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Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia: Body Shaming Through Social Media Phenomenon

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Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia: Body Shaming Through Social Media Phenomenon Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia: Body Shaming Through Social Media Phenomenon Noviyanti Soleman1, Rifki Elindawati2 1Khon Kaen University, Thailand 2University of Indonesia, Indonesia 1Email: [email protected] Abstract Recently, Indonesia has been horrified by the phenomenon of body shaming through social media. Even though this has happened previously, but now the victims take serious action to respond the situation, including filed reports on the police based on violations of the ITE Law Article 27 paragraph (3) in conjunction with Article 45 paragraph (3) of Law No 11 of 2008. However, some people still do the body shaming especially through social media by disguising body size, imperfection and appearance. Based on the data, there are 966 cases of body shaming in 2018. Furthermore, this research aims to assess the body shaming through social media phenomenon in Indonesia which has the relations with the fourth wave feminism issues. To answer the research question, the writers use objectification theory and feminist constructivism approach. This study deployed the qualitative research instrument by primary and secondary data. The result shows that body shaming through social media in Indonesia caused by natural and social order that formed people’s habit in daily life. Keywords: Body Shaming; Constructivism; Feminism; Social Media. Introduction long period, the focus of the issues The feminism issues have has been progressing followed by been discussed since eighteenth the dynamic of society. This also century (first-wave feminism), happened in Indonesia, feminism the issues mostly talk about in Indonesia has a long story women’s right. Going through and contributed to the discourse Islamic World and Politics Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 589 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia of equality (Arivia & Subono, by ratified Electronic Information 2017) The feminist movement in and Transactions Law (Undang- Indonesia has taken action since Undang ITE, ITE Law) in 2008 and the Dutch colonialization’s era till later was revised in 2016, the aims during the post-colonialization, of the regulation are to protect, meanwhile growing number of manage electronic information women’s organization become and transaction. In ITE Law also historical records of feminist accomodates the regulation about movement in Indonesia. They dealt body shaming, through Article 27 with issues such as equality right paragraph (3) in conjunction with and participation (Arivia & Subono, Article 45 paragraph (2) of Law No 2017). 11 of 2008. Both articles conclude Nonetheless, many feminist that every person intentionally and/ scholars believe that the contem- or without rights to distribute and/ porary issues of feminist have or transmit and/or make access entered new phase following the to electronic information and/or social dynamics, called the fourth- electronic documents that have wave feminism. Based on Prudence insulting contents can be punished Chamberlain in her books The for (maximum) 6 months and/ Feminist Fourth Wave Active or paying fine (maximum) IDR. Temporality (2017) argued that the 1,000,000,000 (±USD. 71,000), issues of fourth wave feminism this also applies to body shaming include the justice for women, activity. particularly to counter sexual Against to the background, harassment and violence against eventhough it has been well regu- women. To handle feminism issues, lated in the national law and the Indonesian government and some criminals will get the sanction, body advocated groups have tried to raise shaming phenomenon still happen awareness of the citizen towards in Indonesia, particularly through the issues, such as by developing social media. Based on Detik.com, national law to executing the case during 2018 there were 966 case related to the issues and campaigns related to body shaming recorded that has been done by some Non- by the police in Indonesia. 374 cases Governmental Organizations. had resolved either using the law In using technology, the procedure or mediation between government had set the regulation the victims and the perpetrators Islamic World and Politics 590 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019 (Santoso, 2018). Thus becomes the In her article, ‘Feminism: A highlighted issues in this research. Fourth-Wave?’ Ealasaid Munro claims for the fourth feminism that Feminism in Indonesia it has been enabled by internet, The phenomena of fourth- particularly social media facilitating wave feminism has also been widely call-out culture (Munro, 2013). discussed recently. This regards to Social media has allowed for the issues that have not been covered continual challeging of sexism and by first-, second-, and third-wave misogyny, creating environment in feminism. Fourth-wave feminism which feminism can directly engage tries to focus on enhace human with that which it is agains. Not equality through the use of internet- only the numbers of women online based technologies, empowerment increasing, but also multiple feminist of all marginalized groups in campaigns have been launched on society, inculing women and girls the internet (Chamberlain, 2017). (Chamberlain, 2017).It is a follow- Most of the focus issues was related up conversation that began in 1848 to the technology such as social with the aim of fighting for women’s media. rights. The use of technology is a Before the existence of fourth- good alternative to campaign the wave feminism, there are three women right, considering the wave of feminism that exists with social media now became a tool different focus study. The current of the people among the world to wave that called fourth-wave communicate. Meanwhile more feminism is combined with the era than 50% population around the of technology by using the social world use the internet and around media as the tool. The fourth wave 42% use social media. There are aiming to advocate women in no limit of time and space in using politics and business. The focuses of social media. Bates and Soraya the news had been added in fourth Chemaly did the campaign of 4th wave feminism such as salary in wave feminism against misogynist workplace, sexual harassment and through facebook pages and Bridget assault, sexual entitlement, freedom Christie also railed against sexiest of individual choice, discrimination, comments and concerning ethical body shaming, online misogyny, filing in social media (Cochrane, intersectionality and many others. 2013). Noviyanti Soleman & Rifki Elindawati 591 Fourth Wave Feminism in Indonesia Body shaming is one of the topic presentation about Teens, Social issue that fourth-wave feminism Media And Body Image shows the focusing on. The word body list of data regarding to the social shaming is very famous around the media and body shaming, the world. According to Cambridge study he conducts in Univeritsy of dictionary, body shaming is Haifa found out that A 2011 study criticism of someone based on the from the University of Haifa found shape, size, or appearance of their that the more time girls spent on body (Gaffney, 2017). Katelyn J. Facebook, the more they suffered Gaffney on her research mentioned conditions of AN, BN, poor body that the side effect of body shaming image, negative approach to eating is resulted eating disorder, anxiety, and more urges to be on a weight anger, dissatisfaction of the body loss diet. One residential eating and depression. She also mentioned disorder treatment center found that about the phenomena of body 30-50% of their patients are actively shaming around the world such as using social networking sites to in America, Britain and Australia support their eating disorders. (Gaffney, 2017). (Gallivan, 2014). Dina Borzekowski, The trend of body shape on professor at Johns Hopkins school social media is common along of public health also notes that with the huge number use of social social media may have a stronger media. There are some challenges impact on children’s body image in social media that might be led than traditional media. Messages to body shaming indirectly such and images are more targeted, if the as ‘iPhone knees challenge’ that message comes from a friend it is can prove the skinny of the legs, perceived as more meaningful and collarbone challenge by coin to credible. show the sexy of their collarbone, ‘A4 challenge’ to prove the tiny of Research Question their waist, and many others. Those The previous study shows that challenges are indirectly shows the there is relations between body discrimination to them who did shaming and social, furthermore not have “specific” size of bodies, this paper would like to assess why because they cannot join and enjoy does the body shaming through the challenge in social media. social media happen in Indonesia in Heather R. Gallivan on his regards with fourth-wave feminism? Islamic World and Politics 592 Vol. 3. No. 2, December 2019 Literature Review body monitoring. The impacts Objectification Theory of being sexual objectification is poor mental health both direct and According to Fredrickson and indirect (Fredickson & Roberts, Roberts (1997), objectification 1997). Melanie S. Hill and Ann R theory posits that girls and women Fischer try to form a framework are typically acculturated to based on Fredrickson and Roberts internalize an observer’s perspective idea of objectification theory(Hill as a primary view of their physical & Fischer, 2008). selves and will be lead to habitual The chart explains that in path that the existence of health disorder A there is influence from observer range from shame to the depression. of sexual orientation that can bring Path D shows the direct impact from the sexual objectification to be self- sexual objectification. So we see the objectification. The people who get two impacts of sexual objectification self-objectification by the observer may be happens direct and indirect. tend to have self-objectification or they are be able to evaluate Constructivism Approach their own body based on people’s This research will use the perspective that they think it was constructivism approach, to a standard.
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