Sejarah Kepulauan Rempah-Rempah

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Sejarah Kepulauan Rempah-Rempah M. Adnan Amal Kepulauan Rempah-Rempah Perjalanan Sejarah Maluku Utara 1250 - 1950 Kata Pengantar: Prof. Dr. A.B. Lapian Kepulauan Rempah-Rempah Perjalanan Sejarah Maluku Utara 1250 - 1950 Penulis: M. Adnan Amal Penyunting: Taufik Adnan Amal DAFTAR ISI - Kata Sambutan Gubernur Maluku Utara - Pengantar Edisi Pertama - Catatan Penulis untuk Edisi Revisi - Pengantar Prof. Dr. A.B. Lapian Bab 1 Profil Maluku Bab 2 Kerajaan-kerajaan Maluku dalam Mitos dan Legenda Bab 3 Jailolo: Kerajaan Maluku Tertua Bab 4 Ternate: Kerajaan Maluku Terbesar Bab 5 Tidore: Kerajaan Besar Maluku Bab 6 Kesultanan Bacan Bab 7 Kerajaan-kerajaan Kecil Maluku Bab 8 Rempah-rempah Maluku dan Kedatangan Bangsa Asing Bab 9 Penyebaran Agama Islam dan Kristen di Maluku Bab 10 Lahirnya VOC Bab 11 Maluku, Inggris dan Nuku Bab 12 Maluku Utara Pasca VOC: Perubahan Struktur pemerintahan Bab 13 Maluku Utara: 1817-1914 Bab 14 Balans Pemerintahan Kolonial Belanda (1817-1942) Bab 15 Maluku Utara di Era Kebangkitan Nasional Bab 16 Maluku Utara di bawah Pendudukan Jepang (1942-1945) Bab 17 Maluku Utara di Masa Revolusi Kemerdekaan Bab 18 Maluku Utara di Bawah NIT Lampiran 1: Daftar Para Kolano Ternate Lampiran 2: Daftar Par Kolano Tidore Lampiran 3: Daftar Para Gubernur Portugis di Maluku Lampiran 4: Benteng Portugis di Tidore dan Para Komandannya Lampiran 5: Daftra Para Gubernur Spanyol di Maluku Lampiran 6: Para Gubernur VOC di Maluku Lampiran 7: Para Residen Inggris di Maluku Glosarium Daftar Pustaka I KATA SAMBUTAN GUBERNUR MALUKU UTARA Buku KEPULAUAN REMPAH-REMPAH telah mencakup pelbagai informasi penting mengenai daerah Maluku Utara selama 700 tahun, dan mencakup kurun waktu yang dimulai pada masa awal berdirinya kerajaan-kerajaan lokal yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Kerajaan Moloku Kie Raha (1250) hingga masa lima tahun pasca Proklamasi Kemerdekaan RI (1950). Di samping sarat dengan informasi kesejarahan sepanjang kurun waktu tersebut, buku ini juga telah memajang potret Maluku Utara hampir seutuhnya. Pergolakan yang telah melanda kawasan ini, baik yang bercorak internal antara sesama kerajaan lokal yang berkuasa untuk memperebutkan hegemoni politik maunpun antara kerajaan lokal versus kekuasaan asing kolonialis untuk mempertahankan integritas dan harga diri, hingga antara kekuasaan asing an sich untuk memantapkan pengaruh politik imperialistis, dalam rangka memperebutkan hak-hak monopoli perdagangan rempah-rempah yang telah berlangsung selama hampir tiga abad (1500-1800). Pergolakan-pergolakan seperti itulah yang telah mewarnai sejarah Maluku Utara selama tiga ratus tahun, yang berakhir dengan hilangnya kebebasan, kemerdekaan dan integritas rakyat Maluku Utara, sama seperti rakyat daerah-daerah lain di seluruh nusantara. Tetapi, apabila terdapat sesuatu yang patut dibanggakan dari sejarah Maluku Utara seperti telah ditulis dalam buku ini, maka secara pribadi saya dapat merasakannya, karena dari seluruh perang kolonial yang telah berlangsung di berbagai daerah di seluruh nusantara, hanya rakyat Maluku Utara di bawah pimpinan seorang Babullah dari Ternate yang secara heroik berhasil mengusir kaum penjajah Portugis keluar dari Maluku Utara dalam keadaan yang amat terhina. Fakta historis inilah yang patut dibanggakan seluruh rakyat Maluku Utara, khususnya generasi muda yang tidak pernah lagi mengalami perang seperti telah dilakukan nenek moyang mereka. Mengakhiri sambutan singkat ini, saya ingin menggarisbawahi dua hal pokok yang sangat berperan dalam lahirnya buku ini: Pertama: Buku ini telah menyajikan suatu ikhtisar sejarah Maluku Utara yang komprehensif dan menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana dan mudah dipahami; Kedua: Untuk pertama kali sebuah buku tentang sejarah Maluku Utara ditulis seorang putra daerah yang berdedikasi tinggi, dan dengan mengakses hasil-hasil penelitian kearsipan dan dokumen-dokumen sebagai sumber primer, serta dengan menggunakan referensi kepustakaan yang luas. Atas dasar kedua alasan tersebut, saya menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku ini. Kepada penulisnya saya sampaikan: B R A V O ! Ternate, 6 November 2006 Gubernur Maluku Utara Drs. H. Thaib Armaiyn II PENGANTAR EDISI PERTAMA Sejak Francoise Valentijn menerbitkan karya monumentalnya, Oud en Nieuw Oost Indie, khususnya dalam jilid 1b, "Beschrijving der Moluccas,"1 maka telaah tentang sejarah Maluku (Utara) yang komprehensif bisa dikatakan terhenti untuk waktu yang cukup lama. Hampir seratus empat puluh tahun kemudian barulah muncul karya P. van der Crab, De Moluksche Eilanden,2 dengan fokus yang sama seperti Valentijn, tetapi dengan tambahan materi dan bahan-bahan kontemporer pada masa itu. Sejak saat itu, sampai penghujung abad ke-20, belum muncul karya-karya yang mendeskripsikan sejarah Maluku (Utara) sebagaimana telah dilakukan kedua penulis Belanda di atas, sekalipun telah banyak lahir monograf mengenai daerah-daerah tertentu di kawasan tersebut.3 Baru pada 1993 Leonard J. Andaya, seorang penulis non-Belanda, mempublikasi bukunya, The World of Maluku,4 yang berupaya merekonstruksi sejarah Maluku secara komprehensif dengan menyerap data dari para penulis dan dokumen-dokumen Belanda, serta sumber-sumber Spanyol, Portugis dan Inggris. Karya-karya Valentijn dan van der Crab telah menjadi klasik dan sulit diperoleh dewasa ini. Di Indonesia, karya-karya tersebut hanya dikoleksi oleh Perpustakaan Nasional, Jakarta, dan mungkin oleh pribadi-pribadi tertentu. Demikian pula, buku Andaya, meskipun tergolong baru, tidak banyak beredar di Indonesia. Karena itu, buku yang -- menurut hemat penulis -- teramat penting ini jarang dirujuk sebagai referensi penulisan sejarah Maluku (Utara) modern. Sementara para pakar sejarah Maluku (Utara) yang sangat berotoritas semisal Paramita S. Abdurachman, A.B. Lapian, R.Z. Leirissa dan lainnya, lebih menitikberatkan telaah mereka pada fragmen-fragmen strategis tertentu sejarah Maluku (Utara) untuk memberi gambaran yang lebih mendalam. Paramita, misalnya, banyak menelaah sumber-sumber primer sejarah Maluku (Utara),5 dan campur tangan Barat dalam perniagaan rempah-rempah.6 Sementara Lapian mengkaji keragaman persatuan Maluku Kie Raha,7 dan Leirissa menulis tentang Halmahera Timur dan Raja Jailolo,8 sebuah hasil telaah tentang sejarah kawasan Halmahera Timur dan kemelut aristokrasi Jailolo setelah meninggalnya Sultan Nuku dari Tidore. Berbagai kajian para penulis Indonesia yang baru saja dikemukakan, sebagian besarnya mengungkapkan aspek-aspek strategis tertentu sejarah Maluku Utara dan menyajikan bahan baku yang akan memperkaya materi sejarahnya. Tetapi, selain hal-hal 1 Amsterdam: Dordrecht 1724. Edisi S. Keyzer, s'Gravenhage, 1856. 2 Batavia: Lange & Co., 1862. 3 Lihat misalnya W. Ph. Coolhaas, Kroniek van het Rijk Batjan (Jakarta, 1923); Ch. van Fraassen, Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Arschipel, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1987); dan E.J. Katoppo, Nuku (Bandung, 1957). 4 Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1993. 5 Lihat tulisannya, "Kegunaan Sumber-sumber Portugis dan Spanyol untuk Pembuktian Sejarah Maluku," MISI, vol. viii, no. 3 (1980). 6 Lihat tulisannya, "Moluccan Spice Responses to the Intrusions of the West," Dynamic of History, (Amsterdam, 1978). 7 Lihat misalnya, The Diversivide Unity of Maluku Kie Raha, (Kyoto, 1984), dan Bacan and the Early History of North Maluku, Halmahera and Beyond, KITVL Press, 1994, pp. 11-22. 8 Jakarta, 1996. III tersebut, yang paling dibutuhkan saat ini adalah sebuah karya yang dapat menyuguhkan peta kesejarahan Maluku Utara secara deskriptif dan ditulis secara populer. Penulis sendiri telah lama mencita-citakan menyusun sebuah buku sejarah yang dapat mendekati kualifikasi tersebut. Sekalipun demikian, disadari bahwa hal itu sangat sukar dilakukan oleh seorang amatir tanpa kerja keras, kemauan yang kuat dan keseriusan. Demikianlah, buku ini diharapkan dapat mewujudkan cita-cita akan sebuah buku sejarah Maluku Utara yang komprehensif dan populer itu. Dalam menyusun buku ini, penulis telah berusaha berlaku obyektif dengan mengemukakan fakta-fakta sejarah secara apa adanya berdasarkan rujukan yang tersedia. Demikian pula, buku ini berupaya menyajikan potret Maluku Utara yang sebenarnya dengan segala kelebihan serta kekurangannya. Pergulatan rakyat Maluku Utara selama berabad-abad dalam menghadapi berbagai tantangan dan berbagai respon yang telah mereka berikan merupakan tema pokok buku ini. Potret tersebut memperlihatkan bagaimana karakter dan wujud dari berbagai tantangan serta bagaimana rakyat Maluku Utara di bawah kepemimpinan formal dan informal menempuh cara-cara penyelesaiannya menurut situasi dan kondisi yang mereka hadapi. Dari sudut inilah sejarah Maluku Utara semestinya dilihat. Sejarah kepulauan rempah-rempah ini juga diwarnai dengan semaraknya peperangan, baik perang antara sesama warganya sendiri untuk memperebutkan hegemoni, maupun perang untuk mempertahankan harga diri, kehormatan dan integritas melawan tindak sewenang- wenang kekuasaan asing. Di balik kecemasan, ketakutan dan ketidakpastian, kawasan ini telah melahirkan sejumlah hero dan tokoh-tokoh panutan. Tetapi, sejumlah tokoh pengecut, tidak percaya diri dan pribadi-pribadi yang lemah juga ikut dilahirkan. Karena mereka semua adalah pelaku yang telah tampil di atas pentas sejarah daerah ini, maka -- terlepas dari positif atau negatifnya kadar peranan masing-masing -- mereka harus diakomodasikan dan dicatat. Selaras dengan premis ini, setiap negeri -- dengan pengecualian Jailolo, Ternate, Tidore dan Bacan yang secara nyata memang menjadi pelaku sejarah -- betapapun kecilnya, harus pula memperoleh tempat yang semestinya. Dengan demikian, daerah-daerah seperti
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