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Hydronic Pavement Systems for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance in Sweden

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Hydronic Pavement Systems for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance in Sweden DEGREE PROJECT IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2019 Hydronic Pavement Systems for Sustainable Winter road Maintenance in Sweden A Study of Hamnbacken in Visby CHIRIN BARIKAN KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Hydronic Pavement Systems for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance in Sweden A study of Hamnbacken in Visby CHIRIN BARIKAN Supervisor Berit Balfors Examiner Ulla Mörtberg Supervisor at Trafikverket Dan Eriksson Degree Project in Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Infrastructure KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Architecture and Built Environment Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden TRITA-ABE-MBT 19582 ii Sammanfattning Länder med övervägande kallt vinterklimat är halkbekämpning en nödvändighet för trafikens framkomlighet och säkerhet. Åtgärderna som vidtas för att få snö- och isfria vägar är kostsamma samt har en hög miljöpåverkan, ett vedertagligt exempel är plogning och saltning. Saltet hamnar i slutändan inom vägens omgivande områden och har en negativ påverkan på grundvatten och vegetation. En alternativ lösning till traditionell halkbekämpning är uppvärmda vägar för att uppnå ett halkfritt vinterväglag. Befintliga väguppvärmningssystem i Sverige försörjs av fjärrvärme vilket är en begräsning då tillgången till fjärrvärme finns i anslutning till tätorter. Målet är att utnyttja förnybara energikällor såsom geoenergi som är tillgänglig både i tätorter och på landsbygden. Det här examensarbetet undersöker Hamnbacken i Visby som ett pilotprojekt för en fullskalig implementering av väguppvärmningssystem där sjövärme används som energikälla. Denna studie har undersökt väderrelaterade vägförhållanden på Hamnbacken samt potentialen för användning av sjövärme. Den föreslagna platsens förutsättningar har visat sig vara gynnsamma i detta avseende. Nyckelord: Halkbekämpning, hållbar infrastruktur, geoenergi, förnybar energi, nordiskt klimat, borrhål, sjövärme iii iv Abstract In countries with harsh winter climates extensive winter road maintenance is necessary to achieve traffic accessibility and road safety. These measures have high economic and environmental costs as snow free roads and winter road maintenance in Sweden today is achieved by a combination of mechanical snow clearance and the spreading of salt to prevent ice formation. The salt ends up in the roadside environment and has negative effects on groundwater and vegetation. An alternative to traditional winter road maintenance to obtain non-skid winter roads is the use of hydronic pavement (HP) systems. Existing HP systems in Sweden are powered by district heating which limits the application to urban locations. The goal is to utilize renewable energy sources such as geoenergy which can be used in both rural and urban locations. This thesis suggests Hamnbacken in Visby as a pilot project for a full-scale application of the proposed HP system using surface water source heat. The weather related road surface conditions on Hamnbacken, and the potential of a renewable energy source have been examined in this study and the proposed location has been found favourable for a HP system. Keywords: Winter road maintenance, sustainable infrastructure, geoenergy, renewable energy, Nordic climate, BTES, surface water source heat v vi Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the constant support that I have received throughout the duration of this thesis. I would first like to thank my academic supervisor Prof. Berit Balfors at the Royal Institute of Technology for the time and effort she has given me over the past months. Her constant encouragement, feedback, and guidance has allowed this paper to be my own while steering me in the right direction whenever I was lost in my work. I would also like to thank my supervisor Dan Eriksson at the Swedish Transport Agency whose expertise has been invaluable to the formulation of this thesis. His engagement and generosity is unmatched and I am grateful to have embarked on such a wonderful person on my journey. Finally, I must express my gratitude towards my family for providing me with a well of unconditional support and continuous encouragement throughout all my years of studying. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you, Chirin Barikan vii viii Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Limitations ............................................................................................................................................... 2 2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Literature review ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Explorative Interviews ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 Case Study ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.4 Study visit ................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.4.1 Östersund ............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.4.2 Visby Port ............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.5 Weather data analysis from RWiS and Vintersidan ............................................................................... 4 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Sustainable Infrastructure ....................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Renewable energy sector in Sweden ........................................................................................................ 7 3.2.1 Solar Energy Potential ......................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Geoenergy ............................................................................................................................................ 9 3.3 Current Winter Road Maintenance ....................................................................................................... 10 3.3.1 Contracting and road classification ................................................................................................... 11 3.3.2 De-icing salt and the roadside environment .................................................................................... 12 3.3.3 Road surface energy balance ............................................................................................................. 12 3.4 Socio-economic cost model .................................................................................................................... 14 3.5 Hydronic Pavement Systems ................................................................................................................. 14 3.5.1 Designing a Hydronic Pavement System .......................................................................................... 15 3.5.2 Possible energy sources ..................................................................................................................... 16 4 REFERENCE PROJECTS ................................................................................................................................. 17 4.1 SERSO, bridge in Switzerland ................................................................................................................ 17 4.2 Road in Jönköping (RV40) .................................................................................................................... 18 5 PROPOSED PILOT PROJECT: PORT OF VISBY ........................................................................................... 19 5.1 Location .................................................................................................................................................. 19 5.2 MINSALT Gotland ................................................................................................................................. 21 6 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 6.1 Test site in Östersund ............................................................................................................................. 22 6.2 Energy source for proposed project ....................................................................................................... 24 6.3 Winter road conditions on Hamnbacken .............................................................................................
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