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Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in Reservoir Systems in Wujiang River

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Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in Reservoir Systems in Wujiang River Xinbin Feng · Bo Meng Haiyu Yan · Xuewu Fu Heng Yao · Lihai Shang Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in Reservoir Systems in Wujiang River Basin, Southwest China Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in Reservoir Systems in Wujiang River Basin, Southwest China Xinbin Feng • Bo Meng • Haiyu Yan Xuewu Fu • Heng Yao • Lihai Shang Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in Reservoir Systems in Wujiang River Basin, Southwest China 123 Xinbin Feng Xuewu Fu Institute of Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang, Guizhou Guiyang, Guizhou China China Bo Meng Heng Yao Institute of Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang, Guizhou Guiyang, Guizhou China China Haiyu Yan Lihai Shang Institute of Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang, Guizhou Guiyang, Guizhou China China ISBN 978-981-10-6718-1 ISBN 978-981-10-6719-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6719-8 Jointly published with Science Press, Beijing, China The print edition is not for sale in China Mainland. Customers from China Mainland please order the print book from: Science Press. Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955243 © Science Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 Introduction .......................................... 1 1.1 Reservoirs Are Typical “Mercury Sensitive Ecosystems” ...... 1 1.2 Characteristics of Reservoir Systems ..................... 2 1.3 Why Study Reservoirs in Wujiang River Basin? ............. 3 1.3.1 Wujiang River Basin Is a Typical Impounded River System with Cascade Reservoirs Built in China ........ 3 1.3.2 Wujiang River Basin Can Be a Model of Yangtze River Catchment and Rivers of Southwestern China ......... 3 1.3.3 Reservoirs with Different Ages in Wujiang River Provide the Possibility to Investigate Mercury Biogeochemical Cycling Characteristics with the Evolution of Reservoirs ......................... 5 1.3.4 The Scientific and Special Significance of Studying the Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in Reservoirs in Wujiang River Basin ........................... 5 References ............................................ 6 2 Analysis of Mercury Species in the Environmental Samples ...... 9 2.1 Mercury Speciation in Water ........................... 9 2.1.1 Definition of Mercury Species .................... 9 2.1.2 Sample Collection Program in River and Reservoirs .... 12 2.1.3 Analysis Total Mercury in Water Samples ............ 14 2.1.4 Analysis of Methylmercury in Water Samples ......... 14 2.2 Analysis of Mercury Species in Sediment Samples ........... 15 2.2.1 Sample Collection ............................. 15 2.2.2 Total Mercury Analysis in Sediment Samples ......... 15 2.2.3 Methylmercury Analysis in Sediment Samples......... 15 2.3 Analysis of Mercury Species in Plankton and Fish ........... 16 2.3.1 Sample Collection ............................. 16 v vi Contents 2.3.2 Total Mercury Analysis in Plankton and Fish Samples ... 17 2.3.3 Methylmercury Analysis in Plankton and Fish Samples ... 18 References ............................................ 18 3 Wet Deposition Flux of Total Mercury and Methylmercury in Wujiang River Basin .................................... 21 3.1 Sampling Location and Sample Collection ................. 21 3.1.1 Sampling Location ............................. 21 3.1.2 Collection, Processing, and Analysis of Mercury in Precipitation ................................. 22 3.1.3 Estimation of Wet Deposition Fluxes of Total Mercury and Methylmercury ............................ 24 3.2 Concentrations of Total Mercury and Methylmercury in Precipitation ....................................... 24 3.3 Wet Deposition Fluxes of Total Mercury and Methylmercury ... 26 3.4 Comparison with Observations in China and in Other Regions Worldwide ........................................ 28 3.5 Estimates of Wet Deposition of Mercury in Wujiang River ..... 29 References ............................................ 31 4 Water/Air Mercury Flux in Reservoirs ...................... 33 4.1 Sampling Sites and Sampling Techniques ................. 33 4.1.1 Studied Reservoirs and Sampling Sites .............. 33 4.1.2 Measurements of Water/Air Exchange Flux of Mercury ... 34 4.1.3 Meteorological and Water Quality Parameters ......... 37 4.2 Atmospheric Total Gaseous Mercury Concentrations Over Water of Reservoirs ................................. 37 4.3 Overall Characteristics of Water/Air Mercury Flux ........... 43 4.4 Diurnal and Seasonal Patterns of Water/Air Mercury Flux ..... 45 4.5 Factors Influencing Water/Air Mercury Flux ............... 50 4.6 Estimates of Hg Emission for Water in Wujiang River ........ 61 References ............................................ 63 5 Mercury in Inflow/Outflow Rivers of Reservoirs ............... 67 5.1 Sampling Sites Description, Sample Collection, Sample Analyses, Analytical Methods, and QA/QC ................ 67 5.2 General Water Quality Characteristics .................... 72 5.3 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Mercury Species in River Water ............................................ 72 5.3.1 Total Mercury ................................ 72 5.3.2 Particulate Mercury ............................ 78 5.3.3 Dissolved Mercury ............................. 79 Contents vii 5.3.4 Reactive Mercury.............................. 81 5.3.5 Methyl Mercury ............................... 82 5.4 Comparisons with Other Reservoirs ...................... 85 5.5 Influence of Cascade Reservoirs on the Distributions of Mercury Species in River Water ........................ 85 References ............................................ 92 6 Biogeochemical Process of Mercury in Reservoirs in the Main Stream of the Wujiang River ............................. 95 6.1 Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in the Hongjiadu, Suofengying, and Yinzidu Reservoir ..................... 95 6.1.1 Sampling Location, Sample Collection, and QA/QC .... 96 6.1.2 General Water Quality Characteristics ............... 97 6.1.3 Distribution of Mercury Species in Water Column ...... 102 6.1.4 Distribution of Mercury Species in Flooded Soil ....... 118 6.2 Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in the Dongfeng Reservoir and Puding Reservoir ................................ 123 6.2.1 Sampling Site Descriptions, Sample Collection, Analytical Methods, and QA/QC .................. 123 6.2.2 Mercury Species in the Water Column .............. 125 6.2.3 Mercury Species in Sediment Cores ................ 145 6.2.4 Diffusion Flux of Inorganic Mercury and Methylmercury to Water ........................ 156 6.3 Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in Wujiangdu Reservoir ... 162 6.3.1 Sampling Sites Description, Sample Collection, Analytical Methods, and QA/QC .................. 162 6.3.2 Mercury Species in Water Column ................. 164 6.3.3 Mercury Species in Sediment Cores ................ 177 6.3.4 Diffusion Flux of Inorganic Mercury and Methylmercury to Water ........................ 189 References ............................................ 193 7 Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in the Hongfeng, Baihua, and Aha Reservoirs ........................................ 201 7.1 Introduction ....................................... 201 7.1.1 Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in the Hongfeng Reservoir .................................... 203 7.1.2 Biogeochemical Processes of Mercury in the Baihua Reservoir .................................... 240 7.1.3 Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in the Aha Reservoir .................................... 269 References ............................................ 296 viii Contents 8 Mercury Mass Balance in Reservoirs with Different Ages ....... 303 8.1 Description of the Mass Balance Budget Calculations ......... 303 8.2 Water Balance in Reservoirs ........................... 305 8.2.1 Water Input from Wet Deposition .................. 305 8.2.2 Water Input from the Inflow River ................. 308 8.2.3 Water Input from the Surface Runoff ............... 310 8.2.4 Water Output from Reservoirs
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