Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia: Body Shaming Through Social Media Phenomenon

Noviyanti Soleman1, Rifki Elindawati2 1Khon Kaen University, Thailand 2University of Indonesia, Indonesia 1Email: [email protected]

Abstract Recently, Indonesia has been horrified by the phenomenon of body shaming through social media. Even though this has happened previously, but now the victims take serious action to respond the situation, including filed reports on the police based on violations of the ITE Law Article 27 paragraph (3) in conjunction with Article 45 paragraph (3) of Law No 11 of 2008. However, some people still do the body shaming especially through social media by disguising body size, imperfection and appearance. Based on the data, there are 966 cases of body shaming in 2018. Furthermore, this research aims to assess the body shaming through social media phenomenon in Indonesia which has the relations with the fourth wave feminism issues. To answer the research question, the writers use objectification theory and feminist constructivism approach. This study deployed the qualitative research instrument by primary and secondary data. The result shows that body shaming through social media in Indonesia caused by natural and social order that formed people’s habit in daily life. Keywords: Body Shaming; Constructivism; Feminism; Social Media.

Introduction long period, the focus of the issues The feminism issues have has been progressing followed by been discussed since eighteenth the dynamic of society. This also century (first-wave feminism), happened in Indonesia, feminism the issues mostly talk about in Indonesia has a long story women’s right. Going through and contributed to the discourse

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 589 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia of equality (Arivia & Subono, by ratified Electronic Information 2017) The feminist movement in and Transactions Law (Undang- Indonesia has taken action since Undang ITE, ITE Law) in 2008 and the Dutch colonialization’s era till later was revised in 2016, the aims during the post-colonialization, of the regulation are to protect, meanwhile growing number of manage electronic information women’s organization become and transaction. In ITE Law also historical records of feminist accomodates the regulation about movement in Indonesia. They dealt body shaming, through Article 27 with issues such as equality right paragraph (3) in conjunction with and participation (Arivia & Subono, Article 45 paragraph (2) of Law No 2017). 11 of 2008. Both articles conclude Nonetheless, many feminist that every person intentionally and/ scholars believe that the contem­ or without rights to distribute and/ porary issues of feminist have or transmit and/or make access entered new phase following the to electronic information and/or social dynamics, called the fourth- electronic documents that have wave feminism. Based on Prudence insulting contents can be punished Chamberlain in her books The for (maximum) 6 months and/ Feminist Fourth Wave Active or paying fine (maximum) IDR. Temporality (2017) argued that the 1,000,000,000 (±USD. 71,000), issues of fourth wave feminism this also applies to body shaming include the justice for women, activity. particularly to counter sexual Against to the background, harassment and violence against eventhough it has been well regu­ women. To handle feminism issues, lated in the national law and the Indonesian government and some criminals will get the sanction, body advocated groups have tried to raise shaming phenomenon still happen awareness of the citizen towards in Indonesia, particularly through the issues, such as by developing social media. Based on Detik.com, national law to executing the case during 2018 there were 966 case related to the issues and campaigns related to body shaming recorded that has been done by some Non- by the police in Indonesia. 374 cases Governmental Organizations. had resolved either using the law In using technology, the procedure or mediation between government had set the regulation the victims and the perpetrators Islamic World and Politics 590 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019

(Santoso, 2018). Thus becomes the In her article, ‘Feminism: A highlighted issues in this research. Fourth-Wave?’ Ealasaid Munro claims for the fourth feminism that Feminism in Indonesia it has been enabled by internet, The phenomena of fourth- particularly social media facilitating wave feminism has also been widely call-out culture (Munro, 2013). discussed recently. This regards to Social media has allowed for the issues that have not been covered continual challeging of sexism and by first-, second-, and third-wave misogyny, creating environment in feminism. Fourth-wave feminism which feminism can directly engage tries to focus on enhace human with that which it is agains. Not equality through the use of internet- only the numbers of women online based technologies, empowerment increasing, but also multiple feminist of all marginalized groups in campaigns have been launched on society, inculing women and girls the internet (Chamberlain, 2017). (Chamberlain, 2017).It is a follow- Most of the focus issues was related up conversation that began in 1848 to the technology such as social with the aim of fighting for women’s media. rights. The use of technology is a Before the existence of fourth- good alternative to campaign the wave feminism, there are three women right, considering the wave of feminism that exists with social media now became a tool different focus study. The current of the people among the world to wave that called fourth-wave communicate. Meanwhile more feminism is combined with the era than 50% population around the of technology by using the social world use the internet and around media as the tool. The fourth wave 42% use social media. There are aiming to advocate women in no limit of time and space in using politics and business. The focuses of social media. Bates and Soraya the news had been added in fourth Chemaly did the campaign of 4th wave feminism such as salary in wave feminism against misogynist workplace, sexual harassment and through facebook pages and Bridget assault, sexual entitlement, freedom Christie also railed against sexiest of individual choice, discrimination, comments and concerning ethical body shaming, online misogyny, filing in social media (Cochrane, intersectionality and many others. 2013). Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 591 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia

Body shaming is one of the topic presentation about Teens, Social issue that fourth-wave feminism Media And Body Image shows the focusing on. The word body list of data regarding to the social shaming is very famous around the media and body shaming, the world. According to Cambridge study he conducts in Univeritsy of dictionary, body shaming is Haifa found out that A 2011 study criticism of someone based on the from the University of Haifa found shape, size, or appearance of their that the more time girls spent on body (Gaffney, 2017). Katelyn J. Facebook, the more they suffered Gaffney on her research mentioned conditions of AN, BN, poor body that the side effect of body shaming image, negative approach to eating is resulted eating disorder, anxiety, and more urges to be on a weight anger, dissatisfaction of the body loss diet. One residential eating and depression. She also mentioned disorder treatment center found that about the phenomena of body 30-50% of their patients are actively shaming around the world such as using social networking sites to in America, Britain and Australia support their eating disorders. (Gaffney, 2017). (Gallivan, 2014). Dina Borzekowski, The trend of body shape on professor at Johns Hopkins school social media is common along of public health also notes that with the huge number use of social social media may have a stronger media. There are some challenges impact on children’s body image in social media that might be led than traditional media. Messages to body shaming indirectly such and images are more targeted, if the as ‘iPhone knees challenge’ that message comes from a friend it is can prove the skinny of the legs, perceived as more meaningful and collarbone challenge by coin to credible. show the sexy of their collarbone, ‘A4 challenge’ to prove the tiny of Research Question their waist, and many others. Those The previous study shows that challenges are indirectly shows the there is relations between body discrimination to them who did shaming and social, furthermore not have “specific” size of bodies, this paper would like to assess why because they cannot join and enjoy does the body shaming through the challenge in social media. social media happen in Indonesia in Heather R. Gallivan on his regards with fourth-wave feminism? Islamic World and Politics 592 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019

Literature Review body monitoring. The impacts Objectification Theory of being sexual objectification is poor mental health both direct and According to Fredrickson and indirect (Fredickson & Roberts, Roberts (1997), objectification 1997). Melanie S. Hill and Ann R theory posits that girls and women Fischer try to form a framework are typically acculturated to based on Fredrickson and Roberts internalize an observer’s perspective idea of objectification theory(Hill as a primary view of their physical & Fischer, 2008). selves and will be lead to habitual

The chart explains that in path that the existence of health disorder A there is influence from observer range from shame to the depression. of sexual orientation that can bring Path D shows the direct impact from the sexual objectification to be self- sexual objectification. So we see the objectification. The people who get two impacts of sexual objectification self-objectification by the observer may be happens direct and indirect. tend to have self-objectification or they are be able to evaluate Constructivism Approach their own body based on people’s This research will use the perspective that they think it was constructivism approach, to a standard. in Path B and C shows explore the reason of body shaming Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 593 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia in social media still happens in Archer continues her argu­ Indonesia despite all the advocacy ment with an examination of the efforts. The basic insight behind emotional inner life all human the constructivist approach can be being that grounds all human understood by unpacking a quick development. In the natural or­ observation made by Archer that der the concern is about the phy­ argued that the norms or value that sical well being of the body in infiltrated in particular society is not the environment and emotional given, it comes from the interaction reaction is visceral. In the practice of people with their environment. order the concern is for subject or Besides, the causal power also can object relations and the concern be modify. is for competent performance or The properties and powers achievement. And in the third, the of the human being are neither discursive order, the concern is also seen as pregiven, nor as socially for subject or object relations but appropriated, but rather these are the concern is for self-worth in the emergent from our relations with light of normative strictures. The our environment. As such they have dilemma for any individual is, of relative autonomy from biology and cours, that these three orders are not, society alike, and causal powers to in practice, distintc and there are no modify both of them’ (Archer, 2000). guarantees that they are compatible. Archer uses perspective if As a result, the contradiction of first- Merleau-Ponty points out that the order concersn and commentaries ‘sensed bodily enveloped’ is critical givers rise to the second-order to the development in the sense emotionality that is concerned of self-distinguished from others with striking a balance between the (Archer, 2000). This self-constituted three orders dan it is the particular in practical activity in relation with balance that each individual strikes natural needs. Archer maintains that that produces the personal identituy looking for an ‘entity or substance’, of that person. the self is an emergent property Second order concerns arise whose realization comes from out of the human ability to reflect the necessary relations between upon our emotions, to transform embodied practice and the non- them and thus to set up the discursive environment (Archer, priorities among emotions that are 2000). particular to ourselves. It is through Islamic World and Politics 594 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019 our inner conversations, involving continues sense of self and they are discernment, deliberation and co-dependent with the emergence dedication in morphogenetic cycle of personal identity. that second-order emotionally is The social sel develops at the elaborated and personal identity interface of structure and agency. is formed. The achievement of But in contrast, to person, structure personal identity through second and culture all face emergent power order emotionally is not automatic and properties. It is in the interplay and there are instabilities, often of all three components that social through second-order emotionality change is affected and either one of over the life cycle, that prompt new the three may be the precipitting dialogue and change commitments. trigger of change. Archer points The emergent subject that Archer out that chave tendency to accelrate outlines is a stratified concerp most especially under conditions of involving different powers and modernity. Archer’s social relatist properties at each emergent level. position accords sui generis causal The four strata comprise the self, the power to all three components, person, the agent and the actor. The which are culture, sturcture and agent and the actor are social selves agents. but they are dependent upon the Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 595 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia

Methodology of women, who are able to use the In order to answer the research connectivity. question, this research is using In recent year, Indonesia has qualitative research method. A greater internet penetration with qualitative data is not convert all 88 million people connected online, of the result into a single data as including 79 million active social number but leaves the data in a media users. Based on the global varieties forms (Neuman, 2014). digital report 2018 that merge the The writers used primary data data reports from We Are Social through observation and secondary and Hootsuite, Indonesia is one of data by the books, journal, news the top five countries that spend and others document related to the many hours in using internet per body shaming on social media in day. Indonesia placed in fourth Indonesia. This research is counted which is approximately 8h50m per as the phenomenological research. day. In 8h50m, Indonesian user spend 3h20m for only social media, Result in this case Indonesia is still in big three after Philippines and Brazil. In Social Media Misuse January 2017, the annual growth of The regulation of ITE Law is social media users from Indonesia clearly stated, the bullies of body is 23%. (Kemp, 2018). Indonesia is shaming will be punished based on also ranked high for social media Article 27 paragraph (3) and Article penetration with 111 million 45 paragraph (2). The regulation Facebook users, it comes as fourth shows that the Government of the biggest uses globally and the Indonesia has taken serious action first in Southeast Asia. The country towards body shaming activities. has 24 million users on Twitter, one It is also to prevent the further of the highest in the world, and 8.9 activities of body shaming and the million are on Instagram (Rakhmat misuse of media for defamation & Tarahita, 2017). or insults. This cannot be denied Along with the high numbers that the number of body shaming of internet penetration in Indonesia, on social media is also related to including social media, this study the length of social media usage finds the cases relating to social in Indonesia since social media is media also differ with their various providing a platform to a wide range motives. In 2009, cases of body Islamic World and Politics 596 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019 shaming on social media occurred Putri Titian, and Audi Item, the on the basis of jealousy. At that famous publc figures in Indonesia time a teenage girl named Felly experience the body shaming, most commented on the Facebook status of the bullies commented that their of a man named Ujang to decide body getting fatter while pregnant his girlfriend Farah. Looking at and still fat after delivering the the comment, the boyfriend felt babies. uncomfortable and jealous and then Dian Nitami’s case has just chose to reply to the comment using happened recently. She chose the man’s account. Farah commented to send her report to the police on Felly that she has unproper body about the body shaming that she shape, not fashionable, to the family experienced on Instagram social of Felly (Gunawan, 2009). media made her not confident. The other case study happened This case was then processed by the to some public figures in Indonesia. authorities, even though the person The public figures always have actually doing it was an educated been on the spotligtht, since their person. Besides being insulted by works engage with public and one of her body part, Dian is also broad audiences. Many people advised to do plastic surgery to make public figures as role models improve his body shape. Aside such as fashion, but not a few also from Dian Nitami, actress Ussy give negative comments to the Sulistiawati chose the legal route public figures such as commenting for the body shaming experienced on body shape. As it is known to by her daughter. Immediately, she almost all artists have experienced brought 20 account names of social this, but there are some artists who media that insulted her daughter’s choose not to care about people’s body. Besides, there are still many comments. The following is a case of public figures who experience body shaming on social media that similar malicious comments about befell public figures, such as mom- body shape, such as skin color shaming happens to many public experienced by Nana Mirdad and figures. During pregnancy it is very Ariel Tatum, height experienced normal if a woman experiences by Prilly Latuconsina, Rossa, Brisia changes in body shape, but many Jodie, Aurel Hermansyah, to the case actually comment on changes of Rina nose who chose to release in body shape. Tasya Kamila, Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 597 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia her hijab and still many other cases establish pro-women and pro- of humiliation. marginal groups public policy From the illustration case (BBC, 2018). above, it is shown that social media The other campaign like Fe­ is place to share their activity, such minist Fest Indonesia has also as in the form of pictures and people showed its notable action by holding are able to communicate with other the festival that explore the use and through social media, however, importance of feminism in Indonesia the relationship that exists can also in 21st century. The Feminist Fest be negative towards other people. sessions include plenary panels, Here in the case of giving harsh small group discussions, workshops, comment towards certain body and classes with quite a number of part to other people, they might themes, including gender based just want to comment to show their violence, sexual and reproductive dissatisfaction or dissagreement health, sexual orientation and towards certain part of the people’s gender identity, eco-feminism, body, because it has an ideal body and public policy. This festival construction in their thinking. specifically targets young people who already have an interest in Lack of Attention of the Issues joining the movement and striving The feminsts groups in to achieve gender equality and Indonesia has been well aware fulfill women’s rights in Indonesia about the feminism issues, some (FEMFEST, n.d.). Both Women’s significant action had been taken to March and Feminist Fest Indonesia handle the issues, such as Women’s activities involved various group of March in Jakarta earlier that become people in Indonesia. the annual event of feminists Beside those two movements, campaign to commemorate the the government of Indonesia has International Women’s Day. In 2018, done collaborative action with the Women’s March highlighted the United Nations Women (UN issue of violation, harassment and Women) to counter the gender harmful of traditional practices equality and empower women against women, the issue of early issues. The activity focuses on marriage also became a concern in strengthening law implementation the march. The march also demands and piloting for good practices the Government of Indonesia to (UN WOMEN, 2019). From three Islamic World and Politics 598 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019 advocacy group, the feminist based on people’s views. The picture activists in Indonesia still focus made by Hill and Fischer based on traditional way of gender issues Fredickson and Robert’s theory (UN WOMEN, 2019). objectification, this research puts Eventhough the body shaming concern on path A. In this case, how through social is new phenomenon, is the change in sexual objectification there is data that shows a large to the stage of self-objectification number of the case of women’s that is influenced by the sexual body shaming on social media orientation. Sexual orientation that happened in Indonesia. Re­ becomes a tool for changes that portedly, there were 966 cases occur from sexual objectification to of body shaming, the number self-objectification. shall be properly addressed and Sexual objectification occurs immediately became a concern. continuously because it has become Based on the results of interviews by human nature. In the world of the Head of the Public Information feminism, sexual objectification Bureau of the Police Headquarters occurs when someone judges Public Relations Division Brigadier women based on their bodies General Dedi, he said that in both in terms of form and others. 2018 there were 966 cases of body Sexual objectification usually shaming on social media that had occurs because someone has their been completed in 374 cases. But it own judgment, for example, seeing uses a more humane approach or someone else being a little fatter, mediation between the two parties then starting to say that the person before being below to a more serious is fat. Although not necessarily level of law (CNN Indonesia, 2018). through different perspectives will be considered fat too. Discussion Normally someone does sexual a. Self Objectivication objectification because they have Case of body shaming in had their sexual orientation. Sexual Indonesia appear whether from orientation has different sources, direct conversation or through some measure based on using the social media such as Facebook, Brosca formula until there are only Instagram, twitter, etc. Based on those that use the senses of sight what Fredrickson and Roberts said, or the eyes. Everyone usually has a women will value themselves more sexual orientation that is different Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 599 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia this is because it is made aware of There are some people who each individual’s different interests. are normal in responding but For example there is someone who sometimes some others look very likes to be fat, some like to be thin. serious in dealing with it. Like the However in this study, the brosca case of the artists, some just let it go formula is not valid, because cases but some chose to take legal action that occur on social media cannot such as reporting to the police. find out whether the person is really In case of Dian Nitami, she has fat or thin, as social media cannot tell been shamed by people of her face how many sizes of weight or height through social media Instagram. of someone other than that person That people comment her to do who tells himself. So that most cases operation because she is an actress of self objectifictaion that occur that must have perfect face. We can can be categorized as judgments see that the sexual objectification only from the sense of sight. After that happen in Dian Nitami’s case this sexual objectification, people is body shamed based on sexual will enter self-objectification. orientation which is actress must Self objectification is carried out have perfect body no matter what. because the mind of a person has This builds people opinion to do been disturbed by the values that the body shame on Dian Nitami. are embedded due to people’s Because of cannot accept being comments. Self objectification does acted like that, Dian Nitami decide not only come from yourself but to report to Police. it occurs due to external factors, namely comments from others. Islamic World and Politics 600 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019

From case of Dian Nitami, we the viewer sexual orientation. This can see the sex orientation here thing has been set up to the most of is that as a public figure must be people mindset. They are trying to perfect in everything especially apply what do they like to people’s body. The figure above is clearly look like by shamed the other people stated about how the process of because beyond their expectation body shaming that impact to the and their own standard. victim. Such as the actress must be thin, white, neat, tall, beautiful, high b. Emerging New Norms as Pra­ and small nose and many others as ctical Order

In accordance with the findings, also part of their reaction towards Archer’s model about practical order the social construction of the ideal can be the opposite of natural order body image meets the reality. In the and social order. The self-constituted natural order the concern is about in practical activity in relations with body image and emotional reaction natural needs. Here the society is visceral. As the results, people concern of their physical well being have emotional reactions towards of the body and the environment as the body image and glue comment the natural relation, and people have on people’s bodies. Furthermore, the emotional fuels to have internal self-justification becomes embodied conversation with themselves to knowledge in natural order. questioning certain body image. This Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 601 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia

In the practical order, the are compatible. As the shole result, parctical conciousness of the people the contradiction between three is not the result of some intellectual orders rise and the new value has capability of linguistic principles or emerged, in this case is that giving syntax. In the case of Dian Nitami, body shaming comment to other the bullies are educated person, individuals is common things. this shows that their consciousness does not have relations with the Conclusion education degree. The centrality So in the conclusion, why does practice is tied to the fact that the body shaming through social it is only through practice that media happenings in Indonesia human potential can be realized with fourth-wave feminism caused and personal identity formed. In by habits formed in social life. This this order, people communication habit makes the mindset of most through social media creates the people doing body shaming that pracical relations between the it is actually a normal thing to do. bullies and victims, people give Even though the fact is that these harsh comment towards certain things can have a major impact body shape because it does not meet both directly and indirectly. Based their expectation. This proceeds to on the model produced by Archer, the phenomenon of body shaming there are two factors that influence in social media. Then, it is led to the occurrence of body shaming giving comment on people’s body through social media called natural is common things, even though it order and social order. In this might insult other’s feeling. natural order talking about how For the third order, social order, self-justification as expressed in discursive knowledge, the concern the theory of objectification that of the people -should be self-worth this can occur because of the sexual or self-love normative action. This orientation in this case which says should be the normative value and which is good and what is right. So proportional culture that emerge when someone believes that it is the because of the result of advocacy right thing, then the occurrence of feminism and the ITE Law to prevent body shaming on social media can and stop the body shaming. However be a justification for them. This is the dillemas for any individual are the basis for why this phenomenon distinct and no guarantees that they still occurs in Indonesia. Because Islamic World and Politics 602 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019 in Indonesia, commenting on the Education Vol. 18, No. 3, May physical is an ordinary thing which 2006, 309-324. is a supporting factor for them CNN Indonesia. (2018, November as a form of justification for the 29). Polisi Sudah Terima phenomenon of body shaming on Laporan Pengaduan Body social media. Shaming Retrieved from CNN INDONESIA : https://www.cnn Bibliography indonesia.com/nasional/2018 Archer, M. S. (2000). Being Human 1128194119-12-350050polisi- The Problem of Agency. Cam­ sudah-terima-laporan- bridge: Cambridge University pengaduan-body-shaming Press. Cochrane, K. (2013, December 10). Arivia, G., & Subono, N. I. (2017, The fourth wave of feminism: September). A Hundred Years meet the rebel women. Retrieved of Feminism in Indonesia: An from The Guardian: https:// Analysis of Actors, Debates and www.theguardian.com/ Strategies. Retrieved February world/2013/dec/10/fourth- 14, 2019, from Frederich wave-feminism-rebel-women Ebert Stiftung Website: http:// Detik.com. (2010, February 04). library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ Diancam Putus, Pria Sebar indonesien/13830.pdf Foto Bugil Pacar di Facebook. BBC. (2018, March 03). Aksi Wo­ Retrieved from Detik.com men’s March 2018 Indonesia: Website: https://news.detik. soroti pembunuhan perempuan, com/berita/d-1293244/ kekerasan pada pekerja, diancam-putus-pria sebar-foto- pernikahan anak. Retrieved bugil-pacar-di-facebook from BBC INDONESI: https:// FEMFEST. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.bbc.com/indonesia/ Feminist Fest: http://femfest.id/ trensosial-43237965 Fredickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. Chamberlain, P. (2017). The Fe­ A. (1997). Objectification minist Fourth Wave Affective Theory Towards Under Temporarility. London: Palgrave standing Women’s Lived Macmillan. Experiences and Mental Health Clegg, S. (2006). The problem of Risks. Psychology of Women agency in feminism: a critical Quarterly, 21, 173-206. realist approach. Gender and Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 603 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia

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