Monitoring of Volcanic SO2 Emissions and Determination of the Plume
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Modeling a Release Scenario of Carbon Dioxide – Lake Nyos Disaster
Journal of Space Technology, Vol 7, No 1, July 2017 Modeling a Release Scenario of Carbon Dioxide – Lake Nyos Disaster Shaikh Abdullah Abstract— On August 21, 1986, Lake Nyos in Cameroon To explain how the CO2 was given off two hypotheses have released a large cloud of Carbon dioxide and suffocated people been considered. The limnic hypothesis puts forward a and livestock up to 25 km from the lake. To model the scenario - spontaneous inversion of the lake triggered by a local variation Complex Hazardous Air Release Model (CHARM) - a in density, causing the movement of deep layers saturated in sophisticated tool has been used to simulate hazardous accidental release. This study covers process of data acquisition and its CO2 towards the upper most CO2 unsaturated layer. utilization in CHARM to see the impact in both 2-D and 3-D. Furthermore, the volcanic hypothesis puts forwards a sudden Simulation was performed to demonstrate an example of a emission of a large volume of CO2 of volcanic origin from far software tool that can be used to analyze a real-world scenario of underneath the lake [1]. chemical release. Real-world release modeling requires actual Reference [1] concluded that the event as a volcanic origin terrain data, meteorological information, and impact levels and based on sudden emission of CO from the lake bottom. the study describes bringing all that information together to 2 compare the simulation results with the real-world reported Contrary to the volcanic origin consideration; limnic impacts. Model was set to run to visualize impact and it was hypothesis is discussed in this paper to explain the release of found that upto 10 km area affected from released location in 3 CO2 due to inversion of the lake triggered by a local variation minutes duration contrary to 23 km as mentioned in research [1]. -
Appendix I Lunar and Martian Nomenclature
APPENDIX I LUNAR AND MARTIAN NOMENCLATURE LUNAR AND MARTIAN NOMENCLATURE A large number of names of craters and other features on the Moon and Mars, were accepted by the IAU General Assemblies X (Moscow, 1958), XI (Berkeley, 1961), XII (Hamburg, 1964), XIV (Brighton, 1970), and XV (Sydney, 1973). The names were suggested by the appropriate IAU Commissions (16 and 17). In particular the Lunar names accepted at the XIVth and XVth General Assemblies were recommended by the 'Working Group on Lunar Nomenclature' under the Chairmanship of Dr D. H. Menzel. The Martian names were suggested by the 'Working Group on Martian Nomenclature' under the Chairmanship of Dr G. de Vaucouleurs. At the XVth General Assembly a new 'Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature' was formed (Chairman: Dr P. M. Millman) comprising various Task Groups, one for each particular subject. For further references see: [AU Trans. X, 259-263, 1960; XIB, 236-238, 1962; Xlffi, 203-204, 1966; xnffi, 99-105, 1968; XIVB, 63, 129, 139, 1971; Space Sci. Rev. 12, 136-186, 1971. Because at the recent General Assemblies some small changes, or corrections, were made, the complete list of Lunar and Martian Topographic Features is published here. Table 1 Lunar Craters Abbe 58S,174E Balboa 19N,83W Abbot 6N,55E Baldet 54S, 151W Abel 34S,85E Balmer 20S,70E Abul Wafa 2N,ll7E Banachiewicz 5N,80E Adams 32S,69E Banting 26N,16E Aitken 17S,173E Barbier 248, 158E AI-Biruni 18N,93E Barnard 30S,86E Alden 24S, lllE Barringer 29S,151W Aldrin I.4N,22.1E Bartels 24N,90W Alekhin 68S,131W Becquerei -
Scientific Outreach by George Kling (Published Or Broadcast Interviews; Reports; Lectures)
Scientific Outreach by George Kling (Published or Broadcast Interviews; Reports; Lectures): “An Unfrozen North”. By J. Madeleine Nash, 19 February 2018, High Country News, https://www.hcn.org/issues/50.3/an-unfrozen-north “Exploding Killer Lakes”. By Taylor Mayol, 2 March 2016, OZY, http://www.ozy.com/flashback/exploding-killer-lakes/65346 “Arctic Sunlight Can Speed Up the Greenhouse Effect”. By Susan Linville, Moments in Science, Posted February 27, 2015. http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/arctic-sunlight-speed-greenhouse- effect/ http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/22338-climate-clues-sunlight-controls-the-fate-of-carbon- released-from-thawing-arctic-permafrost http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2014/aug/science-study-sunlight-not-microbes-key-co2- arctic http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140821141548.htm http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail9/story180338/it-039-s-sunlight-that-controls-carbon-dioxide- in-arctic.html http://www.sciencecodex.com/sunlight_not_microbes_key_to_co2_in_arctic-140097 http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-08/uom-sct081514.php http://phys.org/news/2014-08-sunlight-microbes-key-co2-arctic.html http://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2014/08/sunlight-controls-fate-permafrosts-released- carbon http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/it-s-sunlight-that-controls-carbon-dioxide-in- arctic-114082200579_1.html http://www.eurasiareview.com/22082014-sunlight-microbes-key-co2-arctic/ http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/08/sunlight-controls-fate-carbon-released-thawing-arctic- permafrost http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/sunlight-not-bacteria-key-to-co2-in-arctic_956515.html -
Observer's Handbook 1989
OBSERVER’S HANDBOOK 1 9 8 9 EDITOR: ROY L. BISHOP THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA CONTRIBUTORS AND ADVISORS Alan H. B atten, Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, 5071 W . Saanich Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8X 4M6 (The Nearest Stars). L a r r y D. B o g a n , Department of Physics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B0P 1X0 (Configurations of Saturn’s Satellites). Terence Dickinson, Yarker, ON, Canada K0K 3N0 (The Planets). D a v id W. D u n h a m , International Occultation Timing Association, 7006 Megan Lane, Greenbelt, MD 20770, U.S.A. (Lunar and Planetary Occultations). A lan Dyer, A lister Ling, Edmonton Space Sciences Centre, 11211-142 St., Edmonton, AB, Canada T5M 4A1 (Messier Catalogue, Deep-Sky Objects). Fred Espenak, Planetary Systems Branch, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A. 20771 (Eclipses and Transits). M a r ie F i d l e r , 23 Lyndale Dr., Willowdale, ON, Canada M2N 2X9 (Observatories and Planetaria). Victor Gaizauskas, J. W. D e a n , Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6 (Solar Activity). R o b e r t F. G a r r i s o n , David Dunlap Observatory, University of Toronto, Box 360, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada L4C 4Y6 (The Brightest Stars). Ian H alliday, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6 (Miscellaneous Astronomical Data). W illiam H erbst, Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, U.S.A. 06457 (Galactic Nebulae). Ja m e s T. H im e r, 339 Woodside Bay S.W., Calgary, AB, Canada, T2W 3K9 (Galaxies). -
An Innovative Solution to NASA's NEO Impact Threat Mitigation Grand
Final Technical Report of a NIAC Phase 2 Study December 9, 2014 NASA Grant and Cooperative Agreement Number: NNX12AQ60G NIAC Phase 2 Study Period: 09/10/2012 – 09/09/2014 An Innovative Solution to NASA’s NEO Impact Threat Mitigation Grand Challenge and Flight Validation Mission Architecture Development PI: Dr. Bong Wie, Vance Coffman Endowed Chair Professor Asteroid Deflection Research Center Department of Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 email: [email protected] (515) 294-3124 Co-I: Brent Barbee, Flight Dynamics Engineer Navigation and Mission Design Branch (Code 595) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD 20771 email: [email protected] (301) 286-1837 Graduate Research Assistants: Alan Pitz (M.S. 2012), Brian Kaplinger (Ph.D. 2013), Matt Hawkins (Ph.D. 2013), Tim Winkler (M.S. 2013), Pavithra Premaratne (M.S. 2014), Sam Wagner (Ph.D. 2014), George Vardaxis, Joshua Lyzhoft, and Ben Zimmerman NIAC Program Executive: Dr. John (Jay) Falker NIAC Program Manager: Jason Derleth NIAC Senior Science Advisor: Dr. Ronald Turner NIAC Strategic Partnerships Manager: Katherine Reilly Contents 1 Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle (HAIV) Mission Concept 2 1.1 Introduction ...................................... 2 1.2 Overview of the HAIV Mission Concept ....................... 6 1.3 Enabling Space Technologies for the HAIV Mission . 12 1.3.1 Two-Body HAIV Configuration Design Tradeoffs . 12 1.3.2 Terminal Guidance Sensors/Algorithms . 13 1.3.3 Thermal Protection and Shield Issues . 14 1.3.4 Nuclear Fuzing Mechanisms ......................... 15 2 Planetary Defense Flight Validation (PDFV) Mission Design 17 2.1 The Need for a PDFV Mission ............................ 17 2.2 Preliminary PDFV Mission Design by the MDL of NASA GSFC . -
A Coupled Model of Episodic Warming, Oxidation and Geochemical Transitions on Early Mars
A coupled model of episodic warming, oxidation and geochemical transitions on early Mars Robin Wordsworth,1,2 Andrew H. Knoll,3 Joel Hurowitz,4 Mark Baum,2 Bethany L. Ehlmann,5,6 James W. Head,7 Kathryn Steakley,8 1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02137, USA 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02137, USA 3Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02137, USA 4Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-2100, USA 5Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA 6NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena CA 91109, USA 7Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, arXiv:2103.06736v1 [astro-ph.EP] 11 Mar 2021 Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA 8NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Blvd, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA 1 Reconciling the geology of Mars with models of atmospheric evolution remains a major challenge. Martian geology is characterized by past evidence for episodic surface liquid water, and geochemistry indicating a slow and intermittent transition from wetter to drier and more oxidizing surface conditions. Here we present a new model incorporating ran- domized injection of reducing greenhouse gases and oxidation due to hydrogen escape, to investigate the conditions responsible for these diverse observations. We find that Mars could have transitioned repeatedly from reducing (H2-rich) to oxidizing (O2-rich) atmo- spheric conditions in its early history. Our model predicts a generally cold early Mars, with mean annual temperatures below 240 K. If peak reducing gas release rates and background CO2 levels are high enough, it nonetheless exhibits episodic warm intervals sufficient to degrade crater walls, form valley networks and create other fluvial/lacustrine features. -
Lec 5: Gases (DO & CO ) and Ph
Lec 5: Gases (DO & CO2) and pH •Factors affecting Oxygen Concentrations •Inorganic & Organic Carbon and the Carbonate Cycle Wednesday: Cole, J.J. et al. 1994. Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes. Science 265:1568-1570. 1 Dissolved Gases 1. Gases constitute one class of chemical impurities of water: some essential for life, some inert, others toxic 2. Properties of gases governed by both chemical and physical laws 3. Gases tend toward equilibrium between the concentration in the atmosphere and that dissolved in water 4. Equilibrium (saturation) amount of each gas dissolved in water dependent on: a. Pressure (atmospheric pressure, elevation: increasing pressure increases solubility) b. Salinity (increasing salinity reduces solubility) c. Temperature (increasing temperature reduces solubility) 5. Solubility of a gas is independent of the concentrations of other gases in solution 2 Atmospheric vs. Dissolved Gas Concentrations (% by volume) Dissolved Relative Gas Atmosphere in water Solubility Nitrogen 78.08 42 1 Oxygen 20.95 35 3 Argon 0.934 Carbon dioxide 0.033 23 2100 Others 0.003 Nitrogen and Phosphorus are important plant nutrients 3 Oxygen • 90% of water (by weight) but not biologically available or important in this form • Probably the most important single indicator of aquatic conditions for biota • Concentration in water generally expressed as PPM (Parts per million) = mg/l, or as percent saturation: Amount Present Solubility • Determination – DO Probe and meter – Chemically (Winkler method and modifications) -
Etd-04022009-142258.Pdf (3.162 Mb )
LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT MICROBIAL INFLUENCES ON SEAFLOOR GAS HYDRATES By James Gregory Radich A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering in the Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering Mississippi State, Mississippi May 2009 Copyright by James Gregory Radich 2009 LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT MICROBIAL INFLUENCES ON SEAFLOOR GAS HYDRATES By James Gregory Radich Approved: ______________________________ ______________________________ Rudy E. Rogers W. Todd French Professor of Chemical Engineering Assistant Professor of (Director of Thesis) Chemical Engineering (Committee Member) ______________________________ ______________________________ Adrienne R. Minerick Priscilla J. Hill Assistant Professor of Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering (Committee Member) (Committee Member) ______________________________ ______________________________ Sarah A. Rajala Mark White Dean of the Bagley Chair of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering (Graduate Coordinator) Name: James Gregory Radich Date of Degree: May 2, 2009 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Chemical Engineering Major Professor: Dr. Rudy E. Rogers Title of Study: LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT MICROBIAL INFLUENCES ON SEAFLOOR GAS HYDRATES Pages in Study: 280 Candidate for Degree of Master of Science of Chemical Engineering Bacillus subtilis capable of producing surfactin was cultured to evaluate effects of microbial cell mass on natural gas hydrate formation, dissociation, and stability characteristics. The direct molecular influences of microbial cell wall polymers inhibited gas hydrate formation significantly, decreased hydrate formation rates, and increased dissociation rates. Upon the introduction of bentonite, significant synergy was observed in the system in the form of a catalytic effect. -
MIDDLES BMJ: First Published As 10.1136/Bmj.298.6685.1437 on 27 May 1989
MIDDLES BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.298.6685.1437 on 27 May 1989. Downloaded from Lake Nyos disaster, Cameroon, 1986: the medical effects of large scale emission of carbon dioxide? Peter J Baxter, M Kapila, D Mfonfu Abstract loss oflife in the settlements ofNyos, Cha, and Subum, Carbon dioxide was blamed for the deaths of around and along valleys in a sparsely populated farming area 1700 people in Cameroon, west Africa, in 1986 when some 20 km long by 15 km wide6 (fig 1). Most of the a massive release ofgas occurred from Lake Nyos, a native population were either subsistence farmers or volcanic crater lake. The clinical findings in 845 Fulani cattle raisers; many cattle as well as other survivors seen at or admitted to hospital were animals were killed. Survivors near the lake recalled compatible with exposure to an asphyxiant gas. hearing wind or animals being disturbed and some Rescuers noted cutaneous erythema and bullae on reported a smell of gunpowder or rotten eggs before an unknown proportion of corpses and 161 (19%) suddenly losing consciousness. News of the event was survivors treated in hospital; though these lesions slow to emerge, and when a rescue team entered the were initially believed to be burns from acidic gases, area 36 hours later it came upon an awesome scene. further investigation suggested that they were One of us (DM) was a member of the team. associated with coma states caused by exposure to carbon dioxide in air. The disaster at Lake Nyos and a similar event at Lake Monoun, Cameroon, two years previously provide new information on the possible medical effects of large scale emissions of carbon dioxide, though the presence of other toxic factors in these gas releases cannot be excluded. -
“Virunga Volcanoes Supersite” Abstract
www.earthobservations.org/gsnl.php GSNL Proposal for Permanent Supersite A.1. Proposal Title: “Virunga Volcanoes Supersite” Abstract: The Virunga region is situated between Lake Kivu and Lake Edward in Eastern Africa, on the border of Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC), Uganda and Rwanda. The Virunga is characterized with very fertile mountainous lands under a tropical climate were live millions of people grouped in cities and villages, and is additionally home for several unique wild animals such as the famous mountain gorillas. On the other hand, the Virunga is located in the western branch of the East African Rift System, and is thus prey to tectonic forces that are presently splitting apart the African plate. The rifting movements yielded the formation of Africa’s great lakes, among which the methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich Lake Kivu, and resulted in the highly active volcanoes whose most eruptions are initiated by the rift opening. The inhabitants of Virunga villages and cities (e.g. Goma in RDC and Gisenyi in Rwanda; ~ 1.5 million inhabitants) neighboring Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira active volcanoes and Lake Kivu live in a highly hazardous area. These populations are in fact permanently threatened by lava flows from the two volcanoes, and by a possible explosion of Lake Kivu that could release ~300 3 3 km CO2 and 60 km of CH4 dissolved in its deep waters. Such an explosion of Lake Kivu could be a regional catastrophe as it would affect the ~3 million people living in the catchment of the lake. Goma city and the surroundings have been many times affected by volcanic products. -
Special Issue Geochemistry Preface
Geochemical Journal, Vol. 28, pp. 137 to 138, 1994 Special Issue Geochemistry of Crater Lakes Preface MINORU KUSAKABE Institute for Study.of the Earth's Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori-ken 682-01, Japan Crater lakes usually sit on top of volcanic gas disaster, the Misasa meeting covered a wider conduits, and act as condensers of magmatic vapor. spectrum of subjects related the geochemistry of The chemistry of active crater lakes represents the volcanic lakes. This special issue consists of 10 results of integrated volcano-fluid interactions papers dealing with the Lake Nyos water chemistry taking place within the shallow regions of the including proposals on ways to prevent future gas volcano. Studies of crater lakes can therefore disasters, results of the search for gas accumulation provide information on both deep magmatic ac in other crater lakes, geochemical monitoring of tivity and variations in the degassing state of a active, hot crater lakes, fluid-volcano interaction shallow magmatic body. The Lake Nyos gas di in terms of chemical and isotopic variations, and saster of August 1986 and a similar event two an evaluation of past volcanic activity recorded in years earlier (August 1984) at Lake Monoun, both sediment cores from volcanic lakes. in Cameroon, resulted from the accumulation of Evans et al. evaluate the evolution of the wa magmatic CO2 in the bottom layers of these two ter-column structure of Lake Nyos after the 1986 lakes. Geochemical monitoring of crater lakes is gas disaster and estimate the pre-release structure thus a promising tool not only for forecasting of the lake. -
Sixth Microgravity Fluid Physics and Transport Phenomena Conference Abstracts
NASA/TM--2002-211211 Sixth Microgravity Fluid Physics and Transport Phenomena Conference Abstracts August 2002 The NASA STI Program Office... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA Scientific and Technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key part meetings sponsored or cosponsored by in helping NASA maintain this important role. NASA. The NASA STI Program Office is operated by SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, Langley Research Center, the Lead Center for technical, or historical information from NASA's scientific and technical information. The NASA programs, projects, and missions, NASA STI Program Office provides access to the often concerned with subjects having NASA STI Database, the largest collection of substantial public interest. aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program Office is also NASA's institutional TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- mechanism for disseminating the results of its language translations of foreign scientific research and development activities. These results and technical material pertinent to NASA's are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report mission. Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services that complement the STI TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of Program Office's diverse offerings include completed research or a major significant creating custom thesauri, building customized phase of research that present the results of data bases, organizing and publishing research NASA programs and include extensive data results.., even providing videos. or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data and For more information about the NASA STI information deemed to be of continuing Program Office, see the following: reference value.