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295 © in This Web Service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01228-8 Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01228-8 - Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893 Joshua D. Wolff Index More information Index Adams, Charles Francis, 177 competitive strategy of, 252 Adams, Henry, 207 consolidation with Western Union, Adams, Henry C., 281 258–60 , 261 Alley, John B., 84 , 85 , 89 , 97 , 107 , 108 , 110 incorporation of, 246 Allison, William B., 163 profi tability of, 257 American Bell Telephone, 285 proxy war with Continental Telegraph, American Cable Construction Company, 252 260 railroad partnerships of, 257 American Cheap Transportation rapid growth of, 254 , 255 , 257 Association, 170 Ames, Frederick, 258 American District Telegraph, 204 , 230 Anglo-American Cable Company, 198 , American Federation of Labor, 286 199 , 199 American Rapid Telegraph Company, 271 Army Signal Corps, 66 , 67 , 68 American Speaking Telephone Company, Ashley, James, 213 241 , 242 Associated Press. See New York Associated American Telegraph and Cable Company, Press 257 , 282 Atlantic & Ohio Telegraph Company, 77 , American Telegraph Company, 36 , 37 , 38 , 132 39 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 53 , Atlantic & Pacifi c Range, 95 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , Atlantic & Pacifi c States Company, 148 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 84 , Atlantic & Pacifi c Telegraph Company, 86 , 90 , 93 , 94 , 99 , 101 , 102–3 , 114 , 51 , 95 , 112 , 129 , 130 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 115 , 117 , 122 , 139 , 173 , 199 , 206 147 , 148 , 169 , 194 , 195 , 197 , 207 , American Telegraph Confederation, 32 , 33 , 209 , 210 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 221 , 36 , 41 222 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 229 , 230 , American Telephone and Telegraph 231 , 233 , 235 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 244 , Company, 237 , 287 , 288 246 , 247 , 254 , 255 , 258 , 261 , 273 , American Union Telegraph Company, 245 , 275 246 , 247 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , capital expansion of, 224 , 226 , 227 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 261 , 273 , 274 , competitive strategy of, 225 275 , 280 , 285 consolidation with Western Union, 230 , Central Construction Company 244 subsidiary, 254 Jay Gould purchase of, 209 295 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01228-8 - Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893 Joshua D. Wolff Index More information 296 Index Atlantic & Pacifi c Telegraph Bok, Edward, 274 Company (cont.) Brotherhood of the Telegraph, 269 , 270 rate war with Western Union, 216 , 217 , Brown, B. Gratz, 86 , 89 , 97 , 106 , 123 222 , 222 , 223 , 226 , 233 Bulkley, Charles S., 80 stockholder litigation, 244 Burnett, Henry, 56 support for Western Union strikers, 145 Butler Amendment, 250 , 251 , 254 Western Union consolidation with, Butler, Ben, 216 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 250 , 229–30 251 Atlantic cable legislative campaign against Western attempt of 1858, 40 , 43 , 78 Union, 221–2 attempt of 1865, 113 attempt of 1866, 114 California State Telegraph Company, 58 cartel, 257 , 282 , 283 California, telegraph in, 50 , 57–60 , 148 cipher messages, 266 Cameron, Simon, 62 , 65 , 66 , 68 competing proposals for, 41 Canadian telegraph, 255 , See Dominion competitive threat of, 38 Telegraph Company ; Montreal 1858 attempt, 36 Telegraph Company feeder lines for, 35 Carnegie, Andrew, 130 , 132 , 195 government support for, 41 Caton, J.D., 30 , 31 , 38 , 45 , 61 , 86 , 173 , public celebrations of, 44 174 sponsors of, 35 censorship of the telegraph, 62 , 66 Western Union control of, 115 Centennial exhibition of 1876, 225 , 236 Automatic Telegraph Company, 214 , 215 , Central Pacifi c Railroad, 134 , 206 , 207 , 215 , 230 226 automatic telegraphy, 203–4 , 211–12 Central Union Telegraph Company, 246 Chandler, A. B., 283 Bain telegraph patent, 22 Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., 5 , 13 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 206 , 218 , Chandler, William E., 219 224 , 225 , 226 , 228 , 254 , 255 , Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge , 167 275 , 276 , 285 Chicago Board of Trade, 211 telegraph subsidiary, 246 Chicago, Columbus & Indiana Central Baltimore & Ohio Telegraph Company, Railroad, 132 252 , 275 , 276 , 280 , 285 Chicago Tribune , 259 Banker, James, 174 ciphers, military, 68 Bankers’ & Brokers’ Telegraph Company, Clafl in, Tennessee, 176 193 , 194 , 230 Clark, Horace, 174 , 175 , 177 , 194 , 195 Bankers’ & Merchants’ Telegraph Clarke, Freeman, 75 Company, 271 Clay, Henry, 17 Bates, David Homer, 246 Cleveland, Grover, 277 Bee, Frederic and Albert, 53 Clowry, R. C., 67 , 69 , 70 , 83 Bell, Alexander Graham, 156 , 235 Coe, George S., 282 engagement with Atlantic & Pacifi c Colfax, Schuyler, 60 , 163 Telegraph, 237 Collins Overland Telegraph. See Russian engagement with Western Union, 235 , Extension 236 , 237 Collins, Perry McDonough, 78 experiments with human speech, 236 Commercial Cable Company, 282 relationship with Gardiner Greene commercial news. See market news, Hubbard, 237 telegraph Bell Telephone Company, 242 , 243 , 244 , Committee on Interstate Commerce, 279 273 communication revolution, 3 Bennett, James Gordon, 126 , 281 competition in telegraphy, 25 , 26 , 285 Blaine, James G., 163 , 170 , 251 , 277 , 278 arguments against, 32 , 40 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01228-8 - Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893 Joshua D. Wolff Index More information Index 297 benefi ts of, 289 automatic telegraph patents, 215 ease of entry to market, 171 duplex innovations, 214 effect on wages, 141 early experiments in telegraphy, 213 government support for, 104 , 109 , 110 , fi nancial problems of, 214 250 , 254 Quadruplex invention, 214 limits of, 289 telephone experiments, 236 , 238 , 239 , from new technologies, 198 243 North American Telegraph Association English telegraph opposition to, 46 , 56 American response to nationalization, operators demand for, 141 168 for speculative purposes, 231 , 233 , 262 comparative cost of nationalization, 167 viability of, 272 , 280 nationalization of, 8 , 155–6 , 157 , 167 , Western Union opposition to, 7 , 111 , 179 128 , 193 Telegraph Bill of 1868, 156 Confederate Military Telegraph, 68 , 69 Erie & Michigan Telegraph, 31 Confederate States of America Erie Railroad, 208 , 209 , 226 , 227 private telegraph companies in, 49 , 61 , European telegraphs, 155 , See also English 62 , 63 telegraph seizure of private lines, 64 statistical comparisons, 160 Confi scation Act of 1862, 81 Conkling, Roscoe, 179 , 216 , 250 Farnsworth, John, 158 , 159 , 178 Conness, John, 106 female operators, 182 Continental Telegraph Company, 245 , 252 Cooper free telegraph school, 182 Cooke, Jay, 100 , 104 use to reduce labor costs, 182–3 Cooper, Peter, 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 42 , 182 Field, Cyrus, 34 , 36 , 39 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 60 , Cornell, Ezra, 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 44 , 173 86 , 113 Cowlam, George B., 220 Field, Stephen J., 249 Craig, D. H., 36 , 37 , 54 , 123 First Data Corporation, 288 Creighton, Edward, 59 , 174 Forbes, William H., 273 Creswell, John, 178 Franklin Telegraph Company, 129 , 141 , Cuba Submarine Telegraph Company, 193 , 198 , 209 , 212 , 230 200 operator strike against, 141–2 French Cable Company, 198 , 199 Dawes, Henry, 166 , 221 Dennison Report. See Dennison, William Garrett, John W., 206 , 226 , 254 , 256 , 275 Dennison, William, 65 , 97 Garrett, Robert, 275 , 276 government telegraphs report of, 97 Garrison, C. K., 226 Dillon, Sydney, 222 , 229 , 246 , 258 , 260 George, Henry, 125 , 126 , 280 Direct Cable Company, 209 Gold & Stock Telegraph Company, 203 , Dodge, William E., 174 204 , 213 , 214 , 230 , 242 Dominion Telegraph Company, 254 partnership with Western Union, 203 Douglas, Stephen A., 51 , 52 telephone patents of, 242 Dowley, Levi, 227 Goodsell, Charles and James, 218 , 219 Drew, Daniel, 185 Gould, George, 287 Gould, Jay, 7 , 57 , 187 , 197 , 207 , 208 , 214 , Eckert, Thomas T., 117 , 118 , 120 , 209 , 215 , 215 , 219 , 222 , 226 , 228 , 229 , 210 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 220 , 222 , 230 , 231 , 234 , 236 , 239 , 241 , 244 , 229 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 260 , 271 , 272 , 245 , 246 , 256 , 259 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 287 268 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 277 , 285 , 287 , Edison, Thomas Alva, 137 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 288 , 291 216 , 217 , 225 , 235 , 236 , 239 , 243 acquisition of Western Union, 257 , 258 automatic telegraph innovations, 215 , 216 antimonopoly claims of, 227 , 252 , 257 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01228-8 - Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893 Joshua D. Wolff Index More information 298 Index Gould, Jay (cont.) House Committee on the Judiciary, 221 attack on Western Union railroad House Select Committee on Postal relationships, 224 , 247 , 249 , 252 , 255 Telegraph, 170 , 171 business strategy of, 207 , 209 , 210 , 217 , report on postal telegraph, 172 218 , 245 , 275 House telegraph patent, 29 contemporary criticism of, 265 control of, 36 corruption allegations against, 265 , 266 , disadvantages of, 31 277 , 278 printing telegraph, 22 historical reputation of, 207–8 , 261 , superiority of, 26 264 , 265 Hubbard, Gardiner Greene, 136 , 156 , 171 , lobbying of, 219 , 220 , 221 , 231 , 250 , 177 , 219 , 236 , 238 , 242 , 280 280 alliance with Jay Gould, 219 , 227 , 238 management of Western Union, 260 , argument for cheap telegraphy, 170 261 , 266 concessions to William Orton, 170 newspaper interests of, 208 lobbying of, 158–9 , 165 , 166 , 172 , 177 , press criticism of, 285 178 , 179 purchase
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