoal la cual sepromueve el empleo y el emprendimiento juvenil, Congress of Colombia, Law 1780, 2May 2016,“Por mediode CICOPA, 2018, CICOPA, 2017, Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a a to Paths 2017: Youth for Trends Employment Global Nairobi: ICANairobi: Africa Blueprint for a cooperative decade cooperative a for Blueprint , Brussels: CICOPA Industrial and Service Cooperatives: Global Global Cooperatives: Service and Industrial Cooperatives and Employment: Second Second Employment: and Cooperatives The Future of Work. Where do industrial and and industrial do Where Work. of Future The 2 nd Brussels: CICOPA Africa Co-operative Youth Conference Conference Youth Co-operative Africa , Geneva: ILO Brussels: CICOPA Updated position on the the on position Updated Youth entrepreneurship entrepreneurship Youth Technical brief, Technical Eurofound, Brussels: European , Brussels: ICA

Vol.1,

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Employment: a Global Report Global a Employment: Geneva: WHO Challenges Dividends, Dividends, Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe in Activities Entrepreneurial cooperatives? cooperatives? way strategy on human resources for health: workforce 2030 workforce health: for resources human on strategy Performance and Business Conditions Business and Performance Long-Term Recovery, Short-Term Growth: Sustainable London: Youth Business International (YBI) former à l’économie sociale et solidaire et sociale l’économie à former Entrepreneurship Engagement, Citoyenneté et Développement: Comment Comment Développement: WHO, 2016, et Citoyenneté Engagement, pour les jeunes coopérants”, XVIIRencontres du RIUESS Jeunesse de Services, vers uneconscience citoyenne Volat, G., andPlaindoux, A., 2017, “Les Coopératives Roelants, B.,Eum, HS.and Terrasi, E.,2014, Pérotin, V.,2014, OECD/EC, 2012, OECD, 2017, OECD, 2017, Youth Global OECD, 2017, of State The Entrepreneur. Generation Kew, J., Herrington, M.,Litovsky, Y. andGale, H.,2013, IMF, 2017, ILO/ICA, 2015, World Bank,2016, , Geneva: ILO World Economic Outlook, October 2017: Seeking Seeking 2017: October Outlook, Economic World Washington DC: World Bank , Washington DC:IMF Health workforce and services Draft global global Draft services and workforce Health Small, Medium, Strong. Trends in SME SME in Trends Strong. Medium, Glance a at Small, 2017 Entrepreneurship Outlook Employment London: Co-operatives UK Advancing gender equality: The co-operative co-operative The equality: gender Advancing Policy Brief on Youth Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship: Youth on Brief Policy What do we really know about worker worker about know really we do What . Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), World Development Report 2016: Digital Digital 2016: Report Development World , Brussels: CICOPA , Luxemburg: EU , Paris: OECD , Paris: OECD ? 2017, Paris: OECD Cooperatives and and Cooperatives ,

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS ONLINE SOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHY A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A on 6 April 2018) eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1079&langId=en eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1079&langId=en 16 May 2016,(accessed on6 April 2018) April 2018) April 2018) juvenil, juvenil, 2018) 2018) org/#latest org/#latest summit-bali-indonesia destacadas/4679-ley-projoven-fortalece-cooperativismo- relève” du Québecest aussiliéeàlaqualité et àl’abondancede la la problématique iciet ailleurs dansle monde. Laprospérité Desjardins Études économiques,“Transmission d’entreprise : ForDecentJobs Youth, CoopVenture, CoopUP, Cooperative Technologists, Coopstartup, www.projetcjs.coop/quebec/quest-ce-quune-cjs Coopérative jeunessede services,“Qu’est-ce qu’uneCJS”, (accessed on6 April 2018) “Jeune COOP”, Conseil québécoisde lacoopération et de lamutualité, Pacific website, Balu, I.,“Co-op Youth Summit, Bali,Indonesia”, ICA Asia and juvenil” Ascoop, “Ley Projoven fortalece cooperativismo European Commission“Youth Guarantee”, Emprende.coop, , www.desjardins.com/ressources/pdf/pv160516f.pdf, , , www.ascoop.coop/archivonoticias/noticias- , 9 June 2016(accessed on6 April 2018) www.coopup.net (accessed on6 April 2018) www.coopstartup.it www.coopstartup.it www.coopventure.fr www.coopventure.fr www.cqcm.coop/education/jeune-coop www.cqcm.coop/education/jeune-coop www.ica-ap.coop/icanews/co-op-youth- www.emprende.coop www.emprende.coop , 2017, (accessed on6 April 2018) www.decentjobsforyouth. (accessed on6 April 2018) www.coops.tech (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April (accessed on6 April (accessed on6 http://ec.europa. (accessed on6 (accessed

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (accessed on6 April 2018) 2017 (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April 2018) (accessed on6 April 2018) 2018) exchange-forum, www.lentreprise.lexpress.fr/creation-entreprise/ Co-operative News, Harvey, R.,“CoTech: where co-opsand technology meet”, y de calidad”, que facilita el accesode los jóvenes a trabajos formales Government of Colombia, “Presidente Santos sancionóley un cadre sécurisant pour selancer”, Fronger, V., “Lacoopérative d’activités et d’emploi (CAE): or longer) by sex andage”, Eurostat, “Youth long-term unemployment rate (12months nor ineducation or training”, Eurostat, “Statistics on young people neither inemployment www.ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic- European Commission,“Europe 2020strategy”, https://ec.europa.eu/youth/policy/youth-strategy_en European Commission,“EU Youth Strategy”, www.ica.coop/en/media/news/boleswa-tripartite-youth- ICA, “BOLESWA Tripartite Youth Exchange Forum”, ICA, “Alliance Youth Network”, statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_on_young_ youth-network youth-network web/products-datasets/-/YTH_EMPL_120 worker-coops/cotech-co-ops-technology-meet, Presidente-Santos-sanciono-ley-que-facilita-el-acceso-de- etapes-creation/cooperatives-d-activites-et-d-emplois- and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance- people_neither_in_employment_nor_in_education_or_ los-jovenes-a-trabajos-formales-y-de-calidad, los-jovenes-a-trabajos-formales-y-de-calidad, cae_1800511.html monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/ training framework/europe-2020-strategy_en framework/europe-2020-strategy_en , July 2017(accessed on6 April 2018) www.es.presidencia.gov.co/noticia/160502- (accessed on6 April 2018) 13December 2017 (accessed on6 April 2018) , 9 June 2016(accessed on6 April 2018) www.thenews.coop/120286/sector/ www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/ www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ www.ica.coop/en/alliance- L’Express L’Entreprise, L’Entreprise, L’Express (accessed on6 April , 28March 2018 2 May 2016

10 July

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A co-operatives, co-operatives, allocates-%E2%82%AC300000-boost-youth-membership- 14 November 2017 yn-assembly-official-meeting-documents-180170260.pdf uy coop/en/media/news/spanish-autonomous-community- coop/sites/fr/les-scop/culture-scop/Loi-ESS employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsand 6 April 2018)6 April coop/sites/default/files/basic-page-attachments/kl2017- les-chiffres-cles on 6 April 2018) democratic-worker-ownership, democratic-worker-ownership, April 2018) April jeunes-dirigeants, jeunes-dirigeants, trabajo enEspaña”, celebra 30 añosde representación del cooperativismo de Observatorio Español de laEconomía Social,“COCETA www.tcf.org/content/report/reducing-economic-inequality- Democratic Worker-Ownership”, Nittoli, J., “Reducing Economic Inequality through Les Scop,“Les chiffres-clés”, Incubacoop, “Emprender juntos 2018”, ICA Youth Network, “#CoopYouth Manifesto”, to boost youth membership inco-operatives”, ICA, “Spanish autonomous community allocates €300,000 imumnumberofhours/september2017, 19 September 2017 2017 September 19 (accessed on6 April 2018) imumnumberofhours/september2017, 6 workinghours/articles/contractsthatdonotguaranteeamin on (accessed 2016 guarantee aminimumnumber of hours”, June 9 Office for National Statistics, UK,“Contracts that do not 648d48aeaa3009065e3bcbac, tualidad-observatorio.php?id=3360&PHPSESSID=fb56146e Les Scop,“L’économie sociale et solidaire”, www.les-scop.coop/sites/fr/espace-presse/communique- Les Scop,“LaCGScopsoutient les jeunescoopérateurs”, (accessed on6 April 2018) 16 January2015 , 2016(accessed on6 April 2018) 7 April 2015(accessed on 6 April 2018) www.observatorioeconomiasocial.es/ac www.les-scop.coop/sites/fr/

10 August 2016(accessed (accessed on6 April 2018) The The Century Foundation, www.incubacoop.org. www.ons.gov.uk/ www.les-scop. https://ica. www.old.ica. (accessed on - , - - -

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A spread-benefits-automation, December 2017(accessed on6 April 2018) 6 April 2018)6 April swaziland/swazi-observer/20171205/281706910011149 December 2016(accessed on6 April 2018) coop/125929/sector/worker-coops/co-ops-can-help- (accessed on6 April 2018) wiki/1142 wiki/1142 2018) 2018) tives in the country”, Press Reader Swazi Observer, “There are 26registered youth coopera- www.starsandcows.com Stars&Cows: Talentod’impresa, SMart, présenteset futures”, de lajeunesse 2030–Ensemble pour les générations Gouvernement du Québecadévoilé saPolitique québécoise Secrétariat àlajeunessedu Québec,“Le 30mars 2016,le fits of automation”, Co-operative News Schneider, N.,“How co-opscanhelpspread the bene- www.reseau.coop/services/demarrez Réseau Coop, “Démarrez votre coopérative”, ta-cooperativas-habitante/868585.html, iniondemurcia.es/comunidad/2017/10/20/region-tasa-al por habitante de España”, Pilar, B.,“LaRegión tiene la tasa másalta de cooperativas yGarantía Juvenil, Orientacoop: Estrategia de Emprendimiento y Empleo Joven National ExpertSurvey (NES)?” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), “What is the www.smartbe.be/en (accessed on6 April 2018) www.orienta.coop www.jeunes.gouv.qc.ca/strategie (accessed on6 April 2018) La Opinión de Murcia, www.laop Murcia, de Opinión La (accessed on6 April 2018) 31 January 2018 www.gemconsortium.org/

, www.pressreader.com/ , (accessed on6 April (accessed on6 April , www.thenews. , 20October 2017

(accessed on , 5 , 12 - -

CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ANNEXES ANNEXES ANNEXES 2 1 START...BEFORE YOU ENTREPRENEURSHIP GLOBAL SURVEY ON YOUTH COOPERATIVE I ANNEX 4 3 producers’/freelancers’ cooperative. SeeGlossary). types of cooperative? (Worker cooperative, social cooperative, and Does your cooperative correspond to one of the above-described three Are the majority of your cooperative’s non-member employees aged18-35? Are the majority of your cooperative’s members aged18-35? cooperatives. SeeGlossary). of development? (Nascent, newly-established and well-established Does your cooperative correspond to oneof the above-described stages If in your cooperative there are no non-member employees you should should you employees non-member no are there cooperative your in If oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark not answer to this question. question. this to answer not Mark only one oval. one only Mark YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES 7 6 5 within your cooperative isanswering to this survey. to verify that only oneperson In order to avoid duplications that could mislead the results, we would ask you PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 10 9 8 Position of the person answering to this survey: Email address of the contact person: Name of the contact person: Website: Short description of the cooperative focused on the mainactivities: Name of the cooperative: YOU BUT YOU CAN HELP USSPREADIT, THANKS! QUESTIONS, UNLUCKILY THIS SURVEY ISNOT ADDRESSED TO IF YOU HAVE NOT ANSWERED POSITIVELY TO THE PREVIOUS othercooperators.young Thanks! campaign. We strongly encourage you to share this survey with know better the story of your cooperative andshare it through our in sharing your contact information we may contact you later to wish to share contact information. If, instead, you are interested We will ensure the confidentiality to survey participants who do not WOULD LIKE TO LEARNMORE ABOUT YOUR COOPERATIVE! QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTINUECOMPLETING THIS SURVEY. WE IF YOU HAVE ANSWERED POSITIVELY TO THE PREVIOUS Mark only one oval. one only Mark

Other: Non-member employee member, user, other) Member (worker member, producer/freelancer- Manager /director (hired) Member of the Board of Directors (elected) President (elected)

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES 14 13 12 11 15 For all respondents ABOUTCOOPERATIVE YOUR Age of the person answering to this survey: Please select the maineconomicactivity of your cooperative: organisation in your country? Is your cooperative affiliated to any cooperative association/representative Country where the cooperative 12.islocated: Position of the person answering to this survey: ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY MANUFACTURING QUARRYINGMINING AND AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING Mark only one oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark Mark only one oval. one only Mark

> 35 years old old 18-35 years < 18 years old Other: On Facebook On Twitter organisation Email sent by anational/regional cooperative Email sent by CICOPA YES

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES 17 16

Please select the geographic area of activity of your cooperative: Which of the following describe your cooperative? (See Glossary)

Other: SERVICES-PRODUCING ACTIVITIES OF HOUSEHOLDSFOROWN USE GOODS- AND ACTIVITIES OF HOUSEHOLDS AS EMPLOYERS; UNDIFFERENTIATED SERVICEOTHER ACTIVITIES ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION HEALTHHUMAN SOCIAL AND WORK ACTIVITIES EDUCATION SECURITY PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE,COMPULSORY SOCIAL ADMINISTRATIVESUPPORTSERVICE AND ACTIVITIES SCIENTIFICPROFESSIONAL,TECHNICAL AND ACTIVITIES REALESTATE ACTIVITIES FINANCIALINSURANCE ACTIVITIES AND INFORMATIONCOMMUNICATION AND CCOMMODATIONSERVICE FOOD ACTIVITIES AND TRANSPORTATIONSTORAGE AND MOTORCYCLES WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND CONSTRUCTION REMEDIATION ACTIVITIES WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND Mark only one oval. one only Mark Mark only one oval. one only Mark

Intermediate area Urban area Rural area Producers’/freelancers’ cooperative Social cooperative Worker cooperative

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES Non-member employees Others (e.g. users, volunteers etc.) Producer/freelancer-members: Worker-members 20 19 18 21 How was or isbeing your cooperative created? affiliated to your cooperative, for each type of member affiliated: Please select the range corresponding to the number of members cooperative? (SeeGlossary) Which of the following stages describe the state of development of your employeeswithin your cooperative: Please select the range corresponding to the number of non-member Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark

Well-established cooperative (>5 years old) Newly-established cooperative (<5 years old) Nascent cooperative Other: As aspin-off from acooperative As aspin-off from aconventional company company or association) different type of entity (e.g. conventional As aconversion into cooperative from a (failure or bankruptcy) As a worker buyout of enterprises incrisis successor As a transfer of soundcompanies without a From scratch ≤ 10 ≤ 10 ≤ 50 ≤ 50 ≤ 250 ≤ 250 > 250 > 250 I do not know/ I do not know/ Not applicable Not applicable

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES Non-member employees Members Board of Directors 23 22 25 24 Non-member employees Members Board of Directors non-member employees? What is the predominant employment contract among your cooperative’s Please select the gender for eachposition within your cooperative: within your cooperative (see Glossary): Please select the predominant education level for eachof these groups cooperative: Please select the gender ratio for eachof these groups within your Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark oval. one only Mark Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark Manager/director President

I do not know/ Not applicable Temporary contract Fixed-term contract Permanent contract Primary Secondary Lower Female Male >

Male secondary Upper Female Male < Female

secondary Post- Female Male = I do not know/ Not applicable Tertiary I do not know/ Not applicable I do not know/ Not applicable

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES Non-member employees Members Board of Directors 27 COOPERATIVE IN2016,COMPARED TO THE PREVIOUS YEARS? HOW DO YOU EVALUATE THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF YOUR For newly-established and well-established onesonly DEVELOPMENT OF YOUR COOPERATIVE UT THE ECONOMIC SITUATION AND THE FUTURE 26 28 cooperative (see Glossary): Please select the nationality ratio for eachof these groups within your Production andsales Employment: Mark only one oval. one only Mark row. per oval one only Mark Mark only one oval. one only Mark

I do not know/ Not applicable Stable Fewer jobs More jobs I do not know/ Not applicable Stable Higher Lower National citizens > non-national citizens

National citizens < non-national citizens National citizens = non-national citizens I do not know/ Not applicable

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES 31 30 29 32 Employment: information? to sell andbuy goodsandservices,share services,products, and Does your cooperative USEany digital cooperative application or platform information? platform to sell andbuy goodsandservices,share services,products, and Did your cooperative DEVELOP any digital cooperative application or the next future inoneor more of the following fields? (See Glossary) Do you expect your cooperative implementing any innovative strategy in You can browse through a directory of the cooperative platform platform cooperative the of directory a through browse can You oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark You can browse through a directory of the cooperative platform platform cooperative the of directory a through browse can You economy to find some examples: http://platformcoop.net/resources/ examples: some find to economy economy to find some examples: http://platformcoop.net/resources/ examples: some find to economy directory directory Mark only one oval. one only Mark Mark only one oval. one only Mark

I do not know/ Not applicable No Yes I do not know/ Not applicable Organisational innovation Marketing innovation Process innovation Product innovation I do not know/ Not applicable No Yes I do not know/ Not applicable No Yes

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES 33 37 36 35 34 If yes, do you find ituseful? the transmission of knowledge andskills from older to younger members? Does your cooperative useany innovative programme or strategy to foster training amongnon-member employees? Does your cooperative useany innovative programme or strategy to foster training amongmembers? Does your cooperative useany innovative programme or strategy to foster If no,does your cooperative plan to start usingit? Please rank below from 1 being highly useful to 5 being highly useless. highly being 5 to useful highly being 1 from below rank Please Mark only one oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark Mark only one oval. one only Mark Mark only one oval. one only Mark

I do not know/ Not applicable No Yes I do not know/ Not applicable No Yes I do not know/ Not applicable No Yes I do not know/ Not applicable No Yes 1 2 3

4 5

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES Resources required to navigate overall regulatory complexity The number of operational permitsandlicencesneeded Costs of obtaining operational licencesand/or permits Lack of e-governance for administrative procedures Time to obtain operational licencesand/or permits 40 For newly-established and well-established onesonly FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUR COOPERATIVE SITUATIONECONOMICABOUT THE AND THE 39 38 Lack of singleentry point (one-stop-shop) for Tax compliancecosts(filing andpaying taxes) If yes, in which specific field? your cooperative? To what extent isor hasbeeneachof the following anobstacle to start-up and the future development of your cooperative: You canbriefly add here further information about the economicsituation Please rank each option below from 1 being a minor obstacle to 5 being being 5 to obstacle minor a being 1 from below option each rank Please oval. one only Mark a major obstacle. major a Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark Minimum legal capital requirements

Rules andcostof hiring workers Other Cooperative gouvernance Entrepreneurial management Legal and/or notary fees start-up procedures Registration cost Registration time

I do not know/ Not applicable

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES Public grants at the supra-national level (e.g. United Nations; Cost to accessindustrial and/or intellectual property rights Public grants at the national or local level (e.g. municipality) Lack of recognition /badreputation of cooperatives Procedures to accessindustrial and/or intellectual 42 41 Inadequate training andknowledge incooperative Non-banking cooperative financial instruments Bank loansprovided by aconventional bank Unpredictable andinstablelegal framework cooperative (initial capital)? What sources of funding are or have been the most used to start your You canbriefly complete or specify here: Bank loansprovided by acooperative bank Please rank each option below from 1 being used least often to 5 being being 5 to often least used being 1 from below option each rank Please used more often. more used Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark Proceedings for contract enforcement Funds from businessincubators Peer-to-peer lending Innovation vouchers Familyand friends Accessfinance to European Union) Business angels Crowd-funding property rights Venture capital Family offices management Own savings Micro-loans Other Other

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

I do not know/ I do not know/ Not applicable Not applicable

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES education suchas vocational, college,businessschools,etc.) Government entrepreneurship programs directly supporting Access to physical infrastructure (communication, utilities, Internal market burdens or entry regulation: the extent to Research and DevelopmentResearchand transfer:extent they to which Internal market dynamics: the level of changeinmarkets Entrepreneurship education: school stage(primary and Government policiessupportingentrepreneurship asa Entrepreneurship education: post-school stage(higher Culture andsocial norms: the extent to which they 44 43 45 which new firms are free to enter existing markets Commercial andlegal infrastructure andservices cooperative’s establishment and/or running. Identify how the following conditionseither foster or constrain your You canbriefly complete or specify here: You canbriefly complete or specify here: Please rank each option below from 1 being a minor obstacle to to obstacle minor a being 1 from below option each rank Please 5 being a major obstacle. The items here below are based on the the on based are below here items The obstacle. major a being 5 Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs) elaborated by the Global Global the by elaborated (EFCs) Conditions Framework Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurship Monitor (see here for more information: information: more for here (see Monitor Entrepreneurship www.gemconsortium.org/wiki/1142) Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark Availability of financial resources transportation, landor space) are available to companies relevant economicissue Taxes andbureaucracy encourage business secondary school) entrepreneurship from yearto yea Other

I do not know/ Not applicable

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES An advising servicesspecifically provided within the 46 48 47 A conventional (non-cooperative) company Somebody with muchbusinessexperience A private advising services for business Does your cooperative receive advice from any of the following? country? adequately incorporated within the education and training system in your Do you think that training increating or managingcooperatives is You canbriefly complete or specify here: A conventional (non-cooperative) bank A publicadvising services for business Somebody who isstartingabusiness Please rank each option below from 1 being used least often to 5 being being 5 to often least used being 1 from below option each rank Please Please rank below from 1 being highly inadequate e to 5 being highly highly being 5 to e inadequate highly being 1 from below rank Please used more often. more used adequate. Mark only one oval per row. per oval one only Mark Mark only one oval. one only Mark Research anddevelopment experts Formercolleagues work cooperative movement A cooperative bank A possibleinvestor 1 An accountant A cooperative A customer A supplier A lawyer Friends 2 Family Other

2 4

3 5

I do not know/ Not applicable

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES 53 50 For all respondents EXPECTATIONS ABOUT YOUR COOPERATIVE EXPERIENCE AND 49 52 51 cooperative in your country or next environment? Which of the following best describes the general attitude towards entrepreneurship today? that prevent young people from fully benefiting from cooperative On the basisof your experience, could you list at least 3challenges being partof acooperative for young people today? On the basis of your experience, could you list at least 3 advantages of cooperative? Can you briefly explain what made you decide to start or 51.joina How do you feel about the future of your cooperative? Please list in order of importance and use short sentences or key- or sentences short use and importance of order in list Please key- or sentences short use and importance of order in list Please Mark only one oval. one only Mark oval. one only Mark words. For example: 1) inadequate training; 2) lack of finance; 3) lack of of lack 3) finance; of lack 2) training; inadequate 1) example: For words. a take 3) start-up; to access easier 2) jobs; stable 1) example: For words. recognition of cooperatives, etc. cooperatives, of recognition etc. society, in place proactive more

Pessimistic Prudent Neutral Optimistic Very negative andstigmatizing Negative Lack of recognition bordering onindifference Positive Very positive andadmiring

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES LIST OF FIGURES II ANNEX A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A cooperators do? do? cooperators category) member employees member classification) NACE to (according Figure 23. Figure 22. Figure 21. members Figure 20. Figure 19. Figure 18. Figure 17. Figure 16. Figure 15. Figure 14. Figure 13. Figure 12. Figure 11. Figure 10. Figure 9. Figure 8. Figure 7. Figure 6. Figure 5. 2016-2018 Figure 4. projections unemployment Figure 3. youth ILO 2. Figure 1998-2018 Figure 1. employees for select OECD countries, 1995 to 2015 to 1995 countries, OECD select for CICOPA members CICOPA Percentage change in total employment within industry industry within employment total in change Percentage rate, rate, unemployment and unemployment youth Global Position of the person answering to the survey the to answering person the of Position Youth cooperatives by continent by cooperatives Youth Youth cooperatives by type by cooperatives Youth Creation of cooperatives by young people according to to according people young by cooperatives of Creation Cooperatives represented by CICOPA by type by CICOPA by represented Cooperatives Age of members and non-member employees non-member and members of Age Size of youth cooperatives (based on the number of of number the on (based cooperatives youth of Size Predominant employment contracts among non- among contracts employment Predominant Area of activity by continent by activity of Area Gender representativeness within youth cooperatives youth within representativeness Gender Employment trends in 2016 in trends Employment Stage of development of Stage Nationality ratio within the cooperative cooperative the within ratio Nationality Predominant education level within the cooperative (by (by cooperative the within level education Predominant Looking beyond the NACE classification, what do young young do what classification, NACE the beyond Looking Economic activities of answering cooperatives cooperatives answering of activities Economic Production and sales in 2016 in sales and Production Predominant ways of creation of ways Predominant Main fields of future innovation future of fields Main Size of membership and respective categories of of categories respective and membership of Size

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES ANNEX II ANNEX A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A education system education continent) (initial capital) (initial cooperative the of running and/or establishment members younger to older from Figure 34. Figure 33. Figure 32. Figure 31. Figure 30. running Figure 29. Figure 28. Figure 27. Figure 26. Figure 25. Figure 24. training Major obstacles to cooperative’s establishment and/or and/or establishment cooperative’s to obstacles Major Main fields of transmission of knowledge and skills skills and knowledge of transmission of fields Main Use innovative programmes or strategies to foster foster to strategies or programmes innovative Use Major obstacles to start a cooperative (by continent) (by cooperative a start to obstacles Major Entities providing advice providing Entities The general attitude towards cooperatives towards attitude general The Obstacles to start a cooperative a start to Obstacles The general attitude towards cooperatives (by (by cooperatives towards attitude general The Conditions either fostering or constraining the the constraining or fostering either Conditions Incorporation of training about coops within the the within coops about training of Incorporation Sources of funding used to start the cooperative cooperative the start to used funding of Sources

100

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES LISTOF TABLES III ANNEX A A A A A A cooperative entrepreneurship cooperative sample cooperatives youth and network CICOPA choose cooperatives choose Table 3. Table 2. Table 1. Comparative ratios for 4 service sectors within within sectors service 4 for ratios Comparative Main motivations that drive young cooperators to to cooperators young drive that motivations Main Challenges and opportunities of undertaking undertaking of opportunities and Challenges

101

ANNEXES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS About CICOPA CICOPA, the international organisation of industrial and service cooperatives represents 65,000 of worker, social and producers’ cooperatives providing 4 million jobs across the world. Many of those cooperatives are worker cooperatives, namely cooperatives where the members are the staff of the enterprise, i.e., worker-members. Those enterprises are characterised by a distinctive type of labour relations, called « worker ownership », different from the one experienced by conventional employees or by the self-employed. Two growing typologies of cooperatives represented by CICOPA are social cooperatives, namely cooperatives whose mission is the delivery of goods or services of general interest, and cooperatives of independent workers/ producers. CICOPA currently has a total of 48 members in 32 countries. CICOPA has two regional organisations: CECOP-CICOPA Europe and CICOPA Americas WE OWN IT! the future of work is ours.

GLOBAL STUDY ON YOUTH COOPERATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP www.we-own-it.coop

This study has been conducted thanks to the generous donors of the campaign: WE OWN IT! THE FUTURE IS OURS.