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Pectinophora Gossypiella USDAÐARSÐPWA, 4135 East Broadway Rd., (Saunders) United States Department of Agriculture A Bibliography of the Agricultural Research Pink Bollworm, Service Bibliographies and Literature Pectinophora of Agriculture Number 136 gossypiella (Saunders) United States Department of A Bibliography of the Pink Agriculture Agricultural Bollworm, Pectinophora Research Service Bibliographies gossypiella (Saunders) and Literature of Agriculture Number 136 Steven E. Naranjo, George D. Butler, Jr., and Thomas J. Henneberry The authors are with the USDA–ARS Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona, where Naranjo is a research entomologist, Butler is a collaborator, and Henneberry is a research entomologist and the laboratory director. Abstract Naranjo, Steven E., George D. Butler, Jr., and While supplies last, single copies of this publication Thomas J. Henneberry. 2001. A Bibliography of the may be obtained at no cost from Steven E. Naranjo, Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella USDA–ARS–PWA, 4135 East Broadway Rd., (Saunders). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- Phoenix, AZ 85040–8803. tural Research Service, Bibliographies and Literature Copies of this publication may be purchased from the of Agriculture 136. National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; telephone (703) (Saunders), was described by W.W. Saunders in 1843 605–6000. as Depressaria gossypiella from specimens found to Electronic copies of this bibliography and annual be damaging cotton in India. Infestations in the addenda may be downloaded free of charge from the United States first occurred in Texas cotton in 1917. World Wide Web at http://www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov/ At present, the pink bollworm has been recorded in biblios/pbw/pbwbiblios.html. nearly all cotton-growing countries of the world and is a key pest in many of these areas. Existing tactics for achieving a high degree of suppression of estab- The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) pro- lished pink bollworm populations are well advanced hibits discrimination in all its programs and activi- and feasible on a field-by-field basis. A combination ties on the basis of race, color, national origin, of tactics may achieve even higher levels of pest sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual suppression if implemented on an areawide basis. orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all pro- The longstanding nature of the pink bollworm hibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for com- problem in many areas of the world and the likely munication of program information (Braille, large development of areawide management programs in print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TAR- the future prompted us to develop this bibliography GET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). as an information base to assist those in program planning, implementation, and evaluation. The To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, bibliography should also be a useful aid to research- Office of Civil Rights, Room 326–W, Whitten Build- ers, educators, extension personnel, agricultural ing, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washing- producers, industry, and government administrators ton, D.C. 20250–9410 or call (202) 720–5964 involved in managing this serious pest. (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Issued August 2002 Introduction it still exists in wild cotton and backyard cotton in southern Florida. Reinvasions in Texas in 1936 The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella occurred in the lower Rio Grande Valley, probably (Saunders), was described by W.W. Saunders in from windborne moths from Mexico, and eventu- 1843 as Depressaria gossypiella from specimens ally spread by the mid-1950s to other areas in found to be damaging cotton in India in 1842 Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona, Arkan- (Ingram 1994). The insect has been taxonomically sas, and Louisiana. Infestations in eastern Arizona designated under several other generic names, and were reported in 1926 and at intervals thereafter in the complete synonymy was reported by Common other parts of the state. These infestations were (1958). The origin of pink bollworm remains suppressed through cooperative Federal, State, unknown but the diversity of parasite species and industry programs. Termination of these found in Pakistan (Cheema et al. 1980) appears to efforts in 1963 resulted in spread to the Imperial support an Indo-Pakistan origin (Ingram 1994). It and Palo Verde Valleys of California in 1965. has also been suggested that its origin occurred in Severe losses had occurred by 1967 in southern the area of the eastern Indian Ocean bordered on California cotton production areas. Moths were the east by northwestern Australia and on the west detected in the high desert areas of Los Angeles by the various islands of Indonesia-Malaysia and San Bernardino Counties in early 1967, and (Common 1958). However, Wilson (1972) sug- moths and larvae were found in cotton in the San gested that the pink bollworm may have been Joaquin Valley near Bakersfield later that year. introduced into Australia in cotton seed. Pearson Native moths have been trapped in the San (1958) documents spread of the pink bollworm Sri Joaquin Valley each year since, except for 1968, Lanka, Burma, and Malaysia (Lefroy 1906) and and a few larvae have also been found some China before 1918 (Hunter 1918). years. The pink bollworm was first recorded in Australia As of this writing, the San Joaquin Valley remains in 1911 (Wilson 1972). The first records from the the only cotton-growing area in Arizona and African continent were in Tanzania (Vosseler California that does not have a firmly established 1904), Egypt about 1906–1907 (Willcocks 1916), pink bollworm population. This fact is partially and Sudan in 1914–1915 (Ripper and George explained by extensive cultural control, phero- 1965). The insect did not reach Malawi until 1939 mone monitoring, and a sterile-moth release (Smee 1940), and it appeared in Zimbabwe as late system initiated in 1968 (see Henneberry 1994 for as 1959 (Whellan 1960). a review of this system). Other factors, such as It was introduced into the Western Hemisphere differences in environmental conditions, suggest between 1911 and 1913 in cottonseed shipped that even if pink bollworms were established from Egypt to Brazil, Mexico, the West Indies, there, generations would be fewer and population and the Philippine Islands (U.S. Department of levels would be lower compared with the lower Agriculture 1977). Spread in the New World desert cotton-growing areas of the far west. The started in Hawaii, where it was imported from effect of the region’s climate on the pink boll- India in cotton seed (Fullaway 1909). From worm is an unknown in this circumstance. Hawaii it spread to St. Croix in 1911 (Hunter The pink bollworm is now recorded in nearly all 1918). the cotton-growing countries of the world (CAB Infestations in the United States first occurred in Institute of Entomology 1990), and is a key pest Texas cotton in 1917. The source was traced to in many of these areas. The only major cotton- cottonseed shipped from Mexico to Texas oil mills growing countries where pink bollworm is still in 1916 (Spears 1968, U.S. Department of Agri- absent appear to be Russia, Central America culture 1977). Cotton-free zones and extensive (Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nica- cleanup measures eliminated the Texas infestation, ragua, and Salvador), parts of South America as well as an infestation found in Louisiana in (Ecuador, Guyana, and Surinam), and Queen- 1919. sland, Australia (Ingram 1994). Pink bollworm was eradicated from cultivated Existing tactics for achieving a high degree of cotton in parts of Florida and Georgia in 1932, but suppression of established native pink bollworm 1 populations on a field-by-field basis are well ad- This bibliography attempts to compile the world vanced (Henneberry and Naranjo 1998) and feasible. literature of P. gossypiella since the original descrip- A combination of tactics may achieve even higher tion by Saunders in 1843. The bibliography was levels of pest suppression if implemented on an derived from a number of sources, including the areawide basis. The components of such an areawide personal reprint collections and databases of the management program must be carefully selected to authors, the unpublished manuscripts of Harned ensure compatibility. Because of the broad geograph- (1952) and Gordh (1988), and the published reviews ical areas involved in cotton production, many of Noble (1965), Ingram (1994), and Henneberry and different environmental, agricultural, and social Naranjo (1998). The Current Awareness Literature communities are involved. Population densities of Service of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) pink bollworm vary considerably between areas, was also helpful in conducting searches of various moth dispersal over hundreds of miles has been abstracting databases, such as AGRICOLA (NAL), demonstrated, and cotton production practices and AGRIS (United Nations, Food & Agriculture Organi- cotton cultivars grown vary considerably. These zation), Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS), Common- factors combined suggest that a single type of wealth Agricultural Bureaux Abstracts (CABI), standard pink bollworm management program would Zoological Records (BIOSIS), Current Contents not be applicable to all growing areas. All manage- (Institute for Scientific Information), and Dissertation ment tactics would
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