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Zitierte sowie weiterführende Literatur Aeschbach-Hertig W, Kipfer R, Hofer M, Imboden DM, Wieler R, Signer P (1996) Quantifcation of gas fuxes from the sub continental mantle: the example of Laacher See, a maar lake in Germany. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:31–41 Ahrens W (1930) Geologisches Wanderbuch durch das Vulkangebiet des Laacher Sees in der Eifel. Enke, Stuttgart Albinus L (2000) Te house of Hades. Studies in ancient Greek eschatology. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus Albricus Philosophus (1742) De deorum imaginibus libellus. Chapter VI: De Plutoe Alighieri D (2001) Die göttliche Komödie. Hölle. Faber und Faber, Leipzig Allan SA (2010) Chemical ecology of tick-host interactions. In: Takken W, Knols BGJ (Hrsg) Ecology and control of vector-borne diseases. Bd 2. Olfac- tion in vector-host interactions. Wageningen Academic, S 327–348 Altunel E, Barka A (1996) Hierapolis’teki arkeosismik hasarların değerlendirilmesi (evaluation of archaeoseismic damages at Hierapolis). 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Pfanz, Kalter Atem schlafender Vulkane, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60340-6 192 Zitierte sowie weiterführende Literatur Armstrong J, Armstrong W (1988) Phragmites australis – a preliminary study of soil-oxidizing sites and internal gas transport pathways. New Phytol 108:373–382 Armstrong J, Armstrong W (1990) Light-enhanced convective throughfow increa- ses oxygenation in rhizomes and rhizosphere of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. New Phytol 114:121–128 Armstrong J, Armstrong W, Beckett PM (1992) Phragmites australis: Venturi- and humidity-induced convections enhance rhizome aeration and rhizosphere oxida- tion. New Phytol 120:197–207 Balkenhol B, Hohberg K, Pfanz H (2016) Spiders in mofette felds- survival of the toughest in natural carbon dioxide springs? Ecol Indic 69:749–757 Banks HJ, Sharpe AK (1979) Trial use of CO2 to control insects in exported, con- tainerized wheat. CSIRO Aust Div Entomol Rep 15:1–11 Barberi F, Chelini W, Marinelli G, Martini M (1989) Te gas cloud of Lake Nyos (Cameroon 1986): results of the Italian technical mission. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 39:125–134 Barnes I, Irwin WP, White DE (1978) Global distribution of carbon dioxide discharges and major zones of seismicity. US Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations 78(39):12 Barti L (2000) A torjai Büdöshegy természetes gázömléseinek denevéráldozatai (1997–99), Te bat victims of the natural gas break-ofs at the Büdöshegy, Torja (Turia, Covasna County). Acta Siculica 1999(1):103–114 Barti L, Kovacs I (2001) A málnásfürdõi mofetták gerinces-áldozatainak jegy- zéke (1999 február 28 – 2000 szeptember 18), Te vertebrate-victims of the gas emanations in Málnásfürdõ (Malnas-Bai, Covasna County) (28.02.1999 – 18.09.2000). Acta Siculica 2000(1):103–112 Barti L, Varga Á (2004) A torjai Büdös-hegy gázasbarlangjainak, mofettáinak dene- véráldozatai (1999–2002), Te Bat-victims Caused by Carbon-dioxide Into- xication in some Caves in the Transylvanian Part of the Eastern Carpathians (Especially in Büdös-hegy/Ciomad-Puciosu Mountains, Covasna County). Acta Siculica 2003(1):65–73 Batič F, Bernik R, Pfanz H, Wittmann C, Sircelj H, Schmidt J, Turk B (1999) Efects of elevated CO2 concentrations from natural sources on anatomy and physiology of selected plant species. In: Kaligaric M, Skornik S (Hrsg) SNACE, FACE and OTC’s CO2 enrichment at the leaf/air interface and/or the root/soil interface; results in growth and development of plants. University of Maribor, S 10–11 Baubron JC, Allard P, Toutain JP (1990) Difuse volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Volcano Island, Italy. Nature 344:51–53 Baxter PJ, Kapila M (1989) Acute health impact of the gas release of Lake Nyos, Cameroon 1986. 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ISME J 9(3):746–759 Beulig F, Ulrich T, Nowak M, Trumbore ES, Gleixner G, Gilfllan GD, Fjelland KE, Küsel K (2015b) Altered carbon turnover processes and microbiomes in soils under long-term extremely high CO2 exposure. Biogeosciences 12:7169–7183 Blume HP, Felix-Henningsen P, Frede HG, Horn R, Stahr K, Guggenberger G (1996) Handbuch der Bodenkunde. Ecomed, Landsberg. Diverse Ergänzungs- lieferungen Blume HP, Felix-Henningsen F (2009) Reductosols: natural soils and technosols under reducing conditions without an aquic moisture regime. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 172:808–820 Botha A (2011) Te importance and ecology of yeasts in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 43:1–8 Brasseur GP, Jacob D, Schuck-Zöller S (Hrsg) (2017) Klimawandel in Deutsch- land. Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg Bräuer K, Kämpf H, Strauch G, Weise SM (2003) Isotopic evidence (3He/4He, 13 CO2) of fuid triggered intraplate seismicity. 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University Press of Colorado, Boulder Buchner N (1999) Verpackung von Lebensmitteln. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 3-540- 64920-4 Bullard FM (1976) Volcanoes of the earth. Newton Compton, Rom Bundesamt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallordnung (Hrsg) (1982) Chemikaliengesetz. Bundesamt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallordnung, Dortmund Brundrett MC (2009) Mycorrhical associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving 194 Zitierte sowie weiterführende Literatur conficting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant Soil 320:37–77 Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2003) Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425:365 Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2005) Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. 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Verlagsgesell- schaft, Stuttgart Cassius Dio’s Epitome 68.27.3 Ciais P, Sabine C, Bala G, Bopp L, Brovkin V, Canadell J, Chhabra A, DeFries R, Galloway J, Heimann M, Jones C, Le Quéré C, Myneni RB, Piao S, Tornton P (2013) Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (Hrsg) Climate change 2013: Te physical science basis. Contribution of wor- king group I to the ffth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, S 465–570 Chiodini G, Valenza M, Cardellini C, Frigeri A (2008) A new web-based catalog of earth degassing sites in Italy, Eos Trans AGU 89(37):341–342 Chiodini G, Granieri D, Avino R, Caliro S, Costa A, Minopoli C, Vilardo G (2010) Non volcanic CO2 earth degassing: case of Mefte D’Ansanto (Southern Apennines), Italy. 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  • 229 Discontinuous Ventilation in a Non-Insect, the Tick Amblyomma Marmoreum

    229 Discontinuous Ventilation in a Non-Insect, the Tick Amblyomma Marmoreum

    J. exp. Biol. 180, 229-245 (1993) 229 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1993 DISCONTINUOUS VENTILATION IN A NON-INSECT, THE TICK AMBLYOMMA MARMOREUM (ACARI, IXODIDAE): CHARACTERIZATION AND METABOLIC MODULATION JOHN R. B. LIGHTON Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA LAURA J. FIELDEN Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa and YIGAL RECHAV* Department of Microbiology, Medical University of South Africa, PO Medunsa 0204, Republic of South Africa Accepted 17 March 1993 Summary We examined and quantified the discontinuous ventilation cycle (DVC) characteristics of unfed nymphs and adults, as well as engorged nymphal and engorged diapausing and non-diapausing female adult life-stages, of the African tortoise tick Amblyomma marmoreum (Koch). All engorged stages ventilated continuously, with little evidence of active spiracular control. Unfed nymphs and adults ventilated discontinuously; at low activity and standard metabolic rate (SMR) levels, mean DVC duration was approximately 0.4h in nymphs (mean mass 0.7mg) and 2.8h in female adults (mean 21 21 mass 70mg). SMR, measured as rate of CO2 production (V˙CO·; 0.064 ml mg h and 0.019 ml mg21 h21, respectively), was almost tenfold lower than that estimated for spiders of equivalent mass. In adults, the DVC was modulated to accommodate changing V˙CO· chiefly by changes in DVC frequency. Modulation of other DVC characteristics was bimodal; at low V˙ CO· (below the ‘SMR threshold’), burst volumes were large and not correlated with V˙CO·, but the rate of CO2 emission during the burst was modulated by V˙CO·.
  • Monitoring of Volcanic SO2 Emissions and Determination of the Plume

    Monitoring of Volcanic SO2 Emissions and Determination of the Plume

    Technische Universität München Institut für Photogrammetrie und Karthographie Lehrstuhl für Methodik der Fernerkundung Monitoring of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions and estimation of the plume height using GOME-2 measurements Meike Rix Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Bauingenieur- und Vermessungswesen der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe Stilla Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Richard Bamler 2. Apl. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Thomas Trautmann, Universität Leipzig 3. Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil., Dr. h.c. Donald Bruce Dingwell, Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München Die Dissertation wurde am 16.06.2011 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Bauingenieur- und Vermessungswesen am 23.03.2012 angenommen. Abstract Satellite observations of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions can provide critical information for reducing volcanic hazards, as they allow global monitoring of volcanic emissions, while ground-based monitoring is only carried out for a limited number of volcanoes. The work presented in this thesis addresses the determination of volcanic SO2 emissions using the GOME-2 satellite instrument and the development of a new method to estimate the SO2 plume height in near-real time, which is of particular importance for aviation safety. The SO2 total columns are retrieved from the GOME-2 measurements of backscattered solar radiance in the ultraviolet range of the spectrum using the well established differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). The DOAS method uses the highly structured absorption patterns of trace gases, i.e. SO2, to determine the slant columns.