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Nutritional Modulation of Reproduction in Two Phytophagous Insect Pests

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Nutritional Modulation of Reproduction in Two Phytophagous Insect Pests Proc. Indian Acad, Sci. (Anim. Sci.). Vol. 96, No.3. May 1987. pp. 153-169. ,e Printed in India. Nutritional modulation of reproduction in two phytophagous insect pests SS KRISHNA Department of Zoology, University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur 273009. India Abstract. In Earias vinella (F.) (a major noctuid pest of malvaceous crops) changes in the larval food quality (developing seeds, rnesocarp. epicarp of okra fruit or the entire fruit; ovary of shoeflcwer] in either or both sexes led to pronounced disparities in the repro­ ductive performance of the emerging moths. Highest breeding potential was observed when males and females obtained their nourishment. during postembryonic period. from developing seeds of okra of 0-8 days old and such nutrition must be made available for the caterpillars at least for the first 3 days of their lives to attain enhanced level of reproductive efficiency later as moths. During adult life,a carbohydrate nutrient was mandatory for these mated females to realize full fecundity which got tremendously boosted when the sugar was raffinose. Appreciable increase in ovarian weight with marked improvement in oviposition OCCUlTed in Trlbolium castaneum (Herbst) (a serious tcnebrionid pest of cereals and other plant-derived storedcommodities) when both larvae and adults ate whole flour instead of semolina, both enriched with yeasl. This became further augmented when the flour ingested by these beetles during adult life was previously extracted in 100'\ ethanol and then reinforced with yeast. However. whole wheat flour or yeast alone given as food to such reared adults caused a sharp fall in the egg deposition of females. Number of eggs laid by mated females also differed considerably when their imaginal diet consisted of one of certain selected nutrients. oilseeds or spices-all supplemented with yeast. Egg hatchability was always 100% Keywords. Earias iittel!a; Tribolium c(/slaneum; larval; adult nutrition; reproductive potential. I. Introduction It is well known that reproduction in insects is influenced by a variety of external and internal factors and, amongst them, nutrition seems to be the most crucial single factor in affecting the total egg output in many ways in a majority of the species (Engelmann 1970). Its profound impact on the breeding potential of the adult can be a reflection of differences in the nourishment acquired by the concerned individual during its immature (larval/nymphal) and/or imaginal stage (Wigglesworth 1960; Johansson 1964; Adiyodi and Adiyodi 1974; Nayar 1977). Study of such effects of nutrition on the reproductive performance of the spotted bollworm. Earias »ittella (F.) (a notorious noctuid pest of malvaceous crops like cotton and okra in the tropics) (Butani and Jotwani 1984) and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneurn (Herbst) (a major tenebrionid cereal and other plant-derived stored product pest of cosmopolitan distribution (SokololT 1974; King and Dawson 1977) have been reported in diverse periodicals, during the past little over a decade by this author and his co-workers (Viswapremi and Krishna 1974b, 1975; Krishna ei al 1977; Singh and Krishna 1980, 1983; Narayan Singh and Krishna 1980,1981,1983; Mani et a/1986). Findings from all these contributions are incorporated in this communication so as to constitute one comprehensive body of information. 153 154 S S Krishna 2. Materials and methods Laboratory stock cultures of E. vittella raised on tender seeds separated from 0--8 days old fruits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) and of T. castaneum reared on whole wheat flour containing 5% (wjw) powdered yeast (BPC product, Alembic Chemical Works Co. Ltd., Baroda) supplied the required numbers ofnewbom larvae (< 24 h old) of these insects which served as the starting material for inclusion in the different investigations. Cultures of E. vittella were maintained at temperatures ranging between 25° and 28°C and relative humidity (RH) varying from 80--100% while those of T. castaneum were held within a thermal range spanning between 30° and 3rC and RH values fluctuating between 70% and 80%. All experiments described in this study and related to each of these two species were conducted at the same temperature and humidity ranges as were chosen for maintaining their cultures. These tests were adequately replicated and, wherever desirable, the data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis (Paterson 1939; Snedecor 1961). For the sake ofconvenience, details of the technical procedures involved in every experiment are separately given below for the two selected pest species. 2.1 E. vittella In all the trials set up here, single-reared, freshly emerged adult moths of either sex were employed. Pairing, mating and individual oviposition tests were performed in muslin-covered glass containers (70 mm diameter; 90 mm height) each provided with a hanging glass capillary filled with 15% sucrose solution (unless otherwise stated) that formed the food of the adults. A small section of the epicarp portion of okra fruit serving as oviposition substrate was placed at the bottom of the container. In most cases, the daily monitoring of egg laying was limited to the first 4 days of oviposition (the period when mated females in their life time deposited most of their eggs) although in a few experiments it was continued further even up to the death of the females. The hatchability of the eggs was also ascertained. 2.1a Effect of variation in larval nutrition: Three types of experiments were designed to examine this issue. In the first type, the caterpillars were nourished right from the day of their birth on 0--8 days old whole fruit of okra or on its epicarp, mesocarp or seeds removed from it to yield male and female moths which were subsequently single-paired (both sexes belonging to the same food regimen) and the reproductive potential of the females assessed in relation to such nutritional differences. In the second type, the reproductive efficiency of moths associated with larvae allowed to feed only during their first 24 or 72 h of their lives on normal and fresh tender seeds taken out of okra fruit and then shifted to a diet consisting of normal and ripened seeds excised from 9-11 days old fruits was compared with that of counterpart adults when both sexes of reproducing pairs were reared all through on the latter victual or on petroleum ether-extracted tender seeds 72 h after they derived nourishment from normal and tender seeds. Extraction of the seeds in petroleum ether was performed in a soxhlet extraction assembly. For this purpose, 100 tender seeds collected from fresh okra fruits (age as mentioned above) were first properly ground using a mortar and pestle in 25 ml of the solvent. Later, this crude seed extract was wholly transferred to the soxhlet assembly containing the same solvent and subjected to repetitive extractions within Earias and Tribolium reproduction 155 the apparatus to ensure removal of all ether-soluble constituents. Such extracted seeds were subsequently taken out of the assembly and air-dried to eliminate completely the odour of ether present in them before offering them as diets to the caterpillars. In the third type, okra seed diet-reared newly eclosed males or females were coupled with emerging members of the opposite sex grown on epicarp diet and the breeding capacity of females in these pairs determined. Pairs of individuals reared on the ovary component of shoeflower (Hibiscus rosasinensis L.) or on tender seeds or epicarp of okra fruit were also arranged to serve identical purposes. 2.1b Effect ofvariation in adult nutrition: Here male and female moths, developed on okra seed diet and paired as before for determination of the reproductive potential of this pest, were during their adult lives, allowed to imbibe only distilled water or solutions of one of 5 selected carbohydrates (raffinose, sucrose, fructose, galactose and glucose) provided through the hanging glass capillary and replenished daily. Although the concentration of all these sugars was maintained at 15%, the trisaccharide raffinose was tested at 5 different lower strengths (0'1, 0·25, 0-5. 1·0 and 5'0%) as well. 2.1 c Effect a/variation in larval and adult nutrition: Consideration of this aspect led to a comparison of reproductive competency of mated females included in pairs fed daily on fresh 15% solution of glucose and whose larval and pupal lives were raised on okra seeds with those associated with couples ingesting raffinose of similar concentration and developed from individuals reared on epicarp diet. 2.2 T. castaneum This part of the investigation mainly related to determination of (i) ovarian weight and reproductive potential of the female reared and maintained on whole wheat flour or semolina supplemented with 5% yeast (w/w) and (ii) the influence of adult diet on the reproductive potential of the female. For studying the first aspect, 10 larvae procured from thelaboratory culture were collectively permitted to continue their postembryonic development up to pupal stage on whole wheat flour or on semolina enriched with yeast provided in sufficient amounts within glass containers (30 mm diameter; 105mm height) covered at the top with muslin cloth. A male and a female pupa, distinguished on the basis of sexual dimorphic characters akin to those described for T. confusum (Chapman 1918), formed from such group-reared larvae were transferred as a single pair to a small muslin-capped glass vial (10 mm diameter; 50 mm height) consisting of adequate quantity of larval food for their eventual emergence into adults. The eclosed females held on yeast-added whole wheat flour or semolina were sacrificed as virgins in preoviposition state within 24 h of their emergence or as egg laying mateds on the 5th day of their adult life to obtain their ovaries (of one side only) made available by dissections performed on a clean microslide containing minute amounts of distilled water under a stereoscopic binocular microscope.
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