INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS: DYNAMICS of REGULATION of a RAPIDLY EXPANDING SERVICE Asimr H

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Communications Under the Seas: the Evolving Cable Network and Its

Communications under the Seas The Evolving Cable Network and Its Implications edited by Bernard Finn and Daqing Yang The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please email special_sales@mitpress .mit.edu This book was set in Bembo by The MIT Press. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Communications under the seas : the evolving cable network and its implications / edited by Bernard Finn and Daqing Yang. p. cm. — (Dibner Institute studies in the history of science and technology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01286-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Cables, Submarine—History. 2. Telecommunication—Social aspects—History. 3. Communication, International. I. Finn, Bernard S., 1932– II. Yang, Daqing, 1964– TK5103.15.C66 2009 621.387’8409162—dc22 2008042011 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Index Admiralty (U.K.), 187 for voice communications, 37–38, 46, “Memorandum on the Protection of 51 British Submarine Cables,” 194 vacuum tube amplifiers, 30, 37, 46, 247 Ahvenainen, Jorma, 119 Anglo-American Telegraph Company, 29t, Alcatel, 175, 280 66, 71, 82–83, 162–163, 166 Alexander, grand duke of Russia, 124, 126 anti-trust legislation, 199 Algeria, 185 Associated Press, 169, 266 All America Cables, 33, 35, 84, 280 Atlantic Telegraph Company, 18, 66, 167 All-American Telegraph Companies, 89 AT&T.
Recognizing Legal Differences in Computer Bulletin Board Functions Eric Goldman Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected]

Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1-1-1993 Cyberspace, the Free Market and the Free Marketplace of Ideas: Recognizing Legal Differences in Computer Bulletin Board Functions Eric Goldman Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation 16 Hastings Comm. & Ent. L.J. 87 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cyberspace, the Free Market and the Free Marketplace of Ideas: Recognizing Legal Differences in Computer Bulletin Board Functions by ERIC SCHLACHTER* Table of Contents I. Difficult Issues Resulting from Changing Technologies.. 89 A. The Emergence of BBSs as a Communication M edium ............................................. 91 B. The Need for a Law of Cyberspace ................. 97 C. The Quest for the Appropriate Legal Analogy Applicable to Sysops ................................ 98 II. Breaking Down Computer Bulletin Board Systems Into Their Key Characteristics ................................ 101 A. Who is the Sysop? ......... 101 B. The Sysop's Control ................................. 106 C. BBS Functions ...................................... 107 1. Message Functions ..............................
By the HERALD's Special Wire!

Gale Primary Sources Start at the source. “By the HERALD’s Special Wire!”: Technology and Speed in Transnational News Clare Pettitt King’s College London Various source media, International Herald Tribune Historical Archive 1887-2013 EMPOWER™ RESEARCH “information is speed” Street where a young prostitute, Helen Jewett, had been murdered. Such novel and sensational reporting Paul Virilio, The Art of the Motor (1995) i drove the paper’s circulation up to 10,000. The New York Herald did well out of the Civil War; with 63 reporters in the field, it became a trusted source of war news. Post-war, the American economy boomed and James Bennett, and his son, Gordon Bennett, who ran Bennett Snr. was among the first to realise the the New York Herald and then simultaneously the New importance to a growing economy of fresh financial York Herald European Edition (later renamed as the news, daily Wall Street reports and detailed shipping International Herald Tribune), were remarkable in their ii news. He started the practice of sending boats out to early understanding of the possibilities of electronic meet incoming ships to collect the news from abroad. communication for creating news. In their newspapers, He made his newspaper useful to its readers in new they exploited the speed of the new transatlantic cables ways. He understood that speed and news were in a way which makes them very significant figures in conjoined concepts in what would come to be called the the creation of a culture of non-stop global news. They Gilded Age, and that financial investments depended on understood that delayed information exponentially good market information.
Dials and Channels David Sarnoff and His

Dials and Channels The Journal of the National Capital Radio & Television Museum 2608 Mitchellville Road Bowie, MD 20716-1392 (301) 390-1020 Vol. 25, No. 3 ncrtv.org September 2019 David Sarnoff and His RCA By Brian Belanger Introduction threw a tantrum. He ordered all copies of the first draft destroyed and rewrote sections himself. Book Along the stairway to the second floor of the critics were quick to comment on how over-the-top Museum are displayed about a dozen photos of laudatory the sanitized version was. It did not sell individuals that we felt were deserving of recognition well. for their roles in the history of radio and television. David Sarnoff’s photo is included. It is certainly A later and more balanced biography was authored appropriate that his story and how he shaped RCA, by Kenneth Bilby after Sarnoff’s death. Bilby was the Radio Corporation of America, be told in Dials Sarnoff’s public relations manager and a close and Channels. associate. This article relies heavily on that source. Any author outside of RCA intending to write a Sarnoff is a controversial figure. His supporters have Sarnoff biography who sought access to company called him a visionary and a genius, and are in awe of records would probably have received cooperation him, while critics have described him as a ruthless in proportion to how likely that author was to praise egotist. A case might be made for either label. I recognize Sarnoff’s shortcomings, yet I admire him for reasons that will become clear later in this article.
In1ternational Telephone and Telegraph Corporation

IN1TERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION U. S. AND CANADIAN DIVISIONS� SUBSIDIARIES, AND ASSOCIATES DIVISIONS - lniernational Standal'd Electric corporation .New York, N. Y. Components Division . .............Olifton, lnternational Telecommunication Laboratories, Inc. B' arnsworth Electronics Company ..... .....l!'ort \Vayne,N. Ind. J. New York, N. Y. 'l'eJecommunication J"abm·atories .........Nutley, . .T. lnternation l '.reJephone Building Corporation . Ne York, l<'ederal •relephone and Radio Company ..........Clifton, N . J·'<«leral N Kellogg Credita Corporation . .... .... .... Neww York N. Y. ndustrial Products Division ............San l!'ernando, Calif. .J. Kuthe Laboratories, Inc .... ........ , ...., ....Newat'k, , N. J. JKellogg Switchboard and Supply Company .......C hicago, Ill. Royal Electric Corporation ....................Pawtucke t, R. I. SUBSIDIARIES - Electric Cords 8upply Corporation ......Los Angeles, CnL b'arnswort Electronics Company-Pacific Division & h Palo Alto, Calif. ASSOCIATES - l<' ecieral Carlbe, Inc. .......................Santa Isabel, P.R. Cable & Radio Corporation Fe<leral lDlectric Corporation ..... .............Paramus, .J. New York, IT&T Electronic.>S Service Company of Canada, Ltd. N . Ameri<�an (58% owned) Montr al Canada All America Cables and Radio, Inc . ... York, N. Y. li1telex Syste >! Incorporated ................ New Ye or, k, Y. Commercial Cable Company, '£ he ... .New York, N. Y. Airmatic Systemsm Conioration ...........Sa ddle Brook, N. Mackay Radio and 1'elegraph Company (Inc.) New'-rew York. N. Y. N. J. N. OVERSEAS AND SALES COMPANIES RESEARCH MANUFAC.TURING (SubsMiaries. INTERNATIONAL, STANDARD, ELECTRIC CORPORATION ) af IRAN - British Commanwealth of Nations AUSTRALIA - Standard Elektrizitiits-Gesellschaft l an A. 'l'eheran r G. Standard Telephones and Cables Pty. l.-imited . ... Sydney Austral Standard Cables Pty. Limited owned) Melbourne ITALYF'abb- rica Apparec<,hiature per Comunicazioni Elettriche Silovac Electrical Products Pty, Limi(50%t d .......••••.Sy dney Standard S.p.A.
1858 Railroad Tunnel Opens As a Hiking Trail

Dots& Dashes •-- •••• •- - •••• •- - •••• --• • • -•• •-- • •• • • ••- --• •••• - What Hath God Wrought The Official Publication of the Morse Telegraph Club, Inc. Vol. 46, Issue No. 1 • Winter 2020-21 1858 Railroad Tunnel Opens as a Hiking Trail early two decades were required to restore the Blue Ridge Mountains. The mile-long tunnel Nan abandoned railroad tunnel in Crozet, was constructed between 1849 and 1859 using Virginia. Just opened to the public in November crude methods of that era. 2020, this project adds to a national network The tunnel maintains temperatures of about of former railroad rights-of-way turned into 50 degrees year-round. With no interior lighting, public hiking and biking trails. These innovative visitors must bring their own flashlights, preferably programs have found successful funding and have head band flashlights. Because of ecological proved popular with the public. concerns, there are no plans to light the tunnel. The Nelson County, Virginia Department of Rail traffic closed in 1944 when larger engines Parks & Recreation just opened the Claudius could not fit through the tunnel. Another tunnel Crozet Blue Ridge Tunnel Trail system to bicyclists was built next to this one and it is still used today at Rockfish Gap in Aton, Virginia. This newly by the CSX Railroad. In 2007, CSX donated the restored tunnel trail lies more than 700 feet below abandoned tunnel to Nelson County. continued on page 4 * IN THIS ISSUE Dots& Dashes Articles The official publication of 1858 Railroad Tunnel Opens The Morse Telegraph Club, Inc. as a Hiking Trail ..........................................1,4 Jim Wilson - Editor, Dots & Dashes Postal Telegraph Documentary Film 2742 Southern Hills Court • North Garden, VA 22959 By J.
David Sarnoff

ARCI NEWS www.antique-radios.org Affiliated AWA Volume 35, Issue 5 Antique Wireless Association October 2016 RADIOFEST 2016 PIcTuRES InSIDE UpCoMIng oUTDooR MEET oCTobER 2, 2016 AMERICAN LEGION HALL 570 South Gary Avenue, Carol Stream, IL October 2, 2016 7AM – 11AM Business Meeting 9:30 am Boy Scout Pancake Breakfast / Free Coffee, Juice & Cookies 50/50 Cash Drawing Raffle 2016 ARCI MEET SCHEDULE 7AM-11AM Outdoor Swap Meet American Legion Hall October 2, 2016 Business Mtg./Officer Election 10AM Carol Stream, IL (See Map) 7AM-11AM Indoor Swap Meet American Legion Hall December 11, 2016 Business Meeting 10AM Carol Stream, IL (See Map) ~ 2 ~ pRESIDEnT’S MESSAgE It is really hard to believe that fall is already here and Radiofest 2016 has come and gone. And, what a great Radiofest it was! Our new venue was nothing short of fantastic, and our hotel accommodations were a huge upgrade over last year. Our seller registrations were up over 9% compared with 2015 and the main auction bottom line was the second highest ever. It was, as always, a jam-packed event, and I know that even those who stayed for the entire duration could not possibly have experienced every part of it. But now you can read all about it right here! This month’s ARCI NEWS features individual, detailed articles covering every aspect of Radiofest 2016, including the main auction, ham station, RCA display, and equipment contest. So, take a little time to sit back, relax, and read all about what actually happened at our premier ARCI event! It goes without saying that pulling off a complex event like Radiofest 2016 was no small feat.
The Electromagnetic Telegraph Alexander J

Santa Clara University Scholar Commons Economics Leavey School of Business 2001 The Regulatory History of a New Technology: The Electromagnetic Telegraph Alexander J. Field Santa Clara University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/econ Part of the Economics Commons, and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Field, Alexander J. 2001. “The Regulatory History of a New Technology: The Electromagnetic Telegraph.” Michigan State University Law Review 2: 245-253. Copyright © 2001 the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Leavey School of Business at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Economics by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE REGULATORY HISTORY OF A NEW TECHNOLOGY: ELECTROMAGNETIC TELEGRAPHY* Alexander J. Field" 2001 L. REv. M.S.U.-D.C.L. 245 Attitudes toward economic regulation in the United States have, since colonial times, been influenced by an almost schizophrenic oscillation between dirigiste and laissez-faire ideology. The laissez-faire tradition maintains that within a legal system providing elementary guarantees against force and fraud, business enterprise should be allowed the maximum possible freedom. The dirigiste tradition, on the other hand, recommends government intervention in a variety of situations, including those where the social return may exceed the private rate of return to research and development spending, in cases of natural monopoly, or where a firm has erected barriers to entry that give it effective control over bottlenecks and the ability to extract rents from them. Direct government economic influence on the telegraph industry over its roughly fourteen decade history reflects this schizophrenia.
Norvin Green and the Telegraph Consolidation Movement

NORVIN GREEN AND THE TELEGRAPH CONSOLIDATION MOVEMENT BY I.•R G. LINDLEYv Barbourville, Kentucky A paper given before The Filson Club, December 4, 1972 "[T]elegraph stock," Norvin Green lamented in 1859, "is the mean- est property in the world." Given its "uncertain ties and dependence upon trickery," owning telegraph stock Green thought was "the next thing to stock in a faro bank.....1 On the surface this pessimistic atti- tude toward telegraph property might appear incongruous given Green's extensive involvement in the telegraph industry from the early 1850s. However, in examining the circumstances of telegraph development in the period from the late 1840s through the middle 1860s, Green's bleak assessment of telegraph stock was, in reality, an accurate analysis of internal difficulties which confronted the telegraph industry in the first two decades of its history. The fears Green expressed epitomized a fundamental conflict within telegraphing as the industry matured---a conflict between forces which encouraged competition and those impelling telegraphers to consolidate their industry. These conflicts remained unresolved until the middle of 1866 when major telegraph companies consolidated under Western Union's leadership to form the nation's first large monopoly. In the late 1870s and early 1880s, however, the potential for renewed com- petition became a reality with the formation of the American Union Telegraph and the Postal Telegraph companies. By the late 1880s tension between a competitive and consolidated industry was resolved by leading telegraphers whose option was for consolidation.2 Norvin Green's career as a telegrapher demonstrates the tension between forces tending to keep the industry a competitive one, and the dynamics of antithetic factors which influenced telegraphers to con- solidate their enterprises.
(Former) HOME LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY BUILDING (Incorporating the Former Postal Telegraph Building), 256-257 and 253 Broadway, Borough of Manhattan

Landmarks Preservation Commission November 12, 1991; Designation List 240 LP-1751 (Former) HOME LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY BUILDING (incorporating the former Postal Telegraph Building), 256-257 and 253 Broadway, Borough of Manhattan. No. 256-257 built 1892-94; Napoleon LeBrun & Sons (Pierre L. LeBrun), architects. No. 253 built 1892-94; George Edward Harding & Gooch, architects. Landmark Site: Borough of Manhattan Tax Map Block 134, Lots 1001 and 1002. On December 12th, 1989, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the Home Life Insurance Company Buildings and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site (Item No. 15). The hearing had been duly advertised in accordance with the provisions of law. Seven witnesses spoke in favor of designation. One witness was opposed to designation. Three letters have been received supporting the designation, including a letter from a representative of the Department of General Services, City of New York, which owns Lot 1001 (the office stories). The owner of Lot 1002 (the retail stores) is not opposed to this designation. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS Summary The (former) Home Life Insurance Company Building, a significant, early skyscraper richly designed in the neo-Renaissance style by Pierre L. LeBrun of the firm of Napoleon LeBrun & Sons, was constructed in 1892-94. In 1893 the initial twelve-story Home Life tower design was extended to fifteen stories, an enlargement that, at its completion in 1894, made this building higher than its southern neighbor and almost exact contemporary, the Postal Telegraph Building designed by George Edward Harding & Gooch and built in 1892- 94.
Radiotelephone, Satelite Communications, Ocean Cable Telegraph and Radiotelegraph

DOCURBET RESUME ED 136 798 IR 004 589 TITLE Common Carrier Services. INSTITUTION Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Jul 76 NOTE 21p.; Information Bulletin No. 8. For related document, see ED 064 942 EDRS PRICE RE-$0.83 HC-S1.67 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Administrative Agencies; *Communication Satellites; Federal Legislation; Government Role; Technological Advancement; *Telecommunication; *Telephone Communications Industry ABSTRACT This bulletin outlines the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) responsibilities in regulating the interstate and foreign common carrier communication via electrical means. Also summarized are the history, technological development, and current capabilities and prospects of telegraph, wire teAephone, radiotelephone, satelite communications, ocean cable telegraph and radiotelegraph. (SC)" * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * * materials not available from other sources. EBIC.makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and.hardcopy reproductions ERIC-makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
E-Mail and Academic Computer Networks

AAPM REPORT NO. 30 E-MAIL AND ACADEMIC COMPUTER NETWORKS Published for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics AAPM REPORT NO. 30 REPORT OF TASK GROUP 1 COMPUTER COMMITTEE Trevor D. Cradduck (Task Group Chairman) Martin S. Weinhous Neal Tobochnik September 1990 Published for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics DISCLAIMER: This publication is based on sources and information believed to be reliable, but the AAPM and the editors disclaim any warranty or liability based on or relat- ing to the contents of this publication The AAPM does not endorse any products, manufac- turers, or suppliers. Nothing in this publication should be interpreted as implying such endorsement. Further copies of this report ($10 prepaid) may be obtained from: American Institute of Physics c/o AIDC 64 Depot Road Colchester, Vermont 05446 (l-800-445-6638) Library of Congress Catalog Number: 90-55652 International Standard Book Number: 0-883 18-806-6 International Standard Serial Number: 0271-7344 © 1990 by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re- produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior writ- ten permission of the publisher. Published by the American Institute of Physics, Inc. 335 East 45 Street, New York, NY 10017 Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS . i PREFACE . 1 1 INTRODUCTION ................................... 3 ELECTRONIC MAIL AND COMMUNICATIONS ......