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Caving: Safety Activity Checkpoints
Caving: Safety Activity Checkpoints Caving—also called “spelunking” (speh-LUNK-ing) is an exciting, hands-on way to learn about speleology (spee-lee-AH- luh-gee), the study of caves, in addition to paleontology (pay-lee-en-TAH-luh-gee), the study of life from past geologic periods by examining plant and animal fossils. As a sport, caving is similar to rock climbing, and often involves using ropes to crawl and climb through cavern nooks and crannies. These checkpoints do not apply to groups taking trips to tourist or commercial caves, which often include safety features such as paths, electric lights, and stairways. Girl Scout Daisies and Brownies do not participate in caving. Know where to go caving. Connect with your Girl Scout council for site suggestions. Also, the National Speleological Society provides an online search tool for U.S. caving clubs, and the National Park Service provides information about National Park caves. Include girls with disabilities. Communicate with girls with disabilities and/or their caregivers to assess any needs and accommodations. Learn more about the resources and information that the National Center on Accessibility and the National Center of Physical Activities and Disabilities provide to people with disabilities. Caving Gear Basic Gear Sturdy boots with ankle protection (hiking boots for dry areas; rubber boots or wellies for wet caves) Warm, rubber gloves (to keep hands warm and protect against cuts and abrasions) Nonperishable, high-energy foods such as fruits and nuts Water Specialized Gear -
Introduction to Virginia's Karst
Introduction to Virginia’s Karst A presentation of The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s Karst Program & Project Underground Karst - A landscape developed in limestone, dolomite, marble, or other soluble rocks and characterized by subsurface drainage systems, sinking or losing streams, sinkholes, springs, and caves. Cross-section diagram by David Culver, American University. Karst topography covers much of the Valley and Ridge Province in the western third of the state. Aerial photo of karst landscape in Russell County. Smaller karst areas also occur in the Cumberland Plateau, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain provinces. At least 29 counties support karst terrane in western Virginia. In western Virginia, karst occurs along slopes and in valleys between mountain ridges. There are few surface streams in these limestone valleys as runoff from mountain slopes disappears into the subsurface upon contact with the karst bedrock. Water flows underground, emerging at springs on the valley floor. Thin soils over fractured, cavernous limestone allow precipitation to enter the subsurface directly and rapidly, with a minimal amount of natural filtration. The purer the limestone, the less soil develops on the bedrock, leaving bare pinnacles exposed at the ground surface. Rock pinnacles may also occur where land use practices result in massive soil loss. Precipitation mixing with carbon dioxide becomes acidic as it passes through soil. Through geologic time slightly acidic water dissolves and enlarges the bedrock fractures, forming caves and other voids in the bedrock. Water follows the path of least resistance, so it moves through voids in rock layers, fractures, and boundaries between soluble and insoluble bedrock. -
Living with Karst Booklet and Poster
Publishing Partners AGI gratefully acknowledges the following organizations’ support for the Living with Karst booklet and poster. To order, contact AGI at www.agiweb.org or (703) 379-2480. National Speleological Society (with support from the National Speleological Foundation and the Richmond Area Speleological Society) American Cave Conservation Association (with support from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and a Section 319(h) Nonpoint Source Grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the Kentucky Division of Water) Illinois Basin Consortium (Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky State Geological Surveys) National Park Service U.S. Bureau of Land Management USDA Forest Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Geological Survey AGI Environmental Awareness Series, 4 A Fragile Foundation George Veni Harvey DuChene With a Foreword by Nicholas C. Crawford Philip E. LaMoreaux Christopher G. Groves George N. Huppert Ernst H. Kastning Rick Olson Betty J. Wheeler American Geological Institute in cooperation with National Speleological Society and American Cave Conservation Association, Illinois Basin Consortium National Park Service, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, USDA Forest Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey ABOUT THE AUTHORS George Veni is a hydrogeologist and the owner of George Veni and Associates in San Antonio, TX. He has studied karst internationally for 25 years, serves as an adjunct professor at The University of Ernst H. Kastning is a professor of geology at Texas and Western Kentucky University, and chairs Radford University in Radford, VA. As a hydrogeolo- the Texas Speleological Survey and the National gist and geomorphologist, he has been actively Speleological Society’s Section of Cave Geology studying karst processes and cavern development for and Geography over 30 years in geographically diverse settings with an emphasis on structural control of groundwater Harvey R. -
Cave Research Foundation (CRF) Is a 501(C)(3) Organization Founded in Kentucky in 1957 for the Purpose of Facilitating Cave Research
CAVE RESEARCH FOUNDATION Ozarks Operation Area by Scott House The Cave Research Foundation (CRF) is a 501(c)(3) organization founded in Kentucky in 1957 for the purpose of facilitating cave research. Today it continues its mission with operations across the country and in expeditions around the world. The CRF is administered by officers, a board and an operations council. An operations manager is appointed by the CRF board to coordinate and oversee activities within an operation. Other individuals within the operation may head specific projects or act as functionaries of one sort or another. Following is a brief description of various CRF Ozarks Operation projects. Mark Twain National Forest: CRF works with Mark Twain National Forest (USFS) through a series of cooperative agreements and modifications. These cooperative agreements superseded challenge cost-share agreements and volunteer agreements. Cave Mapping and Biological Inventory: This has been our largest and longest running project. It originated in 1990 with a management concern centered on an application by the Doe Run Company for mineral prospecting within the Eleven Point and Current River watersheds. The aim was to document all caves within the 250 square kilometer mineral lease area by detailed mapping, biological inventory and comprehensive descriptions. More than 120 caves were visited and documented over the 6 year course of the study. Following on from that initial phase, MTNF has continued to provide funding, through one vehicle or another, for an expanded project which is gradually documenting caves throughout the Mark Twain National Forest. Approximately 450 caves have been documented during this ongoing study. -
Lascaux Cave, France Complex Hunter Gatherers at the End of the Paleolithic Dates: 47/45,000 – 20/18,000 B.P
Lascaux Cave, France Complex Hunter Gatherers at the End of the Paleolithic Dates: 47/45,000 – 20/18,000 b.p. (Epipaleolithic=20/18,000-10,000 bp) Industries include microliths and bone tools—not found in previous periods Raw materials were exchanged over long distances in this period Wide range of materials, other than flint, come into use: bone tools, stone vessels, ochre, shells Some probably for ritual purposes In contrast to early modern humans (and Neanderthals): Size of teeth reduced Size of jaw reduced Muscularity diminishes Less skeletal trauma Increased longevity Cro-Magnon cranium Upper Paleolithic Artwork Cave Art Includes spectacular images of animals and abstract forms and, rarely, humans Mobiliary Art These portable art objects include Venus figurines Body Ornamentation: Pierced shells, pierced animal teeth, and bone beads were most likely work as necklaces or attached to clothing Horse, Cosquer Cave, France Penquin or Auk, Cosquer Cave, France Bear Bison ‘Venus’ figurines Dolni Vestonice Lespugue Willendorf . Appear around 25,000 bp, Europe . Carved in ivory, wood, stone, modeled in clay . Breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, usually large . Head, arms, hands, legs & feet are only schematic . Some are pregnant, others are not 4.48.jpg Dwellings Huts with bone frameworks Floors with inlaid stone Stone-lined pits for hearths Tailored clothing Long-distance trade Blade technique Long, parallel-sided flakes are struck off the edges of a specially prepared core Blades: long flake, twice as punch long as wide • Sharp parallel edges • Removed from core like peeling carrot (sort of) • Blades provide “blank” or form, which may then be shaped into different tools: . -
Lee Harrison White Book, in a Cave Named Savor It Well in a Memorial Service Celebrating Lee’S Life Will April 17, 1988 – September 15, 2019 Madison County, AL
Among his most recent achievements The expedition leader of PESH, Bill was setting a rope at the top of the 120-foot Steele, recalls, “In late April of 2019 Lee Dome Pit, in Natural Bridge Cavern near San White led another small team to go 600 Antonio, TX, the state’s largest and most meters deep in the La Grieta section of Steve Davis spectacular show cavern. The rope allowed Sistema Huautla to look for a lead Lee had explorers to reach a tantalizing passage- a hunch they would find. And they did. It way that was once considered inaccessible was a major trunk passage they named after because of its height, giving the first access Lee: Blowhard Boulevard. They ended their in 60 years to a new part of the cave. Lee exploration at the bottom of a waterfall to climbed the wall, setting bolts and ropes, in be climbed next year. Once it is climbed an hour and a half. and mapped, we plan to name it Lee White Lee successfully ascended dozens of Falls.” previously unclimbed domes in TAG. He Lee is survived by his father, Marco made the first ascent of the second tallest White, his mother, Rebecca Watson White, dome, 267 feet, which he named the Very and his brother, Graham White, and a loving Hungry Caterpillar Dome after his favorite family of aunts, uncles, cousins, and cavers. Lee Harrison White book, in a cave named Savor It Well in A memorial service celebrating Lee’s life will April 17, 1988 – September 15, 2019 Madison County, AL. -
Cave Research Foundation
CAVE RESEARCH FOUNDATION QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER MAY 2008 VOLUME 36, NO. 2 SCALING THE ROCK OF AGES See Carlsbad Cavern Restoration, page 6 2 CRF NEWSLETTER CRF National Expedition and Meeting Volume 36, No.2 October 25 - November 2, 2008 established 1973 Join the CRF officers and local cavers for a Send all articles and reports for submission to: great week of caving, meetings, and activities in William Payne, Editor Carlsbad New Mexico this fall. 11203 N . Auden Circle, Missouri City, TX 77459 The next CRF National Expedition will be a five-day intensive re-survey of Slaughter Can The CRF Newsletter is a quarterly publication of the Cave yon Cave inside Carlsbad Caverns National Research Foundation, a non-profit organization incorpo Park. Up to 18 cavers may jo in in the effort to rated in 1957 under the laws of Kentucky for the purpose of map this very beautiful cave that is approxi furthering research, conservation, and education about caves matelya mile long . Pat Kambesis is coordinat and karst. ing the survey project (Thank You Pat!), which Newsletter Submissions & Deadlines: will run from October 26 through 30. There Original articles and photographs are welcome. If intending may be additional survey work in Carlsbad Cav to jointly submit material to another publication, please in erns itself this-week in the evenings. If we have form the CRF editor. Publication cannot be guaranteed, es high demand, other caving objectives (probably pecially if submitted elsewhere. All material is subject to on BLM land) will be added to the expedition. revision unless the author specifically requests otherwise. -
Addressing the Challenges and Future of Cave Mining
news Caving Addressing the challenges and future of cave mining No. 56 SRK Consulting’s International Newsletter Infrastructure development at Oyu Tolgoi There are over 50 global cave mining projects in various stages of studies and development. Despite the fact that the cave mining method orebody below their economic depth, and further is more than 100 years old, it is only within the exploitation of often large low-grade resources at past 20 years that this method has spread from depth would not support a more expensive mining initial cave mining centres to six continents. method. In recent years, besides the economics There are currently approximately 17 cave mining of high strip ratio, the environmental concern also operations in 11 countries. plays an important role when comparing open pit mass mining and caving. Cave mines can have a The interest in cave mining is being fuelled significantly smaller footprint than a comparable by the depletion of near surface orebodies open pit, since waste mined is only limited to suitable for open pit operations, relatively high underground infrastructure development. production rates and low operating cost. Also, a number of open pits have a continuation of the …continued LEFT EDGE OF SIDEBAR BLOCK Addressing the challenges and future of cave mining (continued) JAREK JAKUBEC Shaft headgear at the Resolution Copper project, Arizona, USA Jarek has over 35 years of worldwide Cave mining principles and economics needs to be at least 100 m thick for cave mining to be economical. In the past, operating and Traditionally, cave mining was a method typical caving heights were 150-250 m. -
Hang Son Doong,Vietnam by Sarah Collinge
Hang Son Doong,Vietnam By Sarah Collinge Have you ever explored a cave? A cave is an underground chamber in a hillside or clif that has been formed over time by rainwater, ocean waves, lava, or oil-eating bacteria. Places where the earth is made up of large amounts of limestone are known for having many caves. Limestone is made from the remains of shells and skeletons of sea creatures. Tis sedimentary rock is easily dissolved by slightly acidic water. Where limestone dissolves, an underground chamber forms. No one knows how many caves there are on Earth, probably millions. Many natural caves re- main undiscovered. Te largest known cave in the world is Hang Son Doong, located in the country of Vietnam. Tis cave was frst discovered 20 years ago and is more than 2.5 miles long. Its widest chambers are 300 feet wide and over 600 feet high—big enough to easily hold an entire New York City block of skyscrapers. A very large “room” in one section of the cave is equal to the size of the Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. Te name Hang Son Doong means Mountain River Cave. Te cave was originally discovered by a local man who heard a whistling sound made by an underground river. Flowing through the cave is a fast-fowing, subterranean river, the Rao Tuong River. During the fooding season, the river can rise close to 300 feet. References: Groleau, R. (October 1, 2002). How caves form. Retrieved June 23, 2012, from http://www.pbs.org/ wgbh/nova/earth/how-caves-form.html. -
Sinkhole Physical Models to Simulate and Investigate Sinkhole Collapses
SINKHOLE PHYSICAL MODELS TO SIMULATE AND INVESTIGATE SINKHOLE COLLAPSES Mohamed Alrowaimi Doctoral Student, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA, [email protected] Hae-Bum Yun Assistant professor, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA, [email protected] Manoj Chopra Professor, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA, [email protected] Abstract Introduction Florida is one of the most susceptible states for sinkhole Sinkhole is a ground surface depression that occurs with collapses due to its karst geology. In Florida, sinkholes or without any surface indication. Sinkholes commonly are mainly classified as cover subsidence sinkholes that occur in a very distinctive terrain called karst terrain. result in a gradual collapse with possible surface signs, This terrain mainly has a bedrock of a carbonate rocks and cover collapse sinkholes, which collapse in a sudden such as limestone, dolomite, or gypsum. Sinkholes and often catastrophic manner. The future development develop when the carbonate bedrocks are subjected of a reliable sinkhole prediction system will have to dissolution with time to form cracks, conduits, and the potential to minimize the risk to life, and reduce cavities in the underground bedrock. These features delays in construction due to the need for post-collapse allow the overburden soils (on top of the carbonate remediation. In this study, different versions of small- bedrock) to transport through them to the underground scale sinkhole physical models experimentally used cavities, which results in surface collapse due to the to monitor the water levels in a network of wells. -
Download a Pdf of the Subterranean Renovations Publication
SUBTERRANEAN RENOVATIONS THE UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL SPACES OF SHOW CAVES Under America’s surficial terrain, another landscape lurks, where built and natural forms blend to create unusual spaces, in some of the more compelling tourist caves in the United States. ike an elaborate stage for an audienceless performance, spectacular natural caves L formed and transformed over the ages in the unseen world of the underground. Typically evolving drop by drop, as the earth melted away with the natural dissolution of limestone, strange sculptural creations grew in hollow cracks and capacious chambers; white curtains of speleothems like frozen waterfalls and delicate dioramas of stalactites mutated in geologic slow motion. Shallow pools of still water would mirror seemingly limitless distances, were it not for the absence of light, and sounds would echo, oddly magnified, except for the near total silence. When modern humans came into this subterranean world, first as explorers, then as tour- ists, they brought with them both light and sound, as well as shovels, cement, electricity, postcards, and even fried chicken. From the first lantern-led tours through Mammoth Cave in the early 1800's to the drive-through caves of today, the two hundred or so caves in the country that have been opened to the public (out of over 30,000 caves discovered in the United States so far) have been transformed by the interests of tourism and the fancy of cave owners and promoters. Most modifications to the natural cave are of a practical nature, made in order to accom- modate visitors. New cave entrances are blasted to allow more convenient access, path- ways are installed to allow visitors to move easily along the otherwise uneven cave floor, and lighting of some type is installed to make the formations and pathways visible. -
Understanding Aquifers: Demonstration Using a Physical Model
Understanding Aquifers: Demonstration using a Physical Model Part I: Aquifers Explained Geology is the science of planet Earth, its history, and all the processes that act on it. Hydrogeology is the branch of geology which studies how water and rocks interact underground, mainly in aquifers An aquifer is a rock unit that holds enough water to supply water to wells. Aquifers can be found in many types of rocks, such as sandstone, conglomerate, unconsolidated sand and gravel, and fractured rocks composed of limestone or igneous rocks. Here at Barton Springs in Austin, Texas, we are standing on top of the Edward’s Aquifer, composed mostly of fractured limestone. These fractured rocks dissolve overtime and can create large, cave-like systems called Karst aquifers. So when you hear the word Karst, think cave. Some of these caves are big, some of them are small. Karst aquifers are different from sedimentary aquifers, where water flows mostly through the gravel and sand grains similar to a sponge. Hydrogeologists use two terms when investigating aquifers—porosity and permeability. Porosity is all the empty pore space inside a rock given in a percent volume. Porosity represents the volume of water a rock formation can potentially hold. Permeability is how well a fluid can flow within the pore spaces of the rock within the aquifer. For water, we describe this property as hydraulic conductivity. For example, clay and rocks like pumice may have high porosity, but because the pores do not connect with each other, the permeability of these rocks is usually low. Layers of low-permeability material such as clay and shale typically act as barriers to groundwater flow and may often function as an aquitard within a groundwater flow system.