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Home , Esophageal gland, Gastric glands

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 68(1): 41-46, May, 1991

Actual Characteristics of the Distributed in the Mucosae of the Fowl

By

Taizo SHIBATA, Masatake IMAI, Keiichi MOROGUCHI, Yoshihiko TAKADA and Hiroyuki HAYAMA

Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, 920-02 Japan

-Received for Publication, February 15, 1991-

Key Words: , esophagus, Fowl

Summary: We performed histological and histochemical investigations on the glands distributed in the lamina propria mucosae of the fowl esophagus and demonstrated their actual characteristics. 1. Glandular cells of the compound tubular glands located in the lamina propria mucosae contained a number of fine pepsinogen granules. 2. Reactions to neutral, weak and strong acid mucopolysaccharides, neutral type II and III and sialomucin were evidently positive in these cells. 3. Based on the facts in 1) and 2), we consider that the glands located in the fowl esophagus are undifferentiated gastric glands. 4. The same glands possessed no parietal cells. 5. We demonstrated that the esophageal cardiac glands in the lamina propria mucosae of human esophagus were undifferentiated gastric glands, and they possessed parietal cells. These glands were confirmed in humans alone among the mammalia. 6. The significance of the existence of the same kind of in human and fowl esophagus is extremely important. 7. PAS-positive substance in the above-mentioned glands in the fowl esophagus contains sulfuric, acid, neutral mucopolysaccaride and neutral mucus of type II and III but no glycogen. The compound tubular glands distributed in the lamina propria mucosae of the fowl esophagus have been described as mucous glands. We performed histochemical investigation and demonstrated that these glands were undifferentiated gastric glands.

Materials and Methods esophagus (Fig. 1), and these glands tended to be more numerous in the upper than in the lower esophagus. Two fowls were used in this study. Samples were The epithelium of the gland and its was simple taken in as fresh a state as possible from the upper and columnar. The duct penetrated thick stratified lower esophagus, and were fixed in buffered formalin. squamous epithelium of the esophagus and opened into The tissues were embedded in paraffin and cut into the esophageal lumen. The orifice of the duct was still sections of about 6 i in thickness. Hematoxylin-eosin, covered with the simple columnar epithelium (Fig. 1). Azan (Mallory-Heidenhain), van Gieson, PAS, Some connective tissue lay in the same epithelium in Zimmermann, AB (pH 2.5 and 0.5) and PAS-AB (pH the outer area of the duct (Fig. 2). Cells of the glands 2.5) stains and Bowie's method for pepsinogen and duct reacted strongly to PAS (Fig. 3) and AB (pH granules, HID, LID, HID and LID (treated with 2.5) (Fig. 4), weakly or moderately to AB (pH 0.5) (Fig. H104), PA-Con A-HRP and PA-red-Con A-HRP 5) and presented a dark purple color with PAS-AB (pH stains were employed (Table 1). Digestive test with 2.5) stain (Fig. 6), and all reactions in the table 1 were amylase for glycogen were also applied. positive (Figs. 7-12). However, the digestive test with amylase for glycogen was negative. A fairly large number of fine pepsinogen granules were recognized Observations in the glandular cells (Fig. 13) but not in the duct epithelium. The parietal cells do not exist in these A large number of compound tubular glands were glands. located in the lamina propria mucosae of the fowl

41 42 T. Shibata et al.

Table 1. Complex carbohydrates contained in PAS-positive substance in the esophageal glands (humans and fowl) and the gastric glands in the cardiac area (macaque)

Discussion undifferentiated gastric glands, and proposed the term of esophageal gastric glands instead of the esophageal A large number of compound tubular glands are cardiac glands5). Accordingly, we also use the term of distributed in the lamina propria mucosae of the esophageal gastric glands for the glands in the fowl esophagus and simple columnar cells of these glands esophagus. Based on the above-mentioned facts in man contain fine pepsinogen granules, and react positively and fowl, we consider that the glands in the lamina to neutral, weak and strong acid mucopolysaccharides, propria mucosae in human and fowl esophagus are of sulfuric mucopolysaccharide, sialomucin, neutral mucus the same kind. However, the glands in man possess a type II and III. Accordingly, these glands are un- few parietal cells which do not exist in the fowl. The differentiated gastric glands, but possess no . gastric glands of the mammal are simple or simple Bell-Freeman', Hodges3), Kato7) and King- branched tubular glands. However, glands distributed McLelland8) concluded that these are mucous glands. in the lamina propria mucosae of the esophagus in man However, as mentioned above they are not simple and the fowl are compound tubular glands. We mucous glands. presume that these glands are an aggregate of the simple Kate used the term of "esophageal glands" for tubular glands. In other words, the terminal portions these glands, and King-McLelland8) described "g 1 1 . and ducts of the same glands correspond to the gastric esophageales" in the esophageal mucosa, Bell- glands. In regard to this subject, we consider that the Freemann" termed these glands sub-epithelial mucous compound tubular structure of the above-mentioned glands. However, "The sub-epithelial glands" do not glands is more advantageous than the scattered simple express the actual characteristics of these glands, and tubular glands in resisting the mechanical injury which "the " are distributed in the tela is produced by the passage of hard food or foreign in the mammal. Dellmann-Brown2) matter. We reported an ideal investigation on this described compound tubular seromucous glands dis- subject concerning the glands in the pangolin tributed in the tela submucosa of the esophagus in the °. The existence of the same kind of gland in horse, swine, cow, goat, sheep, dog and cat and termed the lamina propria mucosae in human and fowl them submucous glands. However, such glands do not esophagus is extremely interesting and important. exist in the fowl esophagus. Incidentally, these glands Moreover, these glands have been demonstrated in are commonly called esophageal glands, so that all humans alone among the mammalia for the present. terms1'7'8) are unsuitable. We consider that this fact is very significant. The same scholars2) described the absence of the We investigated on PAS-positive substances in the glands in the lamina propria mucosae of the esophagus esophageal gastric glands in humans and fowl and in the horse, swine, cow, goat, sheep, dog and cat. We gastric glands distributed in the cardiac area of the also similarly demonstrated their absence in the Japanese macaque, and demonstrated the existence of Japanese macaque, crab-eating monkey, horse, swine, sulfuric, acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and cow, dog, cat, rabbit, mouse and rat (unpublished). neutral mucus of type II and III in the fowl glands. However, the so-called esophageal cardiac glands While macaque glands are deficient in sulfuric distributed in the lamina propria mucosae of the human mucopolysaccharide, cannot be found sulfuric and esophagus are well known. We confirmed pepsinogen acid mucopolysaccharides in humans glands. Glycogen granules in these glandular cells. did not exist in fowl glands. Moreover, we demonstrated that these glands were Actual Characteristics of the Glands in the Fowl Esophagus 43

References 5) Imai, M., Shibata, T., Moriguchi, K. and Yamamoto, M.: Do the cardiac glands exist? 3. Humans. Okajimas Folia Anat. 1) Bell, D.J.-Freeman, B.M.: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Jpn., 65: 51-70, 1988. Domestic Fowl. Vol. 1, 6. Academic Press, London. New York, 6) Imai, M., Shibata, T., Mineda, T., Suga, Y. and Onouchi, 1971. T.: Histological and histochemical investigations on the 2) Dellmann, H.D.-Brown, E.M.: Textbook of Veterinary stomach in man and some other kinds of animals. Report V. Histology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1976 (Japanese edition, On the stomach of the pangolin (Manis pentadactyla Linne). 165. Gakusosha. Translator: Okano, M., Kano, Y., Daigo, Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 49: 433-454, 1973. M. and Makita, T.). 7) Kato, K.: Iconographical comparative anatomy of the domestic 3) Hodges, R.D.: The Histology of the Fowl, 46. Academic Press. animals. Vol. 1, 268-269, Yoken-do, Tokyo, 1985 (in Japanese). London, New York, San Francisco, 1974. 8) King, A.S.-McLelland: Form and Function in Birds. Vol. 1, 4) Imai, M., Shibata, T. and Shimano, J.: Do the cardiac glands 96. Academic Press. London, New York, Toronto, Sydney, exist? 1. The macaque. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 64: 59-70, San Francisco, 1979. 1987. 44 T. Shibata et a!.

Plate I

Explanation of Figures (All pictures are of fowl esophagus) Plate I

Fig. 1. Glandslocated in the laminapropria mucosaeof the fowlesophagus (tentatively named G glands) and its excretory duct. Zimmermann stain. x 75 A: Esophagealstratified squamous epithelium. E: Esophagealcavity. F: Foreign matter. G: Simplecolumnar epithelium of the duct. Fig. 2. Connective tissue in the mucous epithelium. van Gieson stain. x 75 A: Esophageal stratified squamous epithelium. Fig. 3. G glands react strongly to PAS stain. x 15 A: Esophageal stratified squamous epithelium. Fig. 4. G glands react strongly to AB (pH 2.5) stain. x 15 Fig. 5. G glands react moderately to AB (pH 0.5) stain. x 15 Fig. 6. G glands present dark purple with PAS-AB (pH 2.5) stain. x 15 Actual Characteristics of the Glands in the Fowl Esophagus 45 Plate II

Plate II

Fig. 7. HID x 75 Fig. 8. LID x75 Fig. 9. HID (treated with HIO4) x75 Fig. 10. LID (treated with HIO4) x75 Fig. II. PA-Con A-HRP x75 Fig. 12. PA-red-Con A-HRP x75 Fig. 13. Cells in the G glands contain a number of fine pepsinogen granules. Bowie's staining method for pepsinogen granules. x 750