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ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻮزه ﻗ دار ر ﺧﺎ ﻛﺮم Earias Fabia (Stoll, 1781) Lepidoptera:Noctuidae

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ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻮزه ﻗ دار ر ﺧﺎ ﻛﺮم Earias Fabia (Stoll, 1781) Lepidoptera:Noctuidae وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻛﺸﻮر راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ و ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ Spiny cotton bollworm Earias fabia (Stoll, 1781) Lepidoptera:Noctuidae ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ: اﺣﻤﺪ ﭼﺮاﻏﻴﺎن دﻓﺘﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻬﺎر 1398 ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ Earias fabia (Stoll, 1781) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Common name: Spiny bollworm, Rough bollworm Spiny cotton bollworm, shoot and fruit borer Synonyms: Earias vittella (Fabricius, 1794), Aphusia speiplena Walker, 1858 Micra partita Walker, 1865, Earias huegeli Rogenhofer اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي: اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻳﻜﻲ ازآﻓﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﻲ آﺳﻴﺎ و اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻻرو آﻓـﺖ ﺗـﺎ %30 ، دوﻻروﺗﺎ40% ،ﭼﻬﺎرﻻرو ﺗﺎ60% و ﺷﺶ ﻻرو آﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ 75% ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮزه ﺧﺴﺎرت وارد ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ،اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎﻣﻴـﻪ ﺗـﺎ 20% در ﻓﻴﺠﻲ (Kamath (1979،ودر ﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن ﺗـﺎ Srinivasan and Krishnakumar (1983) %36 ﺧﺴـﺎرت وارد ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ ، ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﻴﺖ وﺑﺎزارﭘﺴﻨﺪي ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﻴﺸﻮد، ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ آﻓﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮردر ﻟﻴﺴﺖ آﻓﺎت ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ اي اﻳﺮان و ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ: ﭘﻨﺒﻪ وﺑﺎﻣﻴﻪ ازﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎي اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ،ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎي آﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح ذﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ: :(ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ)Major hosts Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton) :(ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﻲ)Minor hosts Gossypium (cotton), Gossypium arboreum (cotton, tree), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Abutilon (Indian mallow) ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﺋﻲ: آﺳﻴﺎ:اﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎن، ﺑﻨﮕﻼدش، ﺑﺮوﻧﺌﻲ داراﻟﺴﻼم، ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻮج، ﭼﻴﻦ، ﻫﻨﺪ، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي، ﻛﺮه ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﻲ، ﻻﺋـﻮس ، ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻤـﺎر، ﻣـﺎﻟﺰ ي، ﻓﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﻴﻦ ،ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن،ﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮر، ﺳﺮﻳﻼﻧﻜﺎ،ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ، وﻳﺘﻨﺎم، اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﻪ: اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ،ﻓﻴﺠﻲ،ﮔﻮام، ﺳﺎﻣﻮا، ﺗﻮﻧﮕﺎ،ﺟﺰاﻳﺮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن،ﭘﺎﭘﻮاﮔﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻮ، آﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ:ﺳﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ي اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻛﺮوي ﺷﻜﻞ و ﺣﺪود 5/0ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ دارﻧﺪ ، ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ روﺷﻦ- ﺳﺒﺰ، زﺑـﺮ و ﻧﺎﺻـﺎف ،ﺑﺮ روي ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ 30 ﻋﺪد ﺷﻴﺎر ﻃﻮﻟﻲ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮد،ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮز ﺧﺸﺨﺎش ﺑﻮده(Pearson, 1958) و در ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺦ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻗﻬﻮه اي دﻳﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ(Singh and Bichoo, 1989). ﻻروﻫﺎ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ رﺷﺪ 18- 13 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮل دارﻧﺪ ،ﻻروﻫﺎ ﭼﺎق و دوﻛﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ و ﺑﻌﺪاز ﺑﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺑﺪن آﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎرﻳﻚ وﻧﺎزك ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ،رﻧﮓ ﺑﺪن ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ،از ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي - ﻗﻬﻮه اي،ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﺗﺎ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮار ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ ﻳـﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ،ﺑﺪن ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه ازﻧﻘﺎط ﺳﻴﺎه ﻗﻬﻮه اي ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺎه اﺳﺖ،در روي ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺷـﻜﻢ ودو ﺑﻨـﺪ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺳـﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮآﻣـﺪﮔﻲ ﻳـﺎ زواﺋﺪﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎع آﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ازﻋﺮض آﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮد،ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ و ﻓـﺮم ا ﻳـ ﻦ زواﺋـﺪ از ﻧﻜـﺎت ﻣﺘﻤـﺎﻳﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ ﻻروﻫﺎ از ﺳﺎﻳﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ ﺣﺪود13 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﻃﻮل دارﻧﺪ،ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ زرد ﺗﺎ ﺷﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ ارﻏﻮاﻧﻲ- ﻗﻬﻮه اي ،ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺪن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺎف ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ داراي ﭼﻴﻦ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ،دراﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﮔﺮد وداراي ﺳﻪ زاﺋﺪه ،ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ درداﺧﻞ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻬـﻮه اي ﻛـﻢ رﻧـﮓ ﻳـﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭼﺮﻛﻲ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ،ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮ داراي ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪﮔﻲ اﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻲ درﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻫـﺎ ي ﻣـﺎده وﺟـﻮد ﻧﺪارد، اﻳﻦ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ ازﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺎرﻫﺎي اﺑﺮﻳﺸﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎن ﭼﺴـﺒﻴﺪه ﻳـﺎ در ﻋﻤـﻖ 30 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮي ﺧـﺎك دﻳـﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ(Pearson, 1958)، ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺪود 12 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﻃﻮل و ﻋﺮض آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎز 22-20 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮاﺳﺖ،ﺑﺪن ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه از ﻓﻠﺲ، ﺷـﻜﻢ و ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﻋﻘﺒﻲ ﻧﻘﺮه اي ﻳﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ روﺷﻦ،ﻧﻘﻮش ﺑﺎل ﻫﺎي روﺋﻲ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴـﺮ اﺳـﺖ وﻟـﻲ از ﺻـﻔﺎت ﻣﻬـﻢ در ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،رﻧﮓ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺎل روﺋﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻠﻮﺋﻲ،ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻪ ﮔﻮه اي ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﺒﺰدر ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎل ﻛﻪ از اﺑﺘـﺪا ﺑـﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻋﻘﺐ اﻣﺘﺪارد دارد(Pearson, 1958) . ﻻرو ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژي اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد دﻳﺎﭘﻮز ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ در زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،دﻣﺎي ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﺪت زﻳﺮ 13 وﺑﺎﻻي40 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪن آﻓﺖ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد وﻟﻲ درﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻳﻦ دو ﻧﻮﺳﺎن دﻣـﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ،ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ در ﻣﺎه ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم ﺳﺎل ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ، ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﻴﻦ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺑﺮوزآﻓﺖ وﺟـﻮد دارد(Kumar and Urs (1988a ، درﺧﺼﻮص ﺧﺴﺎرت اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ وﺟـﻮد دارد، ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه درﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺪت ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ اﻳـﻦ آﻓـﺖ ارﺗﺒـﺎط ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﺑـﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎرش ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ دارد.اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ11 ﻧﺴﻞ درﺳﺎل دارد،ﻧﻮع ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻣـﻮرد ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﺑﺮﻣـﺪت زﻣﺎن دوره ﻻروي آﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬارد، ﻃﻮل اﻳﻦ دوره ﺣﺪودا 49-29 روز ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﺷـﺐ ﻫـﺎ ﻓﻌـﺎل ﺑﻮده و3-1 روز ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺧﺮوج از ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﺷﻬﺪ ﮔﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ(Meng et al., 1973)،ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣـﺎده در ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن14-3 روزﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮﺧﻮد ، ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔﺮد روي ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟـﻮان ،ﻗـﻮزه وﺟﻮاﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻗﺮارﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ500- 150ﻋﺪد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﺳﻄﻮح ﭘﺮزدارﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻄﻮح ﺻـﺎف در اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣﻜـﺎن ﺗﺨـﻢ ﮔـﺬاري آﻓـﺖ ﺗـﺮﺟﻴﺢ دارﻧـﺪ،ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫـﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪ از 7-3 روز ﺗﻔـﺮﻳﺦ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧـﺪ ,Khan and Rao) (1960،ﻃﻮل دوره ﻻروي آﻓﺖ17-9 روز ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ،ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﻃـ ﻲ دوره ﻻروﻫـﺎي ﺳـﻦ اول 3-2 روز و ﭼﻬـﺎر ﺳـﻦ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﺮﻛﺪام 4-1 روز ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻻروﻫﺎ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ رﺷﺪ دراﻃﺮاف ﺧـﻮد ﭘﻴﻠـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻨﻨـﺪ،ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ اﻳـﻦ ﺷـﻔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎدرﻻي ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و دﻳﻮاره ﻗﻮزه وﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﻻي ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋﻣﺮده،روي ﻗـﻮزه وﻣﻴـﻮه ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧـﺪ ،ﮔﺎﻫﻲ درﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك وﺗﺎ ﻋﻤﻖ 30 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي اﻳﻦ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ،دوره ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﮔﻲ آﻓـﺖ 14-6 روز وﮔﺎﻫـﺎ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﺮد ﺗﺎ 2 ﻣﺎه اداﻣﻪ دارد(Reed, 1994). ﺟﺪول زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻻرو و ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺴﺎرت: ﺧﺴﺎرت اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﺷﺒﻴﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Earias ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻻروﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ دراﺑﺘﺪا از ﺑـﺮگ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻧﻤـﻮده و ﺳﭙﺲ واردﺟﻮاﻧﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ،وﺗﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎن ﮔﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ، در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ از ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻧﺘﻬـﺎﺋﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن آﻟﻮده ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ ﭘﮋﻣﺮده و روي ﺳﺎﻗﻪ آوﻳﺰان ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ،ﺳﺎﻗﻪ از ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮه ، ﻗﻬﻮه اي و ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷـﺪن ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ،ﺣﻤﻠﻪ آﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ ﮔﻞ و ﻗﻮزه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ رﻳﺰش آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ، ﻗﻮزه ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﭘﺲ از ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ،ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪه و ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻗﻬﻮه اي درآﻣﺪه ورﻳﺰش ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ،ﻻروﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﺑﺎﻓﺖ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻗﻮزه ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤـﻮرﻣﺮﻛﺰ ي ﺗﻮﻧـﻞ ﻫـﺎﺋ ﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺮوع ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺮه ﻧﻤﻮدن اﻟﻴﺎف ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎﺧﺴﺎرت واردﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ،ﻻروﻫﺎ ﻗﺎدرﻧﺪ ازﻗﻮزه اي ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮزه دﻳﮕﺮ وارد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﺳﻮراخ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻀﻮﻻت ﻻروي ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﺖ،ﻗﻮزه ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺶ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﭘﺲ ازﻇﻬﻮر آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ، ﻗـﻮزه ﻫـﺎي ﺟـﻮان آﻟﻮده ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺗﺮ رﻳﺰش ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه وﻣﻴﻮه ﺑﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﻲ زﻧﺪ، ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺳﻪ ﻫﻔﺘـﻪ از ﻛﺎﺷـﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل در ﻣﺰارع ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ ،در اﺑﺘﺪا از ﺑﺮگ و ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎﻣﻴﻪ و ﺳـﭙﺲ ازﺟﻮاﻧـﻪ ،ﮔـﻞ و ﻣﻴﻮه ﺑﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ودرﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و اﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ. ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ راﻫﻬﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: درﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﭘﺮوازﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ از راﻫﻬﺎي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آﻓـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ، درﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑـﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠـﻞ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺗﺨـﻢ وﻻروﻫﺎي آﻓﺖ ازﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮگ ،ﻗﻮزه ،ﮔﻞ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ اي: ازآﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺨﻢ وﻻروﻫﺎي آﻓﺖ ازﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮگ ،ﻗﻮزه ،ﮔﻞ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎن ازﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آﻟﻮده وارد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ،ﻻزم اﺳﺖ اﻗـﺪاﻣﺎت ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨـﻪ اي ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ورود و اﺳـﺘﻘﺮار اﻳﻦ آﻓـﺖ درﻋﺮﺻﻪ زراﻋﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر اﺗﺨﺎذ ﮔﺮدد،ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن آﻓﺖ ﺑـﺪﻗﺖ ﺑﺎزرﺳـﻲ و در ﺻـﻮرت ﻧﻴـﺎزدرﻃﻮل دوره ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨـﻪ اي ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻻزم ﻗﺮارﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ. روﺷﻬﺎي ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ: ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻫﺮﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن وﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﺪاز ورود را ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻻرو، ﺗﺨﻢ،ﺷﻔﻴﺮه وﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮد، ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻗﻮزه ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده و رﻳﺰش ﻧﻤـﻮده در ﭘـﺎي ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ را ﺑﺮروي ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﻤـﻮد ، ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري و ﺷﻜﺎرﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ازاﻧﻮاع ﺗﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد . ﺗﻠﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺟﻬﺖ ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردارﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي وارداﺗﻲ و ﻣﺰارع ﺟﻬﺖ ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎردار ﻗﻮزه ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ: اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻲ، ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ، 1362 آﻓﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﻴﻮه ،اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺳﭙﻬﺮ،ﺗﻬﺮان 366ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻬﺪاد،اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ.، 1366 آﻓﺎت و ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎي درﺧﺘﺎن و درﺧﺘﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ و ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زﻳﻨﺘﻲ اﻳﺮان،اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺳﭙﻬﺮ،ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻬﺪاد،اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ.، 1368 آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ اﻳﺮان ،اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺳﭙﻬﺮ،ﺗﻬﺮان ﻋﺒﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر1362، ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ آﻓﺎت درﺧﺘﺎن و درﺧﺘﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻤﺮ،ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت و ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ،اوﻳﻦ،ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﺪرس اول ، ﻣﻬﺪي1391، ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺸﺎورزي اﻳﺮان و دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ،اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻴﺮﺻﻠﻮاﺗﻴﺎن،1376،ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در اﻳﺮان،ﻧﺸﺮ آﻣﻮزش ﻛﺸﺎورزي،179 ص CAB International. 2007. Crop Protection Compendium. 2007 Edition . CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Roqaya M. Al-Mehmmady, Biological Studies on the Okra Moth , Earias vittella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae ) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Res. Bult., No. (96), Res. Cent. Coll. of Agri., King Saud Univ., pp. (5-18) 2000 Kamath MK, 1979. A review of biological control of insect pests and noxious weeds in Fiji (1969-1978). Fiji Agricultural Journal, 41(2):55-72. View Abstract Srinivasan K, Krishnakumar NK, 1983. Studies on the extent of loss and economics of pest management in okra. Tropical Pest Management, 29(4):363-370. View Abstract Pearson EO, 1958. The Insect Pests of Cotton in Tropical Africa. London, UK: CAB International. Meng HL, Chang GS, Du SL, Ge JY, 1973. On the activity rhythms and interspecific dominance of three species of spotted bollworms (in Chinese). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 16:32-38. Reed W, 1994. Earias spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In: Matthews GA, Tunstall JP, eds. Insect Pests of Cotton. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 151-176. Khan O, Rao VP, 1960. Insects and Mites Pests: in cotton in India. A Monograph. Bombay, India: Indian Central Cotton Committee, 217-301.
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