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Roma Subterranea
Roma Subterranea The Catacombs of Late Antique Rome | Marenka Timmermans 0 Illustration front page: After http://www.livescience.com/16318-photos-early-christian-rome-catacombs-artifacts.html 1 Roma Subterranea The Catacombs of Late Antique Rome Marenka Timmermans S0837865 Prof. dr. Sojc Classical Archaeology Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, June 15th, 2012 2 Marenka Timmermans Hogewoerd 141 2311 HK Leiden [email protected] +316-44420389 3 Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Research goal, methodology and research questions 5 Chapter 2. The origins and further development of the catacombs 7 2.1 Chapter summary 10 Chapter 3. Research performed in the catacombs up to the late 20th century 11 3.1 The 'rediscovery' 11 3.2 Early Catacomb Archaeology 13 3.2.1 Antonio Bosio 13 3.2.2 Giovanni di Rossi 14 3.3 Archaeological research in the late 19th and up to the late 20th century 17 3.4 Chapter conclusion 18 Chapter 4. Modern catacomb research 21 4.1 Demography 21 4.2 Science-based Archaeology 23 4.2.1 Stable isotope analysis 23 4.2.2 Radiocarbon dating 25 4.3 Physical Anthropology 26 4.4 Other sciences in and around the catacombs 27 4.5 Chapter Conclusion 28 Chapter 5. Discussion 31 Chapter 6. Conclusion 37 Summary 39 Samenvatting 41 Bibliography 43 List of Figures 49 List of Tables 51 Appendix I 53 Appendix II 57 3 4 Chapter 1. Introduction The subject of this BA-thesis is the catacombs of Late Antique Rome. The catacombs are formed by large subterranean complexes, consisting of extensive galleries. -
Cave Research Foundation (CRF) Is a 501(C)(3) Organization Founded in Kentucky in 1957 for the Purpose of Facilitating Cave Research
CAVE RESEARCH FOUNDATION Ozarks Operation Area by Scott House The Cave Research Foundation (CRF) is a 501(c)(3) organization founded in Kentucky in 1957 for the purpose of facilitating cave research. Today it continues its mission with operations across the country and in expeditions around the world. The CRF is administered by officers, a board and an operations council. An operations manager is appointed by the CRF board to coordinate and oversee activities within an operation. Other individuals within the operation may head specific projects or act as functionaries of one sort or another. Following is a brief description of various CRF Ozarks Operation projects. Mark Twain National Forest: CRF works with Mark Twain National Forest (USFS) through a series of cooperative agreements and modifications. These cooperative agreements superseded challenge cost-share agreements and volunteer agreements. Cave Mapping and Biological Inventory: This has been our largest and longest running project. It originated in 1990 with a management concern centered on an application by the Doe Run Company for mineral prospecting within the Eleven Point and Current River watersheds. The aim was to document all caves within the 250 square kilometer mineral lease area by detailed mapping, biological inventory and comprehensive descriptions. More than 120 caves were visited and documented over the 6 year course of the study. Following on from that initial phase, MTNF has continued to provide funding, through one vehicle or another, for an expanded project which is gradually documenting caves throughout the Mark Twain National Forest. Approximately 450 caves have been documented during this ongoing study. -
Catacomb Free Ebook
FREECATACOMB EBOOK Madeleine Roux | 352 pages | 14 Jul 2016 | HarperCollins Publishers Inc | 9780062364067 | English | New York, United States Catacomb | Definition of Catacomb by Merriam-Webster Preparation work Catacomb not long after a series of gruesome Saint Innocents -cemetery-quarter basement wall collapses added a sense of urgency to the cemetery-eliminating measure, and fromnightly processions of covered wagons transferred remains from most of Paris' cemeteries to a mine shaft opened near the Rue de la Tombe-Issoire. The ossuary remained largely forgotten until it became a novelty-place for Catacomb and other private events Catacomb the Catacomb 19th century; after further renovations and the construction of accesses Catacomb Place Denfert-Rochereau Catacomb, it was open to public visitation from Catacomb ' earliest burial grounds were to the southern outskirts of Catacomb Roman-era Left Bank Catacomb. Thus, instead of burying its dead away from inhabited areas as usual, the Paris Right Bank settlement began with cemeteries near its Catacomb. The most central of these cemeteries, a Catacomb ground around the 5th-century Notre-Dame-des-Bois church, became the property of the Saint-Opportune parish after the original church was demolished by the 9th-century Norman invasions. When it became its own parish associated with the church of the " Saints Innocents " fromthis burial ground, filling the Catacomb between the present rue Saint-Denisrue de la Ferronnerierue de la Lingerie and the Catacomb BergerCatacomb become the City's principal Catacomb. By the end of the same century " Saints Innocents " was neighbour to the principal Catacomb marketplace Les Halles Catacomb, and already filled to overflowing. -
Caving in Haiti
Caving in Haiti Learn what it takes to rescue someone from USA a cave through lots of hands-on training and FOREIGN M —16th International January 4th, 2014—Central Indiana Grotto a full-day mock rescue. Become a safer caver arch 15-22, 2014 Vertical Training, Open Training Session, 10am- and more able to perform small party rescue! Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, Galápagos 4pm, Indianapolis, Indiana Contact: Ron Adams Course is Thursday through Sunday, with the Islands. Pre-symposium caving or scuba diving [email protected] (317) 490-7727 optional certification test on Monday, August March 10-15, 2014; Post-symposium caving March 22-29, 2014 February 22, 2014—The SERA Winter Business 25. All registration is handled by the Alabama meeting, hosted by the Pigeon Mountain Grotto, Fire College. To register, please CALL them at will be held in LaFayette, GA at the LaFayette (866) 984-3545. For more information see the Community Center. For additional information Huntsville Cave Rescue Unit website http://www. contact Diane Cousineau at dcousineau@ hcru.org/rescueclass earthlink.net May 23-26, 2014—Memorial Day Weekend: 43rd Kentucky Speleofest hosted by The Louisville Grotto at the Lone Star Preserve, Bonnieville, KY... We will have a food vendor, On Rope 1, camping, warm showers, howdy party with DJ, banquet, band, kayaking, hiking, cave social. More info: contact [email protected] July 14-18, 2014—NSS Convention, NSS Headquarters & Conference Center, Huntsville, AL. Visit our website: http://nss2014.caves. org or contact Julie Schenck-Brown, Chair, at [email protected] or (256) 599-2211 or Jeff Martin, Vice-Chair, at [email protected] or (770) 653-4435. -
Into the Deep Naples Short Trip Into the Subterranean City Between Past and Present by Giuseppe
2 to both touristic valorisation and exploitation. Over time, Into the Deep many underground routes have been opened to the pub- lic becoming more and more popular and visited. In that Naples short trip into the Subterra- regard, the catacombs of San Gennaro and the catacombs nean City between past and present of San Gaudioso are two virtuous examples of cultural tourism developed by a project of recovery of under- by Giuseppe Pace, Roberta Varriale, and Elisa Bellato ground historical sites. They are paleo-Christian burials (ISMed-CNR) restored and managed (Catacombs of San Gaudioso in Located in Southern Italy, Naples has about one million inhabitants, administratively subdivided in 10 districts. It is the third largest municipality by population after Rome and Milan. This city has an ancient history with a stratigraphic dimension. In fact, Naples is characterised by a strong interdependence between the aboveground city and its subsoil, with a history that can be read through a sequence of underground layers. The first layer dates back to the Greek colonisation, when the yellow tuff material was used for aboveground buildings, and the underground was excavated for the burial sites and for water supply management. The second layer dates back to Roman times, when the city grew and the underground accommodated new facilities, such as aqueducts, thermal buildings, and catacombs. During the Middle Age, under- Catacombs of San Gennaro (Naples) Photo: G. Pace ground quarries supplied yellow tuff material for sup- porting the intensive aboveground urban development. Once dismissed, those quarries underneath the buildings were adapted as warehouses for local transformation activities or commercial activities. -
Blue-Sky Eruptions, Do They Exist? Implications for Monitoring New
Blue‐sky eruptions, do they exist? Implications for monitoring New Zealand’s volcanoes. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Disaster and Hazard Management at the University of Canterbury by Angela Louise Doherty University of Canterbury 2009 Frontispiece “What are the odds, right?” “Before it happened it would have said slim, but since it did happen I would say 100%...” Dr Ray Langston replying to Catherine Willows (played by Lawrence Fishburne and Marg Helgenberger – CSI: Crime Scene Investigation). Lahar following the September 2007 eruption of Ruapehu (photo: GNS Science). Abstract The term “blue‐sky eruption” (BSE) can be used to describe eruptions which are unexpected or have no detected precursory activity. Case study analyses indicate that they have a diverse range of characteristics and magnitudes, providing both direct and indirect hazards and occur in both under‐developed and developed countries. BSEs can be a result of physical triggers (e.g. the lack of physically detectable precursors or a lack of understanding of the eruption model of the volcano), social triggers (such as an inadequate monitoring network), or a combination of the two. As the science of eruption forecasting is still relatively young, and the variations between individual volcanoes and individual eruptions are so great, there is no effective general model and none should be applied in the absence of a site‐specific model. Similarly, as methods vary between monitoring agencies, there are no monitoring benchmarks for effective BSE forecasting. However a combination of seismic and gas emission monitoring may be the most effective. -
Nee. 8. C Ascaae Grotto Christmas Potluck Party for All NW Cavers
Official Publication of the CASCADE GROTTO N. S. S. Volume 12, no. 12 E0itor: :nr. William R. Halliday December 1973 COMING EVENTS Nov. 23-24. Trout Lake area. Call Ron Long, 543-7451 (aaytime). Nov. 25. Ape Cave. Call Torn Cunningham, 546-3416 nee. 8. C ascaae Grotto Christmas Potluck Party for all NW cavers. Curt Black, Chairman1 564-0988. Note: no cooking facilities this year aue to remoaeling. Anytime after 6:00 PM; basement camping available overnight nee. 8. nee. 9. Possible one-aay trip somewhere after the party. 1£ anybody gets up. nee. 17. NO REGULAR MEETING THIS MONTH. MERRY CHRISTMAS! nee. 20. 6 aay Mexico trip to Bustamente, Carrizal et al. Call Richarason, 584-5317. ec 27-31 Oroville area scouting. Call Crawford through 543-1668. Bee." 31 til bOK. New Year1s Eve party at Larsons in Vancouver, Wash. (13402 NE Clark Roaa - take 134th St. offramp off Interstate 5 ana a rive west 1/ 4 mile into their driveway). NEW PHONE NUMBER: 5 73-1782 ! ! ! ! Take your climbing an.a caving gear. Jan. 12 or 13. Big Four Ice Caves. Call Anaerson - new # aaytime only (work) 622-3848. May /may not neea snoeshoes. Jan. 21. Regular Grotto meeting. 8 P�M, Halliaays, 1117 36th Avenu.e East at E. Maaison St. Jan. 26 -2 7. Photo trip to Trout Lake area; snoeshoes probably neeaea. Call Anaerson. January 28 or 31. Start of Kenya-Tanzania trip. Call Halli aay. Feb. 2-3. Paraiase Ice Caves. Call Anaerson. Feb. 16-18. Trout Lake. Call Anaerson. Feb. 18. Regular Grotto meeting. -
The Orante and the Goddess in the Roman Catacombs
THE ORANTE AND THE GODDESS IN THE ROMAN CATACOMBS Valerie Abrahamsen ABSTRACT The Orante, or Orans, figure, a very common and important symbol in early Christian art, is difficult to interpret. Theories of what she meant to early Christians, especially Roman Christians who buried their dead in the catacombs, range from a representation of the soul of the deceased to a symbol of filial piety. In this article, I will attempt to show that the Orante figure originates with the prehistoric goddess, the all-encom- passing Nature deity worshipped for millennia throughout the Mediterranean world. While many early Christians super- imposed Christian meaning on her, it is likely that other Christians still viewed her in conjunction with the earlier Nature goddess of birth, life, death and rebirth, even as they worshipped God in male form. Introduction he Orante or Orans, generally a female figure with open eyes and upraised hands, is a pervasive symbol in early TChristian art, perhaps “the most important symbol in early Christian art.”1 Found frequently in the late second-century art in the Roman catacombs, as well as in sculpture, her head is almost always covered with a veil, and she wears a tunic. She exists both as a separate symbol and as the main figure in a number of Biblical scenes, but rarely in masculine form with male clothing. Instead, she frequently stands in for male figures in scenes of deliverance—she becomes Noah in the ark, Jonah in the boat and spewed out of the whale, Daniel between the lions, and the three young men in the fiery furnace. -
Parisians Find Playground Under the Streets - WSJ
Parisians Find Playground Under the Streets - WSJ https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704271804... DOW JONES, A NEWS CORP COMPANY Nikkei ▲ 20400.28 0.26% Hang Seng ▼ 28110.33 -0.06% U.S. 10 Yr ▲ 1/32 Yield 2.274% Crude Oil ▲ 50.67 0.24% Yen ▼ 112.47 -0.00% DJIA ▼ 22359.23 -0.24% This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues, clients or customers visit http://www.djreprints.com. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704271804575405283969684798 ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT Parisians Find Playground Under the Streets Residents Take to an Underground Network of Tunnels and Caves to Explore City's Past, Paint Murals or Throw a Party Policemen look at a painted wall in Paris's catacombs a 155-mile underground network of tunnels. AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE/GETTY IMAGES By Don Duncan Updated Aug. 7, 2010 12:01 a.m. ET PARIS—While many Parisians go out on the town on Saturday evenings, a small but growing number go under it. Beneath Paris lies a network of some 155 miles of tunnels known as "the catacombs"—an underground labyrinth that serves as the weekend playground for bands of urban explorers. One recent Saturday, several dozen "cataphiles," as these explorers are known, climbed down an embankment in south Paris to a unused railroad track. After a short walk, they disappear into a hole in the side of a railway tunnel to the catacombs, 65 feet below. "The environment never changes down here," says Riff, 44, a catacombs veteran of 22 years who won't give his full name because he likes to explore areas off- limits to the public. -
Cave Research Foundation Annual Report - 2001-2003
Cave Research Foundation Annual Report - 2001-2003 1 Cave Research Foundation Annual Report - 2001-2003 2 Cave Research Foundation Annual Report - 2001-2003 Annual Reports 2001-2003 Cave Research Foundation 177 Hamilton Valley Road Cave City, Kentucky 42127 Cave Research Foundation Cave Research 3 Cave Research Foundation Annual Report - 2001-2003 The Cave Research Foundation (CRF) is a private non-profit organization incorporated in 1957 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Its purpose is to: Facilitate research, management, and interpretation of caves and karst resources Form partnerships to study, protect and preserve cave resources and karst areas Promote the long-term conservation of caves and karst resources Editors: Patricia Kambesis Elizabeth Winkler Hoffman Environmental Research Institute 238 Tyler Court Western Kentucky University Smiths Groves, Kentucky 42171 1906 College Heights Blvd. Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101 Hawkins River at the Amos Hawkins Formation, Mammoth Cave Cover layout and photo: Gary Berdeaux Cave Research Foundation 2001-2003 Annual Report c by the Cave Research Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce this material for scientific and educational use only. For information contact CRF, 177 Hamilton Valley Road, Cave City, KY 42127-45424 ISBN 978-0-939748-59-4 Published by Cave Books 4700 Amberwood Drive Dayton, Ohio 45424 4 Cave Research Foundation Annual Report - 2001-2003 Table of Contents Cave Research Foundation Activities 2001 2001 Highlights .............................................................................................................................................................. -
Chemoorganotrophic Bacteria Isolated from Biodeteriorated Surfaces in Cave and Catacombs Filomena De Leo1, Agnese Iero1, Gabrielle Zammit2, and Clara E
International Journal of Speleology 41(2) 125-136 Tampa, FL (USA) July 2012 Available online at scholarcommons.usf.edu/ijs/ & www.ijs.speleo.it International Journal of Speleology Official Journal of Union Internationale de Spéléologie Chemoorganotrophic bacteria isolated from biodeteriorated surfaces in cave and catacombs Filomena De Leo1, Agnese Iero1, Gabrielle Zammit2, and Clara E. Urzì1 Abstract: De Leo F., Iero A., Zammit G. and Urzì C. 2012. Chemoorganotrophic bacteria isolated from biodeteriorated surfaces in cave and catacombs. International Journal of Speleology, 41(2), 125-136 Tampa, FL (USA). ISSN 0392-6672. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.41.2.1 The main objective of this work was the comparative analysis of a large number of bacterial strains isolated from biodeteriorated surfaces in three different sites, namely the catacombs of St. Callistus in Rome, Italy, the catacombs dedicated to St. Agatha in Ra- bat, Malta and the Cave of Bats in Zuheros, Spain. Our results showed that even considering only culturable chemoorganotrophic bacteria the variability is very high, reflecting the great variety of microhabitats present. Hence any strategies to prevent, control or eliminate the biofilm-embedded microbiota from an archeological surface should take into account a number of considerations as stipulated in our study. Keywords: biofilm; catacombs; caves; chemoorganotrophic bacteria; clustering; 16S rDNA sequencing Received 20 October 2011; Revised 2 January 2012; Accepted 10 January 2012 in most cases, strains that grow in -
Paris Catacombs
The Dark Underworld of the Paris Catacombs Underneath the City Hidden beneath the vibrant European city of Paris is an eerie network of old caves and tunnels housing the remains of 6 million people: The Catacombes de Paris. The Paris catacombs date as far back as the 12th century. The tunnels run like arteries, located beneath the city. They stretch as far as 200 miles at a depth of 20 metres (65 feet), equivalent to the size of a five story building. Only a small section of it is open to the public today. The majority of the network has been of-limits since 1955. But even in the area still accessible to tourists there are fascinating remnants of Paris' history. The catacombs have existed since the 12th century, when the mining of limestone quarries to provide bricks for the city's buildings created as a side efect an entire underground city. The tunnels lie mostly under the southern part of the metropolis. It was only during the second half of the 18th century, that the former limestone mines were transformed into burial places. The oldest and most extensive network of tunnels is under the 14th and 15th Arrondissments (districts). After a few buildings collapsed into the forgotten underground cavities in the 18th century, the city began to map The Catacomb Beginnings As Paris grew into its role as a major European hub, it eventually ran into a major problem. By the 17th century, enough people had lived and died in Paris that its cemeteries were overflowing. They were overstufed with graves to the point where corpses, at times, became uncovered.